6.ind pollution

8/11/2019 6.IND Pollution

1/32

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION


2/32

TYPES OF POLLUTION

. Water Pollution

. Air Pollution

. Land Pollution

. Noise Pollution

. Thermal Pollution

. Electro Pollution

. Visual Pollution


3/32

Major Generators of Solid Industrial Wastes


4/32

Industrial pollution levels (milligram/litre).


5/32

Some Polluting Process Industries

Sulfuric Acid Plants

Thermal Power Stations

Nitric Acid Plants

Cement Plants

Foundaries

Plastic Industries


6/32

Harmful Substances

Pharmaceutical, Petrochemical Phenols Toxic to fish andaquatic life


7/32


8/32


9/32

Industrial Sources Responsible forInorganic Pollution


10/32

Industrial Sources Responsible for Heavy Metal Pollution


11/32

Sources Discharging Pathogenic Organisms


12/32

Water Pollution

Inorganic materials - alkalis, acids, inorganic salts,ammonia, phosphates, etc.

Heavy metals - chromium, mercury, nickel, copper,cadmium etc.

Disinfection byproducts trihalomethanes

Other harmful substances - organochlorides etc.

Physical factors - turbidity, colour, temperature etc.


13/32

Water Pollution . with what?

. Water ( about 99%)

. Solids

. Carbohydrates

. Proteins, Fats and Nutrients (Nitrogen and

Phosphorus) are referred to as organic material.

Microorganisms.(On average there are about 10 million per

ml of wastewater. Many are pathogens)


14/32

Air is considered safe when it contains noharmful dust and gases.

Polluted air affects:HumansAnimals

VegetationMaterials

Air Pollution


15/32

Effects from Air Pollution

. Global warming

. Ozone depletion (Ozone hole)

. Acid Rain

. Various respiratory illnesses


16/32

H = severe problem. WHO guidelines exceeded by more than a factor;

M = Moderate to heavy pollution. WHO guidelines exceeded up to a factor;L = Low Pollution. WHO guidelines are normally met or may be exceeded

Source:WHO, UNEP, 199

Air Quality in 11 Mega Cities of the Asia and the Pacific Region


17/32

TRANSPORTATION

80% of the air pollution load is contributed by the transport sector

Three modes of transport

. Air ( airplanes etc.)

. Sea (ships, boats etc.)

. Land (automotive & locomotive)

Products of combustion of fuels are CO, CO2, NOx, hydrocarbons,particulate matter and traces of SO2, formaldehyde and Pb.


18/32

Sources of Air PollutionSource type category examples pollutants

Dust producing Crushing, grinding,screeningDemolitionMilling

Road mix plants

Urban renewalGrain elevators

Mineral&organicpollutants

Combustion Fuel burning

Motor vehicles

Refuse burning

Home heating unitsand power plants

Autos, buses andtrucks

Community &apartment houseincinerators, openburning dumps

Oxides ofsulphur andnitrogen,carbon

monoxides,smoke, flyash,organicvapours,metal oxide,particles andodours


19/32

Source type Category Examples Pollutants

Manufacturingprocesses

MetallurgicalplantsChemical plants

Waste recovery

Smelters, steel mills, Aluminium refineriesPetroleumrefineries, pulp mills,cement mill, fertiliserplants

Metal scrap yards,auto body burning

Metal fumes, fluoridesand oxides of sulphurH2S, oxides of S, Fl,organic vapoursparticulates,odours

Smoke, soot, organicvapours, odours

Agriculturalactivities

Crop sprayingand dusting

Field burning

Frost damagecontrol

Pest and weedcontrol

Stubble and slashburningSmudge pots

Organic phosphates,chlorinated hydro-carbons, arsenic, lead

Smoke, flyash, andsoot


20/32

Sourcetype

Category Examples Pollutants

Solvents Spray paintingInks

Solvent cleaning

Automobiles assembly,furniture and appliancesfinishing, photogravingand printingDry cleaning,degreasing

Hydrocarbons andother organicvapours

NuclearEnergy

Ore preparation

Fuel fabrication

Nuclear fissionSpent fuelprocessingNuclear devicetesting

Crushing, grinding andscreeningGaseous diffusion

Nuclear reactorsChemical separation

Atmospheric explosions

Uranium andberyllium dust,fluoride

Agron-41Iodine-131Radioactive fallout (Strontium-90,Casium-137,

Carbon-14)


21/32

Land Pollution

Urbanization and Concentration of Population Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste Uncontrolled .Land Treatment. Burning open dumps and forest fires Deforestation Mining and Erosion


22/32

Noise Pollution

Exposure to prolong noise affects speech,hearing, general health and behaviour.

Noise Levels . dB

Intensityfrequencyperiods of exposure andduration


23/32

Industrial Noise Sources

.Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.)

. High pressure burners in furnaces

. Turbines

. Compressors

. Pumps

.Welding machines

. Cranes and other vehicles

. Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids

.Vibrating and grinding equipment


24/32

Electropollution !- a growing problem


25/32

Power Lines and Leukemia

. ... ch i ld ren l iv ing in p rox imi ty to h igh vo l tagepo w er lines are a t increased r i sk o f chi ldh oo dleukaemia , but in finding effects up to 600 metresaway, they invoke electric field corona ion effects as a

possible causal mechanism.

Prof. Denis Henshaw, Professor of Human Radiation Effects at theUniversity of Bristol


26/32

Pollution Management

Wastewater Treatment


27/32

Biological waste water treatment

Aerobic treatment Anaerobic treatment

Chemical Wastewater Treatment

Neutralization - NaOH, Ca(OH)2, HCl, H2SO4

. Coagulation and Flocculation - Alum, FeSO4,

. Oxidation - Sodium hypochlorite

. Disinfection - Cl2, O3, NaOCl


28/32

Air Pollution Control

. Use tall stacks

. Source reduction by process and raw materialchanges (eg. Improved furnace design and low S fuel)

. Recover valuable material (eg. Hg)

. Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone separators

. Absorption, adsorption, combustion and catalyticreaction


29/32

Land Pollution Control

. Integrated Solid Waste Management

. Good agricultural practices

. Remediation of polluted soils

. Prevention of erosion and silting

. Containment of hazardous waste and waste watertreatment using land treatment techniques


30/32

Noise Pollution Control

. Control noise at source by proper choice ofequipment, design modification, mounting and properlayout

. Isolation or use of baffles

. Use of ear protection devices


31/32

Industrial Waste Utilization Projects

E i i f ll t t i ifi


32/32

Emission of pollutants in some specificindustries

Fertiliser industry & aluminiummanufacturing plant

Lead casting and melting etc.,Heavy chemical industry like acid

plants,synthetic fibres etc.,Tanneries & leather industries,

cement industry,carbon blackmanufacture

Paints and pigments

Coal tar industry

Paper & paper productsRefinery & photochemical industryElectrolyte manufactureCoal burning

-Hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,

fluorides,fertiliser dust-Tin, lead etc.,fumes and oxides,

solvents,and thinners, acid fumes

-Mercaptans and sulphides,

cement& lime dust, polynuclearhydro carbons, carbon soot& H2S-Nitrobenzene and aniline, thinners,

solvents and base material-Polynuclear hydrocarbons &

aerosols of tar-Hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans-H2S,hydrocarbons,odours of ****-Chlorine-Soot

6.ind pollution

Documents