9 Weeks Test Review

Aristotle--- was the first to place living things into categories

according to where they lived and if they had “blood”

LINNAEUS

• Linnaeus--- the “Father of Taxonomy” He came up with the two word naming system called binomial nomenclature

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• Binomial nomenclature---the two word naming system (Genus species)

TAXONOMY

• Taxonomy – the science of how living things are classified

YOU

• What is your scientific name? Homo sapiens

• What does it consist of? Genus and species

• How to write it correctly?Homo sapiens

LEVELS

• List the major levels of classification from highest/broadest to lowest/most specific

• Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

• Dumb king phillip chased old fat girl scouts

DOMAINS• 3 Domains and

characteristics of each• 1Archaea –

unicellular organisms that can live in harsh conditions; Prokaryotes

• 2Bacteria – unicellular organisms that are also Prokaryotes

• 3Eukarya – unicellular and multicellular Eukryotes

ANIMALS

• Characteristics of the animal kingdom – Animals are multicellular – many cells, heterotrophic (eat food), eukaryotes (have a nucleus)

HYPOTHESIS

• Hypothesis – a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question

• Will more chocolate chips make cookies taste better?

Experiments

• Controlled experiment - An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time

Controlled Variable

• . Controlled Variable – the variables that are not changed in an experiment

Operational Variable

• Operational Variable – how to measure a variable or define a term.

Manipulated or Independent Variable

• 3. Manipulated Variable – the only variable that is changed in an experiment – ex – chocolate chips!

Responding Variable

• Responding Variable – the factor that may change as a result of the manipulated variable EX - TASTE

CLASSIFYING

• Classifying – placing into groups based on criteria

Observing

• Observation – using your senses

Types of Observations

• Quantitative vs. qualitative observations – numbers vs no numbers

• THE ODDS & ENDS KINGDOM

Cilia---Hairlike structures Used for movement/locomotion by some bacteria and protists

Pseudopods

• Pseudo pods---false feet

• Used for movement/locomotion by Amoebas

Flagella

• Flagellum--- long whip like structures

• Used for movement by Euglena

DNA

• What is found in nucleus of cell? DNA – the genetic material

• Where is genetic material of a bacteria cell found? Loose in the cytoplasm

Virus

• 5. Draw and label the structure of a virus

How Viruses Multiply•Active viruses enter cells and immediately begin to multiply, leading to the quick death of the invaded cells.

- Viruses

Virus

• How are viruses like parasites?they harm the host

Bacteria Shapes

• Shapes of Bacteria---spirilla (spiral), Cocci (spherical), and Bacilli (rod-shaped)

Sexual Reproduction

• Draw and explain conjugation Sexual reproduction in which genetic material is exchanged between 2 parents. The offspring is more genetically different than those produced by binary fission

Asexual Reproduction

• Binary Fission Asexual reproduction in which a cell splits and the offspring is identical to the parent

Eukaryotic cells

• Animal Cells are which type? Eukaryotic cells

• What is their outer covering?cell membrane

PRODUCER

• Producer – An organism that is at the base of the food chain that makes their own food. THE PRODUCERS HAVE THE MOST ENERGY IN THE FOOD PYRAMID AND WEB!

Consumers

• Consumer – An organism that cannot make their own food and must eat producers or other consumers

Definitions

• Prokaryotes – no true nucleus

• Eukaryotes – have a nucleus

• Autotrophs – make their food (producers)

• Heterotrophs – eat food (consumers

Food Chain

• Food Chain – shows the simple feeding relationship in a ecosystem

Food Web

• Food Web – the pattern of overlapping food chains in an ecosystem

Energy Pyramid

• Energy Pyramid – a diagram that shows how energy moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

Biology

• Biology – The study of living things

CELLS

• Unicellular – one cell• Multicellular – many

cells

Limiting Factor

• Limiting Factor any environmental factor that causes a population to decrease

• Examplesfood, water, living space, weather

Biotic/Abiotic

• Biotic factor – living things in the ecosystem

• Examples animals, plants

• Abiotic factor – nonliving part of an ecosystme

• Examples rocks, water, sunlight

Levels of Organization

• Organism – one individual – ex one prairie dog

• Population – the same species ex – all the prairie dogs in an area

• Community – all the populations - ex – all the dogs, rabbits, owls, etc

• Ecosystem – all the biotic and abiotic parts ex – animals, plants, weather, sunlight, rain, soil ex – desert ecosystem

Methods of Estimating Populations

• Direct Observation – counting

Indirect Observation

• Indirect observation –counting nests or tracks

Sampling

• Sampling - counting a small area and multiplying to get the large area

Mark & Recapture

• Mark & Recapture – catching and marking and releasing and recatching

Consumers

• Carnivore – meat eater

• Herbivore plant eater

• Omnivore eats plants and animals

Chloroplasts in Plant Cells

• Where does photosynthesis take place? In plant cells – in the chloroplasts

• What is the name of the green pigment?chlorophyll

Plant Types

• Vascular vs. non-vascular plants Vascular plants have a tube like system for transporting materials and nonvascular do not.

PHLOEM

• The tube in a vascular plant used for transporting food

Xylem

• The tube in a vascular plant that is used for the transporting of water and minerals.

Stop!

• Dormancy – a period when an organisms growth or activity stops

Germination

• When a plant begins to push out of the seed and grow

Water Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Carbon Cycle

Parts of a SEED

Fruit

• The ripened ovary

POLLEN

• Pollen is produced by seed plants and will later become sperm cells

Seed Dispersal

• By wind

• By Water

• By organisms