4. imagic icons wby place of articulation. 4. imagic icons w(1) bilabial 雙唇音 : the two lips...

4. Imagic Icons4. Imagic Icons

By Place of ArticulationBy Place of Articulation


(1) (1) bilabial bilabial 雙唇音雙唇音 : : the two lips are brought together to create the the two lips are brought together to create the obstruction. obstruction. Bilabial consonants in Cantonese and Mandarin:Bilabial consonants in Cantonese and Mandarin:

[p] as in [p] as in 巴、把、悲、比巴、把、悲、比 ((C); C); 巴、把、悲、比巴、把、悲、比 ((M) M) [p[phh] as in ] as in 拋、跑、鋪、普拋、跑、鋪、普 ((C); C); 拋、跑、鋪、普拋、跑、鋪、普 ((M)M) [m] as in [m] as in 麻、馬、苗、秒麻、馬、苗、秒 ((C); C); 麻、馬、苗、秒麻、馬、苗、秒 ((M)M) [w] as in [w] as in 蛙、華、威、毀蛙、華、威、毀 ((C).C).


(2) (2) labio-dental labio-dental 唇齒音唇齒音 : : the obstruction of the air-stream is caused by the obstruction of the air-stream is caused by the lower lip and the upper front teeth.the lower lip and the upper front teeth. Labio-dental consonants in Cantonese and Mandarin:Labio-dental consonants in Cantonese and Mandarin:

[f] as in [f] as in 科、火、灰、賄科、火、灰、賄 ((C); C); 飛、肥、沸、發飛、肥、沸、發 ((M).M).


(3) (3) dental-alveolar dental-alveolar 舌尖音舌尖音 : : the tip (or blade) of the tongue is brought the tip (or blade) of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper teeth or the upper teeth-ridge to create the into contact with the upper teeth or the upper teeth-ridge to create the obstruction. obstruction. Dental-alveolar consonants in Cantonese and MandarinDental-alveolar consonants in Cantonese and Mandarin


Alveolars (Alveolars ( 舌尖音舌尖音 )) [t] as in [t] as in 多、躲、低、抵多、躲、低、抵 ((C); C); 多、躲、低、抵多、躲、低、抵 ((M)M) [t[thh] as in ] as in 拖、妥、梯、體拖、妥、梯、體 ((C); C); 拖、妥、梯、體拖、妥、梯、體 ((M)M) [n] as in [n] as in 呢、你、奴、怒呢、你、奴、怒 ((C); C); 呢、你、奴、怒呢、你、奴、怒 ((M)M) [l] as in [l] as in 黎、禮、牢、老黎、禮、牢、老 ((C); C); 黎、禮、牢、老黎、禮、牢、老 ((M)M)

Dental Sibilants (Dental Sibilants ( 舌尖前音舌尖前音 )) [ts] as in [ts] as in 茲、子、嗟、姐茲、子、嗟、姐 ((C); C); 茲、子、災、早茲、子、災、早 ((M)M) [ts[tshh] as in ] as in 雌、此、妻、齊雌、此、妻、齊 ((C); C); 雌、此、粗、才雌、此、粗、才 ((M)M) [s] as in [s] as in 思、死、宵、小思、死、宵、小 ((C); C); 思、死、四、酸思、死、四、酸 ((M)M)

(4) (4) Retroflex Retroflex 卷舌音卷舌音 : : The obstruction of the air-stream is caused by the The obstruction of the air-stream is caused by the underside of the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge. underside of the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge. Retroflex in MandarinRetroflex in Mandarin

as in as in 中、張、照、知中、張、照、知 (M) __ ‘zh’ in Pinyin(M) __ ‘zh’ in Pinyin as in as in 車、春、穿、陳車、春、穿、陳 (M) __ ‘ch’ in Pinyin(M) __ ‘ch’ in Pinyin as in as in 詩、史、燒、少詩、史、燒、少 (M) __ ‘sh’ in Pinyin(M) __ ‘sh’ in Pinyin


(5) (5) Palatals Palatals 舌面音舌面音 :: The blade of the tongue is placed against the front The blade of the tongue is placed against the front part of the palate, and simultaneously the free front part of the tongue is part of the palate, and simultaneously the free front part of the tongue is raised towards the alveolar ridge. raised towards the alveolar ridge. Palatals in Mandarin:Palatals in Mandarin:

as in as in 機、軍、肩、街機、軍、肩、街 ((M) __ ‘j’ in PinyinM) __ ‘j’ in Pinyin as in as in 群、妻、千、牆群、妻、千、牆 ((M) __ ‘q’ in PinyinM) __ ‘q’ in Pinyin as in as in 斜、徐、心、鞋斜、徐、心、鞋 ((M) __ ‘x’ in PinyinM) __ ‘x’ in Pinyin

(6) (6) Velars Velars 舌根音舌根音 (( 舌面後音舌面後音 )): : The back of the tongue is raised so that The back of the tongue is raised so that it touches the soft palate (velum) to obstruct the air‑stream. it touches the soft palate (velum) to obstruct the air‑stream.


Velars in Cantonese and Mandarin:Velars in Cantonese and Mandarin: [k] as in [k] as in 基、紀、驕、矯基、紀、驕、矯 ((C); C); 給、高、根、哥給、高、根、哥 ((M)M) [k[khh] as in ] as in 溪、啟、求、舅溪、啟、求、舅 ((C); C); 科、楷、靠、狂科、楷、靠、狂 ((M)M) [x] as in [x] as in 黑、好、海、厚黑、好、海、厚 ((M)M) as in as in 牙、瓦、我、餓牙、瓦、我、餓 ; ; 紅、張、明、朋紅、張、明、朋 ((C); C); 紅、張、明紅、張、明

、朋、朋 ((M) M) (7) (7) Labiovelars Labiovelars 唇化舌根音唇化舌根音 : : The velar sounds are articulated The velar sounds are articulated

simultaneously with the bilabial sound [w].simultaneously with the bilabial sound [w]. Labialized velars in Cantonese: Labialized velars in Cantonese:

[[kw] as in kw] as in 瓜、寡、鍋、果瓜、寡、鍋、果 ((C). C). [kw[kwhh] as in ] as in 夸、跨、規、愧夸、跨、規、愧 ((C). C).

(8)(8) Glottals (Laryngeals) Glottals (Laryngeals) 喉音喉音 : : The obstruction of the air-stream is The obstruction of the air-stream is caused by the vocal cords.caused by the vocal cords. Glottal in Cantonese:Glottal in Cantonese:

[h] as in [h] as in 希、喜、虛、許希、喜、虛、許 ((C) C)


Consonants in MandarinConsonants in Mandarin


Consonants in CantoneseConsonants in Cantonese

4. Imagic Icons4. Imagic Icons Tones in MandarinTones in Mandarin

When pitch (When pitch ( 音調音調 , , 音高音高 ) patterns are used to distinguish meaning, ) patterns are used to distinguish meaning, they are called they are called tonestones

PitchPitch is determined by the rate of vibration of the vocal folds -- the is determined by the rate of vibration of the vocal folds -- the frequency.frequency.

Four tones in Mandarin: (notation of tones: tone letters)Four tones in Mandarin: (notation of tones: tone letters)

4. Imagic Icons4. Imagic Icons Tones in CantoneseTones in Cantonese Nine tone categoriesNine tone categories

Category 1 (Category 1 ( 陰平陰平 ): 55): 55 私私 [[sisi5555]] 、、夫夫 [[fufu5555]] Category 2 (Category 2 ( 陰上陰上 ): 35): 35 史史 [[sisi3535]] 、、苦苦 [[fufu3535]] Category 3 (Category 3 ( 陰去陰去 ): 33): 33 試試 [[sisi3333]] 、、富富 [[fufu3333]] Category 4 (Category 4 ( 陽平陽平 ): 21/11): 21/11 時時 [[sisi2121]] 、、扶扶 [[fufu2121] ] Category 5 (Category 5 ( 陽上陽上 ): 23/13): 23/13 市市 [[sisi2323]] 、、婦婦 [[fufu2323]] Category 6 (Category 6 ( 陽去陽去 ): 22): 22 是是 [[sisi2222]] 、、父父 [[fufu2222]] Category 7 [1] (Category 7 [1] ( 上陰入上陰入 // 高入高入 ): ): 5555 必必 [[pitpit5555]] 、、口口 ++ 的的 [[tittit5555]] Category 8 [3] (Category 8 [3] ( 下陰入下陰入 // 中入中入 ): ): 3333 鱉鱉 [[pitpit3333]] 、、跌跌 [[tittit3333]] Category 9 [6] (Category 9 [6] ( 陽入陽入 // 低入低入 ): ): 2222 滅滅 [[mitmit2222]] 、、迭迭 [[tittit2222]]

Six pitch patterns: Six pitch patterns: (1) high level: 55; (3) mid-level: 33; (6) low level: 22(1) high level: 55; (3) mid-level: 33; (6) low level: 22 (2) high rising: 35; (5) low rising: 23; (4) low falling: 21(2) high rising: 35; (5) low rising: 23; (4) low falling: 21

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4. Imagic Icons4. Imagic Icons Syllabic Structure of ChineseSyllabic Structure of Chinese

A syllable is a unit of pronunciation / Four positions in a Mandarin syllableA syllable is a unit of pronunciation / Four positions in a Mandarin syllable

(1) Initial ((1) Initial ( 聲母聲母 ): the consonantal onset to the syllable. ): the consonantal onset to the syllable. (2) Medial ((2) Medial ( 韻頭、介音韻頭、介音 ): the glide (semi-vowel) after the initial.): the glide (semi-vowel) after the initial. (3) Nucleus (Main vowel) ((3) Nucleus (Main vowel) ( 韻腹、主要元音韻腹、主要元音 ): the peak of the syllable.): the peak of the syllable. (4) Ending (coda) ((4) Ending (coda) ( 韻尾韻尾 ): the last sound (after the nucleus) of a syllable. ): the last sound (after the nucleus) of a syllable. (2)+(3)+(4)= Final ((2)+(3)+(4)= Final ( 韻母韻母 ): The final is the syllable minus the initial and the tone.): The final is the syllable minus the initial and the tone.

initial

finalmedial nucleus ending

1 2 3 4

4. Imagic Icons4. Imagic Icons Mandarin InitialsMandarin Initials 《《聲母詩》聲母詩》 ((in Pinyin)in Pinyin) 春日起每早，春日起每早， chch rr qq mm zz 采桑惊啼鳥；采桑惊啼鳥； cc ss jj tt nn 風過扑鼻香，風過扑鼻香， ff gg pp bb xx 花開落，花開落， hh kk ll 知多少。知多少。 zhzh dd shsh : The only Mandarin consonant that cannot occur at the initial position.: The only Mandarin consonant that cannot occur at the initial position. Cantonese Initials:Cantonese Initials: (in IPA) (in IPA) p p 巴布白巴布白 pphh 普跑平普跑平 m m 麻美物麻美物 f f 飛夫發飛夫發 t t 多帝獨多帝獨 tthh 拖體踢拖體踢 n n 泥女男泥女男 l l 來魯歷來魯歷 ts ts 茲政接茲政接 tstshh 此吵床此吵床 s s 詩消蝕詩消蝕 j j 醫夜人醫夜人 k k 改公革改公革 kkhh 溪求括溪求括外岳瓦外岳瓦 h h 希好去希好去 kkww 鬼過國鬼過國 kkhwhw 豁葵框豁葵框 w w 護毀壞護毀壞 0 0 哀歐丫哀歐丫

4. Imagic Icons4. Imagic Icons Cantonese InitialsCantonese Initials (in IPA) (in IPA)

p p pphh m m f f 巴巴 [[papa5555] ] 趴趴 [[pphhaa5555] ] 媽媽 [[mama5555] ] 花花 [[fafa5555]] tt tthh n n ll 打打 [[tata3535]] 他他 [[tthhaa5555]] 拿拿 [[nana2121]] 喇喇

[[lala2323]] tsts tstshh ss jj 渣渣 [[tsatsa5555]] 叉叉 [[tstshhaa5555]] 沙沙 [[sasa5555]] 也也

[[jaja1313]] kk kkhh hh 家家 [[kaka5555]] 卡卡 [[kkhhaa5555]] 牙牙 [[aa2121]] 哈哈 [[haha5555]] kkww k khwhw ww 瓜瓜 [[kkwwaa5555] ] 夸夸 [[kkwhwhaa5555]] 娃娃 [[wawa5555]] 00 阿阿 [[aa3333]]

4. Imagic Icons4. Imagic Icons Finals in CantoneseFinals in Cantonese (in IPA) (in IPA)

4. Imagic Icons4. Imagic Icons Finals in CantoneseFinals in Cantonese (continued) (continued)

4. imagic icons wby place of articulation. 4. imagic icons w(1) bilabial 雙唇音 : the two lips...

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