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Page 1: 7 & 0$50$5$h1 ø9(56ø7(6ø 626

7�&��0$50$5$�h1ø9(56ø7(6ø 257$'2ö8�$5$ù7,50$/$5,�(167ø7h6h

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Teknik Üniversitesi idarelerine ve personellerine de, kütüphane hizmetlerine gösterdikleri

LKWLPDP�GROD\ÕVÕ\OD�P�WHúúHN�U�ROGX÷XPX�EHOLUWPHN�LVWL\RUXP�

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KISALTMALAR

Çev. : Çeviren

Der. : Derleyen

ibid. : ,ELGHP��$\QÕ�\HUGH� op.cit. : 2SHUH�&LWDWLRQ��<XNDUÕGD�GH÷LQLOHQ�oDOÕúPD� s. : Sayfa

U.S.A. : United States of America

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1. BÖLÜM –�.$95$0/$5�9(�7(25ø/(5............................................................. 5 $��d2&8.�<(7øù7ø50(�35$7ø./(5ø............................................................. 5

I. Kavramlar........................................................................................................... 5

II. dRFXN�<HWLúWLUPH�3UDWLNOHULQL�%HOLUOH\HQ�)DNW|UOHU.......................................... 8 D��$LOH�2UWDPÕQÕQ�<DSÕVÕ�YH�g]HOOLNOHUL�����������������������������.............................. 8 E��(EHYH\QOHULQ�YH�dRFXNODUÕQ�%LUH\VHO�g]HOOLNOHUL���������������������������������������� 10 c. Sosyo-.�OW�UHO�<DSÕQÕQ�(WNLVL��������������������������������������������������������������������� 11

%��&ø16ø<(7............................................................................................................. 15

I. Kavramlar.............................................................................................………. 15

II. Cinsiyet Olgusuna Dair ToplumbiOLPVHO�<DNODúÕPODU.................................... 21 a. <DSÕVDO-�øúOHYVHOFL�<DNODúÕP...................................................................… 22 b. )HPLQLVW�<DNODúÕPODU.................................................................................. 23

i. Liberal Feminizm..............................................................................…... 26 ii. Radikal Feminizm..............................................................................…. 28 iii. Sosyalist Feminizm................................................................................ 29 iv. Postmodern Feminizm........................................................................... 30

III. CiQVL\HWOHULQ�7RSOXPVDO�øQúDVÕ�YH�dRFXN�<HWLúWLUPH�3UDWLNOHUL«««««� 34 D��&LQVL\HWOHULQ��.DGÕQOÕN�YH�(UNHNOL÷LQ��7RSOXPVDO�øQúDVÕ««««««�� 34 E��&LQVL\HWOHULQ�7RSOXPVDO�øQúDVÕQGD�dRFXN�<HWLúWLUPH�3UDWLNOHULQLQ�5RO��� 41

i. dRFXN�<HWLúWLUPHGH�&LQVL\HW�$\UÕPFÕOÕ÷Õ���������������������������««««« 42 aa. Bebeklik Dönemi...................................................................…….. 45 A.) bb. Çocukluk Dönemi...................................................................…… 46

LL��dRFXNODUÕQ�&LQVL\HW�6RV\DOOHúPHVLQH�<|QHOLN�.XUDPODU...............……. 48 aa. 6RV\DO�g÷UHQPH�.XUDPÕ.........................................................……. 48 bb. %LOLúVHO�*HOLúLP�.XUDPÕ���������������������������������������������������������««� 50 FF��&LQVL\HW�ùHPDVÕ�.XUDPÕ���������������������������������������������������������««� 51 dd. &LQVL\HW�ùHPDVÕ\OD�%LOJL�øúOHPH�.XUDPÕ����������������������������������������� 52

2. BÖLÜM -�$5$3�723/806$/�<$3,6,�YH�&ø16ø<(7�$1/$<,ù,................. 55

A. ARAP TOPLUMSAL Y$3,6,1,�%(/ø5/(<(1�)$.7g5/(5………… 55 ,��&R÷UDI\D�YH�øNOLPGHQ�.D\QDNODQDQ�)DUNOÕOÕNODU��������������������������������������������� 56

a. Bedevi Topluluklar..................................................................................... 58

b. Köylüler...................................................................................…………... 60 c. Kentliler...................................................................................…………... 62

,,��7RSOXPVDO�7DEDNDODúPD.................................................................................. 64

D��$UDS�7RSOXPVDO�'�]HQLQ�(NRQRPLN�$OW\DSÕVÕ������������������������������������������� 66 E��$UDS�7RSOXPXQGD�6ÕQÕIODU�������������������������������������������������������������������«� 68

i. BDVNÕQ�6ÕQÕI�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������««��� 69

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LL��2UWD�6ÕQÕI�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������«««�� 71 LLL��øúoL�6ÕQÕIÕ�����������������������������......................................................………. 72

,,,��'LQ�YH�0H]KHSVHO�<DSÕODQPD�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73 D��0�VO�PDQOÕN���������������������������������������������������������������������..............………. 74

E��+ULVWL\DQOÕN�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������«««�� 77 ,9��(WQLN�)DUNOÕOÕNODU�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������««��� 77

B. ARAP TO3/808181�.h/7h5(/�g=(//ø./(5ø�...............................…… 79 ,��$UDS�.�OW�UHO�%LUOL÷L����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79 II. Arap Toplumunun Cinsiyet Kültürü / Düzeni…………………………….…. 82

III. AUDS�.�OW�U�QGH�dRFXN�<HWLúWLUPH�3UDWLNOHUL«««««««««««« 90 D��$UDS�.�OW�U�QGH�dRFX÷XQ�YH�dRFXN�<HWLúWLUPH�3UDWLNOHULQLQ�gQHPL������� 91 E��dRFXN�<HWLúWLUPHGH�$QQH�– Baba Rolleri……………………………….. 97

3. BÖLÜM -�$5$3�723/8081'$�&ø16ø<(7/(5ø1�2/8ù8081'$�d2&8K <(7øù7ø50(�35$7ø./(5ø1ø1�52/h......................................................................

99

A. %(%(./ø....................................................................................……………...

100

B. ø/.�d2&8./8....................................................................................………..

104

C. *(d�d2&8./8.�YH�(5*(1/ø..............................................................…...

108

SONUÇ.............................................................................................................................

113

KAYNAKÇA........................................................………………………………………. 117

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10 Ibid., s.131-132 11 Ibid., s. 130 12 Gander ve Gardiner, op.cit., 298 13 Yavuzer, op.cit., s. 132 14 Gander ve Gardiner, op.cit., s.309-310

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15 Ibid., s.299 16 Ibid.

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17 Ronald L. Simons, Jay Beaman, Rand D. Conger ve Wei Chao, “Childhood Experience, Conceptions of Parenting, and Attitudes of Spouse as Determinants of Parental Behaviour”, Journal of Marriage and the Family��ùXEDW�������V���� 18 Richard R. Abidin, “The Determinanats of Parenting Behaviour”, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 1992, Cilt. 21, No. 4, s. 410

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19 K. J. Swick, “Cultural influences on parenting: Implications for parent educators”, Journal of Instructional Psychology, 1985, Vol.12, No.2., s. 81 20 S. Sethi, D. Este, ve M. Charlebois, “Factors influencing the child-rearing practices of recently migrated Chinese and East Indian women with children from infancy to age six”, Hong Kong Nursing Journal, 2000, http://pcerii.metropolis.net/Virtual%20Library/FinalReports/este00.htm 21 Vicki Ritts, “Infusing Culture Into Parenting Issues: A Supplement for Psychology instructors”, St. Louis Cummunity College, 1999, http://www.stlcc.cc.mo.us/mc/users/vritts/culture.htm

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22 Ibid.

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23 Ibid.

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25 Harold Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1967), s.122-128. 26 R. W. Connell, 7RSOXPVDO�&LQVL\HW�YH�øNWLGDU��oHY��&HP�6R\GHPLU���øVWDQEXO��$\UÕQWÕ�<D\ÕQODUÕ���������V����

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27 David Haig, “The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945-2001”, Archieves of Sexual Behaviour, Nisan 2004, Cilt:33, No.2, s.92 28 Ibid., s.91-92

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Cinsiyet terimini akademik literatürde, sadece DQRUPDO� YDNDODUÕ� GH÷LO� W�P� LQVDQ� W�U�Q��NDSVD\DFDN� úHNLOGH� WDQÕPOD\DQ� LON� DNDGHPLV\HQ� LVH� ELU� SVLNDQDOLVW� RODQ� 5�-�� 6WROOHU¶GLU��6WROOHU¶D� J|UH�� ³FLQV� V|]F�÷�� NDGÕQOÕN� YH� HUNHNOL÷LQ� EHGHQVHO� IDUNOÕOÕNODU� ER\XWXQX� ��UHPH�RUJDQODUÕ��KRUPRQODU��YV���NDUúÕODUNHQ��FLQVL\HW�V|]F�÷��LVH�EX�IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQ�WRSOXPVDO�ER\XWXQD��UROOHU�� DOJÕODPDODU�� EHNOHQWLOHU�� NDOÕS\DUJÕODU�� YV��� LúDUHW� HWPHNWHGLU´��2QD�J|UH�� ³FLQVL\HW��KHU�N�OW�UGH� YDU� RODQ� WRSOXPVDO� NXUDOODU� �LúDUHWOHU�� KDYX]XQGDQ� |÷UHQLOHQ� YH� KHU� LQVDQÕQ�GR÷XPXQGDQ� LWLEDUHQ� PXKDWDS� ROGX÷X� EHOOL� ELU� |G�O� YH� FH]D� VLVWHPL\OH� SHNLúHQ�GDYUDQÕúODUGÕU´�29� %X� GH÷HUOHQGLUPH� SDUDOHOLQGH� 6WROOHU�� EL\RORMLQLQ� URO�Q�� KLoH� VD\PDVD� GD��NDGÕQ� YH� HUNHN� DUDVÕQGDNL� IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQ� oR÷XQXQ�N�OW�UHO� RODUDN�ROXúWX÷XQX� LGGLD� HWPHNWHGLU��David +DLJ¶H� J|UH�� 6WROOHU¶ÕQ� OLWHUDW�UH� ELU� EDúND� NDWNÕVÕ� GD�� oDOÕúPD� DUNDGDúÕ� *UHHQVRQ¶OD�ELUOLNWH�����¶WH�øVYLoUH¶GH�G�]HQOHQHQ������8OXVODUDUDVÕ�3VLNDQDOL]�.RQJUHVL¶QGH�ELOGLULOHUGH�LON�GHID� µFLQVL\HW� NLPOL÷L¶� NDYUDPÕQÕ� RUWD\D� DWPÕú� ROPDODUÕGÕU�� øNLOL� EX� NDYUDPÕ�� J�Q�P�]GH� GH�JHoHUOLOL÷LQL� NRUX\DQ� DQODPÕ\OD�� ³NLúLQLQ�NHQGLVLQL�KHU� LNL� FLQVL\HWWHQ�ELULQH�GDKLO�KLVVHWPHVL´�úHNOLQGH� WDQÕPODPÕúWÕU�30� 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD� NLúLQLQ� FLQVL\HWLQLQ� EHGHQVHO� |]HOOLNOHULQLQ� LúDUHW� HWWL÷L�FLQVWHQ� IDUNOÕ� RODELOHFH÷L� ROJXVXQX� GHVWHNOHPLúOHUGLU�31 Stoller, ilerleyen dönemdeki

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0DU\� +DZNHVZRUWK� GD�� ����¶OHUOH� ELUOLNWH� NDGÕQ� YH� HUNHN� DUDVÕQGDNL� IDUNOÕOÕNODUD� \|QHOLN�DUDúWÕUPDODUÕQ� QLFHO� RODUDN� WRSOXP� ELOLPOHUL� OLWHUDW�U�QGH� oR÷DOPDVÕ\OD�� FLQVL\HW� WHULPLQH�\|QHOLN� WDQÕP� YH� \DNODúÕPODUÕQ� oHúLWOHQGL÷LQL� EHOLUWPHNWHGLU�33� %X� IDUNOÕ� \DNODúÕPODU�GH÷HUOHQGLULOGL÷LQGH�� WRSOXPELOLPGHNL� �o� WHPHO� HNRO�Q� FLQVL\HW� WHULPLQL�� IDUNOÕ� úHNLOGH� 29 R.J. Stoller, Sex and Gender: The Development of Masculinity and Femininity, (Londra: Hogarth, 1968), s.197 30 µ&LQVL\HW�.LPOL÷L¶��Gender identity) teriminin, heteroseksüelik, homoseksüellik, biseksüellik yada aseksüellik JLEL�FLQVHO�H÷LOLPOHUL�NDUúÕOD\DQ�µFLQVHO�NLPOLN¶��sexual identity��WHULPL\OH�NDUÕúWÕUÕOPDPDVÕQD�GLNNDW�HGLOPHOLGLU� 31 Haig, op.cit., s. 93 32 Stoller, op.cit., s. 9 33 Mary Hawkesworth, “Confounding Gender”, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1997, Cilt: 22, No.3, s. 650

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'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� FLQVL\HWOHUOH� |]GHúOHúWLULOHQ� |]HOOLNOHUL� QLWHOHQGLULUNHQ�� EXQODUÕ� ‘biyolojik’ ya da

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38�gUQH÷LQ��John W. Scott, “Gender: A Useful Category of Anayisis”, American Historical Review, 1986, Cilt:91; Kay Deaux, “Commentary: Sorry, Wrong Number- A Reply to Gentile’s Call”, Psychological Science, 1993, Cilt: 4, No.2; R.K.Unger & M.Crawford, “Sex and Gender- The Troubled Relationship Between Terms and Concepts”, Psychological Science, 1993, Cilt 4, No.2; L. Nicholson, “Interpreting Gender”, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1994, Cilt 20 39 John Scott, Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis, American Historical Review, 1986, Cilt:91, s. 1053

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II. Cinsiyet Olgusuna Dair Toplumbilimsel YaklDúÕPODU�

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40 Kent McClelland, “Functionalism”, Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology, Grinnell University Sociology Department, 2000. http://web.grinnell.edu/courses/soc/s00/soc111-01/IntroTheories/IntroTheoriesIndex.html 41 Stephen G. Sapp, “Sturucture-Functionalism”, The Sociological Perspective, Iowa State University Sociology Departmen. http://www.soc.iastate.edu/soc130Sec1/SocPhil130.html

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42 Connell, op.cit, s.56 43 Ibid., s.77-79

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%X� oHúLWOLOLN�� HVDVHQ� FLQVL\HW� HúLWVL]OLNOHULQLQ� VHEHSOHULQH� \|QHOLN� \DNODúÕP� IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQGDQ�ND\QDNODQÕUNHQ�� KHU� HNRO�� EX� HúLWVL]OLNOHUL� JLGHUHELOPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�� \LQH�GL÷HUOHULQH�J|UH� IDUNOÕ�bir yol önermektedir. Günümüzde akademide HQ�ID]OD�EHQLPVHQHQ�\DNODúÕPODU��OLEHUDO��UDGLNDO�� 44 Janet Saltzman Chafetz, “Feminist Theory and Sociology: Underutilized Contributions for Mainstream Theory”, Annual Review of Sociology, 1997, Cilt:23, s. 98 45 Connell, op.cit., s.59

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25

VRV\DOLVW� YH� SRVWPRGHUQ� IHPLQL]P� ROGX÷XQGDQ�� EX� NÕVÕPGD� EX� G|UW� \DNODúÕP� �]HULQGH�GXUXODFDNWÕU��

)HPLQLVW�EDNÕú�DoÕVÕQÕ�EHQLPVH\HQ�IDUNOÕ�WRSOXPELOLPVHO�PRGHOOHUL�VSHVLILN�RODUDN�HOH�DOPDGDQ�|QFH�� EXQODUÕQ� RUWDN� QRNWDODUÕ� �]HULQGH� GXUPDNWD� ID\GD� YDUGÕU��gQFHOLNOH�� IHPLQLVW� \DNODúÕP��FLQVL\HWLQ�ELUH\�WDUDIÕQGDQ�HGLQLOPHVLQGH�KHP�GR÷DQÕQ��KHP�GH�\HWLúWLUPHQLQ�|QHPOL�ROGX÷XQX�NDEXO� HWPHNWHGLU�� %X� \DNODúÕPÕQ� WHPHOLQGH�� FLQVL\HWLQ� |÷UHQLOPHVL� EHEHN� GR÷DU� GR÷PD]

EDúODGÕ÷ÕQGDQ�� EL\RORMLN� IDNW|UOHUOH�� WRSOXPVDO� YH� N�OW�UHO� IDNW|UOHULQ� ELUELULQGHQ� WDP� RODUDN�D\UÕODPD\DFD÷Õ� G�ú�QFHVL� \DWPDNWDGÕU�� 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� EX� \DNODúÕPGDNL� JHQHO� NDE�O�� GR÷DQÕQ��\DQL�JHQOHULQ��ELUH\OHUH�EHOOL�ELU�GDYUDQÕú�YH�NLúLOLN�SRWDQVL\HO�YHUGL÷L��DQFDN�EHOOL�|]HOOLNOHULQ�QLKD\HWLQGH� LoLQGH� \DúDQÕODQ� WRSOXPVDO� YH� N�OW�UHO� oHYUHQLQ� EHNOHQWLOHUL� GR÷UXOWXVXQGD�JHOLúWLULOGL÷L� YH� WHUFLK� HGLOGL÷L� \|Q�QGHGLU�� %X� J|U�ú� GR÷UXOWXVXQGD� FLQVL\HW�� IHPLQLVWOHU�WDUDIÕQGDQ��WRSOXPVDO�|÷UHQPH�V�UHFL\OH�\HQLGHQ��UHWLOHQ�YH�DNWDUÕODQ�WRSOXPVDO�EHNOHQWLOHU�D÷Õ�RODUDN� WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU�� <LQH� GH�� IHPLQLVWOHU�� FLQVL\HWH� GDLU� E�W�QF�O� ELU� \DNODúÕPÕQ�� EXQX�ROXúWXUDQ�WRSOXPVDO�V�UHFLQ�DUDúWÕUÕOPDVÕ\OD�VÕQÕUOÕ�NDOPDPDVÕ�YH�EX�|]HOOLNOHULQ�ROXúWX÷X�oHYUH�olan siyasi ve ekonoPLN�\DSÕQÕQ�GD�HOH�DOÕQPDVÕ�JHUHNWL÷LQGH�GH�ÕVUDU�HWPHNWHGLUOHU�46

5HQ]HWWL�YH�&XUUDQ¶D�J|UH� IHPLQL]PLQ�� WRSOXPELOLPVHO�oDOÕúPD�YH�DUDúWÕUPDODUD�\|QHOLN�RUWDN�LGGLDODUÕ�GD�úX�úHNLOGHGLU��

*HQHOGH�oR÷X�WRSOXPELOLPVHO�oDOÕúPD�HUNHNOHU�WDUDIÕQGDQ�\�U�W�OG�÷ünden, WRSOXPELOLPLQGH� X]XQ� G|QHPOHU� HUNHN� EDNÕú� DoÕVÕ� HJHPHQ� ROPXúWXU�� gWH�\DQGDQ�� EX� oDOÕúPDODU� \LQH� oR÷XQOXNOD� HUNHN� |]QHOHUOH� LOJLOHQPLú�� DQFDN�EXOJXODU� NDGÕQODUÕ� GD� NDSVD\DFDN� úHNLOGH� W�P� WRSOXPD� JHQHOOHQPLúWLU�� 6RQ�olaraksa, cinsiyet analitik bir katHJRUL�RODUDN�HOH�DOÕQDUDN�VÕQÕUODQPÕú��Lú\HUL��oDOÕúPD�KD\DWÕ��KXNXN�JLEL�WRSOXPVDO�\DSÕQÕQ�IDUNOÕ�XQVXUODUÕQÕ�GD�NDSVDPDVÕ�JHUHNLUNHQ��EXQODU�HNVLN�NDOPÕúWÕU�47

46 Claire M. Renzetti ve Daniel J. Curran, Women, Men and Society, (Boston : Allyn and Bacon, 1999), s. 10-11 47 Ibid.

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26

)DUNOÕ�IHPLQLVW�SHUVSHNWLIOHULQ��RUWDN�QRNWDODUÕQÕQ��]HULQGH�GXUXOGXNWDQ�VRQUD��úLPGL�GH��oHúitli IHPLQLVW�\DNODúÕPODUÕQ�FLQVL\HWH�GDLU�JHOLúWLUGLNOHUL�WRSOXPELOLPVHO�WHRULOHU�HOH�DOÕQDFDNWÕU�

i. Liberal Feminizm

)DUNOÕ�IHPLQL]P�W�UOHUL�LoLQGH�LQFHOHQHFHN�RODQODUGDQ�LONL��WHPHOOHUL�GL÷HUOHULQH�J|UH�GDKD�HVNL�olan ‘liberal feminist’ perspektiftir.� %X� JHoPLú�� ELUH\VHO� LQVDQ� KDNODUÕ� YH� |]J�UO�NOHULQLQ�NDPXR\XQGD� VÕNoD� \DQNÕ� EXOGX÷X� ���\\¶D� NDGDU� JLWPHNWHGLU�� .DGÕQ� KDNODUÕQÕQ� VDYXQXOPDVÕ�DoÕVÕQGDQ�|QF��oDOÕúPDODU�RODQ��0DU\�:ROOVWRQHFUDIW¶ÕQ��³.DGÕQ�+DNODUÕQÕQ�6DYXQXVX” ve John

Stuart Mill’in “.DGÕQODra Hükmedilmesi´�JLEL�HVHUOHUL��)UDQVÕ]�'HYULPL¶QGHQ�JHOHQ�U�]JDUÕ�YH�\�NVHOHQ� OLEHUDOL]PL� GH� DUNDODUÕQD� DODUDN�� NDGÕQODUÕQ� GD� HUNHNOHUOH� D\QÕ� GR÷DO� KDNODUD� YH�|]J�UO�NOHUH� VDKLS� ROPDVÕ� JHUHNWL÷LQL� VDYXQPXúWXU��%X�JLULúLP��NDGÕQODU�YH� HUNHNOHU� DUDVÕQGD�HúLWVL]OLNOHU� \DUDWDQ� \DVD� YH� KXNXNL� G�]HQOHPHOHULQ� GH÷LúWLULOPHVLQH� \|QHOLN� NDPSDQ\DODUÕQ�ROXúWXUXOPDVÕQD� GD� RUWDP� KD]ÕUODPÕúWÕU�48� øúWH� ���� \\¶ÕQ� ELOKDVVD� LNLQFL� \DUÕVÕQGDQ� LWLEDUHQ��DNDGHPLGH� G�ú�QVHO� ELU� SHUVSHNWLI� KDOLQH� JHOHQ� OLEHUDO� IHPLQL]PLQ� oÕNÕú� QRNWDVÕ�� EX� NÕVÕPGD�LIDGH�HGLOHQ�ILNLU�KDUHNHWOHUL�ROPXúWXU��

/LEHUDO� IHPLQL]P�� WHPHOGH� \DSÕVDO-LúOHYVHOFL� \DNODúÕPGDQ� oRN� GD� IDUNOÕ� GH÷LOGLU��.DGÕQOÕN� YH�HUNHNOL÷L�� \DSÕVDO-LúOHYVHOFLOLNWH� ROGX÷X� JLEL�� WRSOXPVDO� UROOHU� RODUDN� WDQÕPOD\DQ� OLEHUDO�feminizm, bu� \DNODúÕPGDQ� ELU� DGÕP� LOHUL� JLGHUHN� EX� UROOHULQ� HOHúWLULVLQL� GH� \DSPDNWDGÕU�� %X�\DNODúÕPD� J|UH��PHYFXW� FLQVL\HW� UROOHUL� WRSOXPVDO�EHNOHQWLOHU� ÕúÕ÷ÕQGD�NDGÕQODUD�GH]DYDQWDMODU�\DUDWPDNWDGÕU�� 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� EX� UROOHULQ� ELUH\OHUFH� EHQLPVHQPHVLQL� VD÷OD\DQ� HQ� |QHmli etken,

ELOKDVVD� oRFXNOXN� G|QHPLQGH� NLúLOL÷LQ� ROXúXPXQGD� E�\�N� ELU� |QHPH� VDKLS� RODQ� VRV\DOOHúPH�

48 Connell, op.cit., s.45

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27

ROJXVX�ROGX÷XQGDQ��FLQVL\HWOHU�DUDVÕQGDNL�HúLWVL]OL÷L�JLGHUHELOPHN�GH�NÕ]�YH�HUNHN�oRFXNODUÕQÕQ�\HWLúWLULOPHVLQGH� WDNLS� HGLOHQ� NOLúHOHULQ� \RN� HGLOPHVLQL� JHUHktirmektedir. Zira, liberal

IHPLQLVWOHUH�J|UH��NÕ]�YH�HUNHN�oRFXNODU�DVOÕQGD�EHOOL�NDELOL\HW�YH�H÷LOLPOHUL�JHOLúWLUHELOHFHN�HúLW�SRWDQVL\HOOHUOH� G�Q\D\D� JHOPHNWHGLU�� 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� FLQVL\HWOHUH� GDLU� HúLWVL]OLNOHUL� JLGHUHELOPHN�LoLQ� |QFHOLNOH� \DSÕOPDVÕ� JHUHNHQ�� FLQVL\HWOHUH� GDLU� \DNODúÕP� YH� ILNLUOHULQ� GH÷LúWLULOPHVL� YH� EX�GR÷UXOWXGD�FLQVL\HW�D\UÕPFÕOÕ÷Õ�\DSPD\DQ�oRFXN�\HWLúWLUPH�PRGHOOHULQLQ�JHOLúWLULOPHVLGLU�49

/LEHUDO� IHPLQL]PLQ� VRV\DOOHúPH�YH�oRFXN�\HWLúLWUPH�SUDWLNOHUL��]HULQGH�EX�NDGDU�KDVVDVL\HWOH�durmaVÕ�� \DNODúÕPÕQ� SVLNDQDOL]� NXUDPÕ\OD� ED÷ODQWÕVÕQGDQ� ND\QDNODQPDNWDGÕU�� *HUoHNWHQ� GH��6LJPXQG�)UHXG¶XQ�RUWD\D�NR\GX÷X� WH]OHU��DNDGHPLQLQ�FLQVL\HW�YH�FLQVHOOL÷H�EDNÕúÕQGD�|QHPOL�GH÷LúLNOLNOHU�\DUDWPÕúWÕU��)UHXG��|QHUGL÷L�SVLNDQDOLWLN�\DNODúÕPOD�KHP�KHWHURVHNV�HOOL÷LQ��FLQVHO�NLPOL÷LQ��� KHP� GH� NDGÕQVÕ� YH� HUNHNVLOL÷LQ� �FLQVL\HW� NLPOL÷LQLQ��� WRSOXPVDO� V�UHoOHU� YH�\HWLúWLULOPH� VRQXFX� ROXúWX÷X� WHVELWL\OH� SVLNRVHNV�HO� YH� NLúLOLN� JHOLúLPLQGH� WRSOXPVDOODúPDQÕQ�VDQÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDQ� GDKD� |QHPOL� ELU� \HU� DU]� HWWL÷LQL� RUWD\D� NR\PXúWXU��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� NLúLQLQ� FLQVL\HW�NLPOL÷L� \D� GD� DQRUPDO� NDEXO� HGLOHQ� FLQVHO� GDYUDQÕúODUÕ�� SVLNDQDOL]� NXUDPÕ� JHUH÷LQFH�� DLOHLoL�LOLúNLOHULQLQ�DQDOL]�HGLOPHVL\OH�DoÕNODQDELOHFHNWLU�50

)UHXG¶XQ� DUGÕOODUÕQGDQ� RODQ� 1DQF\� &KRGRURZ� GD�� ³$QQHOL÷LQ� <HQLGHQ� hUHWimi´� DGOÕ�oDOÕúPDVÕQGD�� )UHXG¶XQ� FLQVL\HW� JHOLúLPLQH� \|QHOLN� SVLNDQDOLWLN� \DNODúÕPÕQÕ� LOHUL\H� J|W�UHUHN��oRFXNWD� FLQVL\HW� NLPOL÷LQLQ� \DúDPÕQÕQ� LON� G|QHPOHULQGH� DQQH\OH� RODQ� GX\JXVDO� ED÷ODQWÕVÕQD�ED÷OÕ� RODUDN�� RQXQOD� LOLúNLVLQLQ� úHNOLQH� J|UH� JHOLúWL÷LQL� EHOLUWPLúWLU�� $QWKRQ\� *LGGHQV��&KRGRURZ¶XQ�WHRULVLQL�úX�úHNLOGH�DNWDUPDNWDGÕU�

&KRGRURZ¶XQ�WHRULVLQH�J|UH��EHQOLN�ROXúXPX�oRFX÷XQ�FLQVLQH�J|UH��DQQHGHQ�NRSXúD�ED÷OÕ�ROGX÷XQGDQ��NÕ]�oRFXNODU�DQQH\OH�\DNÕQOÕNODUÕQÕ�V�UG�UG�NOHUL�

49 Vivien Burr, Gender and Social Psychology, (Londra: Routledge, 1998), s. 16 50 Sigmund Freud, Cinsiyet Üzerine, Çev. A. Avni ÖQHú���øVWDQEXO��6D\�\D\ÕQODUÕ���������V����-28

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LoLQ�� \HWLúNLQOLNOHULQGH� EDúND� LQVDQODUOD� ED÷ODQWÕOÕ� ELU� EHQOLN� GX\JXVXQD�VDKLS� ROPDNWDGÕUODU�� gWH� \DQGDQ�� HUNHN� oRFXNODU�� GDKD� HUNHQ� \DúODUGD�DQQHGHQ� D\UÕOGÕNODUÕQGDQ�� NHQGL� FLQVL\HW� DOJÕODUÕQÕ� NDGÕQVÕ� ROPD\DQGDQ�W�UHWHUHN��LQNDU�HWPH�\ROX\OD�ND]DQÕUODU��%XQD�J|UH��HUNHNOHU�NDGÕQODUD�Jöre, EDúNDODUÕ\OD� LOHWLúLP� NXUDELOPHGH� J|UHFH� GDKD� EDúDUÕVÕ]GÕUODU�� HPSDWL�\HWHQHNOHUL�\HWHULQFH�JHOLúPHPLúWLU�YH�\LQH�NÕ]ODUD�J|UH�GDKD�HWNLQ�ELU�EHQOLN�JHOLúWLULUOHU�51

3VLNDQDOLWLN� \DNODúÕPGDQ� \DUDUODQDQ� EX� YH� EHQ]HUL� oDOÕúPDODU�� NLPL� \D]DUODUFD� D\UÕ� Eir

IHPLQL]P� IRUPX� RODUDN� HOH� DOÕQÕ\RU� ROVD� GD�� OLEHUDO� IHPLQL]POH� RODQ� \DNÕQOÕNODUÕ� YH�EHQ]HUOLNOHUL� GROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� oDOÕúPDGD� EX� NDSVDPGD� LQFHOHQPLúWLU�� %XUD\D� NDGDU� DQODWÕODQODU�ÕúÕ÷ÕQGD�� OLEHUDO� IHPLQL]PLQ�FLQVL\HWH�\DNODúÕPÕ��ELUH\VHO� UROOHU��FLQVL\HWOHU�DUDVÕQGDNL�ELUH\VHO�IDUNOÕOÕNODU�� NLúLOLN� |]HOOLNOHUL� YH� EXQODUÕQ� HGLQLOPHVLQGH� VRV\DOOHúPH� ROJXVX� G�]H\LQGH�ROPDNWDGÕU��%X�oDOÕúPDGD�GD��$UDS�WRSOXPXQGD�FLQVL\HWOHU�DUDVÕQGDNL�HúLWVL]OLNOHULQ�ROXúXPXQD�QHGHQ� RODQ� IDNW|UOHU� LoLQGH� oRFXN� \HWLúWLUPH� SUDWLNOHULQLQ� ELULQFLO� NRQXPGD� EXOXQGX÷X� WH]L�VDYXQXOGX÷XQGDQ��OLEHUDO�IHPLQLVW�EDNÕú�DoÕVÕ�EHQLPVHQPHNWHGLU��

ii. Radikal Feminizm

µ5DGLNDO� IHPLQL]P¶� RODUDN� DGODQGÕUÕODQ� GL÷HU� IHPLQLVW� G�ú�QFH�� |QFHOLNOH� FLQVL\HW�HúLWVL]OLNOHULQLQ� WRSOXPVDO� LQúDVÕQGD� OLEHUDO� IHPLQLVWOHULQ�GD\DQDN�QRNWDVÕ� RODQ� FLQVL\HW� UROOHUL�DQOD\ÕúÕQÕQ� |WHVLQH� JHoHUHN�� HVDV� SUREOHPLQ�� HUNHNOHULQ� WDULKVHO� RODUDN� HOGH� HWWL÷L� LNWLGDUGDQ�ND\QDNODQGÕ÷ÕQÕ� EHOLUWPHNWHGLU�� %XQD� J|UH�� NDGÕQODUÕQ� H]LOPHVL� ROJXVX� HUNHNOHULQ� NDGÕQODU��]HULQGHNL� LNWLGDUÕQÕQ� VRQXFX� RODUDN� J|U�OG�÷�QGHQ�� EX� VLVWHPL�GH÷LúWLUPH\H�\|QHOPH\HQ�ELU�KDUHNHWLQ�� X]XQ� YDGHGH� EDúDUÕOÕ� RODPD\DFD÷Õ� VDYXQXOPDNWDGÕU�52 Erkeklerin iktidara sahip

ROGX÷X�EX�VLVWHPLQ�DGÕ��µSDWULDUúL¶��DWDHUNLOOLN��RODUDN�WDQÕPODQPÕúWÕU��%X�SDUDOHOGH��NDGÕQODU�YH�erNHNOHU� ELUELUOHULQH� LNWLGDU� LOLúNLOHUL\OH� ED÷OÕ� LNL� D\UÕ� VÕQÕI� RODUDN�J|U�O�UNHQ�� HUNHNOHU�KDNLP� 51 Anthony Giddens, Sosyoloji���$QNDUD��$\UDo�<D\ÕQHYL���������V����� 52 Connell, op.cit., s.61

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29

VÕQÕI�� NDGÕQODU� LVH� V|P�U�OHQ� VÕQÕI� RODUDN� WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU�� 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� UDGLNDO� IHPLQLVW�WRSOXP� DQDOL]L�� FLQVL\HW� HúLWVL]OLNOHULQLQ� JLGHULOHELOPHVL� LoLQ�� WRSOXPVDO� \DúDPÕQ� KHU� DODQÕQGD�NHQGLQL� J|VWHUHQ� EX� VLVWHPLQ� GH÷LúWLULOPHVL� JHUHNWL÷L� WHVELWLQL� EHUDEHULQGH� JHWLUPHNWHGLU�53

.ÕVDFD�� UDGLNDO� IHPLQLVW� DNÕP�� OLEHUDO� \DNODúÕPGDQ� IDUNOÕ� RODUDN�� FLQVL\HWH� VLVWHP� G�]H\LQGH�\DNODúPDNWD��YH�GROD\ÕVÕ\OD�PDNUR�|OoHNOL�ELU�SHUVSHNWLI�JHOLúWLUPHNWHGLU�

iii. Sosyalist Feminizm

&LQVL\HW� ROJXVXQD� VLVWHP� G�]H\LQGH� \DNODúDQ� ELU� EDúND� IHPLQLVW� DNÕP�� µVRV\DOLVW� IHPLQL]P¶�RODUDN�DGODQGÕUÕODQ�\DNODúÕP�ROPXúWXU��$QFDN��EX�HNRO�Q�UDGLNDO�IHPLQL]PGHQ�IDUNÕ��SDWULDUúLN�sistemle, üreWLP� LOLúNLOHUL� DUDVÕQGD� NXUXODQ� ED÷ODUGDQ� ND\QDNODQPDNWDGÕU�� $VOÕQGD�� EX�G�ú�Q�ú�Q� WHPHOOHUL�� GDKD����\\¶GD�/HZLV�+��0RUJDQ¶ÕQ� µEski Toplum’, Bachofen’in ‘$QDOÕN�Hukuku’ ve Friedrich Engels’in ‘Ailenin, Özel Mülkiyetin ve Devletin Kökeni’ isimli

oDOÕúPDODUÕ\OD� DWÕOPÕúWÕU�� &LQVL\HW� G�]HQLQL� WDULKVHO� YH� DQWURSRORMLN� ER\XWODUÕ\OD� HOH� DODQ� EX�oDOÕúPDODU��|]HWOH�NDGÕQOÕN�YH�HUNHNOLN�NDWHJRULOHULQLQ�GR÷DOOÕ÷ÕQÕ�VRUJXODPD\D�DoDUDN��FLQVL\HW�G�]HQLQL��UHWLP�LOLúNLOHUL\OH��FLQVL\HW�LOLúNLOHULQL�LVH�VÕQÕI�GLQDPLNOHUL\OH�ED÷ODQWÕODQGÕUPÕúODUGÕU��%XQXQ� GÕúÕQGD�� EX� GXUXú�� FLQVL\HW� HúLWOLNoLOL÷LQ� |Q� SODQD� oÕNDUDQ� ELU� G�ú�Q�ú� WDU]ÕQÕ� GD�EHUDEHULQGH�JHWLUPLúWLU�54

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53 Burr, op.cit., s.18 54 Connell, op.cit., s.51

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iii. Postmodern Feminizm

1980’lerGHQ�VRQUD�FLQVL\HW�ROJXVXQD�GDLU�ED]Õ�IHPLQLVW�LQFHOHPHOHU��WRSOXP�ELOLPOHULQGH�|QHP�ND]DQDQ� VLPJHVHO� HWNLOHúLPFLOLN�� IHQRPHQRORML�� HWQRPHWRGRORML�� WRSOXPVDO� LQúDFÕOÕN�� SRVW- 55 Ibid., s.62-63 56 Ibid.

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59 “Social Constructionism”, Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, 2005, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionalism

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60 Judith A. Howard, Barbara Risman, Mary Romero ve Joey Sprague, “Series Editors’ Introduction”, Revisioning Gender, (Der.) Myra Marx Ferree, Judith Lorber ve Beth B. Hess, (A.B.D.: Rowman & Littlefiesld Publishers, 1998), s. xi 61 Candace West ve Don H. Zimmerman, “Doing Gender”, Gender& Society, Haziran 1987, Cilt: 1, No.2, s. 126 62 Stephen G. Sapp, “Symbolic Interactionism”, op.cit.

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63 West ve Zimmerman, op.cit.

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hem de toplumsal organizasyon biçimlerini etkileyen önemli analitik kategorilerden biri olarak

ele almak gerekmektedir.

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W�U�ELUH\OHU��%DWÕ�WRSOXPODUÕQGD�WUDYHVWL�\D�GD�WUDQVHNV�HO�RODUDN�DGODQGÕUÕODQ��JHUHN�DPHOL\DWOD�FLQVL\HW�GH÷LúWLUHQ��JHUHNVH�GH�DPHOL\DWD�JHUHN�GX\PDGDQ�NÕ\DIHWOHUL�YH�GH�GDYUDQÕúODUÕ�\ROX\OD�NDUúÕ�FLQVL�WDNOLW�HGHQ�ELUH\OHUL�DQGÕUVD�GD��%DWÕ�WRSOXPODUÕQÕQ�DNVLQH��EX�VWDW�OHU��R�WRSOXPODUGD�D\UÕ�ELU�FLQVL\HW�NDWHJRULVL�RODUDN�NDEXO�HGLOPHNWHGLU��2\VD�NL��%DWÕ�WRSOXPODUÕQGD�YH�oR÷X�%DWÕ� 64 Scott, op.cit, s. 1067 65 Hawkesworth, op.cit., s. 653

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µFLQVL\HW� VLVWHPL¶� YDUGÕU�� <D]DUD� J|UH� EX� VLVWHP�� LQVDQÕQ� EL\RORMLN� KDPmaddesi ve

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66 Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, (New Heaven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), s. 17 67 David Glover ve Cora Kaplan, Genders, (Londra: Routledge, 2000), s. xxiii-xxiv

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CinsiyHWOHULQ� V�UHNOL� \HQLOHQHQ� \DSÕODU� ROGX÷X� ILNULQH� J|UH�� ELUH\OHU� J�QGHOLN� LOLúNLOHULQGHNL�H\OHPOHULQL�� FLQVL\HWOHULQL� J|VWHUHFHN�� EHOOL� HGHFHN� úHNLOGH� G�]HQOHUOHU�� %XQD� KHP� NHQGL�FLQVL\HWOHULQL�NDUúÕGDNLQH�\DQVÕWPDN��KHP�GH�NDUúÕGDNLQL�EX�oHUoHYHGH�DOJÕODPDN�H÷LOLPOHUL�GH�GDKLOGLU�� 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� EX� \DNODúÕPÕQ� ELU� EDúND� LGGLDVÕ� LVH�� FLQVL\HWOHULQ� DQFDN� ELU� µ|WHNL¶QLQ�YDUOÕ÷Õ� GXUXPXQGD� RUWD\D� oÕNDELOHFH÷LGLU�� 'L÷HU� ELU� GH\LúOH�� FLQVL\HW� DQFDN� WRSOXPVDO� ELU�RUWDPGD� \DUDWÕODELOHQ� ELU� \DSÕGÕU�70� %X� \DNODúÕP� WHPHOLQL�� *RIIPDQ¶ÕQ� µFLQVL\HW� VXQXPX¶�NDYUDPÕQGDQ� DOPDNWDGÕU�� *RIIPDQ¶D� J|UH�� ELUH\OHU� NDUúÕOÕNOÕ� HWNLOHúLPOHUL� VÕUDVÕQGD� EHOLUOL�LúDUHWOHU� \ROX\OD� NHQGLOHULQH� GDLU� µWHPHO� ELU� GR÷D¶� VHUJLOHGLNOHULQL� YDUVD\DUODU��%X� GR÷UXOWXGD�Goffman’a göre, cinsiyet de kültürün� LGHDOL]H� HWWL÷L� NDGÕQVÕ� YH� HUNHNVL� GR÷DODUÕQ� WRSOXPVDO�RODUDN� NRGODQPÕú� ELU� GUDPDWL]DV\RQXGXU�� %DúND� ELU� LIDGH\OH�� NDGÕQVÕOÕN� YH� HUNHNVLOLN� GH�� EX�|]VHO� GÕúDYXUPDQÕQ� SURWRWLSOHULQGHQGLU�71 Judith Butler da, cinsiyeti toplumsal beklentiler

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*RIIPDQ¶ÕQ� µFLQVL\HW� VXQXPX¶�DQOD\ÕúÕ�� FLQVL\HWOHULQ� WRSOXPVDO� LOLúNLOHU�YH�NDUúÕOÕNOÕ�HWNLOHúLP�DoÕVÕQGDQ�|QHPLQL�RUWD\D�NR\DELOPHN�DoÕVÕQGDQ�HWNLOLGLU��=LUD�EX�\DNODúÕP��GDKD�|QFH�GH�LIDGH� 70 Candace West ve Don H. Zimmerman, “Doing Gender”, Gender & Society, 1987, Cilt:1, s.127 71 Ibid., s.129 72 Glover, op.cit., s. xxvi

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HGLOGL÷L� JLEL�� ELUH\OHULQ� ELUELUOHUL\OH� HWNLOHúLPOHUL� VÕUDVÕQGD� ELOLQoOL� \D� GD� ELOLQoVL]FH��NHQGLOHULQLQ� KDQJL� FLQVL\HWWHQ� ROGX÷XQX� R� FLQVL\HWOH� |]GHúOHúWLULOHQ� LúDUHWOHUL� VHUJLOHPHN�yoluyla gösterdiklerini kabul etmektedir. Bu yakODúÕPÕ�GHVWHNOH\HQ�ELU�VDY�GD��6X]DQQH�.HVVOHU�YH� :HQG\� 0F.HQQD¶QÕQ�� FLQVL\HWOHUL� EHOLUOH\HQ� HQ� |QHPOL� XQVXUODU� RODQ� FLQVHO� RUJDQODUÕQ�WRSOXP� LoLQGH� |UW�O�� ROPDVÕQD� UD÷PHQ�� \LQH� GH� ELUH\OHULQ� ELUELULOHULQL� FLQVL\HW�kategorizasyonunda bir yere koyabilmekte ]RUODQPDPDVÕ� WHVELWLGLU�73 Garfinkel da, bireyin

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+HUKDQJL� ELU� WRSOXPGD� JHoHUOL� RODQ� FLQVL\HW� G�]HQLQLQ� QH� úHNLOGH� LúOHGL÷LQLQ� DUDúWÕUÕOPDVÕQÕQ�DUGÕQGDQ�� EX� G�]HQLQ� KDQJL� DUDoODUOD� ROXúWXUXOGX÷X�� GHVWHNOHQGL÷L� YH� V�UHNOLOL÷LQLQ�VD÷ODQGÕ÷ÕQÕQ� LQFHOHPHVLQH� JLULúLOPHVLQGH� ID\GD� YDUGÕU�� =LUD� EX� DUDoODU�� D\QÕ� ]DPDQGD�FLQVL\HWOHULQ� ROXúWXUXOPDVÕQÕ� GD� VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU�� %DúND� ELU� LIDGH\OH�� NDGÕQOÕN� YH� erkeklik

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73 Suzanne Kessler ve Wendy McKenna, Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach, (New York: Wiley, 1978), s. 2 74 Garfinkel, op.cit., s.22

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\ROX\OD�JHUoHNOHúWLULOPHNWHGLU��%X�NRQX\OD�ED÷ODQWÕOÕ�RODUDN�-RKQ�$FNHU��FLQVL\HWOHUL�ROXúWXUDQ�YH�FLQVL\HW�G�]HQOHULQLQ�GHYDPOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ�VD÷OD\DQ�G|UW�D\UÕ�XQVurdan bahsetmektedir:

Birinci unsur, cinsiyet özelliklerini belirlemekten çok toplumda geçerli olan FLQVL\HW� G�]HQLQLQ� GHYDPOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ� VD÷ODPD\D� \|QHOLN� RODQ�� VÕQÕI� \D� GD� ÕUN�DQOD\ÕúÕQGD� GD� ROGX÷X� JLEL�� NRQWURO�� GÕúODPD� YH� D\UÕPFÕOÕ÷D� GD\DQDQ�cinsiyetlere ED÷OÕ� KL\HUDUúLOHULQ� NXUXOXúXGXU�� *HOHQHNOHU� RODUDN� GD�LVLPOHQGLULOHELOHFHN� EX� XQVXU�� GDKD� oRN� NXUDOODU�� NDOÕS\DUJÕODU� YH�EHNOHQWLOHUOH�DODNDOÕ�ROGX÷XQGDQ��KXNXNL�YH�DKODNL�G�]HQOHPHOHU�EX�NDSVDPD�girmektedir. Buna örnek olarak, hala birçok ülkede hukuki düzenlemelerin WHFDY�]GH� EXOXQDQ� HUNHNOHUL� NRUX\DFDN� úHNLOGH� \DSÕOPDVÕ� J|VWHULOHELOLQLU��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� JHOHQHNVHO� G�]HQOHPHOHU�� FLQVL\HWOHULQ� LoHULNOHULQL� ROPDVD� GD��FLQVL\HWOHULQ� WRSOXPVDO� GH÷HUOHUL� YH� KL\HUDUúLN� \DSÕODQPDGDNL� \HULQL�J|VWHUPHVL�DoÕVÕQGDQ�|Qem arz etmektedir. &LQVL\HWOHULQ� WRSOXPVDO� LQúDVÕQGDNL� GL÷HU� ELU� DUDo�� WRSOXPVDO� NXUXPODUGÕU��&LQVL\HW� DQOD\ÕúÕQD� J|UH� G�]HQOHQPLú� RODQ� DLOH�� PHG\D�� RUGX�� DNDGHPL�� Lú�\DúDPÕ� YH� VL\DVHW� JLEL� E�W�Q� WRSOXPVDO� NXUXPODU�� NDGÕQOÕN� YH� HUNHNOLN�kategorilerinin ioHULNOHULQL� EHOLUOHGLNOHUL� JLEL�� oHúLWOL� LPDMODU�� VHPEROOHU� YH�LGHRORMLOHU� \ROX\OD� PHYFXW� FLQVL\HW� G�]HQLQL� YH� GH� DQOD\ÕúÕQÕ�PHúUXODúWÕUPDNWDGÕUODU�� %X� GR÷UXOWXGD�� EX� NXUXPODU� WRSOXP� LoLQ� JHoHUOL�NDGÕQOÕN� YH� HUNHNOLN�PRGHOOHUL� \DUDWPDNWD�� YH� ELUH\OHUL� EX�Podelleri örnek DOPDODUÕ� KXVXVXQGD� |]HQGLUPHNWH� YH� KDWWD� X\PDPDODUÕ� GXUXPXQGD� EXQXQ�KRú� NDUúÕODQPD\DFD÷ÕQÕ� J|VWHUHUHN� ELU� DQODPGD� ]RUODPDNWDGÕUODU��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� WRSOXPVDO� \DúDP� JHUH÷L�� EX� NXUXPODUOD� V�UHNOL� ELU� HWNLOHúLP�KDOLQGH� RODQ� ELUH\OHU� GH�� EXQODUÕQ� RUWD\D� NR\GX÷X� FLQVL\HW� DQOD\ÕúODUÕQGDQ�NDoÕQÕOPD]�RODUDN�HWNLOHQPHNWHGLU�

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.ÕVDFD�� $FNHU¶ÕQ� WHVELWOHUL� ÕúÕ÷ÕQGD�� ELU� WRSOXPGD� YH� N�OW�UGH� FLQVL\HWOHUL� ROXúWXUDQ� DUDoODU�olarak, gHOHQHNOHU�� NXUXPODU�� ELUH\OHUDUDVÕ� LOLúNLOHU� YH� ELUH\LQ� ]LKLQVHO� V�UHoOHUL�J|VWHULOPHNWHGLU��%X�oDOÕúPDQÕQ�DQD�NRQXVX�RODQ�oRFXN�\HWLúWLUPH�SUDWLNOHUL�GH��KHP�WRSOXPVDO� 75 Acker, op.cit., s. 967-968

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NXUXPODUGDQ� ELUL� RODQ� DLOHQLQ� LúOHYOHULQGHQ� ELUL� ROPDVÕ�� KHP� GH� ELUH\OHUDUDVÕ� LOLúNLOHU yönü

LWLEDUL\OH�� FLQVL\HWL� ROXúWXUDQ� DUDoODUÕQ� |QGH� JHOHQOHULQGHQ� ELULGLU�� 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� EX� DúDPDGD��oRFXN�\HWLúWLUPH�SUDWLNOHULQLQ�ELU�WRSOXPGDNL�FLQVL\HWOHULQ�ROXúXPXQGDNL�|]HO�\HUL�YH�|QHPL�HOH�DOÕQDFDNWÕU��

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&LQVL\HWOHULQ� WRSOXPVDO� LQúDVÕQÕ� VD÷OD\DQ� DUDoODU� LoLQGH� HQ� |QHPOLVL� oRFXN� \HWLúWLUPH�pratikleridir. Bu önem, ailenin toplumsal örgütlenmedeki temel konumundan gelmektedir.

Buna göre her sosyo-N�OW�UHO� \DSÕGD� oRFXNODU� WHPHO� H÷itimlerini aile kurumunda

HGLQPHNWHGLUOHU�� dRFX÷XQ�� XIDN� GH÷LúLNOLNOHUOH� LOHULNL� \DúODUÕQD� DNWDUÕODQ� NHQGLOLN� DQOD\ÕúÕ� YH�NLúLOLN� \DSÕVÕ�� ELOKDVVD� �-�� \Dú� G|QHPLQGH� HEHYH\QOHUL\OH� LOLúNLOHUL� \ROX\OD� LQúD� HGLOPHNWHGLU��%XQX�VD÷OD\DQ�DUDoODUÕQ�EDúÕQGD�oRFX÷XQ�HEH\QOHUL�URO�PRGHO�DOPD\D�H÷LOLPL�YH�HEHYH\QOHULQ�EHOOL� GDYUDQÕúODUÕ� oRFX÷D� EHQLPVHWPH\H� \|QHOLN� |]HQGLULFL�� GHVWHNOH\LFL� \D� GD� FH]DODQGÕUÕFÕ�GDYUDQÕúODUÕ� JHOPHNWHGLU��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� oRFXNODUÕQ� FLQVL\HW� UROOHULQH� VRV\DOOHúPHVLQL� VD÷ODPD\D�\|QHOLN� LON� H÷LWLP�GH��\LQH�EX�DUDoODUOD�� DQQH�EDED�GDYUDQÕúODUÕ�YH�oRFXN�\HWLúWLUPH�SUDWLNOHUL�\ROX\OD��DLOH�NXUXPXQGD�JHUoHNOHúPHNWHGLU��

$LOH� WDUDIÕQGDQ� oRFX÷D� HPSR]H� HGLOHQ� NDGÕQOÕN� YH� HUNHNOLN� DQOD\ÕúÕ�� oR÷XQOXNOD� R� WRSOXPGD�geçerli olan cinsiyet beklentilerini yansÕWPDNWDGÕU�� %X� NDOÕS\DUJÕODUÕQ� oRFXNODU� WDUDIÕQGDQ�EHQLPVHQPHVL� LVH�� EX� N�OW�U�Q� \HQL� MHQHUDV\RQODUD� DNWDUÕOPDVÕ� \ROX\OD� V�UHNOLOL÷LQLQ�VD÷ODQPDVÕQD�NDWNÕGD�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��%DúND�ELU�LIDGH\OH��KHUKDQJL�ELU�N�OW�U�|U�QW�V�Q�Q�\HQL�NXúDNODUD�DNWDUÕOPDVÕ�YH�EHQLPVHQPHVL�\ROX\OD�V�UHNOLOL÷LQLQ�VD÷ODQPDVÕQGD�ROGX÷X�JLEL��EHOOL�ELU� WRSOXPXQ� FLQVL\HW� DQOD\Õú� YH� EHNOHQWLOHUL� GH� \LQH� oRFXN� \HWLúWLUPH� SUDWLNOHUL� \ROX\OD� \HQL�MHQHUDV\RQODUD�DNWDUÕOPDNWD�YH�RQODU� WDUDIÕQGDQ�EHQLPVHQPHVL�YH�LoVHOOHúWLULOPHVL�GXUXPXQGD��

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yHQLGHQ� \DSÕODQDUDN� V�UHNOLOL÷L� VD÷ODQPDNWDGÕU�� %X� DúDPDGD�� |QFH�� IDUNOÕ� N�OW�UOHUGHQ�HEHYH\QOHULQ� oRFXN� \HWLúWLULUNHQ� X\JXODGÕ÷Õ� FLQVL\HW� D\UÕPFÕVÕ� SUDWLNOHU�� DUGÕQGDQ�� oRFXNODUÕQ�FLQVL\HW� UROOHULQH� VRV\DOOHúPHOHULQL� DoÕNODPD\D� \|QHOLN� NXUDPVDO� \DNODúÕPODU� HOH� DOÕQDUDN��FLQVL\HW� D\UÕPFÕOÕ÷Õ� \DSDQ� HEHYH\Q� GDYUDQÕúODUÕQÕQ� oRFXNODUÕQ� FLQVL\HW� NLPOL÷LQLQ� JHOLúLPLQGH�QDVÕO�ELU�HWNLGH�EXOXQGX÷XQXQ�LQFHOHQPHVLQGH�ID\GD�YDUGÕU�

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LoLQGH�\DúDGÕNODUÕ�WRSOXPGD�NDGÕQ�YH�HUNHN�ROPDQÕQ�QH�DQODPD�JHOGL÷LQL�|÷UHQPHNWHGLUOHU��%X�H÷LWLPLQ� HQ� |QHPOL� XQVXUX�� NÕ]� YH� HUNHN� oRFXNODUÕQD� \|QHOLN� RODUDN� IDUNOÕ� SUDWLNOHULQ�X\JXODQPDVÕGÕU��%DúND�ELU�LIDGH\OH��DQQH�YH�EDEDODU��oRFXNODUÕQÕQ�NHQGL�FLQVLQH�X\JXQ�FLQVL\HW�rollerLQH� VRV\DOOHúHELOPHOHULQL� VD÷ODPDN� LoLQ�� NÕ]� YH� HUNHN� oRFXNODUÕQD� IDUNOÕ� GDYUDQÕúODUGD�EXOXQPDNWD�� GROD\ÕVÕ\OD� oRFXN� \HWLúWLUPH� SUDWLNOHUL� GH� NÕ]� YH� HUNHN� oRFX÷XQD� \|QHOLN� RODUDN�IDUNOÕODúPDNWDGÕU�� dHúLWOL� N�OW�UOHUGH� \DSÕODQ� DUDúWÕUPDODU�� RUDQODUÕ� GH÷LúVH de, cinsiyet

D\UÕPFÕOÕ÷Õ� \DSPD\DQ� oRFXN� \HWLúWLUPH� SUDWLNOHULQH� KLoELU� WRSOXPGD� UDVWODQPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ�J|VWHUPLúWLU��%X�DUDúWÕUPDODUD�J|UH��HUNHN�oRFXNODUOD�NÕ]�oRFXNODUD�J|VWHULOHQ�LOJL�YH�|]HQGHNL�IDUNOÕOÕNODU�� oRFXNODUÕQ� FLQVL\HWOHUOH� |]GHúOHúWLULOHQ� LúOHUH� \|QHOPHOHULQL� VD÷ODPD\D� \|QHOLN�GDYUDQÕúODU�� oRFXNODUD� NHQGL� FLQVL\HWOHUL\OH� |]GHú� UHQNOHUGH� NÕ\DIHWOHU� JL\GLUPHN�� \D� GD� \LQH�FLQVL\HWOHUOH�|]GHúOHúWLULOHQ�R\XQFDNODUOD�R\QDPDODUÕQD�|]HQGLUPHN�JLEL�DOÕúNDQOÕNODU��EX�IDUNOÕ�PXDPHOHQLQ� HQ� EHOLUJLQ� XQVXUODUÕQGDQGÕU�� %X� GR÷UXOWXGD� oRFXNODU�� |UQH÷LQ�� HUNHNOHULQ� NÕ]�oRFXNODUÕQD� J|UH� GDKD� �VW�Q� WXWXOPDVÕ�� \D� GD� VDGHFH� NDGÕQODUÕQ� oRFXN� EDNDELOHFH÷L� YH� HY� LúL�

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\DSDELOHFH÷L�� JLEL� oHúLWOL� FLQVL\HW� QRUP� YH� NDOÕS\DUJÕODUÕQÕ� |÷UHQHUHN� \HWLúPHNWHGLUOHU�76 Bu

LúOHYLQGHQ�KDUHNHWOH�ELUoRN�DNDGHPLV\HQ�DLOH\L�µFLQVL\HW�IDEULNDVÕ¶�RODUDN�QLWHOHQGLUPHNWHGLU�

-HDQQH�+��%ORFN��IDUNOÕ�N�OW�UOHU��]HULQGH�\DSÕODQ�DUDúWÕUPDODUÕ�GH÷HUOHQGLUHUHN��oR÷X�WRSOXPGD�HUNHN�oRFXNODUÕQÕQ�ED÷ÕPVÕ]��NHQGLQH�\HWHQ��H÷LWLPOL��KÕUVOÕ��oDOÕúNDQ�� IL]LNVHO olarak güçlü ve

]HNL�ROPDODUÕ��NÕ]�oRFXNODUÕQÕQ�LVH��QD]LN��SD\ODúÕPFÕ��oHNLFL��VHYJL�GROX��L\L�KX\OX��WHUEL\HOL�YH�DQDo� ROPDODUÕ� \|Q�QGH� H÷LWLOGL÷L� WHVELWLQGH� EXOXQPDNWDGÕU�77 Gerçekten de, genel olarak

EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD� oR÷X� WRSOXPGD��HUNHN�oRFXNODUÕQ�NÕ]�oRFXNODUÕQD�RUDQOD�GDKD�oRN�GHVWHNOHQGL÷L��YH� ED÷ÕPVÕ]� NLúLOLNOHU� JHOLúWLUPHOHUL� \|Q�QGH� GDKD� oRN� |]HQGLULOGLNOHULQL� J|VWHUPHNWHGLU�� 6��$OWDQ¶ÕQ� 7�UNL\H¶GH� \DSWÕ÷Õ� ELU� DUDúWÕUPD� GD�� EX� WRSOXPGD� NDGÕQODU� YH� NÕ]� oRFXNODUÕQGDQ��duygusal, çekici, düzenli, etkileyLFL��IHGDNDU��J|UJ�O���L\L�KX\OX��NLEDU��WHUEL\HOL��SUDWLN��VDEÕUOÕ��VHYLPOL�� VD\JÕOÕ�� VHYHFHQ�� VDGÕN�� WDWOÕ� GLOOL�� LWDDWNDU�� �UHWNHQ�� \XPXúDN� YH� ]DULI� ROPDODUÕ���HUNHNOHUGHQ�LVH��DWÕOJDQ��J�oO���ED÷ÕPVÕ]��FHVXU��oHYLN��NDYJDFÕ��GD\DQÕNOÕ��VSRUVHYHU��JLULúimci,

KDNNÕQÕ�VDYXQDELOHQ��KÕ]OÕ��KÕUVOÕ��NHQGLQH�J�YHQHQ��NDUDUOÕ��PHUW��P�FDGHOHFL��RQXUOX��RWRULWHU��VHUW�YH�VR÷XNNDQOÕ�ROPDODUÕQÕQ�EHNOHQGL÷LQL�J|VWHUPHNWHGLU�78

dRFXN� \HWLúWLUPH\H� DQQH� EDED� NDWÕOÕPÕ� GH÷HUOHQGLULOGL÷LQGH� LVH�� EDEDODUÕQ� LON� oRFXNOXN�dönHPLQLQ� VRQXQD� NDGDU� JHQHOGH� DQQH\H� J|UH� oRFXNODUÕQD� GDKD� X]DN� ROGXNODUÕ�� EX� G|QHPLQ�DUGÕQGDQ�LVH�NÕ]�oRFXNODUÕQÕQ�\HWLúWLULOPHVLQGH�DQQHOHUH�J|UH�GDKD�SDVLI�ELU�NRQXPGD�NDOÕUNHQ��erkek çocuklarla daha çok ilgilendikleri gözlenmektedir. Ancak, yine de babalar erkek

oRFXNODUD� NDUúÕ� GDKD� RWRULWHU� ELU� \DNODúÕP� J|VWHUPHNWH� YH� RQODUD� NDUúÕ� GDKD� ID]OD� úLGGHW�X\JXOD\DELOPHNWHGLUOHU��%X�GXUXP��HUNHN�oRFXNODUÕQÕQ��NÕ]�oRFXNODUD�RUDQOD� LOHULNL�\DúODUÕQGD�DFÕ\D� YH� IL]LNVHO� EDVNÕ\D� GDKD� ID]OD� GD\DQDELOPHOHULQL� VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU�� %XQXQ� NDUúÕVÕQGD�� 76 Susan Witt, “Parental Influence on Children's Socialization to Gender Roles”, Adolescence, 1997, http://gozips.uakron.edu/~susan8/parinf.htm 77 J. H. Block, “Differential premises arising from differential socialization of the sexes: Some conjectures”, Child Development, 54, 1983, s. 1341. 78 Dökmen, op.cit., s. 113

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DQQHOHU� JHQHO� RODUDN� HUNHN� oRFXNODUÕQÕQ� GDYUDQÕúODUÕQD� NDUúÕ� GDKD� P�VDPDKDNDU�� NÕ]�oRFXNODUÕQD�LVH�GDKD�WDKDPP�OV�]�\DNODúPDNWDGÕU�79

(EHYH\QOHULQ� oRFXNODUÕQD� NDUúÕ� IDUNOÕ� \DNODúÕPODUÕ�� oRFXN� KHQ�]� GR÷PDGDQ� EDúODPDNWDGÕU��Birçok küOW�UGH� DQQH� EDEDODUÕQ� |QFHOLNOL� WHUFLKL� HUNHN� oRFXN� GR÷XUPDN� \|Q�QGHGLU��*�Q�P�]GH� WHNQRORMLN� LPNDQODUÕQ� JHOLúLPL\OH� oRFX÷XQ� FLQVL\HWLQLQ� GR÷XPGDQ� |QFH�EHOLUOHQHELOPHVL� LPNDQÕ�� ED]Õ� DLOHOHULQ�� DQQHQLQ� NÕ]� oRFX÷XQD� KDPLOH� ROPDVÕ� GXUXPXQGD��N�UWDMD�EDúYXUPDVÕQD�QHGHQ�RODELOPHNWHGLU��gWH�\DQGDQ��ELUoRN�N�OW�UGH�KDVWDQHOHUGH�\DSÕODQ�oDOÕúPDODU�� HUNHN�oRFXN�GR÷XUDQ�DQQHOHULQ�NÕ]�oRFXN�GR÷XUDQODUD�J|UH�GDKD�E�\�N�ELU�VHYLQo�J|VWHULVLQGH�EXOXQGX÷XQX�RUWD\D�NR\PDNWDGÕU�80

dRFX÷XQ� GR÷XPXQXQ� DUGÕQGDQ� FLQVL\HWOHUH� \|QHOLN� RODUDN� HEHYH\QOHULQ� RUWD\D� NR\GX÷X�GDYUDQÕúODUÕQ�VLVWHPDWLN�LQFHOHPHVLQL�\DSDELOPHN��]HUH��oRFX÷D��o�D\UÕ�JHOLúLP�G|QHPL�LoLQGH�X\JXODQDQ�oRFXN�\HWLúWLUPH�SUDWLNOHULQL�D\UÕ�D\UÕ�LQFHOHQPHVLQGH�ID\GD�YDUGÕU��%X�G|QHPOHU��-2

\Dú� DUDVÕQÕ� NDSVD\DQ� µEHEHNlik’ dönemi, 2-��� \Dú� DUDVÕ� V�UHFH� NDUúÕOÕN� JHOHQ� µoRFXNOXN¶�G|QHPLGLU��dRFXN�EX�G|QHPGH�DQQH�YH�EDEDVÕQÕ�J|]OHPOHPH��PRGHO�DOPD�YH�RQODU�WDUDIÕQGDQ�X\JXODQDQ� |G�O� YH� FH]D� \DSWÕUÕPODUÕ� \ROX\OD�� ]LKQLQGH� ELU� FLQVL\HW� úHPDVÕ� ROXúWXUPDNWD� YH�zamanla kendi cinVL\HWLQL� HWLNHWOHQGLUHUHN�� EXQODUD� X\JXQ� GDYUDQÕúODUGD� EXOXQPD� \ROXQD�JLWPHNWHGLU�� 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD� EX� DúDPDGD�� EX� V�UHo� LoLQGH� HEHYH\QOHULQ� oRFXNODUÕQÕQ� FLQVL\HW�VRV\DOOHúPHOHULQH�\|QHOLN�RODUDN�KDQJL�GDYUDQÕúODUGD�EXOXQGX÷X�LQFHOHQHFHNWLU�

79 Block, op.cit. 80 J. Bland, About Gender: Social Learning Theory, 1998, http://www.gender.org.uk/about/02psycho/22_socln.htm

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aa. Bebeklik Dönemi

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83 Bland, op.cit.

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oRFXN�EDNÕPÕ�YH�HY�LúOHULQL�\�U�WPHN�NRQXVXQGD�VRV\DOOHúWLULOPHNWHGLUOHU�84 Wendy ve Eagly,

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noktada, geliúPLú� HQG�VWUL\HO� �ONHOHUGH� \DúD\DQ� DLOHOHUGH� FLQVL\HW� D\UÕPFÕOÕ÷Õ� RUDQODUÕQÕQ�JLWWLNoH� D]DOPD\D� EDúODGÕ÷ÕQÕ� EHOLUWPHN� JHUHNPHNWHGLU�� *HUoHNWHQ� GH�� \DNÕQ� ]DPDQODUGD�HQG�VWL\HO� WRSOXPODUGD� \�U�W�OHQ� DUDúWÕUPDODU�� oRFXN� \HWLúWLUPH� SUDWLNOHULQGH� FLQVL\HW�D\UÕPFÕOÕ÷ÕQÕQ�� JHOLúPHPLú� YH� JHOLúPHNWH� RODQ� �ONHOHUH� NÕ\DVOD� D]DOGÕ÷ÕQÕ� J|VWHUPLúWLU��gUQH÷LQ�� .X]H\� $PHULND� YH� GL÷HU� %DWÕOÕ� WRSOXPODU� �]HULQGH� \DSÕODQ� DUDúWÕUPDODUD� J|UH��J�Q�P�]GH� EX� WRSOXPODUGD� HEHYH\QOHU� oRFXNODUÕQÕQ� FLQVL\HWOHULQH� J|UH� IDUNOÕ� UROOHU�beniPVHPHOHULQH� GDKD� D]� |QHP� YHUPHNWHGLUOHU�� %XQXQ� HQ� |QHPOL� VHEHSOHUL�� DUWDQ� H÷LWLP�LPNDQODUÕ� YH� �UHWLP� úHNLOOHULQGHNL� GH÷LúLPOHU� GROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� IL]LNVHO� J�FH� GX\XODQ� LKWL\DFÕQ�D]DOPDVÕ�� YH� � GROD\ÕVÕ\OD� Lú� KD\DWÕQGD� NDGÕQODUÕQ� GD� HUNHNOHULQ� \DSDELOGL÷L� E�W�Q� Lúleri

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88 Ibid.

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89 Burr, op.cit., s. 41-42 90 Dökmen, op.cit., s. 54-55 91 Ibid. 92 Ibid., s. 57

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104 <LQH�GH��Q�IXV�KHU�$UDS��ONHVLQGH�D\QÕ�|Oo�GH�NDUÕúÕN�GH÷LOGLU��|UQH÷LQ�0ÕVÕU�YH�7XQXV��GL÷HUOHULQH�QD]DUDQ�GDKD�KRPRMHQ�ELU�\DSÕ�DU]�HGHUNHQ��6XUL\H��&H]D\LU��$UDS�<DUÕPDGDVÕ¶QGDNL��ONHOHU�YH�)DV��KHWHURMHQOL÷H�GR÷UX�ELU�JHoLú�|]HOOL÷L�J|VWHUPHNWH��VRQ�RODUDNVD��/�EQDQ�YH�6XGDQ��W�P�$UDS��ONHOHUL�LoLQGH��HWQLN��GLQVHO��WULEDO��E|OJHVHO��\HUHO�YH�EHQ]HUL�NRP�QDO�IDUNOÕODúPDODU�DoÕVÕQGDQ��Q�IXVODUÕ�HQ�NDUPDúÕN�RODQ��ONHOHUGLU���.D\QDN��Barakat, op.cit., s.16 105 Ibid., s.27

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106 Ibid., s.28 107 Philip K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, (New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1973), s.23

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a. Bedevi Topluluklar

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G|Q�ú�POHUH�SDUDOHO�RODUDN�WRSOXPXQ�GD�GH÷LúPHVL\OH�EX�QLWHOL÷LQL�\LWLUPLúWLU�108

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GH� \LQH� o|OH� KDV� VDYXQPD� YH� NÕW� ND\QDNODUÕ� E|O�úPH� JHUHNVLQLPOHUL� VRQXFX� GR÷PXúWXU��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD� GD�� LQVDQ� \DúDPÕ� DoÕVÕQGDQ� ]RUOX� úDUWODU� LoHUHQ� oHYUHVHO� \DSÕ�� QLKD\HWLQGH�GD\DQÕúPD\D�GD\DOÕ��DQFDN�EHOLUOL�ELU�|Oo�GH�ELUH\VHO�|]HUNOL÷H�GH�LPNDQ�WDQÕ\DQ�kabilesel bir

108 Raphael Patai, The Arab Mind, (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1983), s. 12 109 Barakat, op.cit., s.49 110�7�UNoH¶GHNL�µo|O¶�V|]F�÷�Q�Q�$UDSoD�NDUúÕOÕ÷Õ�µEDGLD¶GÕU� 111 Ibid., s.50

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Barakat, bedevi toplumsal örgütlenmesinin temel özellLNOHULQL�GH�úX�úHNLOGH�L]DK�HWPHNWHGLU��

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112 Charles Lindholm, The Islamic Middle East, (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1996), s.19 113 Barakat, op.cit., s. 50 114 Raphael Patai, Society, Culture and Change in the Middle East, (Philadelphia: University of Pennysylvania Press, 1969), s.17 115 Barakat, op.cit., s. 50

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116 Ibid., s.50-51 117 Berger, op.cit., s.44 118 Barakat, op.cit., s.54

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.|\OHUGH�� VXODPD� VLVWHPLQLQ� GR÷DVÕ� GD�N|\OHULQ� VRV\DO� |UJ�WOHQPHVLQGH�|QHPOL� ELU� \HU� WHúNLO�HWPHNWHGLU�� %DUDNDW�� EX� GR÷UXOWXGD�� \D÷PXU� VX\X� YH� QHKLU� VX\X\OD� VXODQDQ� N|\� DODQODUÕQÕ�ELUELULQGHQ� D\ÕUPDN� JHUHNWL÷LQL� EHOLUWPHNWHGLU�� 2QD� J|UH�� 0ÕVÕU� YH� ,UDN� JLEL� QHKLU� VXODUÕ\OD�VXODPDOÕ� WDUÕP�\DSÕODQ��ONHOHUGH� WRSOXPVDO�|UJ�WOHQPH��PHUNH]L�SODQODPD��K�N�PHW�NRQWURO���WDNÕP� oDOÕúPDVÕ� JLEL�PHWRGODUOD� VD÷ODQÕUNHQ�� \D÷PXU� VXODUÕ\OD� VXODQDQ� WRSUDNODUÕQ� EXOXQGX÷X�6XUL\H��<HPHQ�YH�.��$IULND¶QÕQ�oHúLWOL�E|OJHOHULQGH��E|OJHVHO�RWRQRPL��J|UHOL�ELU�L]RODV\RQ�YH�D\UÕúPD\D� UDVWODQPDNWDGÕU�� %XQXQ� HQ� |QHPOL� VHEHEL� LVH�� \D÷PXU� VX\XQXQ� E|OJHVHO� RODUDN�kontrol edilebilmesidir.122

119 Ibid., 54-55 120 Ibid. 121 Patai, op.cit., s.283-284 122 Barakat, op.cit., s.57

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$UDS� WRSOXPXQGD� ELOKDVVD� VRQ� G|QHPOHUGH�� N|\GHQ� NHQWOHUH� RODQ� J|oOHUGH� E�\�N� ELU� DUWÕú�J|]OHQPHNWHGLU�� %DUDNDW¶D� J|UH�� EXQXQ� HQ� |QHPOL� VHEHSOHUL�� ³NHQWLQ� VXQGX÷X� Lú� LPNDQODUÕ��J|UHFH�]HQJLQOLN��N|\OHUGH�LVH��Q�IXV�KÕ]OD�DUWDUNHQ��ND\QDNODUÕQ�R�|Oo�GH�D]DOPDVÕ��JHOLúPLúOLN�G�]H\LQLQ� G�ú�N� ROPDVÕ�� HNLOHELOLU� WDUÕP� DODQODUÕQÕQ� D]DOPDVÕ� YH� \HWHUVL]� NDOPDVÕ� YH� WRSUDN�SD\ODúÕPÕQGDNL�E�\�N�IDUNOÕOÕNODU´GÕU�123�%X��ED]Õ�DNDGHPLV\HQOHUFH�N|\O�OHULQ�EXUMXYDODúPDVÕ��\D� GD� NHQWOHULQ� N|\OHúPHVL� RODUDN� DGODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕU�� $QFDN�� WÕSNÕ� \HUOHúLN� \DúDPD� JHoHQ�EHGHYLOHULQ�\HQL�\DúDPODUÕQD�DOÕúPDNWD�J�oO�N�oHNPHOHUL�JLEL��ELUoRN�N|\O��GH�úHKLU�\DúDPÕQD�DGDSWH� ROPDNWD� E�\�N� SUREOHPOHU� \DúDPDNWDGÕU�� 1LVSHWHQ� H÷LWLP� VHYL\HVL� \�NVHN� RODQ�N|\O�OHU�� JHQLúOHPHNWH� RODQ� RUWD� VÕQÕID� HNOHQLUNHQ� �LGDUHFLOLN�� HVQDIOÕN�� �FUHWOL� LúoLOLN��|÷UHWPHQOLN�� DVNHUOLN� JLEL�PHVOHNOHUGH� oDOÕúDUDN��� GL÷HUOHUL� oR÷XQOXNOD� SUROHWHU\D��PHYVLPOLN�LúoL�� ú|I|U�� o|S� WRSOD\ÕFÕ� RODUDN� úHKULQ� GDKD� JHOLúPHPLú� NÕVÕPODUÕQGD� \DúDPODUÕQD� GHYDP�etmektedirler.124

7�P� EX� \DSÕVDO� GH÷LúLPOHULQ� $UDS� WRSOXPODUÕQD� VRQXoODUÕ� GD� ELOKDVVD� X]XQ� YDGHOL� ROPXúWXU��gUQH÷LQ��+DQQD�%DWXWD��$UDS�VL\DVHWLQGH�\�NVHOPHNWH�RODQ�UDGLNDO�SDUWL�YH�KDUHNHWOHULQ�HQ�oRN�GHVWH÷L�NHQWH�J|o�HGHQ�N|\O��NHVLPOHUGHQ�DOGÕ÷Õ�WHVELWLQL�\DSPDNWDGÕU�125

c. Kentliler

ùHKLUOHUL�� N|\� YH� NDELOH� RUWDPÕQGDQ� D\ÕUDQ� HQ� |QHPOL� IDUN�� Q�IXVXQ� \R÷XQOX÷XQGDQ� ]L\DGH��VDKLS� ROGXNODUÕ� IDUNOÕ� LúOHYOHUGLU�� *HUoHNWHQ� GH�� úHKLUOHULQ� |QHPL�� HNRQRPLN�� VL\DVL�� GLQL� YH�N�OW�UHO� IDDOL\HWOHULQ� PHUNH]L� ROPDODUÕQGDQ� ND\QDNODQPDNWDGÕU�� $UDSoD¶GD� úHKLU� V|]F�÷�QH�

123 Ibid., s.60 124 Ibid. 125 Hanna Batatu, The Egyptian, Syrian, and Iraqi Revolutions, (Washington: Georgetown University, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, 1984), s.4

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126 Barakat, op.cit., s.61 127 Ibid. 128 Berger, op.cit., s.82

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131 Ibid., s.73

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132 Ibid, s. 73-74

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hem GH� VRV\RHNRQRPLN� DNWLYLWHQLQ� PHUNH]LQGH� ROPDVÕGÕU�133 Buna ek olarak, bu ekonomik

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133 Haim Gerber, The Social Origins of the Modern Middle East, (Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1987), s.43 134 Barakat, op.cit., s. 76 135 Laurie King-Irani, “Kinship, Class and Ethnicity”, Understanding the Contemporary Middle East, (Der.) Deborah J. Gerner ve Jillian Scwedler, (Londra: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004), s.323 136 Barakat, op.cit., s.77

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\DSÕ� DU]� HWPHVLQH´� ED÷ODUNHQ137�� 6DPLU� $PLQ�� WRSOXPVDO� \DSÕVÕ�� VL\DVDO� YH� HNRQRPik

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E��$UDS�7RSOXPXQGD�6ÕQÕIODU

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137 Ibid. 138 Samir Amin, “Historical Foundations of Arab Nationalism”, Arab Society in Transition: A Reader, (Kahire: American University in Cairo, 1977), s.19 139 Barakat, op.cit., s.78

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142 Ibid. 143 Ibid. 144 Ibid.

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145 Patai, op.cit., s.377-380

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146 Barakat, op.cit., s.90 147 Patai, op.cit., s.374-376

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149 Gabriel Baer, “Religious and Ethnic Gropus”, Man, State and Society in the Contemporary Middle East, Ed. Jacob M. Landau, (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972), s.255 150 ³øVOkP¶GD�0H]KHpler ve Tarikatlar”, Dinler Tarihi Ansiklopedisi���øVWDQEXO��6DEDK�'Lú�7LFDUHW�YH�3D]DUODPD�$�ù����������&LOW�����V����

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151 Ibid., s.234 152 Ömer Turan, 7DULKLQ�%DúODGÕ÷Õ�1RNWD�2UWD�'R÷X���øVWDQEXO��<D]DUÕQ�NHQGL�\D\ÕQÕ���������V��� 153 Dankwart A. Rustow, Middle Eastern Political Systems, (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971), s.20 154 Turan, op.cit., s.28

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155 Baer, op.cit., s.260 156 Rustow, op.cit, s.21 157 Turan, op.cit., s.27 158 Irani, op.cit., s.316

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159 Barakat, op.cit., s.40

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160 Giddens, op.cit., s.619, 18.

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165 Deniz Kandiyoti, “Islam and Patriarchy”, Women in the Middle Eastern History, (Der.) Nikki R. Keddie ve Beth Baron, (New York: Yale University Press, 1992), s.32-33 166 Suad Joseph, “Patriarchy and Development in The Arab World”, Gender and Development, Haziran 1996, Cilt:4, No. 2, s. 14 167 Barakat, op.cit., s.100 168 Joseph, op.cit., s. 14

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174 Ibid., s. 146 175 Valentine R. Moghadam, Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East, (Londra:Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993), s.4 176 Moghadam, “Patriarchy in Transition…”, op.cit., s. 147

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177 Patai, op.cit., s.116 178 Moghadam, Modernizing Women…, op.cit., s.10 179 Moghadam, “Patriarchy in Transition…”, op.cit., s. 143 180 Lisa Taraki, “The Role of Women”, Understanding the Contemporary Middle East…, s.345

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184 Elizabeth Warnock Fernea, “Childhood in the Muslim Middle East”, Children in the Muslim Middle East, (Der.) Elizabeth Warnock Fernea, (A.B.D.: The University of Texas Press, 1995), s.3-4 185 U.S. Library of Congress. “Child-Rearing Practices”. Country Studies/ Lebanon. 2003. http://countrystudies.us/lebanon/62.htm

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186Fernea, op.cit., s. 5 187 Halim Barakat, ” The Arab Family and the Challenge of Change”. NITLE Arab World Project. 2002. http://arabworld.nitle.org/texts.php?module_id=8&reading_id=13&sequence=2

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188 Sander J. Breiner, “Some Interesting Child Rearing Practices In The Arab World”. The Psychiatric Forum. http://www.state.sc.us/dmh/forum6.htm 189Fernea, op.cit., s. 7 190 Patai, op.cit.,s. 27

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193 Hamed Ammar, Growing Up in an Egyptian Village, (Londra: Rotledge & Kegan Paul, 1954), s. 125-127 194 Ibid. 195 Fernea, op.cit., s. 9

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196 Barakat, op.cit. 197 Barakat, op.cit. 198 U.S. Library of Congress, op. cit. 199 Fernea, op. cit., s. 10

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202 Ritts, op.cit. 203 Patai, op.cit. s.27

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204 Patai, The Arab Mind, op.cit., s.27 205 Patai, Society, Culture and…, op.cit., s. 440 206 U.S. Library of Congress, op.cit.

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207 Breiner, op. cit. 208 Patai, The Arab Mind, op.cit., s. 29

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209 Susan Schafer Davis, “Growing Up in Morocco”, Everyday Life in the Muslim Middle East, (Der.) Donna Lee Bowen ve Evelyn A. Early, (A.B.D.: Indiana University Press, 1993), s. 23 210 Hourani, op.cit., s. 138 211 Daniel G. Bates ve Amal Rassam, Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001), s. 228 212 Ibid., s. 229

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213 Patai, op.cit., s.30 214 Davis, op.cit., s. 24 215 Patai, op.cit., s. 441- 442 216 Breiner, op. cit.

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217 Patai, The Arab Mind, op.cit., s. 30 218 Davis, op.cit., s. 25 219 Garner ve Gardiner, op.cit., s. 248 220 Davis, op.cit., s. 26

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Bu noktada, Arap toplumunda aile onuruna verilen önem üzerinde özel olarak durmak

JHUHNPHNWHGLU�� $LOHQLQ� GL÷HU� DLOHOHU� J|]�QGHNL� SUHVWLML� DQODPÕQD� JHOHQ� RQXU�� NÕ]� YH� HUNHN�oRFXNODUÕ� LoLQ� IDUNOÕ� RODUDN� \RUXPODQPDNWDGÕU�� (UNHN� oRFXNODUOD� ED÷ODQWÕOÕ� RODQ� RQXU� $UDS�dilinde ‘sharaf¶� �úHUHI�� RODUDN� NDUúÕOÕN� EXOXUNHQ�� NÕ]� oRFXNODUÕ� LoLQ� EX� NDYUDP� µard’ 223 Davis, op.cit., s. 27 224 Ibid., s. 28

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225 Fernea, op.cit., s. 10 226 Davis, op.cit., s. 28 227 Seteney Shami ve Lucine Taminian, “Children of Amman: Childhood and Childcare in Squatter Areas of Amman, Jordan”, Children in the Muslim Middle East, op.cit., s. 74

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(UNHN� oRFXNODU� EX� G|QHP� ER\XQFD�� NÕ]ODUÕQ� DNVLQH�� GDYUDQÕúODUÕQGDQ� GROD\Õ� SHN�VRUJXODQPDPDNWDGÕUODU�� .Õ]� oRFXNODUGDQ� ROJXQ� GDYUDQÕúODU� EHNOHQLUNHQ�� HUNHN� oRFX÷XQ�NDEDOÕ÷Õ�YH�úÕPDUÕNOÕ÷Õ�ROD÷DQ�NDUúÕODQPDNWD�YH�EXQD�KHUKDQJL�ELU�LND]GD�EXOXQXOPDPDNWDGÕU��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD��HUNHN�oRFXNODU�EX�\DúODUGD�JHQHO�RODUDN��GDYUDQÕúODUÕQGD�NÕ]�oRFXNODUÕQD�QD]DUDQ�daha özgürdür.232

230 Ibid. s. 34-35 231 Bates ve Rassam, op.cit., s. 229 232 Davis, op.cit., s. 31

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JHUoHN� ELU�0�VO�PDQ� ROPDNWDGÕU�� (UNHN� oRFX÷XQ� V�QQHW� \DúÕ�� IDUNOÕ� E|OJH� YH� HWQLN� JUXSODUD�J|UH� GH÷LúLNOLN� J|VWHUPHVLQH� UD÷PHQ�� V�QQHW� JHQHOOLNOH� �-��� \Dú� DUDVÕ� G|QHPGH�JHUoHNOHúPHNWHGLU��%XQD�UD÷PHQ��ED]Õ�HWQLN�WRSOXOXNODUGD�HYOHQPH�W|UHQLQLQ�ELU�SDUoDVÕ�RODUDN�NDEXO� HGLOGL÷LQGHQ�� LOHULNL� \DúODUGD� GD� \DSÕODELOPHNWHGLU�� gWH� \DQGDQ�� EHOOL� $UDS� �ONHOHULQGH�PRGHUQOHúPH\H� ED÷OÕ� RODUDN� VD÷OÕN� LPNDQODUÕQÕQ� DUWPDVÕ� VRQXFXQGD�� DLOHOHULQ� oRFXNODUÕQÕ�GR÷GXNWDQ�KHPHQ�VRQUD�KDVWDQHGH�V�QQHW�HWPH�H÷LOLPL�GH�J�oOHQPHNWHGLU��$PD�\LQH�GH��JHQHO�H÷LOLP�� EHOLUWLOGL÷L� JLEL� oRFX÷X� �-�� \Dú� DUDVÕ� G|QHPGH� V�QQHW� HWWLUPHNWLU�� (UNHN� oRFX÷XQ�V�QQHWL��E�\�N�ELU� VHUHPRQL\OH�NXWODQPDNWD��YH�DLOHVL�oRFXNODUÕQÕQ� µHUNHN¶�ROPD�úDQÕQÕ��GL÷HU�\DNÕQODUÕ\OD�SD\ODúPDNWDGÕUODU�233

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233 Patai, Society, Culture and…, op.cit., s. 445-447

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.Õ]� oRFX÷XQXQ� |QFHOLNOH� NDUúÕODúDFD÷Õ� G�ú� NÕUÕNOÕ÷Õ�� DLOHVLQLQ� HUNHN�NDUGHúOHULQH� J|VWHUGL÷L� LOJLQLQ� YH� úHINDWLQ� oRN� D]ÕQÕ� RQD� YHUL\RU� ROPDVÕGÕU��$QFDN�� EX� G�ú� NÕUÕNOÕ÷Õ� HYOLOLNOH� EHUDEHU� GDKD� GD� DUWDFDN� YH� \HQL� WDúÕQÕODQ�HYGH� ND\ÕQYDOLGHQLQ� NÕVNDQoOÕ÷Õ� \DQÕQGD�� HUNH÷LQNLQH� J|UH� GDKD� D]�GD�ROVD�NHQGL�DLOHVLQLQ�\|QHOWWL÷L�VHYJL�DUDQDFDNWÕU��.Õ]ÕQ�DQFDN�EDEDVÕQÕQ�\H÷HQL\OH�HYOHQPHVL�GXUXPXQGD�HY�GH÷LúWLUPHVL�V|]�NRQXVX�ROPD]�YH�DQQH�EDEDVÕQÕQ�GD� EXOXQGX÷X� HYGH� \DúDPÕQD� GHYDP� HWPHNWHGLU�� $QFDN�� EX� úDQVD� QDLO�RODPD\DQ� NÕ]ODUÕ�� NRFDODUÕQÕQ� HYLQGH� \R÷XQ� ELU� VÕQDY� EHNOHPHNWHGLU�� %XQD�göre, öncelikle yeni eve gelen gHOLQ��DLOHQLQ�NDGÕQODUÕ�WDUDIÕQGDQ�VÕN�VÕN�WHVW�HGLOHFHN�� \HWHQHNOHULQLQ�� DQQHVLQLQ� HYLQGH� |÷UHQGLNOHULQLQ�� J|UHYOHULQL�\HULQH�JHWLUPHVL�YH�NRFDVÕQÕ�PXWOX�HWPHVL�DoÕVÕQGDQ�QH�GHUHFH�\HWHUOL�ROGX÷X�J|]OHQPH\H� oDOÕúÕODFDNWÕU�� %LU� JHOLQGHQ� EHNOHQHQ� RQFD� HY� Lúi bir yana, ELULQFLO� |QHPGH� RODQ�� HUNH÷LQH� HUNHN� oRFXN� YHUPH� NDSDVLWHVLGLU�� ùD\HW��HYOLOL÷L�ER\XQFD�oRFXN�GR÷XUDPDPDVÕ��\D�GD�E�W�Q�oRFXNODUÕQÕQ�NÕ]�ROPDVÕ��DLOHQLQ� NHQGLVLQL� ERúDQPD\D� ]RUODPDVÕ� VRQXFXQX� GR÷XUDELOPHNWHGLU�� gWH�\DQGDQ��JHOLQ�HUNHN�oRFXN�GR÷XUGX÷X�GXUXPGD��LOHULNL�\DúODUÕQGD�DLOH�LoLQGH�NDGÕQYDOLGHVLQLQ� SR]LV\RQXQD� \�NVHOHFHN� YH� NDGÕQODU� DUDVÕQGD� V|]�� HQ�JHoHUOL�RODQ�NLúL�NRQXPXQD�JHOHFHNWLU�236

234 Davis, op.cit., s. 29 235 Susan Schafer Davis ve Douglas A. Davis, “Love Conquers All? Changing Images of Gender and Relationship in Morocco”, Children in the Middle East, op.cit., s. 93 236 Patai, The Arab Mind, s.35-36

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gWH�\DQGDQ��\D\JÕQ�ROPDPDNOD�ELUOLNWH��$UDS�WRSOXPXQXQ�ED]Õ�NHVLPOHULQGH�HUNHNOHU�JLEL��NÕ]�çocuklDUÕQÕQ� V�QQHW� HGLOPHVL� JHOHQH÷L�GH� V�UPHNWHGLU��%LOKDVVD�$UDS�\DUÕPDGDVÕQGDNL�EHGHYL�WRSOXOXNODUGD�� 0ÕVÕU¶GDNL� .ÕSWLOHU� DUDVÕQGD� YH� $IULND¶GDNL� ELU� oRN� WRSOXOXNWD� J�Q�P�]GH� GH�GHYDP� HGHQ� EX� JHOHQHN�� NOLWRULVLQ� NHVLOPHVLQL� JHUHNWLUGL÷LQGHQ� OLWHUDW�UGH� µclitoridectomy’

RODUDN�DGODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕU��.Õ]�oRFX÷XQD�HYOHQPHGHQ�|QFH�KHUKDQJL�ELU�\DúWD�X\JXODQDELOHQ�EX�JHOHQH÷LQ� WHPHOOHUL� GH�� HUNHN� V�QQHWLQGH�ROGX÷X�JLEL� øVODP�|QFHVL�G|QHPOHUH�GD\DQPDNWDGÕU��<LQH� HUNHNOHULQ� V�QQHW� JHOHQH÷L\OH� NDUúÕODúWÕUPDN� JHUHNLUVH�� NÕ]� oRFXNODUÕQÕQ� V�QQHWLQLQ�HUNH÷LQNL� JLEL� ELU� W|UHQOH� \DSÕOPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ� EHOLUWPHN� JHUHNPHNWHGLU�� .Õ]� oRFXNODUÕ�� oR÷X�WRSOXOXNODUGD��KLoELU�HUNH÷LQ�NDWÕOPDGÕ÷Õ��JL]OL�WXWXODQ�ELU�NHVLP�LúOHPLQH�WDEL�ROPDNWDGÕU�237

Son olarak, her iki cinsiyetten çocuklar da, ergenlik dönemleriyle birlikte, ailelerinin gözünde

DUWÕN� \HWLúNLQ� ELUH\OHU� RODUDN� NDEXO� HGLOPH\H� EDúODPDNWDGÕUODU�� (Q� EDúWD� GD� EHOLUWLOGL÷L� JLEL��$UDS� WRSOXPXQGD� oRFXNOX÷XQ� ELWLúLQL� UHVPL� RODUDN� VLPJHOH\HQ� DNWLYLWH�� HYOLOLNWLU�� %X�EDNÕPGDQ��NÕ]�oRFXNODUÕQÕQ�HUNHNOHUH�J|UH�GDKD�HUNHQ�\DúODUGD�HYOHQGLNOHUL�J|]OHQLUNHQ��HUNHN�oRFXNODU�ELOKDVVD�HUJHQOLNOHULQLQ�LON�G|QHPOHULQGH�VRV\DOOHúPHOHULQH�KDOD�GHYDP�HWPHNWHGLUOHU��(UNHN�oRFXNODUÕQ� LoLQ�HYOLOLN��oR÷XQOXNOD���¶OL�\DúODUÕQGD�JHUoHNOHúHQ�ELU�ULW�HO�ROPDNWDGÕU�238

9H�EXQXQ�JHUoHNOHúPHVL\OH�ELUOLNWH��HUNHN�oRFXN�DUWÕN��NHQGL�\XYDVÕQÕ�NXUGX÷XQX�YH�oRFXNOXN�G|QHPLQL�WDPDPOD\ÕS��DLOHVLQLQ�VRUXPOXOX÷XQX�DODELOHFH÷L�PHVDMÕQÕ�YHUPHNWHGLU�

237 Patai, Society, Culture and…, op.cit., s. 445-447 238 Davis, op.cit., s. 32

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