rural urban transformation

8/13/2019 Rural Urban Transformation

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Hima Bindu

13AR60R23


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Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes

Objectives

Understand the concept of Rural Urban

Transformation and its implications to Land use

Changes.

To assess and identify the major land use change

pattern in Rural to Urban Transformation Zone of

Srinagar City from period 1971 to 2009.

To draw inferences and make out suggestions for the

sustainable development of the Rural Urban Fringe

of the Srinagar City.

Layout

What is Rural Urban Transformation

Stages of Transformation

Transformation Phenomenon in India

Structural Composition of Rural Urban Fringe

Case Study Srinagar City

Inferences

Suggestions

Scope

The focus of the study is to understand the process of Rural urban Transformation in Indian Cities andthe inferences drawn were concerned with Srinagar city.


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Rural Transformation

The transformation of rural land into urban land where the two land uses are mixed together and

form a transition zone between town and country with more complex interactions.

This transition zone is usually referred by many terms such as Semi Urban, Peri Urban or Rural

Urban Fringe.

Definition of Rural Urban Fringe

The rural-urban fringe is an area of mixed rural andurban populations and land-uses, which begins at thepoint where agricultural land uses appear near the cityand extends up to the point where villages havedistinct urban land uses or some persons , at least fromthe village community commute to the city daily forwork or other purposes.

- R. Ramachandran

Indicatorsof

Transition

Population

GrowthRate

Density

Landsubdivsion

Land usechanges

Occupational shift

Migrationrate


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Stages of Transformation Characteristics

RURALPredominantly agricultural landuseLow population growth patternLow densityKutcha structureLow level of facilities and inadequate infrastructure

Low land pricesPRE TRANSITION

Close proximity to extension areasMedium population growthDominance of agriculture starts to diminish

TRANSITION

Village falls under the urban extension areaCharacterized by very high land sub division outside the village about settlementAgricultural diminishesPopulation increases

A large number of rural and urban population migrate inside the village limitsLand value starts increasing

POST-TRANSITION

Village becomes part and parcel of the urban areaInter-dependency upon the urban area increasesVery high population growthChange in employment structureChange in land-use from residential to mix land use and emergence of small

manufacturing units

URBAN

The village is fully surrounded by planned urban developmentVery high densityOver-congestionHighly stressed area with inadequate infrastructure and facilitiesSpeculative growth of illegal constructionLarge number of industrial and commercial units crop up In the village


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The area for urban uses has increased from 38,504 Sq. Kms

in1961 to 77,370 Sq. Kmsin 2001.

There has been a sharp increase in area under urban use

since 1971 with the decadal rate of growth of urban land area

rising from 8.72 per cent during 1961-71 to 21 per cent

during 1991 2001.

Comparing the rates of growth of the UA and the city

proper for the 35 cities with a million-plus population, it was

found that in the largest cities, that is, the primarymetros,

the UA was growing faster than the city proper.

Mostly the mega cities are spilling over to rural agriculturalbelt (peri urban areas) due to abnormally high land price in

relation to Indias household income.

Evidences of Rural Urban Transformation in India

Pre-independence

PostInde

pendence

Radical Transformation of Urban Scene.

One-lakh cities and million cities began to grow

rapidly

In many cases the population of these cities

increased by more than 50% in a decade.

During 19thCentury :

No real need for physical expansion of towns

and cities.

First Half of 20thCentury :

Urban Population growth was still marginal and

found adequate room within civil lines and

cantonment areas.

Origin of the Phenomena in India


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Structure of Rural Urban Fringe


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2/12/2014 7Rural Urban Transformation and Land Use Changes

Structural Composition

ConcentricStructural units

Conceptualareas

Administrative Units and their Characteristics

I. The CentralCities(1)

1. The main city usually a municipal corporation.2. Other municipal towns contiguous to the above3. Non-municipal census towns contiguous to the main city.

II. The Urbanfringe (2-4)

4. Revenue villages, fully urbanizes and contiguous to the main city.5. Municipal towns away from the main city(inner ring towns).

III. The ruralfringe(5-9)

6. Non-municipal towns away from the main city(inner ring towns).

7. Revenue villages, partially urbanized, near or away frm the maincity.8. Villages with no urban land-uses but having linkages with the maincity.9. Revenue villages that are wholly rural, but enclosed by other typesnoted above(the pseudo green belt).

IV.The rural

area(within themetropolitanplanningarea)(10)

10. Rural revenue villages, with no urban land uses and no linkage

with the city(the green belt).11. Towns(municipal and non municipal)having linkages with themain city, but surrounded by rural villages(outer ring town).

UrbanArea(1-4)

TheRural-UrbanFringe(3-9)

TheM1-10etropolitanPlann

ingArea(1-10)


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Case Study : Fringe of Srinagar City


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3 times larger than the second largest city of the state.

10 times larger than the second urban centre at the

regional level i.e. in Kashmir Valley.

Srinagar being the regional center, its fringe

area has a vast expanse spreads about 800

kms2 outside the municipal limits and ischaracterized by diverse physiographic

disposition ranging from the hills, the

kerawas, wet lands and the plains.

Density(Persons/Sq.km)1950 5949

2001 3581

Srinagar constitutes 65.28% of the statesurban population

City Development Plan Srinagar City


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Against 2.5% increases in population

annually, the Food Grain production

increases by just about 1.0%.

A total deficit of 45% has been observed

This is mainly due to the urban sprawl in

Srinagar city because the maximum

migration happened in Srinagar city

Maximum conversion has been along major

transportation corridors thus giving rise to ribbon

settlements.

The conversion for residential purposes have

negative consequences on food security both in

the cities and in the peri-urban areas.

Agricultural Land Use

Food Grain Production in Relation to Population Growth


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Horticulture Land Use

It is seen that the newly converted horticulture

land is simultaneously used for vegetables as

horticulture needs few years to yield crops.

The expansion of horticulture in the fringe area

is attributed to the economy of the people as it is

mainly from agriculture.

Within primary sector of economy, horticulture

assumes the priority as its returns are more than

that of agriculture.


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The substantial increase is understood from

then fact that the use of this type is confined to

the Zabarwan hills of the city, where famous

Dachigam Wildlife sanctuary is located.

Furthermore, the scrubland of the Zabarwan

hills had been planted under various social and

voluntary forestry schemes.

Forest Land Use


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Scrubland has decreased substantially

from 10.08 percent in 1971 to 8.54 percent in

2009 registering a change of 15.20 percent.

The change has mainly been due the

encroachment of agriculture in Zabarwan

hills and partially due to various forestry

schemes adopted to ensure protection of green

spaces in the Srinagar city.

Scrubland


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StreamsPreviously there existed a well knit network

of streams

Over the period of 40 years unprecedented

and unplanned growth of the urban centre,

use of chemicals and pesticides and

agriculture and horticulture, disposal of urban

waste directly into various water bodies has

resulted in pollution and encroachment of this

category of land use beyond the levels of

repairment.

Nallah River Tubewell Spring/ Lakes SMC Tankers1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001

Muncipality 96.1 96.32 1.47 1.36 0.04 0.06 1.7 1.6 1.23 1.5

Greater

Srinagar 85.62 84.7 13.32 12.46 1.52 2.16 0.42 0.36 0.21 0.32

Presently there exists a broken network of

streams. Small and medium sized streams havebeen either lost or converted into sewage drains.


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Vegetables

The vegetable gardens have mainly encroached in

wetlands and agricultural land.

This enormous scale of change is attributed to the

unprecedented growth of Srinagar city both in

areal expansion and population size.

Owing to the population pressure there is heavy

demand for vegetables which not only the fringe

area but also the city region is unable able to

provide with, therefore, huge imports of

vegetables from other states are made.


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.

The wetlands of the City and the fringe have

suffered unprecedented mainly as a result ofunplanned and haphazard urban sprawl.

Large areas lost due to developmental activities,

siltation and encroachments.

Further, the remaining area under wetlands has

been fragmented and many interconnecting

streams have been destroyed.

The loss in terms of areal expansion has not onlyresulted in a threat to the wet land ecology but also

reduced their capacity as flood absorption basin.

Wetlands and lakes


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Brick Kiln Land use

The expanding physical structure of the city

requires large amount of construction material

and the bulk of material is derived from locally

available clay, soil, sand and gravel. This can beseen from the brick kilns found in the rural-

urban fringe as bricks are predominantly used

for infrastructure development.


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Expansion has mainly been in terms of residential

land use.

Huge number of residential colonies and

commercial apartments have come up in the

periphery

These developments have mainly been at the cost

of productive agricultural land and precious

wetlands of the rural-urban fringe.

Built-Up Land Use


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Inferences

Agriculture and Wetlands were the major victims which were declined by more than 30% of

the total land use contribution.

Plantations and Horticulture were substantially increased by more than 8% at the cost of

wetlands and agricultural lands.

Built-up has grown by 4.71% , generally along the major lines of communications or roads

adjacent to specified city limits.

The city is passing through the situation of unauthorized and unplanned development, at the

fringe area in the form of piecemeal construction of homesteads, and other non-conforming land

uses often termed as urban Sprawl


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Measures should be taken for uniform distribution of infrastructural facilities in the rural-urbanfringe

Regional approach in planning should be adopted. i.e., The population retaining capacity of thevarious urban centers of the valley has to be increased by providing the basic community amenitiesand services.

Those economic activities such as handicrafts, floriculture and horticulture in the fringe zone

should be promoted which will not only generate heavy economic returns but have a least impacton environment.

Constructions over the wetlands which have economic potential both from agriculture and tourismpoint of view should be strictly banned.

Urban sprawl in the form of ribbon development should be discouraged.

Coordination between various agencies like Gram panchayats and town planning organizationshould be promoted for overall development of fringe.

Suggestions

rural urban transformation

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