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Kinesiology Course Notes (to accompany Floyd, 2012)

Terminology/Orientation1. Reference Points

a. Positionsi.

Anatomicalii. Fundamentalb. Reference Lines

i. Axillary1. mid2. anterior3. posterior

ii. mid-clavicle lineiii. mid-inguinal line

c. Directioni. Anterior/posterior

ii.

Medial/lateraliii. Superior/inferioriv. Limb choice

1. Bilateral2. Ipsilateral3. contralateral

v. Cephalic (head), caudal (tail)vi. Proximal/distal

vii. Ventral/dorsalviii. Palmar/plantar

d. Alignment variationi. Kyphosisexcessive outward curve

ii. Lordosisexcessive inward curveiii. Scoliosislateral curveiv. Valgusoutward angle of distal segmentv. Varusinward angle of distal segment

2. Planes & Axesswing set (movement in plane about perpendicular axisbones)a. Movement in Sagittal plane about the mediolateral (or frontal) axis

i. Flexion/extensionb. Movement in Frontal plane about the anteroposterior (AP) axis

i. Abduction/adductionc. Movement in Transverse (or horizontal) plane about transverse axis

i. Rotation (internal, external)d. Cardinal planes

3. Bones (osteologystudy of bones)a. Functions

i. Protection of tissuesii. Movement through muscle attachments

iii. Other (red blood cell formation, mineral storage, etc.)

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b. Types of bonesi. Long (diaphysis & epiphysis; growth until closure of plates

1. serve as levers2. refer to description moreso than length (fingers)

ii. Short (articulate with other bones)iii.

Irregular (spine, ischium, pubis)iv. Seasamoidmechanical advantage (patella)

c. Growthcontinual remodeling through osteoblasts (add bone) and osteoclasts(bone resorb)

d. Wolffs law bone remodels based on load (cast = bone loss, weight training =greater density)post-menopause

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Joints

1. Types of Jointsa. Structural Classification

i. Fibrous (3)ii. Cartilaginous (2)

iii.

Synovial (6)b. Functional Classificationi. Synarthrodialno movement (2)

ii. Amphiarthrodialsome movement (3)iii. Diarthrodialmuch movement (6)

2. Description of Jointsfunctionala. Synarthrodial (together/joint/shape)

i. Gomphosisteeth socketsii. Sutureskull

b. Amphiarthrodial (both/joints/shape)i. Syndemosis (ligament/condition)coracoclavicular, inferior tibiofibular

ii.

Symphsis (growing together)pubic symphysis; intervertebral discsiii. Synchrondrosis (together/cartilage/condition)ribs to sternum (hyaline)c. Diarthrodial (two/joint/shape)synovial jointsjoint capsule with hyaline

cartilage on bones to protectminimal vascularization so need to move

i. Arthrodial (joint shape)gliding movements (carpal bones)ii. Condyloidal (knuckle shape)flex/ext & ab/add (MCP joints)

iii. Enarthrodial (in joint form)ball & socketall planes (shoulder)iv. Ginglymus (hinge)one planeelbow, ankle, kneev. Sellar (saddle)thumb at carpometacarpal joint

vi. Trochoidal (pulley) - rotationradius on ulna3. Movement at joints

a. Abduction/adductionaway from/to midline (frontal plane)b. Flexion/extensiondecrease/increase in joint angle (sagittal plane)c. Internal/external rotationtoward or away from the midline (transverse plane)d. Eversion/inversionfoot abduction/adductione. Dorsiflexion/plantar flexionsuperior/inferior movementf. Pronation/supinationinternal/external rotation of handg. Elevation/depressionsuperior/inferior movement of scapulah. Protraction/retractionabduction/adduction of scapulai. Upward/downward rotationinferior anglej. Horizontal abduction/adductionhumeral movement in transverse planek. Lateral flexionspine movement away from midlinel. Radial/ulnar deviationabduction/adduction at wrist

4. Accessory movementsbone movement at articulationsa. Rollmultiple points on bone A moves across multiple points on bone Bb. Glideone point on bone A moves across multiple points on bone B

i. When concave surface is fixed (shoulder)convex surface rolls andglides in opposite direction

ii. When convex surface is fixed, concave surface rolls & glides in samedirection

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Neuromuscular Control

1. General informationa. Muscle nomenclaturecan be named for shape, size, location, attachment

points, etc.

b. Muscle tissue propertiesi.

Irritabilityii. Contractilityiii. Extensibilityiv. elasticity

c. directional pull on bonei. Parallel - fibers parallel to direction of pull = greater range of movement

ii. pennate - fibers at angle to direction of pull = greater force2. Muscle terminology

a. Actionjoint movement during concentric contractionb. Innervationneuromuscular junctionc. Tendonconnection of muscle to boned.

Aponeurosissheath of connective tissuee. Originmost proximal or most stable aspect

f. Insertionmost distal or least stable aspect3. Muscle contraction

a. Concentricb. Eccentricc. Isometricd. Isokineticspeed is constant and similar force can be applied throughout

movement (opposed to concentric/eccentric)

4. Muscle Rolesa. Agonistsb. Antagonistsc. Stabilizersd. Force couples2 forces pulling in different directions (throwing, walking)

5. Neuromotor controla. CNSinitial messageb. PNScommunication of message (afferent & efferent nerves/pathways)c. Dermatone = sensory regionarea of skin supplied by specific spinal nerved. myotome = muscle or muscle group innervated by specific nervee. Nervous signals

i. Incomplete vs. completeii. Plexusindividual nerves come together & join with other nerve roots

to become specific nerves

iii. ASIAmanual assessment of motor & sensory function1. brachial plexus = arm movement2. lumbarsacral plexus = leg movement

f. Proprioceptorsi. Muscle spindlesmuscle shortening when stretched (greater

contraction)ii. Golgi tendon organsinhibition/protection when stretched

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Biomechanical Concepts

1. Kinematics (Description of movement)a. Type of movement

i. Linear displacementmovement of segment/object in straight lineii. Rotatory (or angular) motion (torque)movement of limb about an axis

iii.

General motioncombinationb. Plane/Direction - sagittal, frontal, or transverse planesc. Actionflex/ext, abd/add, rotationd. Quantity

i. Linearmeterii. Rotaryradians, degrees (ROM)

e. Ratei. Speeddisplacement per unit time (distance vs. displacement)

ii. Velocityspeed in a given direction1. Linear units = m/sec2. Angular = deg/sec

iii.

Accelerationchange in velocity (m/sec

2

or deg/sec

2

)2. Forcespush or pull (dictate movement)a. Force (newtons or lbs) = mass (kg) * acceleration (9.8 m/sec2)b. External forcesarise outside the body (e.g., gravity, weight)c. Internal forcesmuscle contractiond. Force vectors

i. Point of force applicationii. Direction of force being exerted

iii. Magnitude (amount of force)iv. Stronger magnitude (force or resistance) dictates displacement

3. Balance & Equilibrium (body or limb)a. Line of gravity is gravitational force on body, object (weight), etc.always

downward; applies to each segment

b. Center of gravity (intersection of planes in anatomical positionmoves asperson moves)intersection of lower & upper body COG

c. Balance can be static or dynamicd. Maximized when Center of Gravity directly over Base of Support (core as well

as external forces such as wt)e. Balance proportional to size of basecan widen /lower COGf. Can move COG to absorb external force

4. Newtons Laws onMotion (help explain how forces affect movement)a. Law of inertia

i. Body at rest stays at rest until acted upon by forceii. Body in motion stays in motion until acted on by force

iii. Inertia is directly related to mass (greater mass = greater inertia)b. Law of acceleration (change in velocity)

i. Acceleration changes in same direction of force that caused itii. Change in acceleration directly proportional to force (more force =

greater change in acceleration)

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iii. Change in acceleration inversely proportional to mass (accelerate smallerobjects faster)

c. Law of reactioni. For every action, equal & opposite reaction

1. Ground reaction forces2.

Friction (sweating reduces friction - hand grip, chalk)5. Leversbiomechanical force production

a. Componentsi. axis of rotation (joint)

ii. force (usually muscle application) & force arm (perp. distance to joint)iii. resistance & resistance arm (perpendicular distance to joint)

b. mechanical advantage = FA/RA > 1.0i. advantage = less force to move greater resistance

ii. disadvantage = more force to move smaller resistanceiii. most concentric muscle actions in body are at a mechanical disadvantage

whereas most eccentric action levers have an advantage

c.

Class Ii. FAAxisRAii. Few examples in body (sternocleidomastoid; semispinalis cap)

iii. MA varies depending on FA/RA length (see saw, crowbar)d. Class 2

i. AxisRAFAii. Always has a mechanical advantage (FA > RA)

iii. Common during eccentric contractions (less force needed to resist)iv. Examples

1. Concentricsupraspinatus; gastrocnemius (toes lift weight)2. Eccentricmuscle pull is resistance

v. Angular displacement lower at distal end of bone (not as good forperformance)

e. Class 3i. AxisFARA

ii. Mechanic disadvantage (FA < RA)iii. Greater angular displacement and velocity at distal end of segment

(important to performance despite high energy cost)6. Forces can apply mechanical load to body tissues (bone, joint, etc.)

i. Tensiontissue stretchii. Compressiontissue depression

iii. Sheartwo tissues crossing (friction against one another)iv. Bendingbend at both endsv. Torsiontwisting in opposite directions

7. Factors affecting Force Development of Musclesa. Motor unit recruitmentnumber & orderb. Type of motor units activated (ST vs. FT)

i. Recruit from small (ST) to large (FT)c. Summationadditional contraction signals before muscle relaxesd. Initial length of muscle (cross bridge activity)

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e. Cross-sectional areaf. Size of muscleg. Arrangement of fibersangle of pennationh. Joint angleFA & RA both change (sticking point)i. Muscle-force relationship

i.

Concentric contractionslow speed = greater forceii. Eccentric contractionshigh speed = greater force

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Shoulder Girdle

1. Bonesa. Clavicle

i. Sternal & Acromial ends (medial/lateral; prox/distal)b. Scapula

i.

Superior & inferior anglesii. Medial & lateral bordersiii. Spineiv. Acromion process (larger due to muscle pullWolffs law)v. Fossa (glenoid, subscapular, supraspinous, infraspinous)

2. Jointsa. Sternoclavicular (SC)sternum & claviclearthrodial subclass (diarthrodial)

although not a true synovial joint (no joint fluid)

i. Anterior & post. sternoclavicular ligament (from sternum to clavicle)ii. Costoclavicular ligament (from costal cartilage to clavicle)

iii. Interclavicular ligament (between clavicles)b.

Acromioclavicular (AC)acromion & claviclei. Acromioclavicular ligament (acromion to clavicle)

ii. Coracoclavicular ligaments (conoid & trapezoid)3. Actions

a. Elevation/depressionlifting movementsb. Abduction/adduction (pro & retraction)pushing, throwing, punching

i. Notice the new plane/axis (hortizontal/vertical)ii. Throwingwindup = adduction; throwing = abduction

iii. Push-ups, pull-upc. Upward & downward rotation (inferior angle)increase shoulder ROM

4. MusclesLocation Muscle Origin Insertion ActionAnterior Pectoralis Minor 3-5 ribs 1.

2.

Serratus Anterior Upper 8-9 ribs 1. Abduction

2. Upward rotation

Posterior Levator scapulae Transverse

processes of C1-4

Superior angle 1.

Rhomboids C7-T5 spinous

processes

1. Adduction

2. Downward Rot

3. Elevation

Trapezius Lateral 1/3 clavicle

Acromion

Scapular spine

1.2.3.

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5. Biomechanical considerationsa. Stabilization so that shoulder muscles can actb. Scapulohumeral rhythmmaintains humerus in glenoid fossa; allows greater

ROM of humerus (2:1 ratio between humerus:scapula)

c. Eccentric actions during movements

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Shoulder Joint

1. Biomechanics of shouldera. Stabilization so that shoulder muscles can actb. Scapulohumeral rhythm

i. Ensures length-tension relationshiopsii.

centers humerus in glenoid fossaiii. allows greater ROM of humerus (2:1 ratio between humerus:scapula)

2. Bonesa. Clavicleb. Scapulac. Humerus

i. Headii. lesser & greater tubercles (attachment pointsWolffs law)

iii. bicipital groove (biceps tendon)iv. deltoid tuberosityv. medial & lat epicondyles

3.

Jointglenohumeral joint (enarthrodial)a. SC jointb. AC joint (separated shoulderacromion & clavicle)c. GH joint

i. Wide ROM; limited stability (provided by muscles & ligaments)ii. High injury rate (subluxations & dislocations)

iii. Labrumglenoid socket is shallowlabrum helps to provide depthiv. Capsular ligament (attaches humerus neck & circum of glenoid to

scapula)

v. Glenohumeral ligament (lesser tubercle across glenoid to scapula)vi. Coracohumeral ligament (neck of humerus to coracoid)

d. GIRD20% internal rotation ROM difference between opposite shouldersincreases injury rate

4. Actions at the Shoulder Joint (works with Shoulder Girdle)a. Flexion/extension (sagittal); bench press, push-up, bowling/ pull-up, rowb. Abduction/adduction (frontal); military press, kettle bell, power cleanc. Internal rotation/External rotation (transverse); humeral rotation during throwd. Horizontal adduction/Horizontal abduction (transverse); throw

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5. Functional AnatomyMuscles acting on the Shoulder JointLocation Muscle Origin Insertion Action

Anterior Pectoralis Major Lateral lip of

bicipital groove

Flexion/ext if flexed

Adduction/abd if 90Internal Rotation

HorizontalAddCoracobrachialis Medial border of

humerus

Flexion

Adduction

Horizontal Add

Subscapularis* Lesser tubercle Internal rotationAdduction

Superior Deltoid Clavicle

Acromion process

Scapula Spine

1.

2.3.

4.

5.Supraspinatus* Greater tubercle 1.

2.

Posterior Infraspinatus* Infraspinous fossa 1.

Teres Minor* Lateral border of

scapula

1.

Inferior Lattisimus Dorsi Ilium, ribs & spine Medial lip ofbicipital groove

Extension

Adduction

Medial rotation

Teres Major Lateral scapulaborder (inf angle)

Medial lip ofbicipital groove

ExtensionAdduction

Medial rotation

*Rotator Cuff muscle

6. Rotator Cuff Muscles during ThrowingMuscle Stride Phase Arm Cocking Arm Acceleration Arm Deceleration

Subscapularis * **

Supraspinatus ** * *

Infraspinatus * * * *

Teres Minor * * **

Why is subscapularis active during stride phase? Why is subscapularis active during arm cocking? Why are infraspinatus & teres minor active during arm deceleration?

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7. Biomechanical Applicationsa. Fundamental Movements

i. Length-Tension principleii. Rhythm between scapula & glenohumeral joint

1. Humeral flexion/abduction = scapular elevation/upward rotation2.

Humeral medial/lateral rotation = scapular protraction/retraction3. Humeral extension/adduction = depression/downward rotation

4. shoulder girdle provides shoulder joint stability to exert force(train area)

b. Injury Prevention/Rehabilitationi. Deltoid/Rotator Cuff Force Couple

1. Rotator cuff exerts compressive/inferior forces to preventimpingement during shoulder abduction (Deltoid)

2. labrum, glenohumeral ligaments & rotator cuff help to stabilizejoint (high ROM = less stability)

c. Training for Performancei.

Kinetic chain (summation of forces, one long lever, class 3 = highspeed/ROM but low force)train chain

1. Class 3 levers (short FA, long RA)2. Emphasize speed & ROM (not force)3. Transfer of kinetic energy

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Nerve SupplyUpper Extremity

Brachial Plexus

rami (branches) of C5T1 nerves! in general: C5-C6shoulder & elbow; C8 & T1 - hand

innervates majority of limb muscles (except trapezius & levator scapulae) cutaneous sensation signals for majority upper limbs

a. Rootsinitial segment that leaves the spinal cordi. C5 to T1 are roots of plexus

b. Trunks5 brachial plexus roots unite to form 3 trunksi. Ventral rami of C5-6 form upper trunk

ii. Ventral rami of C7 is middle trunkiii. Ventral rami of C8-T1 from lower trunk

c. Divisioneach trunk splits to anterior (usually flexor) & posterior (extensor)divisions

d. Cordsi. Anterior division of Upper & Middle trunks form lateral cordii. Anterior division of Lower trunk forms medial cord

iii. Posterior divisions from all 3 form posterior corde. Terminal branches (sensory & motor)

i. Musculocutaneous nerve from lateral cord1. Flexor of elbow

ii. Ulnar nerve (C8-T1) from medial cord1. Intrinsic muscles of hand2. Sensory of 1.5 fingers

iii. Median nerve from lateral & medial cords1. Forearm flexors & thenar muscles (intrinsic thumb)2.

Sensory information for 3.5 fingersiv. Axillary nerve (C5-6) from posterior cord

1. Deltoid & teres minorv. Radial nerve from posterior cord

1. Extensor muscles of elbow, wrist & fingers2. Sensory info from dorsal aspect of hand

vi. Branches off plexus (sensory or motor but possibly not both)1. Dorsal scapular (rhomboids)from C5 root2. Long thoracic (C5-7; serratus anterior)from C5-7 roots3. Suprascapular (surpa & infraspinatus)from Upper Trunk4. Medial & Lateral pectoral (pec major & minor)from Medial &

Lateral Cords

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Nerves off Brachial Plexus

Muscle Innervation

Pectoralis Minor Medial Pectoral Nerve

Serratus Anterior Long Thoracic

Rhomboids Dorsal Scapular

Trapezius Spinal Accessory (Cranial Nerve XI), C3-4Levator Scapulae Dorsal Scapular

Pectoralis Major Meidal & Lateral Pectoral

Coracobrachialis Musculocutaneous

Subscapularis Upper & Lower Subscapular

Deltoid Axillary

Supraspinatus Suprascapular

Infraspinatus Suprascapular

Teres Minor Axillary

Teres Major Lower Subscapular

Latissimus Dorsi Thoracodorsal

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Elbow & RadioUlnar Joints

1. Bonesa. Humerus

i. medial & lateral epicondylesii. supracondylar ridges

iii.

trochleab. Ulnai. Olecranon

ii. coronoid processiii. styloid process

c. Radius - radial head & radial tuberosity (biceps insertion)2. Joints

a. Elbow joint (diarthrodial - ginglymus/hinge)i. Ulnar/medial collateral ligament

ii. Radial/lateral collateral ligamentiii. Capsular ligament

b.

Radioulnar joint (diarthrodial - trochoid)i. Annular ligamentc. Radius & ulnaamphiarthrodial (syndesmosis)

i. Interosseous membrane3. Actions

a. Elbow Joint - Flexion/Extensionb. Radioulnar JointPronation/Supination

Muscles Acting on the Elbow

Location Muscle Origin Insertion Action

Biceps brachii Long head:

Short head: coracoid

process

Radial tuberosity

Bicipital

aponeurosis

1.

2.

Anterior Brachialis Coronoid process

(proximal ulna)

1.

Brachioradialis Lateral

supracondylar ridge

1.

2.

3.

Posterior Triceps Brachii Long head:

infraglenoid tubercle

Lateral & medial

head:

1.

Anconeus Lateral condyle 1.

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Muscles Acting on the Forearm


Pronators Pronator teres Medial condyle

ridge (humerus)

Coronoid process(ulna)

Lateral surface of

radius

Pronator

Quadratus

Distal end of ulna Distal end of

radius

Supinators Supinator Lateral epicondlye

& proximal end ofulna

Lateral side of

radius (wrapsaround arm)

Biceps Brachii Shoulder girdle Supination whenhand pronated

4. Innervationa. Musculocutaneousbiceps brachii, brachialisb. Medianpronator teres, prontator quadratusc. Radialbrachioradialis (lateral epicondyle musclesmajority are extensors),

triceps, anconeus, supinator

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Circulation

1. Hearta. RA, RV, pulmonary artery (deoxygenated), lungs

i. Exchange of o2 & co2ii. High pressure to low pressure

b.

Lungs, pulmonary vein (oxygenated), LA, LV, aorta, coronary arteris

2. Arteries of Upper Extremitya. Aortab. Brachiocepahlic artery (into right subclavian) & left subclavian (below clavicle)c. Axillary (mid-line)d. Brachial (upper arm)branches into radial & ulnare. Forms into dorsal carpal branch (hand)

3. Deep Veins of Upper Extremitya. Radial & ulnar veinsb.

Axillary veinc. L & R Subclavian veincombines with jugular to form

d. L & R Brachiocephalic veinse. Empties into superior vena cava

4. Superficial Veinsa. Basilic (medial arm) into brachial veinb. Cephalic (lateral arm) into axillaryc. Median (mid-armmedial cubital crosses elbow)drains into brachial &

axillary

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Hip & Thigh

I. Bonesa. Pelvis

i. Ilium, ischium, pubisii. Acetabulum

iii.

anterior, posterior iliac spinesiv. ischial tuberosityv. pubic symphysis

b. Femuri. Head

ii. Greater & lesser trochanteriii. Shaftiv. Lateral & medial epicondyle and condyle

II. Ligamentsa. Capsular ligamentacetabulum to femur neckb. Glenoid lipdepens socketc.

3 extra-capsular ligaments that secure femur to pelvisi. Iliofemoral (or Y - anterior), ischiofemoral (posterior), pubofemoral

(anterior),

d. Teres or round (acetabulum to femur head)not as essentialIII. Movements of hip (movement of femur)

a. Flexion & extensionb. Abduction, adductionc. Internal & external rotationd. Pelvic girdle motion with femurmoves with femurdistinct from shoulder

girdle b/c all muscles attach to hip

i. Flexion of hip = anterior rotation of pelvisii. Abduction of hip = lateral rotation (up/down)

iii. Internal rotation = transverse rotationIV. Muscles

a. Flexors of the hipb. Extensors of the hipc. Abductors of the hipd. Adductors of the hipe. Rotators of the hip (internal & externaldepends on where muscles attach on

pelvis & femur)

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Muscles Acting on the Wrist

Anterior Muscles Acting on the Wrist & Hand


Superficial Flexor carpi

radialis*

Medial

epicondyle

Bases of 2n

-3r

metacarpals

1.

2.

Palmaris longus* Palmar aponeurosis Wrist flexion

Flexor carpi

ulnaris*

Pisiform, hamate,

and base of 5th

metacarpal

1.

2.

Intermediate Flexor digitorum

superficialis*

Medial

epicondyle* and

coronoid process

1.

2.

Deep Flexor digitorum

profundus

Ulna (Promixal)

& inteross lig

1.

2.

*originate from the Common flexor tendon

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Posterior Muscles Acting on the Wrist & Hand


Posterior Extensor carpi

radialis longus

Base of 2n

metacarpal

1.

2.

Extensor carpi

radialis brevis

Lateral

epicondyle

Base of 3r

metacarpal

1.

2.

Extensor digitorum four phalanges Extension of

fingers & wrist

Extensor carpi

ulnaris

Base of 5t

metacarpal

Deep Extensor digitminimi

Lateralepicondyle

5

t

phalange Finger & wristextension

Extensor indices Distal ulna (dors)

& inteross lig

2n

phalange Finger & wrist

extension

Muscles Acting on the Thumb


Anterior Flexor pollicis

longus

Body of radius &

ulna

Distal phalanx of

thumb

Flexes & adducts

thumb

Posterior Abductor

pollicis long

Distal radius, ulna

& interosseous ligBase of 1

st

metacarpal

Abducts thumb

Extensor

pollicis long

Lateral & post

Ulnar shaft

Distal phalanx of

thumb

Extension

Extensor

pollicis brevis

Distal radius &

interossesous

Proximal phalanx of

thumb

Extension &

abduction

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Muscles Acting on the Hip & Knee

Anterior Muscles

Muscle Origin Insertion Action at Hip Action at

Knee

Hip Flexors

Iliopsoas Psoas:

Iliacus:

Hip flexion

Sartorius ASIS

Rectus femoris AIIS

Quadriceps Group

Rectus femoris

Rectus lateralis

Rectus intermedius

Rectus medialis

*Content derived from Kinetic Anatomy (Behnkem), A Photographic Atlas for Anatomy &

Physiology (Crawley & van der Graaf), & Principles of Anatomy & Physiology (Tortora &Derrickson)

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Posterior Muscles

Hamstrings Group Hip Knee

Biceps femoris

+ ext rotation

Semitendinosus

+ int rotation

Semimembranosus

+ int rotation

Gluteus Maximus Ilium

Sacrum

Coccyx

Greater

trochanter &

IT band

Hip

extension,

ext rotation

External Rotators Posterior

ischium

Greater

trochanter

External hip

rotation

Piriformis

Superior & inferior

gemellus

Internal & External

obturators

Quadratus femoris Intertrochant.

ridge

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Medial & Lateral Muscles

Adductor longus Body of

pubic bone

Linea aspera

of femur

Adductor brevis Body of

pubic bone

Linea aspera

of femur

Adductor magnus Pubis &

ischium

(tuberosity)

Linea aspera

& epicondyle

Gracillis Pubic

symphysis

Medial aspect

of tibia

Adduction

Tensor fascia latae

(forms IT with glut

max)

Anterior

crest of ilium

IT tract

(iliotibial)

Hip

abduction

Gluteus medius Greater

trochanter

Gluteus minimus

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Muscles Acting on the Lower Leg

Location Muscle Origin Insertion Action at the Ankle

Lateral Peroneus Longus Head & lateral

aspect of fib

Cuneiform and 1st

metatarsal

Peroneus Brevis Lower aspect of

lateral fib

5t metatarsal

tuberosity

Posterior Gastrocnemius Femoral lat & med

condyles

Soleus Posterior of tibia &

fibula

Plantar flexion

Deep Tibialis Posterior Posterior tib, fib,

interossesous mem

(prox !)

Plantar surface of

tarsals &

metatarsal bones

Plantar flexion &

inversion

Flexor digitorum

longus

Lower 2/3 posterior

tibia

Base of distal

phalanxes

Flexion of toes

Flexor Hallicus

longus

Lower 2/3 posterior

fibula

Distal phalanx of

big toe

Flexion of big toe

Anterior Tibialis Anterior medial side of

medial cuneiform

& base of 1stmeta

Extensor digitorum

longus

Lateral condyle of

tibia, prox "of fib

Dorsiflexion;

Extension of toes

Extensor hallicus

longus

Middle aspect of

fibula; inteross

Distal phalanx of

toe

Dorsiflexion;

ext of big toe

*Content derived from Kinetic Anatomy (Behnkem), A Photographic Atlas for Anatomy &

Physiology (Crawley & van der Graaf), & Principles of Anatomy & Physiology (Tortora &

Derrickson)

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Muscles that Act on the Vertebral Column

Category Muscle Origin Insertion

Quadratus Lumborum Iliac crest;

lower lumbar vertebrae

12thrib & upper

lumbar vertebrae

Erector Spinae Illiocostalis lumborum Ilium; thoracolumbarAponeurosis

Superior vertebraeSuperior ribs

Illiocostalis thoracis Occipital bone

Illiocostalis cervicis

Longissimus thoracis

Longissimus cervicis

Longissimus capitis

Spinalis thoracis

Spinalis cervicis

Spinalis capitis

Splenius Splenius cervicis T3-6 vert C1-3 transverse proc

Splenius capitis C7-T4 vert Occipital bone

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Muscles that Act on the Trunk

Muscle Origin Insertion Action

External abdominal

oblique

Lower 8 ribs Iliac crest;

linea alba

Flexion;

lateral flexion

Rotation (contra)Internal abdominal

oblique

Iliac crest;

inguinal lig.

Flexion;

lateral flexion

Ipsilat Rotation

Transverseabdominis

Linea alba;xiphoid process

Stability;expiration

Rectus abdominis

Muscles that Act on the Neck & Head

Muscle Origin Insertion ActionSternocleidomastoid Sternum; clavicle Mastoid process of

temporal bone

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