4g doc

8/2/2019 4g doc

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/4g-doc 1/26

1

1. ABSTRACT

4G TECHNOLOGY

4G is the term to refer to the next wave of high-speed mobile technologies that will be used to

replace current 3g networks. The top contenders are LTE and WiMAX, both of which are to

replace current 3G networks that are the use of LTE and are trailing their own 4G networks.

4G is the short name for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile

communications that will super cede the third generation (3G).Although carriers and governing

standards bodies have not agreed upon exactly what 4Gwill be, it is expected to use available

radio spectrum more efficiently and as a result, provide end users with cable-modem tramission

speeds which will support high-quality streaming video.

4G wireless services offer enhancements to current applications, including greater data speeds,

increased capacity for voice and data and the advent of packet data networks versus today‟s

switched networks.

4G (Fourth Generation) is a generic name for a set of mobile technologies which use a host of

high-tech infrastructure networks, handsets, base stations, switches and other equipment to allow

mobiles to offer high-speed Internet access, data, and video and CD-quality music services

The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the

radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Note that both

systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest

of the telephone system. But the call itself is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only

modulated to higher frequency (typically 150MHz and up).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G




8/2/2019 4g doc


2

2. INTRODUCTION

4G, short for fourth-generation wireless communication systems, has engaged the attention of

wireless operators, equipment makers (OEMs), investors, and industry watchers around the

world. 4G refers to the next generation of wireless technology that promises higher data rates

and expanded multimedia services. Since, at this point, 4G is more of an aspiration than a

standard, there is not an agreement yet on what should constitute 4G.

Since the ITU is a major force in the standardization of telecommunications technologies, it‟s

worth looking at the ITU‟s performance goals for 4G:

“The framework for 4G systems should fuse elements of current cellular systems with

nomadic wireless-access systems and personal-area networks in a seamless layered

architecture that is transparent to the user”

“Data rates of 100 Mbps for mobile applications and 1 Gbps for nomadic applications

should be achievable by the year 2010.”

“Worldwide common spectrum and open, global standardization should be pursued”.

As another viewpoint, the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) defines a 4G network as

one that operates on Internet technology, combines it with other applications and technologies

such as Wi-Fi and WiMAX, and runs at speeds ranging from 100 Mbps (in cell-phone networks)

to 1 Gbps (in local Wi-Fi networks). There is some debate among standards bodies and industry

watchers as to whether WiMAX is, or will become, a full-fledged 4G technology competitive

with 4G wireless.

8/2/2019 4g doc


3

From Performance Goals to a Standard

The process of developing a standard is a long one, carried out by several groups, which include

Standards Development Organizations (SDOs), industry forums, and companies, such as OEMs,

that have a stake in the end product. Some of the major SDOs are nonprofit regional or

governmental bodies, such as ETSI in Europe, CCSA in China, and the TTA in Korea. 3GPP and

3GPP2

are examples of industry SDOs that develop and maintain standards for current 2G and 3G

technologies. In 2007, the ITU will convene a global congress to set a course for the 4G

standards development process. It is doubtful that we will see an ITU standard before 2010 or

beyond. Nor are standards necessarily the final word on the subject. Standards are what various

groups are willing to agree to after years of negotiation. In the meantime, there is nothing to stop

the various SDOs and wireless operators from deploying so-called 4G systems without waiting

for the completion of the formal standards process.

Progress to Higher Data Rates -- But Short of a Defined 4G Standard

The CDMA development group (CDG) based in the United States is pushing the 1xEV-DO

speeds to what they hope will qualify it as a 4G technology. In Revision C they plan to use

CDMA, TDM, OFDM and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) and even the Space Division

Multiple Access advanced antenna to increase the download speeds up to 280 Mbps. This new

standard will be called Ultra mobile Broadband .

Japan‟s NTT Do Como and Korea‟s Samsung are testing a 4G communication system prototype

called Variable Spreading Factor Orthogonal Frequency and Code Division Multiplexing (VSF-

OFCDM) at 100 Mb/s while moving, and 1 Gb/s while stationary (or “nomadic” in ITU terms).

NTT DoCoMo and Samsung both plan on launching the first such commercial network in 2010.

One alternative to 4G being proposed is the 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) project. It is the

name given to an initiative within the Third Generation Partnership (3GPP) Project for the

ongoing enhancement of the UMTS 3G standard.. The LTE project is not a standard, but it will

establish a “4G like” capability for UMTS operators. Among all these technologies, several

8/2/2019 4g doc


4

research organizations think 3G LTE holds the most promise. 3G LTE, sometimes called 3.99G,

is also being hyped as “Super 3G”.

Emerging 4G Access and Capacity Schemes

Recent years have seen major advances in wireless access technologies. Among the new

schemes being proposed for 4G, 802.16e and 802.20 standards are OFDMA, Single Carrier

FDMA, and MC-CDMA. The new technologies, while offering the efficiencies of the older

technologies such as CDMA, also offer advantages in scalability. Current working assumptions

for physical layer multiple access schemes is OFDMA for downlink and Single Carrier FDMA

(SC-FDMA) for uplink.

One way to increase system capacity is to implement a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)

antenna scheme. A wireless system with single antennas obeys Shannon's classical limit for

capacity, which can be expressed as C = log2(1+SNR). Ideal capacity therefore increases as the

log of the signal-to-noise ratio. MIMO systems, on the other hand, increase capacity linearly

with respect to the number of transmit and receive pairs that are used.

The Spectrum Bottleneck

The 4G migration, while holding great promise for high data rate services and a broad range of

multimedia applications, will require additional radio spectrum. The FCC opening of the 700

MHZ band through the auction process is a possible solution for 4G deployment in the U.S.

However, use of this band for mobile wireless services is years away due to the complexities of

reallocating existing broadcast licenses. Moreover, there is little chance of establishing a

common 4G spectrum plan on global basis. The lack of a unified spectrum plan for mobile

wireless networks was obvious with the rollout of 2G and 3G networks.

8/2/2019 4g doc


5

Business Implications for 4G

4G technology will not be a major factor in the wireless market in the next four to five years.

During early 2007, operators will most likely be choosing between investments in 15 year-old

GSM technology or newer 3G technologies like CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, WCDMA, and HSDPA

which offer greater network capacity and lower cost to deliver emerging multimedia service as

well as broadband data. 4G will not be available as a business option until the ITU and the

national standards groups like the 3GPP and 3GPP2 organizations have completed the

development of a formal 4G standard.

HISTORY

8/2/2019 4g doc


6

1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone technology, cell phones. These are

the analog cell phone standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being

replaced by 2G digital cell phones.

2G networks (GSM, CDMA One, DAMPS) are the first digital cellular systems launched early

1990s.2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service2G technologies

can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of

multiplexing used.






2.5G networks (GPRS, cdma2000 1x) are the enhanced versions of 2G networks with data rates

up to about 144kbit/s.While the terms "2G" and "3G" are officially defined, "2.5G" is not. It was

invented for marketing purposes only.

2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second

and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched

domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services

because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services (HSCSD) as well. e of

wireless communic2M bit/sec.

4G networks (UMTS FDD and TDD, cdma2000 1x EVDO, cdma2000 3x, TD-SCDMA, Arab

WCDMA, EDGE, IMT-2000 DECT) are the latest cellular networks that have data rates

384kbit/s and more

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellphone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_access


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing






















8/2/2019 4g doc


7

3. GENERATION OF 4G

4G is a generic term covering a range of future wireless network technologies, including

WCDMA, CDMA2000, UMTS and EDGE.

3G combines high-speed mobile access with Internet Protocol (IP) based services. This doesn't

just mean fast mobile connection to the World Wide Web - by liberating us from slow

connections, cumbersome equipment and immovable access points, 3G will enable new ways to

communicate, access information, conduct business and learn. This is summarized in the

diagram on below produced by Allied Business.

WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access: A technology for wideband digital

radio communications of Internet, multimedia, video and other capacity-demanding applications.

WCDMA has been selected for the third generation of mobile telephone systems in Europe,

Japan and the United States. Voice, images, data, and video are first converted to a narrowband

8/2/2019 4g doc


8

digital radio signal. The signal is assigned a marker (spreading code) to distinguish it from the

signal of other users. WCDMA uses variable rate techniques in digital processing and it can

achieve multi-rate transmissions. WCDMA has been adopted as a standard by the ITU under the

name IMT-2000 direct spread.

CDMA 2000 - Code Division Multiple Access 2000: Commercially introduced in 1995,

CDMA quickly became one of the world's fastest-growing wireless technologies. In 1999, the

International Telecommunications Union selected CDMA as the industry standard for new

"third-generation" (4G) wireless systems. Many leading wireless carriers are now building or

upgrading to 4G CDMA networks in order to provide more capacity for voice traffic, along with

high-speed data capabilities. Today, over 100 million consumers worldwide rely on CDMA for

clear, reliable voice communications and leading-edge data services.

CDMA 20001X for Voice and Data: CDMA2000 1X technology supports both voice and data

services over a standard (1X) CDMA channel, and provides many performance advantages over

other technologies. First, it provides up to twice the capacity of earlier CDMA systems (with

even bigger gains over TDMA and GSM), helping to accommodate the continuing growth of

voice services as well as new wireless Internet services. Second, it provides peak data rates of up

to 153 kbps (and up to 307 kbps in the future), without sacrificing voice capacity for data

capabilities.CDMA2000 1X phones also feature longer standby times. And because it's

backwards-compatible with earlier CDMA technology, CDMA2000 1X provides an easy and

affordable upgrade path for both carriers and consumers.

CDMA 20001xEV- DO for Faster Data: For those who want higher-speed or higher capacity

data services, a data-optimized version of CDMA2000 called 1xEV-DO provides peak rates of

over 2 Mbps, with an average throughput of over 700 kbps - comparable to wire line DSL

services and fast enough to support even demanding applications such as streaming video and

large file downloads. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO also delivers data for the lowest cost per megabyte,

an increasingly important factor as wireless Internet use grows in popularity. 1xEV-DO devices

will provide "always-on" packet data connections, helping to make wireless access simpler,

faster and more useful than ever.

8/2/2019 4g doc


9

UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System:

The name for the fourth generation mobile telephone standard in Europe, standardized by ETSI.

UMTS offers Tele-services (like speech or SMS) and bearer services, which provide the

capability for information transfer between access points. It is possible to negotiate and

renegotiate the characteristics of a bearer service at session or connection establishment and

during ongoing session or connection. Both connections oriented and connectionless services are

offered for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint.

EDGE - Enhanced Data for Global Evolution:

A technology that gives GSM the capacity to handle services for the third generation of mobile

telephony. EDGE was developed to enable the transmission of large amounts of data at a high

speed, 384 kilobits per second. EDGE uses the same TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

frame structure, logic channel and 200 kHz carrier bandwidth as today's GSM networks, which

allows existing cell plans to remain intact.

The combination of a common network, harmonized air interfaces and multi-mode terminals will

give customers seamless access to 3G IP services around the world, while satisfying the varied

needs of each carrier.

The 3G.IP member companies will cooperate closely and share information in the development

of standards for advanced communications systems that will meet or exceed all of the

requirements for 3G services established by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

and regulatory bodies.

The focus group expects that standardization activities related to an all IP based architecture for

third generation systems should continue rapidly in the appropriate standard and specification

development bodies, and the Group will fully support these standards development processes.

8/2/2019 4g doc


10

4. FEATURES

The most significant features offered by fourth generation (4G) mobile technologies are the

momentous capacity and broadband capabilities to support greater numbers of voice and data

customers - especially in urban centers - plus higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G.

4G uses 5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver significantly higher data rates and increased

capacity compared with 2G networks.

The 5 MHz channel carrier provides optimum use of radio resources for operators who have

been granted large, contiguous blocks of spectrum. On the other hand, it also helps to reduce the

cost to 3G networks while being capable of providing extremely high-speed data transmission to

users.

It also allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and 2Mbps for stationary systems.

3G users are expected to have greater capacity and improved spectrum efficiency, which will

allow them to access global roaming between different 3G net workings.

The main characteristics of 3G are to provide mobile multimedia services at transmission rate of

144kbps at the high-speed 384kbps at the speed of walking 2Mbps indoors

This theoretical maximum (2Mbps) is close to the speed of LAN connections that many

households nowadays have. In addition, 3G networks can offer faster data transmission than the

slowest.

What are the benefits of 4G?

Packet-based data provides several advantages over the existing circuit-switched techniques

used for carrying mobile voice. It allows higher call volumes and support for multimedia data

applications.

Users will be charged on how much data they transmit, not on how much time they are

connected to the network, because with 3G you are constantly online and only pay for the

information you receive.

8/2/2019 4g doc


11

ARCHITECTURE

UE = User Equipment BS = Base Station SN-C = Serving Node (Control plane)

SN-U = Serving Node (User plane) SGW = Service Gateway.

Terminal availability:

The availability of user-friendly, affordable terminals is paramount to the speed of adoption of

new technologies. It is critical at this stage to gain a clear understanding of vendor plans with

regards to multimode and multi-band handset supply for 3G services. Backwards compatibility

with existing 2G and 2.5G networks is key to the success of 3G. The upgrade from GSM to

UMTS and the availability of dual-mode handsets is confirmed as are the terminals for CDMA

and CDMA 1X.

8/2/2019 4g doc


12

Mobile Internet – Browsing the Web from Mobile

The term mobile Internet, or Internet in mobile, refers to gaining access to the Internet using a

handheld, wireless device like a mobile phone or pda. Internet offers the advantage of always

being near at hand, and of being a personal tool. On this basis possible successful services might

be services developed for traveling purposes like ticketing, checking schedules, traffic reports

and related services.

Messaging services

Mobile messaging, referring to short message service (SMS) and multimedia message

Service (MMS), is expected to be the most utilized mobile service in the future. It is

Estimated that step-by-step consumers as well as business users will upgrade their

Messaging from sending simple text messages to multimedia messages including

Pictures and video clips However, in 3G networks the data transmission speed is

Depended upon the number of users accessing the network at the same point of time

Location-specific information

Like informing users about the availability of stores, restaurants, gas stations, free parking lots

and so on near them.

8/2/2019 4g doc


13

Direct access to company networks

Business users will have a direct access to company networks while traveling or working outside

office.

Third party organization:

The combination of 3g and ecommerce is leading to „always on‟ technology Enabling data to be

transferred on a number of ways-not just by making a phone call. This could open up

opportunities for the people to be charged by the amount data that they transfer.

City on air:

This world first development of a live 3g transmission provides a multimedia web based tourist

guide with related „find me the nearest‟ services, by knowing your location, your terminal can be

used to find a certain street, make a hotel booking or calculate your hotel distance from the city

center.

Expecting a friend to arrive by train to meet u? Using location aware technology, our „buddy

finder‟, can track them and notify u when they are within a certain distance.

CDMA systems (with even bigger gains over TDMA and GSM), helping to accommodate the

continuing growth of voice services as well as new wireless Internet services. Second, it provides

peak data rates of up to 153 kbps (and up to 307 kbps in the future), without sacrificing voice

capacity for data capabilities.CDMA2000 1X phones also feature longer standby times. And

because it's backwards-compatible with earlier CDMA technology, CDMA2000 1X provides an

easy and affordable upgrade path for both carriers and consumers.

8/2/2019 4g doc


14

5. Wireless Technologies in 4G

Types of Multiplexing.

OFDM

MI

Sim

IP Core

Types of Multiplexing

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple access(FDMA) is the most common analog sysyem.it is

a technique where by spectrum is divided up into frequencies and then assigned up to users. WithFDMA,only one subscriber at any given time is assigned or a channel. the channel therefore is

close.

The title of each requirement is also placed into the first version of the RTM, along with the title

of each goal from the project plan. The purpose of the RTM is to show that the product

components developed during each stage of the software development lifecycle are formally

connected to the components developed in prior stages

In the requirements stage, the RTM consists of a list of high-level requirements, or goals, by title,

with a listing of associated requirements for each goal, listed by requirement title. In this

hierarchical listing, the RTM shows that each requirement developed during this stage is

formally linked to a specific product goal. In this format, each requirement can be traced to a

specific product goal, hence the term requirements traceability.

The outputs of the requirements definition stage include the requirements document, the

RTM, and an updated project plan.

Feasibility study is all about identification of problems in a project.

No. of staff required to handle a project is represented as Team Formation, in this case only

modules are individual tasks will be assigned to employees who are working for that project.

8/2/2019 4g doc


15

The most critical section of the project plan is a listing of high-level product requirements, also

referred to as goals. All of the software product requirements to be developed during the

requirements definition stage flow from one or more of these goals. The minimum information

for each goal consists of a title and textual description, although additional information and

references to external documents may be included. The outputs of the project planning stage are

the configuration management plan, the quality assurance plan, and the project plan and

schedule, with a detailed listing of scheduled activities for the upcoming Requirements stage,

and high level estimates of effort for the out stage.

The design stage takes as its initial input the requirements identified in the approved

requirements document. For each requirement, a set of one or more design elements will be

produced as a result of interviews, workshops, and/or prototype efforts. Design elements

describe the desired software features in detail, and generally include functional hierarchy

diagrams, screen layout diagrams, tables of business rules, business process diagrams, pseudo

code, and a complete entity-relationship diagram with a full data dictionary. These design

elements are intended to describe the software in sufficient detail that skilled programmers may

develop the software with minimal additional input.

4.2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

Performance is measured in terms of the output provided by the application. Requirement

specification plays an important part in the analysis of a system. Only when the requirement

specifications are properly given, it is possible to design a system, which will fit into required

environment. It rests largely with the users of the existing system to give the requirement

specifications because they are the people who finally use the system. This is because the

requirements have to be known during the initial stages so that the system can be designed

according to those requirements. It is very difficult to change the system once it has been

designed and on the other hand designing a system, which does not cater to the requirements of

the user, is of no use.

8/2/2019 4g doc


16

The requirement specification for any system can be broadly stated as given below:

The system should be able to interface with the existing system

The system should be accurate

The system should be better than the existing system

The existing system is completely dependent on the user to perform all the duties.

Initially the language was called as “oak” but it was renamed as “java” in 1995.The primary

motivation of this language was the need for a platform-independent(i.e. architecture

neutral)language that could be used to create software to be embedded in various consumer

electronic devices.

Java is a programmer‟s language

Java is cohesive and consistent

Except for those constraint imposed by the Internet environment. Java gives the

programmer, full control

Finally Java is to Internet Programming where c was to System Programming

.An application is a program that runs on our Computer under the operating system of thatcomputer. It is more or less like one creating using C or C++ .Java‟s ability to create Applets

makes it important. An Applet I san application, designed to be transmitted over the Internet

and executed by a Java-compatible web browser. An applet I actually a tiny Java program,

dynamically downloaded across the network, just like an image. But the difference is, it is an

intelligent program, not just a media file. It can be react to the user input and dynamically

change.

8/2/2019 4g doc


17

MIMO

It provides a portable, robust, high performing environment for development. Java provides

portability by compiling the byte codes for the Java Virtual Machine, which is then interpreted

on each platform by the run-time environment. Java is a dynamic system, able to load code when

needed from a machine in the same room or across the planet.

During run-time the Java interpreter tricks the byte code file into thinking that it is running on a

Java Virtual Machine. In reality this could be an Intel Pentium windows 95 or sun SPARCstation

running Solaris or Apple Macintosh running system and all could receive code from any

computer through internet and run the Applets.

This world first development of a live 3g transmission provides a multimedia web based touristguide with related „find me the nearest‟ services, by knowing your location, your terminal can be

used to find a certain street, make a hotel booking or calculate your hotel distance from the city

center. Expecting a friend to arrive by train to meet u? Using location aware technology, our

„buddy finder‟, can track them and notify u when they are within a certain distance.

8/2/2019 4g doc


18

Z1010 is music, video calling and full speed mobile video messaging. With this phone, you can

access and enjoy the latest and most advanced operator services. UMTS makes everything go

faster and smoother.

With 4G video calling, you can see the person on the other end in full color and real-time

movement. And they can see you. Z1010 also has an MP3 player for your favorite songs

And Memory Stick Duo@ when you

Smart Antennas

Testing can be performed starting from smallest and lowest level modules andproceeding one at

a time. For each module in bottom up testing a short program executes the module and providesthe needed data so that the module is asked to perform the way it will when embedded with in

the larger system. When bottom level modules are tested attention turns to those on the next level

that use the lower level ones they are tested individually and then linked with the previously

examined lower level modules.

The most significant features offered by third generation (3G) mobile technologies are the

momentous capacity and broadband capabilities to support greater numbers of voice and data

customers - especially in urban centres - plus higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G.

4G uses 5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver significantly higher data rates and increased

capacity compared with 2G networks.

The 5 MHz channel carrier provides optimum use of radio resources for operators who have

been granted large, contiguous blocks of spectrum. On the other hand, it also helps to reduce the

cost to 3G networks while being capable of providing extremely high-speed data transmission to

users.

It also allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and 2Mbps for stationary systems.

4G users are expected to have greater capacity and improved spectrum

8/2/2019 4g doc


19

IP Core

At the UMTS Congress in Monte Carlo, nine global leaders in wireless communications - AT&T

Wireless Services, Inc., British Telecommunications Plc, Rogers Cantel Inc., Ericsson, Lucent

Technologies, Nokia Corporation, Nortel Networks Inc., Telenor AS, and Telecom Italia Mobile

- announced the formation of a new focus group to promote an Internet Protocol (IP) based

wireless system for third generation (3G) mobile communications technology.

The newly initiated focus group will go by the name 3G.IP. The nine companies have committed

to support the development of next-generation wireless services such as voice, high speed data

and Internet access, imaging and video conferencing on an all IP based network architecture

using a common core network based on evolved General Packet Radio System (GPRS).

The 4G IP group plans to set the direction and requirements for the work towards the

development of an IP based system for 3G mobile communications technology using W-CDMA

and EDGE broadband air interfaces, which are ideally suited to support IP enabled voice and

high-speed data transmission for global 4G services. .

8/2/2019 4g doc


20

6. ADVANTAGES

In a client application for Navigator, JavaScript statements embedded in an HTML

Page can recognize and respond to user events such as mouse clicks form

Input and page navigation.

For example, you can write a JavaScript function to verify that users enter valid

information into a form requesting a telephone number or zip code.

Systems design is the process or art of defining the architecture, used for the

Components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified

requirements. One

Could see it as the application of systems theory to product development. There is

some

overlap and synergy with the disciplines of systems analysis, systems architecture and

Systems engineering.

A Database is a collection of interrelated data stored with a minimum of redundancy to serve

many applications. The database design is used to group data into a number of tables and

minimizes the artificiality embedded in using separate files. The tables are organized to:

Reduced duplication of data.

Simplify functions like adding, deleting, modifying data etc..,

Retrieving data

Clarity and ease of use

More information at low cost

Following cases:

Guarantee that all independent paths have been Executed.

Execute all logical decisions on their true and false Sides.

Execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds

Execute internal data structures to ensure their validity

8/2/2019 4g doc


21

Testing can be performed starting from smallest and lowest level modules and proceeding one at

a time. For each module in bottom up testing a short program executes the module and provides

the needed data so that the module is asked to perform the way it will when embedded with in

the larger system. When bottom level modules are tested attention turns to those on the next level

that use the lower level ones they are tested individually and then linked with the previously

examined lower level modules

This type of testing starts from upper level modules. Since the detailed activities usually

performed in the lower level routines are not provided stubs are written. A stub is a module shell

called by upper level module and that when reached properly will return a message to the calling

module indicating that proper interaction occurred. No attempt is made to verify the correctnessof the lower level module.

3G combines high-speed mobile access with Internet Protocol (IP) based services. This doesn't

just mean fast mobile connection to the World Wide Web - by liberating us from slow

connections, cumbersome equipment and immovable access points, 3G will enable new ways to

communicate, access information, conduct business and learn. This is summarized in thediagram on below produced by Allied Business.

3G stands for third generation, and is a wireless industry term for a collection of international

standards and technologies aimed at increasing efficiency and improving the performance of

mobile wireless networks.

3G wireless services offer enhancements to current applications, including greater data speeds,

increased capacity for voice and data and the advent of packet data networks versus today‟sswitched networks.

3G (Third Generation) is a generic name for a set of mobile technologies which use a host of

high-tech infrastructure networks, handsets, base stations, switches and other equipment to allow

mobiles to offer high-speed Internet access, data, and video and CD-quality music services.

8/2/2019 4g doc


22

1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone technology, cell phones. These are

the analog cell phone standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being

replaced by 2G digital cell phones.

2G networks (GSM, CDMA One, DAMPS) are the first digital cellular systems launched early

1990s.2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service2G technologies

can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of

multiplexing used.






2.5G networks (GPRS, cdma2000 1x) are the enhanced versions of 2G networks with data rates

up to about 144kbit/s.While the terms "2G" and "3G" are officially defined, "2.5G" is not. It was

invented for marketing purposes only.

2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second

and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched

domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services

because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services (HSCSD) as well. e of

wireless communic2M bit/sec.

3G networks (UMTS FDD and TDD, cdma2000 1x EVDO, cdma2000 3x, TD-SCDMA, Arib

WCDMA, EDGE, IMT-2000 DECT) are the latest cellular networks that have data rates

384kbit/s and more











































8/2/2019 4g doc


23

At the UMTS Congress in Monte Carlo, nine global leaders in wireless communications - AT&T

Wireless Services, Inc., British Telecommunications Plc, Rogers Cantel Inc., Ericsson, Lucent

Technologies, Nokia Corporation, Nortel Networks Inc., Telenor AS, and Telecom Italia Mobile

- announced the formation of a new focus group to promote an Internet Protocol (IP) based

wireless system for third generation (3G) mobile communications technology.

The newly initiated focus group will go by the name 3G.IP. The nine companies have committed

to support the development of next-generation wireless services such as voice, high speed data

and Internet access, imaging and video conferencing on an all IP based network architecture

using a common core network based on evolved General Packet Radio System (GPRS).

The 3G.IP group plans to set the direction and requirements for the work towards the

development of an IP based system for 3G mobile communications technology using W-CDMA

and EDGE broadband air interfaces, which are ideally suited to support IP enabled voice and

high-speed data transmission for global 3G services. .

8/2/2019 4g doc


24

DRAW BACKS OF 3G

W-CDMA

CDMA2000

CDMA2001

TD-CDMA / TD-SCDMA

UWC-136

8/2/2019 4g doc


25

7. CONCLUSION

4G is considered to be the evolution of existing mobile communications. In the light of the

discussion in this paper, there is strong evidence to suggest that the main outcome of using 3G

networks and services will be to get access to the same services with faster data connection

speed. Furthermore, it seems that the success of 3G lies in its ability to serve not only mobile

users but in providing access to the Internet with data cards inserted in laptops. Thus, 3G

networks will serve the same purpose as LAN and WLAN networks.

In terms of business opportunities, telecommunication companies‟ main source of

income is still coming from voice-centric services. For example, the mobile operator Hutchinson,

offering services purely in 3G networks, announced this autumn 2006 that its main source of

income comes from discount packets that offer free speech time in 3G networks. Moreover, as

long as the price of the network time is high in 3G, operators cannot wait fast diffusion of data

centric mobile services. According to mobile operators, 3G is needed in congested places where

the demand on current mobile networks exceeds the capacity.

On this basis, future research that identifies additional factors or views the factors presented in

different light would contribute to the understanding of 3G acceptance.

Thus, a natural extension of this study is the collection of primary data about the use

and acceptance of 3G services in both consumer and business markets.

8/2/2019 4g doc


8. REFERENCES

The Internet is the driving force for higher data rates and high speed access for mobile

wireless users. This will be the motivation for an all mobile IP based core network

evolution.

The market may not be able to support two incompatible wireless mobile technologies

such as 4G wireless cellular networks and mobile WiMAX.

OFDM and MIMO are the largest strongest candidates for 4G access technologies.

NTT Do Como and Samsung are the world leaders in testing and rolling out so called

“3.99G” technologies. Lessons learned here may influence the direction and technology

path for 4G in the next 4 years.

The lack of radio spectrum suitable for 4G deployments will be a major impediment to

the migration of 3G to 4G networks, especially in the U.S.

4g doc

Documents