LL--66Effects of air pollution on Effects of air pollution on

human health (Part human health (Part --I)I)Air Pollution and Control

(Elective-I)

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Contents of UnitContents of Unit--IIIIIIo L-6 Effect of different air pollutants on man

o L-7 Effect of different air pollutants on man (continued)

o L-8 Animals, vegetation, property, aesthetic value and visibility

o Air pollution episodes

o L- 9 and L-11Global effects of air pollution-

1. Global warming

2. Ozone depletion

3. Acid rain

4. Heat island effect. 2

COMMON RESPIRATORY DISEASES COMMON RESPIRATORY DISEASES RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION

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Human respiratory systemHuman respiratory system

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Disease

oChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema is one of the commonest respiratory disease..

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oIn the western world, COPD is probably the fourth commonest cause of death in middle aged to elderly men after ischemic heart disease, lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.

o According to 'Dutch Hypothesis', asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis are different manifestations of a single disease 7

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ooBronchitisBronchitisoBronchitis is a type of swelling in the

bronchial tubes which are the air passages leading from the windpipe to the lungs. When these passages become clogged with thick mucus that prevent air from flowing freely to and from the lungs the body's natural reflex is to try to cough up this mucus to clear the airways.

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ooAcute BronchitisAcute Bronchitis

oAcute bronchitis is usually a short, severe illness that may show up along with cold or follow other viral infections such as measles or whooping cough.

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ooChronic BronchitisChronic Bronchitis

oChronic bronchitis is a long term, serious condition characterized by frequent coughing and mucus production and often happens along with another lung disease called emphysema. In severe cases, when the bronchial tubes become narrowed and clogged with mucous, the resulting lack of oxygen in the blood may give the skin a bluish colour

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oo EmphysemaEmphysemaoEmphysema is a condition in which

there is over inflation of structure in the lungs known as alveoli or air sacs. This over inflation results from a breakdown of the walls of the alveoli, which causes a decrease in respiratory function and often breathlessness. Early symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath and cancer. 12

oEmphysema begins with the destruction of air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs where oxygen from the air is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood. The walls of the air sacs are thin and fragile. Damage to the air sacs is irreversible and results in permanent 'holes' in the tissues of the lower lungs.

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ooAsthmaAsthmaoAsthma is a disease in which the breathing

tubes (also known as airways or bronchi) get narrowed and the person experiences difficulty in breathing. What causes this process is a biologically active compound called Leukotriene which, in turn is formed by the oxidation of Arachiodonic acid (AA) . This phenomenon causes the asthmatic symptoms e.g., wheezing, coughing or difficulty in breathing.

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oAsthma is one of the biggest worldwide public health problem.

o As per WHO report 15 to 20 million Asthmatic cases are in India and over 150 million worldwide.

oAs per WHO report there has been about 40% increase in asthma cases during the last decade worldwide. Although asthma is considered primarily a disease of airways, virtually all aspects of pulmonary functions are compromised during an acute attack.

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Inhalers are used for Inhalers are used for ASTHAMA treatmentASTHAMA treatment

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Health Effects of Air Pollution

Nose

Removes particles greater than 10 microns

Mouth

Removes particles greater than 15 microns

Smallest particles penetrate deepest in lungs! 19

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Common Health Effects of Air Pollution

Respiratory System (Breathing Problems)

Coughing

Throat irritation

Asthma

Chronic bronchitis

More difficult to breathe deeply and vigorously

Increase susceptibility to respiratory infections

Cardio Vascular System (Heart Problems)

Triggers heart attacks, especially

individuals with existing heart disease22

1.Eye irritation

2.Nose and throat irritation

3.Irritation of respiratory tract

4.Gases like H2S, NH3 and Mercaptans cause odour nuisance even at low concentrations

5.Increase in mortality and morbidity rate

6.Variety of particulates especially pollen grains initiate asthma attacks

7.Carcenogenic agents cause cancer

General health effects on humans

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8. Chronic pulmonary diseases like asthma and bronchitis are aggravated by a high concentration of SO2 and NO2, particulates and photochemical smog

9. Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin to form carboxy hemoglobin. Which is very harmful to human health.

10. HF causes disease of bones (Flourosis) and mottling of teeth.

11.Dust particles cause respiratory diseases –asbestosis, silicosis

12.Certain heavy metals like lead may enter into body and lungs and cause body poisoning 24

Dust (suspended Particulate Matter)

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

- Solid particles or liquid droplets including fumes, smoke and aerosols

- - can adsorb some chemicals

Major sourcesMajor sources

1. Asbestos factories

2. Mining activity

3. Power plants

4. Ceramic industry

5. Cement industries

6. Road traffic

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Types of Dusts

1.Inhalable dust:- The term is used to describe the dust that is hazardous when it is deposited anywhere in the respiratory tree including nose and mouth.

2.Thoracic dust:- It is used to describe those materials that are hazardous when deposited anywhere within the lung air way and gas exchange region.

3. Respirable dust: - It is defined as that fraction of dust reaching alveolar region of the lungs 26

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Typical effectsTypical effects

1. Respiratory diseases

2. Toxicity from metallic dust

3. Asbestosis

4. Silicosis

5. Lung cancer

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TypeType ofofdustdust

MainMain healthhealtheffecteffect

TargetTargetorganorgan

ParticulateParticulateFractionFraction ofofinterestinterest

FreecrystallineSilica

Silicosis (lungfibrosis),progressive andirreversiblerestrictive lungdisease, alsocarcinogenic

Lungs, gas -exchangeregion, alveoli

Respirablefraction

Coal dust Coal workerspneumoconiosis,restrictive lungdisease

Lungs, gas-exchange,alveoli

Reparablefraction

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Asbestos Asbestosis Lungs,bronchialand gas-exchangeregion

Thoracicandrespirablefraction

Leaddust

Systemicintoxication(blood andcentralnervoussystem)

Throughrespiratorysystem intoblood stream

Inhalablefraction

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Manganese

Systemicintoxication(blood andcentralnervoussystem)

Throughrespiratorysystem intobloodstream

Inhalablefraction

Wooddust

Certain hardwoods causenasal cancer

Nasalairways

Inhalablefraction

Cottondust

Byssinosis,obstructivelung disease

Lungs Thoracicfraction

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Driedcanesugar-dust

Bagassosis(extrinsic allergicalveolitis)

Lungs Respirablefraction

Cementdust

Dermatoses Skin Anyparticle size

Pentachlorophenol

Systemicpoisoning

Through skininto bloodstream

Anyparticle size

NaturalDust

Restrictive lungdisease, COPD,Asthma etc.

Alveoli, lungs,respiratorysystem.

Respirablefraction.

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Objective QuestionsObjective QuestionsQ1. Acute bronchitis is usually _________________.

Q2. Chronic bronchitis is usually ________________.

Q3. Dust reaching to alveolar region of lungs is called as ____________________.

Q4. Nose Removes particles greater than

____microns.

Q5. Mouth Removes particles greater than _____ microns.

Q6. __________ and __________ are caused by silica and asbestos particles respectively. 35

Theory QuestionsTheory QuestionsQ1. Write a short note on diseases caused by air

pollution.

Q2.Discuss general effects of air pollution.

Q3. Give general characteristics of particulates.

Q4. Write in detail effects of particulates in presence of SO2 on human health.

Q5. Define

1. Inhalable dust

2. Thoracic dust

3. Respirable dust 36

oNEXT LECTURE

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