Man’s View of the Man’s View of the Universe Universe

AristotleAristotle Lived in Ancient Greek BC.Lived in Ancient Greek BC. Thought the Heavens were Thought the Heavens were

composed of fifty-five composed of fifty-five concentric, crystalline spheres.concentric, crystalline spheres.

His views of the universe His views of the universe explained that the spheres explained that the spheres moved with constant angular moved with constant angular velocity, and the objects velocity, and the objects attached to them were always attached to them were always the same distance from Earth the same distance from Earth because they moved on because they moved on spheres.spheres.

PtolemyPtolemy Lived in Roman Province of Egypt 150 Lived in Roman Province of Egypt 150

A.D.A.D. His Ptolemaic Universe was His Ptolemaic Universe was

contributed to the modification of contributed to the modification of Aristotle’s universe.Aristotle’s universe.

There were three incorrect held beliefs There were three incorrect held beliefs that helped from ancient views of the that helped from ancient views of the universe for more than a thousands universe for more than a thousands years. 1- All motion in the heavens is years. 1- All motion in the heavens is uniform circular motion. 2- The objects uniform circular motion. 2- The objects in the heavens are made from perfect in the heavens are made from perfect material, and cannot change their material, and cannot change their intrinsic properties. 3- The Earth is at intrinsic properties. 3- The Earth is at the center of the universe.the center of the universe.

Epicycles were geocentric models to Epicycles were geocentric models to explain the variations of speed and explain the variations of speed and direction of motion. Designed by direction of motion. Designed by Apollonius of Perga.Apollonius of Perga.

CopernicusCopernicus Lived in 16Lived in 16thth Century A.D.(1473-1543) Century A.D.(1473-1543) Heliocentric means that the Sun was the Heliocentric means that the Sun was the

center of the Solar System, not Earth.center of the Solar System, not Earth. Geocentric is a theory that Earth is at the Geocentric is a theory that Earth is at the

center and the Sun and other objects go center and the Sun and other objects go around it.around it.

Old ideas were –Old ideas were – 1. the planets that were in a system 1. the planets that were in a system

naturally vary in brightness because they naturally vary in brightness because they were not always the same distance from were not always the same distance from Earth. Earth.

2. Retrograde motion (motion in the 2. Retrograde motion (motion in the opposite direction) could be explained in opposite direction) could be explained in terms of geometry and a faster motion for terms of geometry and a faster motion for planets with smaller orbits.planets with smaller orbits.

Another idea is a Sun-centered Solar Another idea is a Sun-centered Solar SystemSystem

People wouldn’t accept Copernicus’s ideas People wouldn’t accept Copernicus’s ideas until 100 years after his death.until 100 years after his death.

Aristech proposed the Sun-centered Solar Aristech proposed the Sun-centered Solar System 2000 years agoSystem 2000 years ago

Geocentric and Heliocentric was embraced Geocentric and Heliocentric was embraced by both Aristotle and Ptolemyby both Aristotle and Ptolemy

BraheBrahe 1546-1601 A.D.1546-1601 A.D. Three major contributions Three major contributions

were-were- 1. Precise observations by 1. Precise observations by

devising instruments. devising instruments. 2. Observations particularly 2. Observations particularly

Mars. Mars. 3. Observe of Supernova( new 3. Observe of Supernova( new

star)star) Nose was cut off by sword Nose was cut off by sword

fighting with a student, died of fighting with a student, died of a urinary infection.a urinary infection.

KeplarKeplar 1571-1630 A.D.1571-1630 A.D. A ellipse is a flatten circle.A ellipse is a flatten circle. He was able to use Brahe’s He was able to use Brahe’s

research because he died and his research because he died and his family kept it away from Keplar.family kept it away from Keplar.

Perihelion is the closet distance Perihelion is the closet distance from the planets to the sun.from the planets to the sun.

Aphelion is the farest distance from Aphelion is the farest distance from a planet to the sun.a planet to the sun.

His first law of planetary motion is His first law of planetary motion is that the planet’s orbits are ellipses.that the planet’s orbits are ellipses.

Second law is the planets sweep Second law is the planets sweep out equal areas of its obit in equal out equal areas of its obit in equal time.time.

He also saw the Supernova (SN- He also saw the Supernova (SN- 1604).1604).

GalileoGalileo 1564-16421564-1642 His work with motion was His work with motion was

Newton’s 1Newton’s 1stst law Inertia law Inertia He’s ideas were by virture of a He’s ideas were by virture of a

series of experiments, realizing series of experiments, realizing the analysis of Aristotle was the analysis of Aristotle was wrong because he need to wrong because he need to account properly for a hidden account properly for a hidden force.force.

He also realized that as the He also realized that as the motional forces were motional forces were decreased, the object would decreased, the object would move further and further move further and further before stopping.before stopping.

Aristotle vs. GalileoAristotle vs. Galileo

Aristotle said objects on Earth stopped moving once Aristotle said objects on Earth stopped moving once applied forces were removedapplied forces were removed

He also said that spheres in the heavens only moved He also said that spheres in the heavens only moved because of the action of the Prime Mover, continually because of the action of the Prime Mover, continually applied the force to outer spheres.applied the force to outer spheres.

Aristotle believed the motion of the heavens were a Aristotle believed the motion of the heavens were a different set of laws than those that governed men on different set of laws than those that governed men on Earth.Earth.

Galileo believed that the laws that governed the heavens Galileo believed that the laws that governed the heavens were the same laws that Aristotle said that governed were the same laws that Aristotle said that governed motion of the Earth’s surface. motion of the Earth’s surface.

QuestionsQuestions

Any questions at this point?Any questions at this point?

SitesSites http://www.marcdatabase.com/~lemur/lemur.com/gallery-of-antiquarian-tech

nology/philosophical-instruments/galileo-singer

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Impetustheorie-avicenna.png

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/aristotle.html http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.comhttp://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com

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SitesSites http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kepler_Mars_retrograde.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kepler_Mars_retrograde.jpg http://www.genciencia.com/images/250px-Johannes_Kepler.jpeghttp://www.genciencia.com/images/250px-Johannes_Kepler.jpeg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2Fhttp://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F

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