4476 4480.output

* GB784883 (A)

Description: GB784883 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Apparatus for extracting air from fibre suspensions

Description of GB784883 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION "'Apparatus for Extracting ALr from Fibre

Suspensions '

We, ESCEIER WYSS G.m.b.H, a German

Company, of Ravensburg, Wtirttemberg,

Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a

patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be

performed, to be particularly described in and by the following

statement:

This invention relates to apparatus for extracting air from fibre

suspensions such as wood pulp cellulose or paper.

The air contained in fibre suspensions generally leads to the

formation of foam on the surface of pulp-water channels, containers

and the like. It has a particularly undesirable effect in the

manufacture of paper, in that light spots are produced in the paper

sheet when air bubbles are carried along with the fibres and reach the

sheetforming part of the sieve. A fibre suspension having a high air

content therefore impairs the look-through of the paper sheet and

consequently the quality of the paper. Moreover, it frequently

necessitates a reduction of the working speed, whereby the production

falls and the cost of manufacture of the paper is increased. Such

difficulties have arisen ever since paper has been- manufactured on

paper machines. They are promoted by the sizing, by various colours,

by the water circulating system commonly employed in paper machines,

by cataracts in the path of the pulp water, by leaky stuffing boxes in

pulp pumps, by machine chests running too fast and by many other

factors.

As long as the quantities of air floating as foam on the surface are

not too great, the foam can be destroyed by means of fine water jets

sprayed on to the foam from socalled foam-destroying nozzles, but this

is impossible in the case of very finely divided air in the form of

tiny bubbles adhering to the fibres. Such air occlusions are promoted

by the modern highspeed working-up machines, such as pulpers and

refiners, and the effects are naturally more unfavourable in

proportion as the working speed of the paper machine on which this

fibre suspension is to be worked up into paper is higher.

None of the foam-preventing media, such as petroleum, beater oils and

the like are of any use in such cases, quite apart from the fact that

they cannot be employed with all papers and that the continuous use

thereof is a costly matter. It has therefore already been proposed to

remove the foam or the occluded air by means of a vacuum treatment,

and a number of methods of this type have become known. In such cases,

the fibre suspension is finely atomised in a vacuum, for example, and

projected against baffle plates, whereby an air extraction is

effected.

However, the apparatus necessary for this purpose is very costly, so

that the expenditure for the proposed purpose is disproportionately

high. In a further known method, the uppermost liquid layer is

withdrawn to gether with the air or with the foam at the point to

which the vacuum is applied, and this liquid layer is fed back to the

stream of pulp without losses before the defoamer.

The corresponding arrangement is of very simple construction, but in

applying this arrangement the disadvantage has been encountered that

the air removal is possible only up to a particular extent, and it has

been found that very finely divided air bubbles are still present on

the fibres.

The invention has as its aim to obviate this disadvantage and

according to the invention, the air-extracting apparatus comprises a

vacuum chamber from which the extracted air is withdrawn together with

a part of the fibre suspension itself. In addition, means are provided

within the vacuum chamber for influencing the fibre suspension by

vibration in order to facilitate the separation of the fibres from the

air bubbles adhering thereto.

Various constructional forms of the subject of the invention are

illustrated by way of example in the drawings, in which:

Figure 1 shows an arrangement according to the invention in

combination with the pulp inlet of a Fourdrinier type paper-making

machine;

Figure 2 shows the vibrating device provided in the arrangement

according to Figure

1, in section along the line II--II of Figure 1;

Figures 3 to 5 show modifications of the construction of the vibrating

device in the arrangement according to Figure 1;

Figure 6 is a section along the line VI-VI of Figure 5;

Figure 7 is an air-extracting device with the vibrating device

constructed as a vibrating partition;

Figure 8 is a fragmentary section along the line VIlI-VIlI of Figure

7;

Figure 9 shows a further constructional form of the air extracting

device with a vibrating device; and

Figure 10 is an elevation of the perforated disc of the arrangemant

according to

Figure 9.

Figure 1 shows a breast box for a Fourdrinier type paper-making

machine, the fibre suspension flowing from a container 1 to a flow

distributor 2, from- which it flows into a vacuum chamber 3. The

vacuum in this chamber is so produced-by means of a pump 4 that not

only the air liberated in the vacuum chamber 3, but also a part of the

fibre suspension is always withdrawn and forced into a receptacle 5,

whence this withdrawn part of the fibre suspension flows back into the

container 1 through a pipe 6. A forward part 7 of the breast box is

open at the bottom, and the breast box communicates with the container

1 through the vacuum chamber 3. The accumulation of substance in the

breast box is therefore adjusted in accordance with the fibre

suspension flowing thereto from a channel 8 and in accordance with the

adjustment of an outlet lin 9 and bears no direct relation to the

height of the fibre suspension in the vacuum receptable 3, which is

determined by the vacuum.

In order to intensify the separation of air in the vacuum chamber 3,

there is disposed below the level of the suspension in the region of

the point of application of the vacuum a rotating perforated cylinder

10 which in itself vibrates the fibre suspension by its rotational

movement. The cylinder 10 is driven by a motor 11 in accordance with

Figure 2, but in addition a vibration in the axial direction is

imparted thereto by a vibrator 12.

According to Figure 3, round discs 14 are disposed at intervals on a

rotating shaft in place of the perforated roller. This rotating shaft

and the discs mounted thereon are also vibrated at high frequency in

the axial direction by the vibrator 12.

Figure 4 shows an arrangement in which the fibre suspension is

influenced by means of sound waves. For this purpose, two devices 15

generating sound waves or ultrasonic waves are oppositely disposed in

the region of the application of the vacuum in the suction chamber.

According to Figures 5 and - 6, the fibre suspension is influenced by

plates 16 which are designed in comb-like form along one edge anci are

mounted on a shaft 17. The said shaft and plates are vibrated at high

frequency by a vibrator 18.

In the arrangement illustrated in Figure 1 nozzle spray tunes 19, 20

are also provided in the vacuum chamber 3 and above the container 5.

In the air-extracting arrangement according to Figures 7 and 8, a

rising partition 21 is so constructed as to be able to vibrate as a

whole and thus to influence the fibre suspension. The partition 21 is

connected to the side walls 22 and to the breast board 23 by soft

rubber cushions 24 or similar elastic means. The vibration of the

partition 21 is produced by a rotating unbalanced element 25, but this

partition may also be so constructed as to incorporate an -electric

motor provided with an unbalanced element or any other

vibration-producing member. To prevent flaking, a baffle member 26 of

peardrop form and a rotating perforated cylinder 27 are provided in

the flow channels. Alternatively, for example, a number of baffle

elements or perforated cylinders may be provided.

Figures 9 and 10 show a constructional form of the air-extracting

arrangement, in which the fibre suspension to be treated is sucked

upwardly from a channel 28 into a vacuum chamber 29 by means of the

vacuum device. A perforated plate 30 is disposed in the region of the

application of the vacuum below the liquid level. The said perforated

plate is vibrated at high frequency by vibrator 31 and thus influences

the fibre suspension. A fibre suspension having a high air content

travels over an overflow 32 and is withdrawn through a pipe 33 by

means of a vacuum pump not shown, while the fibre suspension freed

from air and gas is deflected through a descending tube 34 into a duct

35, through which it flows to its destination.

As a result of the aforesaid influencing of the fibre suspension by

vibrations, which can be carried out in various ways the connection

between the fibres and the extremely fine air bubbles adhering thereto

is loosened, and the air bubbles are then forced by the vacuum to the

surface of the fibre suspension whence they are withdrawn by suction

with a part of the fibre suspension. The air can thus be removed from

the fibre suspension at relatively low cost to such an extent that

even when the pulp is worked up in such a manner as to promote the

absorption of air an air-free fibre suspension reaches the paper

machine, in which completely satisfactory working is thus rendered

possible.

What me claim is:

* Sitemap

* Accessibility

* Legal notice

* Terms of use

* Last updated: 08.04.2015

* Worldwide Database

* 5.8.23.4; 93p

* GB784884 (A)

Description: GB784884 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in and relating to methods of separating metallic aluminium

from slags and drosses


Translate this text into Tooltip

[75][(1)__Select language]

Translate this text into

The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data

and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in

particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,

up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION

Date of filing Complete Specification June 18, 1956.

Application Date June 30, 1955.

784,884 No 18883/55.

Complete Specification Published Oct 16, 1957.

Index at Acceptance:-Class 82 ( 1), 17.

International Classification: -C 22 b.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

Improvements in and relating to methods of Separating Metallic

Aluminium from Slags and Drosses LIMITED, a registered British

company, of Norton Canes, Cannock, Staffordshire, and JOHIN OWEN

EDWARDS, B Sc, a British subject, of the company's address, do hereby

declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted

to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be

paiticularly described in and by the following statement:This

invention relates to a method of wet separation of metallic aluminium

from slagsm and drosses and the like produced by the melting of

aluminium and/or aluminium alloy, and aluminium and/or aluminium alloy

scrap, from aluminium oxide, carbide and the residue of various

chemicals normally used as fluxes in the melting of aluminium and its

alloys.

Owing to the extreme affinity of aluminium for oxygen, particularly in

the molten state, it is usual to cover the surface of the molten metal

with a flux to prevent oxygen from coming into contact directly with

it Two types of fluxes are used, one consisting of high melting point

chemicals such as sodium aluminium fluoride, calcium fluoride and

aluminium oxide in powder form, the other consisting of low melting

point water-soluble chemicals such as sodium chloride, potassium

chloride and calcium chloride, which, at the temperatures used in the

melting of aluminium, fuse and form a liquid salt cover on the surface

of the metal.

It is this second type of molten chemicals to which this invention

particularly relates, as it is found that owing to their contamination

and other factors, they have the property of holding in suspense

globules of molten aluminium of varying sizes It is usually found that

when this slag is removed from the furnace, which is generally done in

a liquid state, and allowed to solidify, a considerable quantity of

aluminium (from 5 % to 25 %) is retained in this solidified slag.

The primary object of the present invention is to provide a simple and

inexpensive method lj Price 35 6 dfl for removing the metallic

aluminium and aluminium alloy from the solidified slag.

According to the present invention, a 50 method of treating a mass of

such solidified aluminium slag consists in supporting it on a

perforated or porous member either in one piece or by breaking it down

into smaller pieces, and then washing either the whole or 55 the

broken pieces of slag in water, with or without some form of agitation

of the water.

According to experiments, we have successfully used a plate having a

mesh of 3/16 " opening After a period of immersion in a 60 water

container which may vary according to the size of the slag or pieces

of slag, the plate is removed from the water, or the water is removed

from the container by draining, pumping or similar suitable method It

is found 65 that the low melting point chemicals used for the fluxing

operation have been dissolved, leaving a residue consisting

substantially of particles of aluminium and aluminium alloys on the

mesh 70 According to one method of treatment, cooled and crushed slag,

say 3 tons of size 6 " and less, is placed on a perforated metal floor

which is situated about two thirds of the way up from the bottom of a

water tank of approxi 75 mately 3000 gallons capacity After twentyfour

hours the water, and finely divided sludge which has passed through

the mesh, is drained off and the residual particles of aluminium on

the grid are removed and, after drying, if 80 necessary can then be

remelted in a suitable furnace and cast into ingot form.

* Sitemap

* Accessibility

* Legal notice

* Terms of use



* 5.8.23.4; 93p

* GB784885 (A)

Description: GB784885 (A)

No title available


PAILTENT SPECIFICATION

7845885 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July I,

1955.

E Be No 19183/55.

Application made in Germany on July 1, 1954,'.


Index at Acceptance:-Class 37, EC(IC 1: 1 D 1 l: 2: 4 X).

International Classification: EH Odl.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

Improvernents a Y or relating to Devices for -1 'roduci Rig Haill

Voltages We, SIEMENS-SCRUCK Ep TW Epu E Aic TENGESELLSCHAFT, a German

Company, of Berlin and Erlangen, Germany, do hereby declare the

invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and

the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly

described in and by the following statement:-

This invention relates to a device for producing a Hall voltage

comprising a resistance member.

If a current I flows through a resistance member and the latter is

subjected to a magnetic field having a component H perpendicular to

the direction of flow of the current, the socalled Hall voltage may be

derived from auxiliary electrodes suitably located on the member This

Hall voltage is proportional to the product of IH The auxiliary

electrodes, as distinct from the electrodes which introduce the

current into the member, will hereinafter be called Hall electrodes

The basic effect concerned here is the long known Hall effect, and, as

known, the Hall voltage is equal to the mentioned product IH

multiplied by the Hall constant which depends on the nature of the

substance of the member The Hall effect is particularly great in the

case of bismuth and the semi-conductor germanium, and such substances

have in recent years been the subject of special research By

introducing suitable chemical impurities into germanium it has been

possible to produce germanium resistance members having Hall constants

about 105 times greater than those of bismuth Proposals have been made

to use the Hall voltage for technical purposes more especially for

measuring purposes, but general technical application has hitherto

been unsuccessful because of the fact that it has only been possible

to utilise the Hall voltage in germanium if the Hall voltage circuit

is unloaded.

In testing the Hall effect of a germanium member, it has been found

that when a magnetic field H varying in time acts on the member, a

disturbing component proportional d H to may sometimes arise in the

Hall circuit.

dt lPio 39 M k C' An arrangement is already known, by means of which

it is possible to avoid the disturbing component For this purpose, a

conductor designed in the form of a flat strip is employed 50 which is

disposed between one pole of an associated 'nagnetic arrangement

producing the field and the resistance member and connected to one

Hall electrode thereof The conductor is rotatably mounted at one end,

and the dis 55 turbing component may be zeroised by accurate

adjustment of the angle of rotation.

It is an object of the present invention to reduce the expenditure

involved as compared with known arrangements, and to provide a 60 Hall

circuit free from any inductive component with substantially simpler

means than in known arrangements.

According to the present invention there is provided a device for

producing a Hall voltage, 65 comprising a resistance member formed of

a semi-conductor compound of high carrier mobility and from which a

Hall voltage can be derived when subjected to a magnetic field whilst

passing an electric current, current elec 70 trodes on said member for

passing said electric current through said member, a pair of Hall

electrodes on said member for deriving said Hall voltage, means for

subjecting said member to a magnetic field which extends in one par 75

ticular direction through said member, a first lead wire having one

end connected to or constituting one Hall electrode, and a second lead

wire having one end connected to or constituting the other Hall

electrode, said first lead wire 80 being led to a point where it

substantially meets said other Hall electrode through a plane

substantially parallel to said particular direction the parts of said

lead wires extending away from said points being twisted together to

sub 85 stantially prevent inductive efects therein due to said

magnetic field.

The choice of the particular arrangement of the lead wires just

referred to is based upon the discovery that, assuming a homogeneous

90 magnetic field, the magnetic field when varying in time generates a

voltage in the Hall circuit if the leads to the Hall electrodes

effectively link the field.

fU,, The present device is of particular importance when it includes

one of the recently developed resistance members consisting of

semi-conducting compounds having highcarrier mobility of about 6000

cmn/volt sec.

and more These include compounds of one of the elements aluminium,

gallium or indium of the third group, sub-group b, with one of the

elements phosphorus, arsenic and antimony of the fifth group,

sub-group b& or the f pediodic system of the elements Semi-conducting

compounds of this type are mentioned in the Specification of Patent

Application No 739,047 and are distinguished by relatively high Hall

constants The particular advantage over the resistance members

hitherto employed to utilise the Hall effect, however, resides in that

compounds of the aforesaid elements permit of providing Hall circuits

which are capable of being so highly loaded that power-absorbing

measuring instruments and other loads, such for example as relays,

magnetic amplifiers and the like, may be directly operated The " Hall

generators " thus provided therefore constitute a new departure in the

measuring, controlling and regulating field, by means of which

problems can in many cases be solved in a simpler and more

advantageous manner than has hitherto been possible with other means

However these circumstances necessitate that the Hall generators

should be as simple and as cheap as possible and should in addition

operate without disturbance, in order that technical applications may

not be precluded ab,aiiio by complicated steps and high expenditure.

It is particularly advantageous to so design the Hall electrodes that

they engage the resistance member over an area thereof or along a

linear" surface thereof in contrast to making " point" contact

therewith.

In contrast to Hall electrodes having point contact, these permit a

subsequent balance in cases in which a small residual inductive

component remains during the leading-out and positioning of the lead

wires forming the Hall electrodes, for example as a result of faults

in manufacture This balance is rendered possible by virtue of the fact

that the end portions of the resistance member which are intended for

the connection of the Hall electrodes are coated from the outset with

a conductive metal layer By subsequent removal of a part of one

electrode coating or the other, the size of the area effective for the

induction can readily be varied and balanced to a minimum Thereafter,

the electrodes in their final form are preferably provided with an

insulating protective layer Naturally, balancing by subsequent

increase of the area of a Hall electrode would also be possible An

advantage of Hall electrodes designed in this way arises when a rapid

and serial production of high-quality Hall generators is desired,

since it is possible to fix the lead wires leading to the collecting

points for the Hall voltage, in the above-described manner, for

example by means of an adhesive or by embedding them in a hardening

synthetic resin or the like, and nevertheless to elfect a balance

which substantially cannot be destroyed by external influences 70 For

a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may

be carried into effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying

drawing which shows diagrammatically an electric resistance member

Refer 75 ring now to the drawing, a resistance member 1 is shown in

the form of a small plate of rectangular form The member is assumed ro

oe inserted in the air-gap of a magnetic evice, lnot shown, producing

a field B indi 80 cated by an arrow The resistance member has two

current electrodes 2 and 3 in surface contact therewith, to each of

which there is connected a lead-in wire 4, 5 extending laterally

around the resistance member 1 There 85 flows tiurough the lead wires

4 and 5 a current I,, which emanates from a suitable current source

not shown Lead wires for receiving a Eail voltage Ul H are provided,

the ends of the wires constituting the Hall electrodes and 90 being

designated by 6 and 7 respectively The i Hall electrodes are in point

contact with the member and are disposed at the centre thereof, on the

front and rear faces respectively, for example by soldering The lead

wires may be 95 connected to a measuring, controlling, regulating or

like device, not shown.

The lead wire of the rear Hall electrode 6 is insulated from the

member and passed through the air gap of the magnetic device in 100

the direction of the point of connection of the lead wire of the other

Hall electrode 7, and is then twisted together with the other lead

wire to extend away from the member In order that the inductive effect

due to the flux 105 or stray flux of the magnetic field may be

prevented, the two lead wires, instead of being twisted, may be

disposed one above the other in the direction of the flux It is

preferred to extend the lead wire, the end of which 110 constitutes

the Hall electrode 6, to the other tapping point for the Hall voltage

along the shortest possible path, that is to say, to extend it

adjacent the resistance member 1, whereby a particularly flat

constructional form for accom 115 modation in a narrow air-gap, as

well as a fixed positioning of this lead wire, is rendered possible If

the lead wires are lacquered, other insulation with respect to the

resistance member is generally unnecessary On the 120 other hand, in

some cases, especially when the resistance member is so arranged in

the air-gap of the magnetic device that it can be moved or withdrawn,

an intermediate layer of insulation may be employed, for example in

the form of a 125 thin insulating foil In all cases, it is

particularly advantageous to embed at least the centre portion of the

resistance member and the lead wires associated with the current and

Hall electrodes in an insulating mass which at the 13 ( 784,885 or

constituting one Hall electrode, and a second lead wire having one end

connected to or constituting the other Hall electrode, said first lead

wire being led to a point where it substantially meets said other Hall

electrode through a plane substantially parallel to said particular

direction the parts of said lead wires extending away from said point

being twisted together to substantially prevent inductive effects

therein due to said magnetic field.

* Sitemap

* Accessibility

* Legal notice

* Terms of use



* 5.8.23.4; 93p

* GB784886 (A)

Description: GB784886 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in or relating to ruminant feeds










284,886 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July 4,

1955.

No 19278/55.

Application made in United States of America on Feb 17, 1955.


The inventors of this invention in the sense of being the actual

devisers thereof within the meaning of Section 16 of the Patents Act

1949 are Philip Carlton Anderson and Janet Lorraine Cooper Rapp, of R

F D.

1, Crete, Nebraska, United States of America and 430 Ivy Avenue,

Crete, Nebraska, United States of America, respectively, both citizens

of the United States of America.

Index at Acceptance: -Class 5 ( 2), J 3 F 2.

International Classification: -A 23 k.

CGMPILETE SPECIFICATION

Improvements in or relating to Ruminant Feeds We, FEED SE Rn VIC Er

COR PORATION, a corporation of the State of Nebraska, United States of

America, of Box 348, Crete, Nebraska, United States of America, do

hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be

granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be

particularly described in and by the following statement:-

The present invention relates to an improved feed product for feeding

ruminants and to a novel feed supplement therefor.

Ruminants include cattle, sheep, camels, goats and bison For purposes

of illustrating our invention, it will be specifically exemplified in

connection with its application to cattle.

As is well known, the raising of cattle for meat production is beset

by a number of problems One of the chief problems in this connection

is the most economical utilization of feed ingested by the cattle.

The normal processing reriod required in raising a new-born calf to a

slaughter-size animal is about 33 months During part of this period

the cattle are fed naturallyoccurring, relatively expensive, nitrogen

containing products, such as linseed meal In addition to their costs,

the use of such products is disadvantageous because it involves a

deterioration of the quality of land, which is a factor of increasing

concern to many, not only in the U S A but elsewhere.

With this problem in mind, various feed supplements have been

suggested.

They have met with varying degrees of success Indeed, the best

previous results of which we are aware involve a 27 month cattle

processing period the final feeding phase being an 80-day grai-feeding

operation for preparation of the animal to slaughter stage i Also, so

far as we are lPrice 3 s 6 d l aware none of the prior feed

supplements has been formulated with reference to the 0-R potential

control of microfloral respiration We have made the discovery that

feeds which are adapted to take into consideration these factors

result in maximum production of meat by cattle in minimum periods at

economic costs More particularly, we have discovered that the

monohydric alcohol, ethanol, has the unexpected property, when

incorporated in a feed supplement of maintaining a low O-R potential,

in the rumen We have discovered that the rumen should have an 0-R

potential from -0 4 to -0 2 volts.

By the term 0-R potential, also known as oxidation reduction

potential, we refer to the measurement of the readiness with which a

substance takes up or parts with electrons, the loss of electrons

being oxidation and the acquisition of electrons being reduction In

the rumen, where many substances are present, the 0-R potential is the

net or combined effect of all the oxidizing and reducing iifluences

present therein.

We have tested our findings with various sources of non-protein

nitrogen, and with various sources of molasses, and have used various

sources of roughage or forage as co-fed material In all cases, we have

obtained satisfactory results We have also found our compositions to

be compatible with other feedstuffs commonly used for cattle and sheep

when co-fed with such feedstuffs.

In accordance with the foregoing an object of the invention is the

provision of a composition for use as a feed supplement in order to

obtain maximumn economic food production from the ruminants in minimum

periods Another object of this invention is to increase the

utilization by ruminants of materials such as nitroPrice 33 p 784,886

genous materials, and cellulose and other inexpensive natural ruminant

feedstuftis.

According to the present invention a feed for ruminants contains added

ethanol in an amount effective to increase the nitrogen-retention

ability of ruminants.

The foregoing and other objects have been attained in accordance with

our present invention Aye Incorporate ethanol in a ruminant feed

supplement by mixing it with other substances which are also

nutritionally advantageous to the ruminant and its syinbiotic

microflora.

This supplement can be fed directly to ruminants or it can be mixed

with molasses and or minerals and /or xitamins to form a more complex

supplement.

Any grain alcohol or a synthetic ethanol, with or without suitable

denaturants, can be used One suitable denatarant is Formula SDA 35 A

(Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Internal Revenue Service U S

Treasury Department) The composition of said Formula SDA:3 5 A is 5

gallons of ethyl acetate to every 100 gallons of ethanol, oh a 190

proof basis The terms " grain alcohol and " synthetic alcohol" refer

to a substance of identical chemical constitution (C 2115 Ol),

differing only as respects the sources of the substance, the former

being obtained by fermentation of suitable grains, and the latter by

chemical synthetic methods Denaturants, where employed, should, of

course, be non-toxic to cattle but should render the alcohol unfit for

human consumption where local law requires.

We have incorporated ethanol in feed supplements containing nitrogen

compounds, such as urea, ammonia, ammonium propionate, and ammonium

phosphate; and phosphoric acid; molasses.

vitamins A, D, E and trace minerals per se or in admixture Sufficient

agitation is required to effect homogeneous mixing.

By our present invention, we have succeeded in reducing in an economic

manner the aforesaid processing period to 1; 5 months and this result

has been attained by the use of a synthetic source of nitrogen instead

of naturally grown nitrogen products, thus conserving the nitrogen in

the soil for the use of crops for human consumption.

We are aware that ethyl alcohol is a common article of commerce and

also that distillery slop, a by-product of the production of alcohol

by fermentation processes, has found some use in the feeding of

animals However, though we have made diligent search therefor, we have

failed to find any suggestion that ethanol could be incorporated in

feed supplements for ruminants with its consequent unexpected

advantages Furthermore as to the use of distillery slop in animal

feeds, the prime object of the process in which the slop is formed is

to avoid any residual ethyl alcohol remaining in the slop It has 70

never been suggested to employ such slop in conjunction with low

quality proteins such as peanut oil meal and cottonseed oil meal, and

sv-containig ynthetic substances such as urea and other substances, 75

hereinafter specifically noted, as comnponents of feed supplements Nor

has any disclosure concerning distiller slop enabled the attaimnent of

the above-indicated advantageous results A Ve have 80 further found

that the incorporation of ethyl alcohol in feeds for ruminants does

not result in overheating on the part of the ruminants and, indeed,

the surprising' result has been observed that even 85 when fed free

choice, i e practically unlimited quantities of ethanol-containing

feed supplement are offered to the cattle, the latter ingest only such

quantities of such feed supplements as can be utilized 90 by the rumen

microflora to yield optimllul growth conditions It appears, therefore,

that ruminants have the ability to use the ethanol in

ethanol-containing feed supplements in a unique manner 95 An idea of

the complexity of the plobleni of developing feed supplements for

ruminants can be gleaned from a consideration of some of the

recluirements of any additive intended for incorporation in 100 the

feed These requirements include:1 The additive should not be so

palatable to the ruminant that the latter will over-indulge to its

detriment.

2 The additive should assist the 105 ruminant's symbiotic digestive

system so as to increase the appetite of the ruminant for inexpensive

roughage, such as corin cobls.

3 The additives should preferably be a 110 liquid so as to be in

hanmonv with the known advantages of liquid feeds.

4 The additive should not contribute any residues in the ruminant

which have toxic e-Sects on man Certain animal her 115 mones are

disadvantageous in this respect.

The additive should not cause a downgrading of carcass grades but

desirably improve them Certain thiol compounds and certain anital

hormnones are 120 deleterious in this regard.

6 The additive should not cause the feed to be less palatable.

7 The additive should be non-toxic to the ruminant and its microlfora

in the 125 amounts ingested.

S The additive must be comptibhle withl the other ingredients in the

feed supplement and not cause deterioration during periods of storage

130 :784,; 886 9 The additive must be economically feasible in the

amounts employed.

We have found that ruminants being fed ground corn cobs choose to

ingest /1 pound of ethanol per 100 pounds of bodyweight per day after

getting " on feed ".

We have further determined that this level best promotes optimum

conditions in the rumen.

The state of oxidation of the protein and roughage which the feeder

intends to supplement with the ethanol-containing mixture affects the

per cent of ethanol of the dry substance in the ration which produces

optimum results Those cattle offered roughage in a low (reduced) state

of oxidation will choose to consume less ethanol than those with

roughage in a high state of oxidation Protein affects the ethanol

requirement in a like manner.

For the well-being of ruminants a gradual changing of their ration

from an ethanol-free ration to one containing ethanol is important

Normally, each animal will refuse to change its feed rapidly and will

make the adjustment itself providing it is given sufficient freedom of

selection of feedstuff to permit it to do so.

In view of the varied conditions under which our present invention may

be utilized it is not possible to set forth with the desired

exactitude and certainty the proportions in which the various feed

components may be employed This will be readily appreciated when one

considers that the ethanol may be incorporated with one or more

components to produce a partial feed supplement (Example 3) or a total

feed supplement (Example 1, B).

Then too, the cattle may be fed, free choice, one feed supplement

(Example 7) along with other parts of the ration, or they may be

similarly fed two feed supplements (Example 1) along with other parts

of the ration If desired, the supplement may be incorporated with

roughage and fed to the cattle in that manner (Example 6) Since the

identity and nature of co-fed proteins and the solubility and

fermentability of co-fed carbohydrates also vary it will be understood

that the compositions of our present invention will advantageously

vary also.

In spite of the numerous factors mentioned, the practical utilization

of our inventive concept is easy of attainment.

This is particularly true when cattle are fed free choice For example,

assume it is desired to feed cattle with 2 feed supplements, as A and

B in Example 1, along with grain, silage or roughage The two

supplements and the co-fed substances are fed free choice The cattle

will select in a short period a certain ratio of A and B which ratio

will be found to fit its needs best If the cattle consume only the

supplement B (containing alcohol) the question arises as to whether

the cattle have a sufficient ratio of ethanol to N-containing 70

substance for their needs This can be easily ascertained by increasing

the ethanol content until both supplements are being consumed by the

cattle Once the proper balance of the two feed supplements 75 has been

ascertained it is a simple matter of arithmetic to calculate the

proportions of the various ingredients of the cattle s ration actually

being ingested Then, if desired, the two supplements can be com 80

bined into one, using the arithmetical data obtained; and the cattle

may then be fed free choice with one feed supplement and co-fed

materials; or the feed supplement and co-fed materials may be mixed 85

together in the calculated amounts and fed in admixture to the cattle.

Ih general, employing the aforementioned methods, we have found that

amounts of ethanol from 1 to 12 parts by 90 weight can be employed

with 10 parts of urea to give satisfactory results Excellent results

have been obtained with from 4 to 6 parts of ethanol to 10 parts of

urea.

Molasses can be employed in amounts 95 from about 70-175 parts by

weight to 10 parts of urea to give satisfactory results but we prefer

to employ from 80 160 parts for best results Phosphoric acid can be

employed in amounts ranging from 100 about to 5 parts by weight to 10

' parts of urea advantageously Minerals, water, vitamins and other

special purpose additives can be employed in desired amounts.

While we have mentioned urea, 105 molasses and phosphoric acid

hereinabove it will be understood that other materials may be used in

their places in equivalent amounts In place of urea, for example, we

may employ other substances which we 110 term as synthetic sources of

nitrogen.

They include ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium

propionate.

In general, any non-protein N-contain 115 ing compound the molecular

construction of which does not require living metabolism for its

formation and which when hydrolysed or enzymatically split in the

rumen yields ammonia, may be used and 120 is herein termed a synthetic

source of nitrogen.

Molasses in its various commercial forms has been found to be usable

in accordance with our invention Specific 125 examples of such forms

include beet final molasses, black strap molasses, citrus molasses,

corn molasses and wood molasses.

As examples of minerals employe in 130 784,886 molasses as aforesaid

differ in various respects from one another, for example, as respect

the relative amounts of amino acids, and the kind and amount of

minerals.

In place of phosphoric acid, we may employ its nutritional equivalents

such as ammonium phosphate, sodium phosphate and calcium phosphate.

As example of minerals employed in small amounts in accordance with

our invention we mention potassium iodide, sodium iodide, zinc

sulphate, zinc carbonate, or any zinc salt the anion of which is

compatible in the rumeh, for example, zinc acetate Corresponding

copper, cobalt, manganese, magnesium, or iron compounds may be used in

addition to the zinc compounds.

All vitamins tried by us have been found to be usable in conjuction

with our present invention Example of such vitamins include A, B

(series), C, D and E.

The following examples, in which parts are by weight, are given in

order to illustrate how products according to the invention may be

used.

Exoir L Er 1 Six head of cattle were fed ground corn cobs, ground

limestone, and 2 liquid supplements, each item fed separately free

choice Supplement A consisted of:parts mnolasses, black strap 10,,

-urea 3,, -phosphoric acid t 7 i 5 %) 61,, -water To each 100 pounds

of the above mix minerals and vitamin A were added as follows:Ferrous

sulfate containing Zinc,,,, Mlanganese,, Copper Cobalt Potassium

iodide,, Vitamin A,, % -36 % /, 26 % 1 _ 501 31 % 76 % Fe Zn Mn Cu Co

I gins.

9.275,, 9 612, 1 667, 0 045;,, O 685 1,000,000 I U.

Supplement B consisted of supplement A mixed with ethanol as follows:

to each 100 parts by weight of supplement A, add 8 parts by weight of

95 per cent ethanol.

The cattle were put " on feed " with supplement A only Supplement B

was then introduced; whereupon, the catttle gradually increased their

intake of supplement B from zero to a fixed ratio of the two

supplements This ratio was two pounds of supplement A for each five

pounds of supplement B The cattle continued to select this ratio over

several weeks ( 40 days).

The cattle appeared in good health and had made good gains.

EXAMPLE 2

Six head of cattle were fed the following daily ration:Alfalfa hay, 3

pounds Ground corn cobs, free choice Supplement A (same as Example 1),

free choice The cattle consumed 11 gallons of water a day per head at

the start of this experiment Supplement B (Example 1) was then

separately introduced free choice in addition to the other substances.

The cattle gradually increased their intake of supplement B from near

zero to a fixed ratio of supplement A to supplement B This ratio was

how one part of supplement B to two parts of supplement A.

The water consumed dropped to less than 6 gallons per head per day at

which level it was maintained for several weeks ( 40 days).

The cattle were in good health and had made good gains.

EXAIMPLE 3 pounds of ammonia water containing 16 per cent nitrogen

were mixed with 90 253 pounds of 95 per cent ethanol Thls supplement

was then shipped to an enclosure where the animals were fed on a feed

supplied in troughs where it was incorporated into wet beet pulp (i e

the 95 material left after the sugar solution is expressed from beet

and containing 75 % water) and fed to 10 steers One and three fourths

pounds of the clear liquid supplement was mixed with approximatel 45

100 pounds of the wet beet pulp silage, constituting one steed's daily

ration Ground bone meal and table salt were each fed free choice.

The supplemented silage was more 105 palatable than the uisupplemented

silage and the cattle made excellent gains when fed additional dried

beet pulp which they seemed to relish.

EXA Mx PLE 4 110 A supplement consisting of 100 pounds of ammonia

water containing 13 per cent nitrogen and 25 pounds of aqueous ethanol

containing 95 % ethanol was prepared This supplement was shipped to an

115 animal enclosure as in Example 3 and incorporated into a wet sugar

beet pulp at 784,880 the rate of one and one-quarter pounds of

supplement to 45 pounds of wet silage It was fed to a humber of steers

who also had bone meal and traced mineralized salt offered free choice

Each steer consumed approximately 46 pounds of the mixture per day.

The wet pulp silage with the added supplement was more palatable than

unsupplemented silage and the cattle made excellent gains when fed

additional dried beet pulp which they ate with evident relish.

EXAMP Lr E i 5 Six head of cattle were initially fed the following

ration for 5 days:Dried prairie hay, free choice Bone meal, free

choice Common table salt, free choice Supplement (C) consisting of: 90

per cent molasses, and 10 per cent urea, free choice Then the cattle

were offered the following supplement free choice, in addition to the

foregoing ration: Supplement (D):

parts of supplement C by weight and parts of 95 per cent ethanol by

weight.

The cattle gradually changed ration over a 2 day period until they

were eating only supplement D and would wait for the supplement D

container to be filled at the regular daily time ratlier than eat

supplement C The cattle consumed one and eight-tenths pounds of

supplement per head per day and gained one and fourtenths pounds per

head per day over a six weeks period when own supplement D.

Ex Am PL 6 A supplement consisting of two parts of urea, one part of

95 per cent ethanol and four parts of water was shipped to a feeder

who mixed it with molasses in a ratio of ten parts of supplement to 20

parts of molasses Hte then fed this mixture to 10 steers at the rate

of 2 pounds of molasses-urea-ethanol mixture per head per day, admixed

with 20 pounds of ground corn on the cob after it has been shucked The

cattle were put " oh full feed " (given free access to unlimited

amounts of the mixed feed) in only three days and continued to make

excellent gains and appeared to thrive and to be well satisfied

throughout the whole feeding period.

Ex AMPLE 7 A supplement consisting of 10 parts of urea, 6 parts of 95

% ethanol, 4 parts of phosphoric acid ( 75 %) and 10 parts of water

was shipped in cold weather ( 20 F.) to a feed manufacturer who mixed

this clear liquid mixture with 80 Brix molasses in the ratio of 3

parts of clear liquid to 7 parts of molasses.

The resulting supplement was fed to 8 65 head of cattle, free choice,

weighing about 600 pounds each Western prairie hay was fed free

choice.

The cattle consumed 2 9 pounds perhead per'day of supplement and made

gains com 70 parable to those experienced with good quality feed lot

rations composed principally of grain It was found that the average

daily gain was 1 8 pounds per head per day for a 60 ' day period 75 As

above indicated, the formulations within the scope of this invention

are based on considerations involving the O-R potential as it

influences microfloral respiration While we believe that these 80

considerations are valid it is understood that we do not wish to be

limited to the theoretical concepts involved Nevertheless, as

aforesaid, we do believe it will aid in an understanding of our

present inven 85 tion if we relate here some of these theoretical

considerations which we believe to be applicable.

The science of nutrition consists of an understanding of the chemical

composi 90 tion of all food taken by the organism with an inspection

to insure that provision is made for all the needs of that organism.

Some of this food must be oxidized to provide energy for the necessary

activities of 95 the animal Producers of livestock are interested in

having the remainder of the food retained, that is, utilized in the

most efficient manner to build new protoplasm.

The nutrition of ruminants, furthermore, 100 is dependent upon the

microflora inhabiting the rumen, because these microorganims digest

and assimilate or discard all food entering the rumea Later, in the

abomasum these microorganisms are in 105 turn digested by the host

Therefore, it is necessary to cultivate nutritionally a microfloral

crop which when hydrolyzed and assimilated provides all of the

nutritional substances necessary for optimum 110 metabolism of the

host animal Furthermore, the rumen microorganisms, under suitable

conditions synthesize proteins, fats, and certain vitamins from

elements and compounds provided them in the diet 115 of their host The

science of the nutrition of ruminants, therefore, includes an

understanding of the proper chemical conditions within the rumen,

because even though the organisms of the microflora 120 are chemically

capable of synthesizihg certain molecules their level of production,

efficiencyv, and/or rate of synthesis is drastically influenced by

certain dietary constituents Observations of the rumen 125 svymbionts

show that thev are facultative, that is, they are capable of carryihn

on either aerobic or anaerobic respiration.

The microorganisms, however, cannot 784,886 sufficiently synthesize

some of the amino acids needed from urea and carbohydrate when living

aerobically, lacking unoxidized hydrogen In order to obtain the

necessary unoxidized hydrogen, the medium is made more anaerobic by

the host by increasing water ingestion.

Ethanol is then produced by glucose fermentation The fermentation of

glucose to alcohols also produces large quantities of certain

non-desirable by-products which are utilized but little by the

ruminant or its microflora and therefore constitute lost nutrients of

substantial magnitude These losses are lessened if ethanol which is

rich in hydrogen is present in the original food ingested, thereby

minimizing this anaerobic respiration which is otherwise necessary to

produce the ethanol required for aerobic synthesis The different water

requirements of the ruminant can be observed by adding or withdrawing

the ethanol This conservation of water is especially important where

drought conditions prevail.

Natural plant proteins are made up of a number of kinds of amino acids

in varying proportions Some amino acids are richer in unoxidized

hydrogen than others Therefore some proteins are richer in unoxidized

hydrogen than others.

Hence protein may be in a relatively high or low state of oxidation

Urea is a conimparatively poor source of unoxidized hydrogen Hydrogen

is made available from the ethanol by coenzymne I (cozymase) in the

presence of certain proteins resulting in acetaldehyde which is

further oxidized or used in protein synthesis:C,2 HOH + coenzyme I

protein CHECHO + (coenzyme I + 2 H) (ethanol) " (acetaldehyde)

* Sitemap

* Accessibility

* Legal notice

* Terms of use



* 5.8.23.4; 93p

* GB784887 (A)

Description: GB784887 (A) ? 1957-10-16

'spot-type' disk brake


A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available

amongst the following family members:

DE1146712 (B) FR1126226 (A)

DE1146712 (B) FR1126226 (A) less









784,887 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July 7,

1955.

No 19700/55 X Applcationr Mae in' Germany on Aug 10, 1954.

I / Complete Specification Published Oct16, 1957.

Index at Acceptance:-Class 103 ( 1), E 2 N 1 A( 1: 4 A 2 5), E 2 Nl D(

1: 2 B: 5: 6 A 61 B 6 C 1: 6 C 3: 12: 15), E 2 N 1 E 5, F 1 C 2 X.

International Classification:-B 61 h.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION "'Spot-type' Disk Brake" We, HEI Nz TEVES and

ERNST AUGUST TEVES, both German Citizens, trading as ALFRED TEVES

MASCHINEN und AMATURENFABRIK KG, of 41-53, Rebst Ocker Strasse,

Frankfurt/Main, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, and the

method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in

and by the following statement: -

The invention relates to a "spot-type" disc brake which can be

arranged in small wheels.

The brake differs from other forms of construction in that instead of

a saddle made of light metal, provided with lining segments of

friction material, and embracing the rotating disc, two pressure

plates, for example sheet metal pressings, are used according to the

invention as lining carriers.

One of the lining carrier pressure plates is then fitted to a pin

sliding in the stationary brake carrier and fast with the piston in

the wheel cylinder, while the other lining carrier pressure plate is

fast with the axially displaceable wheel cylinder Avoidance of saddle

construction makes it possible to accommodate the brake in wheels of

relatively small diameter A further advantage of the form of

construction according to the invention lies in the fact that unsprung

mass is reduced.

The accompanying drawings show a constructional example of the

arrangement according to the invention in which:Fig 1 shows an

elevation of the brake, Fig 2 shows a section A-A through Fig.

3.

Fig 3 shows a section B-B through Fig.

1.

Lining carrier pressure plates 2 and 3 are arranged on both sides of

the brake disc 1.

The lining carrier pressure plate 2 is fitted at one end to the pin 4,

which is fast with the piston 5 in the wheel brake cylinder 6, and

slidingly supported in the stationary brake carrier 7 The hand brake

lever 8 is r P; N arranged pivotably and axially displaceably about

the piston rod 9 The piston rod 9, the piston 5 and the pin 4 can be

made in one piece The piston 5 is provided with chamfered portions 10

The annular space 50 11 thus formed is filled with pressure means when

the brake is operated The brake is provided with a second wheel brake

cylinder 12 similar to cylinder 6 and acting on the other end of the

pressure plate 2, see Fig 3 55 The cylinder 12 is similarly provided

with a rotatable and axially slidable hand brake lever 13.

The "spot-type" disc brake according to the invention operates as

follows: When the 60 brake is operated, pressure means is fed into the

annular space 11 The pressure which builds up there acts on the piston

5 and displaces it to the right, and thus also the pin 4, which causes

the brake lining carried by the 65 pressure plate 2 to be pressed

against the brake disc 1 The pressure simultaneously acts on the

annular surface 14 in the housing of the wheel brake cylinder 6 The

wheel cylinder housing arranged in axially movable 70 manner on the

piston rod is displaced by the pressure developed in the direction of

the brake disc 1, which causes the brake lining carried by pressure

plate 3 attached to the brake cylinder to be pressed against the 75

brake disc.

In addition to the hydraulic brake a -mechanical brake in the form of

a locking hand brake is arranged The wheel brake cylinders 6 and 12

and the brake levers 8 80 and 13 are provided on one side with conical

cut-outs 15 and 16, and communicate via balls 17 carried in the

cut-outs Mutual rotation of the two parts causes the balls to run up

the oblique portions, so that the two 85 brake lining carrier pressure

plates are pressed against the brake disc,

* Sitemap

* Accessibility

* Legal notice

* Terms of use



* 5.8.23.4; 93p

4476 4480.output

Law