2016 psychology written examination 2 · pdf filepsychology written examination thursday 27...
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PSYCHOLOGYWritten examination
Thursday 27 October 2016 Reading time: 9.00 am to 9.15 am (15 minutes) Writing time: 9.15 am to 11.45 am (2 hours 30 minutes)
QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
Structure of bookSection Number of
questionsNumber of questions
to be answeredNumber of
marks
A 65 65 65B 14 14 60C 4 4 15
Total 140
• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.
• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.
• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.
Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof36 pages.• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestions.• Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofthebookifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.
Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice
questionsarecorrect,andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.
At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.
Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2016
SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2016
STUDENT NUMBER
Letter
2016PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 2
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SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions
Instructions for Section AAnswerallquestionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrectorthatbest answersthequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.
Question 1ThecorrectsequenceinwhichinformationtravelsalonganeuralpathwayisA. dendrite,synapse,neurotransmitter,axon.B. synapse,neurotransmitter,axon,dendrite.C. axon,dendrite,synapse,neurotransmitter.D. dendrite,axon,synapse,neurotransmitter.
Question 2Whichoneofthefollowingbehavioursisanexampleofmaturation?A. atoddlerwalkingB. learningtowriteinGrade1C. beingtaughttosingthenationalanthemD. athree-year-oldimitatingheroldersister’sdancemove
Question 3Dimowantstoteachhisdogtorollover.AneffectivestrategyforDimotousewouldmostlikelybeA. graduatedexposure.B. aversiontherapy.C. tokeneconomy.D. shaping.
Question 4ThelefthemisphereofthebrainisprimarilyresponsibleforprocessinginformationrelatingtoA. writing,logicandscience.B. listening,dancingandfantasy.C. maths,scienceandappreciationofart.D. speaking,mathsandfacialrecognition.
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Question 5PeoplewithspatialneglectfollowingastrokeorotherbraininjurycommonlyfailtoattendtotheA. leftsideofspace.B. rightsideofspace.C. lowerareaofspace.D. boththerightandleftsidesofspace.
Question 6Whatwouldacomparisonofsleepbetweentypicaladolescentsandchildrenshow?A. Childrenhavelatersleeponsetthanadolescents.B. Childrenspendproportionatelylesstimeinslow-wavesleepthanadolescents.C. Adolescentsspendproportionatelymoretimeinrapideyemovement(REM)sleepthanchildren.D. Thetotalamountoftimespentinslow-wavesleepisrelativelysimilarinchildrenandadolescents.
Question 7Accordingtodecaytheory,whydoesforgettingoccur?A. Newerphysiologicalmemorytracesreplaceolderphysiologicalmemorytraces.B. Newerpsychologicalmemorytracesreplaceolderpsychologicalmemorytraces.C. Physiologicalmemorytracesfadeovertimeduetothememoriesnolongerbeingaccessed.D. Psychologicalmemorytracesfadeovertimeduetothememoriesnolongerbeingaccessed.
Question 8Intermsofassessingandmanagingthementalhealthofanindividual,thebiopsychosocialmodelconsidersA. biologicalfactorsmoreimportantthanpsychologicalandsocialfactors.B. psychologicalfactorsmoreimportantthanbiologicalandsocialfactors.C. biological,psychologicalandsocialfactorsequallyasimportant,andinteractingtoinfluencementalhealth.D. biological,psychologicalandsocialfactorsequallyasimportant,butnotinteractingtoinfluencementalhealth.
Question 9Ebbinghaus’soriginalforgettingcurveusingnonsensesyllablesindicatesthatA. three-quartersofallmateriallearntisforgottenafteroneday.B. alittleoverhalfofallmateriallearntisforgottenafteronehour.C. morethantwo-thirdsofallmateriallearntisforgottenafter20minutes.D. approximatelyone-quarterofallmateriallearntisforgottenafteronemonth.
Question 10 Whichofthefollowingindicatesatypicalnightofsleepforanadult?
Duration (minutes) Number of complete sleep cycles
A. 30–40 1or2
B. 60–70 4or5
C. 10–15 4or5
D. 90–120 4or5
2016PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 4
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Question 11Afterafewdaysofsleepdeprivation,itismostlikelythatapersonwouldexperienceA. noincreaseintheamountofsleeponthenightsfollowingthesleepdeprivation.B. anincreasedamountofsleepononeormorenights.C. anincreasedamountofslow-wavesleeponly.D. anincreasedamountofREMsleeponly.
Question 12TheparasympatheticdivisionoftheautonomicnervoussystemisresponsibleforregulatingA. angerandaggression.B. learningandmemory.C. moodandarousallevels.D. sleep,eatingandreproduction.
Use the following information to answer Questions 13–15.Triciatookpartinanexperimentonmemory.InStage1oftheexperiment,shewasshown20wordspresentedatarateofonewordeverytwoseconds.Immediatelyafterthefinalwordwaspresented,Triciawasgiven30secondstowritedownasmanywordsasshecouldinanyorder.InStage2oftheexperiment,Triciawasshown20words,10ofwhichshehadseeninStage1oftheexperiment.ShewasthenaskedtoidentifythewordsshehadseeninStage1.
Question 13WhatisthemeasureofretentionusedinStage1oftheexperiment?A. freerecallB. relearningC. cuedrecallD. recognition
Question 14WhatisthemeasureofretentionusedinStage2oftheexperiment?A. freerecallB. relearningC. cuedrecallD. recognition
Question 15TheresultsofStage1oftheexperimentrevealedthatTriciarememberednineofthe20words:thefirstthreewords,thelastfivewordsandthe12thword.Theseresultsdemonstrateaserialpositioneffect,wheretheA. orderofitemsonalisthasnobearingontherateatwhichtheitemsarerecalled.B. recallofitemsinthemiddleofalistisstrongerthantherecencyandprimacyeffects.C. primacyeffectisstrongerthantherecencyeffect,withpoorrecallofitemsinbetween.D. recencyeffectisstrongerthantheprimacyeffect,withpoorrecallofitemsinbetween.
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Question 16Mutiahmovedintoanewhouseandwasgivenagroupofkeysthatalllookedthesametohim.Hewasonhisownwhenhetriedtofindthecorrectkeytogetintohisshed.Inthissituation,MutiahmostlikelyusedtheprinciplesofA. operantconditioning.B. classicalconditioning.C. observationallearning.D. trial-and-errorlearning.
Question 17Ryleedecidedtousethemeanasastatisticalmeasuretoexaminetheeffectoftheconsumptionofenergydrinksonthetimetakentocompleteajigsawpuzzle.TheuseofthemeanissuitableifthescoresareA. clusteredaroundtheextremevalues.B. clusteredaroundacentralscore.C. unevenlydistributed.D. widelyspread.
Use the following information to answer Questions 18–20.AbrahamandBenareactorswhohaveplayedmanyrolesontelevisionoverthelasttwoyears.Threemonthsago,Abrahamobtainedanewroleinatelevisionseriesthatguaranteedhimworkforthenexttwoyears.Ben,however,hasbeenoutofworkforthelastthreemonths.Duringthistime,Benauditionedfor15rolesindifferentshows,buthasyettosecureanywork.
Question 18WhichoneofthefollowingbestdescribesAbraham’sandBen’sallostaticloadsoverthelastthreemonths?A. highforbothAbrahamandBenB. lowforbothAbrahamandBenC. higherforBenthanAbrahamD. higherforAbrahamthanBen
Question 19EachtimeBenpreparesforanaudition,itislikelythathisA. pupilswillconstrictandhislevelsofstresshormoneswillincrease.B. heartratewillincreaseandhislevelsofstresshormoneswilldecrease.C. stomachcontractionswilldecreaseandhislevelsofstresshormoneswillincrease.D. liverwilldecreasethereleaseofglucoseandhislevelsofstresshormoneswillincrease.
Question 20BendecidedtoaskAbrahamtohelphimpractisehislinesforanupcomingaudition.BeingabletopractisehislineswithAbrahamisanexampleofA. asocialfactorthatwillhelptoalleviateBen’sstressresponse.B. aphysiologicalfactorthatwillhelptoalleviateBen’sstressresponse.C. socialsupportthatwilldecreaseBen’sabilitytocopewithhissituation.D. apsychologicalfactorthatwillhelptoexacerbateBen’sstressresponse.
2016PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 6
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Question 21Themostreliablewaytodiscriminatebetweenstage1andstage2ofsleepusinganelectroencephalograph(EEG)wouldbetolookforA. thepresenceofsleepspindlesandKcomplexestoindicatestage1sleep.B. thepresenceofsleepspindlesandKcomplexestoindicatestage2sleep.C. anincreasedproportionofdeltawavestoindicatestage1sleep.D. anincreasedproportionofdeltawavestoindicatestage2sleep.
Question 22ThemostreliablemeasureofsleepwouldbeacombinationofA. videomonitoringandself-reportedsleeplogs.B. physiologicalmeasuresrecordedinasleeplaboratoryandself-reportedsleeplogs.C. physiologicalmeasuresrecordedinasleeplaboratoryandvideomonitoringonthesamenight.D. physiologicalmeasuresrecordedinasleeplaboratoryandvideomonitoringonadifferentnight.
Use the following information to answer Questions 23 and 24.Johnisahealthy34-year-oldmanwhowitnessedawoman’shandbagbeingstolenfromashoppingtrolleyinasupermarket.Johnwasshownaseriesofphotographsoffacesandaskedifanyofthefacesmatchedthatofthepersonwhotookthehandbag.
Question 23ThelobeofJohn’sbrainthatwasmostactivewhenhetriedtoidentifytheperson’sfacewashisA. leftparietallobe.B. lefttemporallobe.C. rightoccipitallobe.D. righttemporallobe.
Question 24Johnisaskedtogiveeyewitnesstestimony.Inthisscenario,whichoneofthefollowingisanexampleofaleadingquestion?A. Wherewereyouinthesupermarketwhenthehandbagwasstolen?B. Whatcolourwasthehandbagthatthemanstolefromthetrolley?C. Whatwasthepersonwhostolethehandbagwearing?D. Whattimewasitwhenthehandbagwasstolen?
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Use the following information to answer Questions 25–27.Simran’sthree-year-oldchild,Ava,regularlythrowstantrumswhensheisnotgivenwhatsheasksfor,suchaswhensheasksforchocolatejustbeforedinnertime.SimransoughtadvicefromAva’skindergartenteacher,whosuggestedthatSimranignorethetantrums,andwhenAvaiscalmandbehavingwell,SimranshouldpraiseAvaandgiveheratreat.
Question 25Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribesthekindergartenteacher’ssuggestedstrategyofignoringAva’stantrums?A. operantconditioningthatreinforcestheresponseB. classicalconditioningthatreinforcestheresponseC. operantconditioningthatextinguishestheresponseD. classicalconditioningthatextinguishestheresponse
Question 26IfSimranweretogiveAvachocolatewhenshethrowsatantrum,SimranwouldbeA. positivelyreinforcingthetantrumandincreasingthelikelihoodofthemoccurringinthefuture.B. positivelyreinforcingthetantrumanddecreasingthelikelihoodofthemoccurringinthefuture.C. negativelyreinforcingthetantrumandincreasingthelikelihoodofthemoccurringinthefuture.D. negativelyreinforcingthetantrumanddecreasingthelikelihoodofthemoccurringinthefuture.
Question 27IfSimrangaveAvachocolatejustbeforedinnertimeandAva’stantrumsubsequentlystopped,Simran’sbehaviourwouldbeA. positivelyreinforced,increasingthelikelihoodofhergivingAvachocolatethenexttimeshethrowsatantrum.B. positivelyreinforced,decreasingthelikelihoodofhergivingAvachocolatethenexttimeshethrowsatantrum.C. negativelyreinforced,increasingthelikelihoodofhergivingAvachocolatethenexttimeshethrowsatantrum.D. negativelyreinforced,decreasingthelikelihoodofhergivingAvachocolatethenexttimeshethrowsatantrum.
Question 28Hollyismonitoringherheartrateasaformofbiofeedbacktohelphermanageherstressatwork.AlimitationofusingbiofeedbackinthissituationisthatA. heartrateisnotaneffectivephysiologicalresponsetobeusedaspartofbiofeedback.B. itcanbechallengingforHollytoapplytheprinciplesofbiofeedbackwhileatwork.C. Hollyispassiveintheprocesswhiletheheartratemonitorisactive.D. changestoheartratecannotbemadeconsciously.
2016PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 8
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Question 29ItislikelythatapersongivenahighdoseofalcoholcomparedtoalowdosewouldshowA. increaseddistortionintimeorientationanddulledemotionalawareness.B. decreaseddistortionintimeorientationanddulledemotionalawareness.C. increaseddistortionintimeorientationandheightenedemotionalawareness.D. decreaseddistortionintimeorientationandheightenedemotionalawareness.
Use the following information to answer Questions 30 and 31.Vladimirtookpartinanexperimentonworkingmemory.Hewasbrieflyshownablockletter(picturedbelow)andthenaskedtocountinhisheadthenumberofcornersontheletter.
Question 30AsVladimirperformsthistask,hisA. phonologicalloopstoresthenumberofcornersthathecounts,whilehiscentralexecutivestorestheimageof
theblockletter.B. phonologicalloopstoresthenumberofcornersthathecounts,whilehisvisuo-spatialsketchpadstoresthe
imageoftheblockletter.C. visuo-spatialsketchpadstoresthenumberofcornersthathecounts,whilehisphonologicalloopstoresthe
imageoftheblockletter.D. centralexecutivestoresthenumberofcornersthathecounts,whilehisepisodicbufferdirectshisattentionto
thecornersoftheblockletter.
Question 31Whatistheroleofthecentralexecutiveinthisscenario?A. HoldtheimageoftheletterwhileVladimiriscounting.B. Storeinformationfromlong-termmemoryregardingthelettersofthealphabet.C. Attendtoidentifyingeachcornerandaddingittothenumberofcornerscounted.D. Integrateinformationfromthevisuo-spatialsketchpadandphonologicalloopwhilekeepingcountofthe
numberofcorners.
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Use the following information to answer Questions 32–35.DrWilliamswantedtoperformapartialreplicationofJBWatson’s‘LittleAlbert’experimentusingayoungmonkeyinsteadofahumaninfant.SimilarlytoWatson’sexperiment,anironbarwasstruckbehindthemonkey’sbackeachtimeawhiteratwaspresented.Soonthemonkeyshowedfearoftheratevenwhenthebarwasnotstruck.
Question 32ItislikelythatDrWilliamsusedayoungmonkeyinsteadofahumaninfantinthestudybecauseA. usingamonkeyislesslikelytogetapprovalfromanethicsboardthanusingahumaninfant.B. monkeysandhumanshavesignificantlydifferentstructuresintheirnervoussystems.C. hewantedtofindoutifyoungmonkeysandyounghumanslearninthesameway.D. hewantedtoexploreotheraspectsofobservationallearning.
Question 33DrWilliamsdecidedthathewouldcontinuetopresentthewhiterattothemonkeywithoutstrikingthebar.Attheendofthefirstday,themonkeyremainedscaredoftherat.Afteranight’ssleep,whenpresentedwiththeratatthestartofthenextday,themonkeywasstillvisiblyscared.Whichoneofthefollowingisthemostlikelyexplanationforthemonkey’sfearoftheratthenextday?A. unconditionedresponseB. spontaneousrecoveryC. conditionedresponseD. extinction
Question 34Laterintheresearch,DrWilliamsstrucktheironbarbehindthemonkey’sbackwhenthemonkeywaspresentedwithafurrySantaClausmask.Onlyafteranumberofpairingsdidthemonkeyshowfearofthemask.Themonkey’sfearofthemaskisanexampleofA. aconditionedresponse.B. stimulusgeneralisation.C. stimulusdiscrimination.D. anunconditionedresponse.
Question 35DrWilliamsconsideredwhethertousefloodingorgraduatedexposuretotreatthemonkey’sfearoftheSantaClausmask.AsimilarityinthesetreatmentsisthattheyarebothA. ethicallyjustifiedinallcases.B. basedontheprinciplesofoperantconditioning.C. basedontheprinciplesofclassicalconditioning.D. basedondirectexposuretothefear-producingstimulusasthefirststep.
2016PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 10
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Use the following information to answer Questions 36 and 37.Rose,whohasnohistoryofdiseaseorinjurytothebrain,wasaskedtomaintainherfocusonacentralfixationpointwhilethefollowingfourstimuliwereprojectedatrandomontoeithertheleftsideorrightsideofascreen:• Stimulus1–theword‘cat’projectedontotheleftsideofthescreen• Stimulus2–apictureofabananaprojectedontotherightsideofthescreen• Stimulus3–theword‘dog’projectedontotherightsideofthescreen• Stimulus4–apictureofahammerprojectedontotheleftsideofthescreen
Rosewasinstructedtopressthespacebaronakeyboardasquicklyaspossiblewhenshesawapicture.Whenshesawaword,shewasinstructedtosaythewordaloudasquicklyaspossible.ThetimetakenforRosetorespondtoeachstimuluswasrecorded.
Question 36Whichtwostimuliwouldhavemostlikelyproducedthefastestresponsetimes?A. catandbananaB. dogandbananaC. catandhammerD. dogandhammer
Question 37WhichareaofRose’sbrainenabledhertopronouncethewords‘cat’and‘dog’?A. Broca’sareainthefrontallobeB. Broca’sareainthetemporallobeC. Wernicke’sareainthefrontallobeD. Wernicke’sareainthetemporallobe
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Use the following information to answer Questions 38 and 39.WhenAmirwasinYear10,heorganisedareunionofhisGrade6class.Initiallyhecouldonlyrecallthenamesof12classmates,eventhoughheknewthatthereweremorestudentsintheclass.Hefoundanoldphotographoftheclass,withoutanynames,andwasthenabletorecallthenamesof22ofthe25classmates.
Question 38Amir’sinabilitytoinitiallyrecallthe10additionalnamesofhisGrade6classmateswasmostlikelyduetoA. decay.B. interference.C. retrievalfailure.D. motivatedforgetting.
Question 39AmirknewthattherewasaboymissingfromthephotographofhisGrade6classastheboyhadjoinedtheclasslaterintheyear.Despitehavingthefeelingthatheknewtheboy’snameandthattheboy’snamestartedwith‘G’,Amircouldnotrecalltheboy’sname.ThisisknownasA. decaytheory.B. retrogradeamnesia.C. proactiveinterference.D. tip-of-the-tonguephenomenon.
Question 40Basedonexplanationsofmemorydeclineoverthelifespan,olderpeopletendtoA. havepoorerproceduralmemoriesthanyoungerpeople.B. havelessconfidenceintheirmemorythanyoungerpeople.C. havemoreconfidenceintheirmemorythanyoungerpeople.D. performworsethanyoungerpeopleontasksthatrelyonrecognition.
2016PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 12
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Use the following information to answer Questions 41–45.OscarandFlynnstartedattendingthesamekindergartenatthesametime.Theyhadpreviouslyattendedthesamechildcarecentretogether.Initially,whenstartingkindergarten,Flynndisplayedsymptomsofseparationanxietywhendroppedoffinthemorning,includingcryingandclingingtohismother.Hisheartratealsoincreasedandarashappearedonhisforehead.Oncehismotherleft,however,hequicklysettledandenjoyedtheactivitiesprovidedbyhiskindergartenteacher.Afteronemonthofattendingkindergarten,Flynnnolongercriedorclungtohismotherwhendroppedoffandhewouldquicklysettle.Incontrast,whenstartingkindergarten,Oscarwasveryexcited.Heeagerlyranuptothefrontdoorofthekindergartenwithgreatenthusiasm.Hehesitantlywavedgoodbyetohismother,buttookhiskindergartenteacher’shandandsettledquicklyintotheactivitiesprovided.
Question 41Wheninitiallystartingkindergarten,itismostlikelythatFlynnandOscarwereexperiencing,respectivelyA. eustress,distress.B. distress,eustress.C. distress,nostressresponse.D. eustress,fight-flightresponse.
Question 42PhysiologicalcharacteristicsofthestressresponsethatFlynndisplayedwheninitiallystartingkindergartenincludedA. eustressandcrying.B. distressandincreasedheartrate.C. distressandclingingtohismother.D. rashonhisforeheadandincreasedheartrate.
Question 43WhichnervoussystemwasmostlikelydominantwhenOscarstartedkindergarten?A. somaticnervoussystemB. peripheralnervoussystemC. sympatheticnervoussystemD. parasympatheticnervoussystem
Question 44Flynn’sappraisalofkindergartenwhenhefirststartedcomparedtohisappraisalonemonthlaterismostlikelytobe,respectivelyA. stressful,athreat.B. irrelevant,stressful.C. stressful,benign/positive.D. benign/positive,stressful.
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Question 45WhenFlynnisupset,hegoestohisteacherandasksforacuddle.WhatisFlynn’sstrategyanexampleof?A. meditationB. biofeedbackC. physicalexerciseD. emotion-focusedcoping
Question 46WhatisatypicalchangefoundinthebrainofanAlzheimer’ssufferer?A. adecreaseinthesizeoftheventriclesB. anabnormalincreaseinthelevelsoftheneurotransmitteracetylcholineC. abuild-upofbothamyloidplaquesandneurofibrillarytanglessurroundingtheneuronsD. adecreaseinamyloidplaquesandanincreaseinneurofibrillarytanglessurroundingtheneurons
Question 47Toulawantedtostopherdogbarkingat6amanddecidedtouseastrategyinvolvingpunishment.Forpunishmenttobemosteffective,itshouldbeadministeredA. twohoursafterthedogbarks,everytime.B. immediatelyafterthedogbarks,everytime.C. twohoursafterthedogbarks,someofthetime.D. immediatelyafterthedogbarks,someofthetime.
Question 48AstudywasconductedwheresubjectswereselectivelypreventedfromenteringREMsleepoveraperiodoffivedays.Onthesixthnight,theywereallowedtosleepnormally.ThemostlikelyresponseintermsoftheproportionofREMsleeponthesixthnightwouldbeA. adecreasedproportionofREMsleep.B. anincreasedproportionofREMsleep.C. anincreasedproportionofstage2sleep.D. anincreasedproportionofstages3and4sleep.
Question 49Inoperantconditioning,thenatureoftheresponseandthedivisionofthenervoussystemthatismostactiveare,respectivelyA. voluntary,thesomaticnervoussystem.B. involuntary,thesomaticnervoussystem.C. voluntary,theautonomicnervoussystem.D. involuntary,theautonomicnervoussystem.
2016PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 14
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Use the following information to answer Questions 50–52.Thediagrambelowshowsasemanticnetworkformusicalinstruments.
musicalinstruments
stringinstruments
sound produced byvibration of strings
object used to make musical soundsused for entertainment or rituals
guitar
strings pluckedor strummed
strings played withbow or plucked
violin
windinstruments
sound produced bystream of air
flute
air blown acrossmouthpiece
air blown througha reed
clarinet
Question 50Accordingtosemanticnetworktheory,thenodesinthisnetworkrepresentA. linksbetweenmusicalinstrumentconceptsinmemory.B. aperson’smemoriesofhearingorplayingmusicalinstruments.C. knowledgeofthepropertiesandfeaturesofmusicalinstrumentsinmemory.D. pathwaysbywhichinformationaboutmusicalinstrumentscanberetrievedinmemory.
Question 51Accordingtosemanticnetworktheory,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsshouldpeoplebeabletoverifyfaster?A. Afluteisanobjectusedforentertainment.B. Aclarinetrequiresairblownthroughareed.C. Aguitarisanobjectusedtomakemusicalsounds.D. Aguitarproducessoundthroughthevibrationofstrings.
Question 52Accordingtosemanticnetworktheory,whenpeoplehavepreviouslyansweredaquestionaboutflutestheywillsubsequentlybeA. slowertoretrieveinformationaboutwindinstrumentsthanclarinets.B. fastertoretrieveinformationaboutstringinstrumentsthanviolins.C. slowertoretrieveinformationaboutclarinetsthanviolins.D. fastertoretrieveinformationaboutviolinsthanclarinets.
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Question 53Phoebeiseightyearsoldandlovesplayingcricket.ShereallyadmirestheAustralianfemalecricketcaptain,whohasblondehair,likePhoebe,andoftenhitsballsoverthefenceforsixruns.Shetellsherfather,‘I’mgoingtobelikeheronedayandplayforAustraliaandbeonTVlikesheis’.ThestageofobservationallearningthatmostappliestoPhoebechoosingthefemalecaptainasthemodelforherbehaviourisA. attention.B. retention.C. motivation.D. reproduction.
Question 54Gemma’scanary,whowashatchedandraisedawayfromothercanaries,singsadistinctivesongeverymorningdespiteneverhearinganothercanarysing.Inthewintermonths,thecanarystoppedsingingthisdistinctivesong. Onthefirstdayofspring,Gemmaheardthecanarysingthissongagain.ThisisanexampleofA. extinction.B. afixedactionpattern.C. spontaneousrecovery.D. trial-and-errorlearning.
Question 55Hayleyhaslearnttochoosewhichparentsheshouldasktoborrowthefamilycarfromdependingonwhichparentisinabettermood.WhatisHayley’sbehaviouranexampleof?A. responsecostB. stimulusgeneralisationC. negativereinforcementD. stimulusdiscrimination
Question 56ApatientwithWernicke’saphasiaisA. unlikelytobeawareoftheircondition,whichinvolvesdifficultywithproducingspeechbutanabilityto
comprehendthespeechofothers.B. likelytobeawareoftheircondition,whichinvolvesdifficultywithproducingspeechanddifficultyspeaking
inawaythatismeaningfultoothers.C. likelytobeawareoftheircondition,whichinvolvesdifficultywithcomprehendingspeechanddifficulty
speakinginawaythatismeaningfultoothers.D. unlikelytobeawareoftheircondition,whichinvolvesdifficultywithcomprehendingspeechanddifficulty
speakinginawaythatismeaningfultoothers.
2016PSYCHOLOGYEXAM 16
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Question 57Editaisahealthy29-year-oldwomanwhohassustainedaheadinjury.Inhospital,althoughsheisawakeandalert,sheisunabletorememberthefamilyholidayshewentonlastmonth.EditaislikelytobesufferingfromA. retrogradeamnesia.B. Alzheimer’sdisease.C. anterogradeamnesia.D. proactiveinterference.
Question 58Whatfunctionalchangeoccursinneuronswhenmemoriesareformed?A. adecreaseinthereleaseofthemaininhibitoryneurotransmitterglutamateB. anincreaseintheformationofdendriticspinestoallowforeasiercommunicationbetweenneuronsC. moreneurotransmittersbeingproducedandreleasedbypost-synapticneurons,whichactonthereceptorsitesof
pre-synapticneuronsD. moreneurotransmittersbeingproducedandreleasedbypre-synapticneurons,whichactonthereceptorsitesof
post-synapticneurons
Question 59Aresearchernoticedthatafter24hoursofsleepdeprivation,subjectsbegantoshowperiodsofverysloweyeclosureandlapsesofattentionwhilecompletingadrivingtaskonacomputersimulator.TheperiodsofverysloweyeclosureweremostlikelyanindicationofA. microsleep.B. REMsleep.C. stage2sleep.D. reboundslow-wavesleep.
Question 60Takeshiisanaccountantwhohasworkedallweekonhiscompany’sbudget,whichincludesmanyfour-digitnumbers.Attheendoftheweek,hewenttoanATM/cashmachinetowithdrawmoney,butdespitehavingknownhisfour-digitpinnumberfor15years,hesuddenlyfoundhimselfenteringthewrongfour-digitpinnumberintotheATM/cashmachine.WhatisthelikelycauseofTakeshienteringthewrongpinnumber?A. proactiveinterferenceB. motivatedinterferenceC. retroactiveinterferenceD. theserialpositioneffect
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SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER
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Question 61Wheninvestigatingnaturallyoccurringbehaviour,anadvantageofusingobservationalstudiesasadatacollectiontechniqueisthatA. comparedwithexperiments,observationalstudiesdonotrequirecontrolledvariables.B. unlikeself-reportmethods,standardisedproceduresarenotrequiredinobservationalstudies.C. similarlytoexperiments,itispossibletocontrolconfoundingvariablesinobservationalstudies.D. comparedwithcasestudies,experimentalandcontrolgroupsarenotneededinobservationalstudies.
Question 62Barbarawaswatchingtelevisionwhenhermotherwalkedinandsaid,‘Barbara,it’syourturntotaketherubbishbinsouttonight’.Barbarawasabouttoaskhermothertorepeatwhatshehadsaid,butdidnotneedtobecauseithadbeenheldinherA. iconicmemory,whichhasadurationof3–4seconds.B. echoicmemory,whichhasadurationof3–4seconds.C. implicitmemory,whichhasadurationof0.2–0.4seconds.D. phonologicalloop,whichhasadurationof0.2–0.4seconds.
Question 63DrTerrenceisrunninganexperimenttoinvestigatetheeffectthatroomtemperaturehasonthetimetakenforpeopletofallasleep.Inthisexperiment,theindependentvariableisA. roomtemperature.B. timetakenforpeopletofallasleep.C. bodytemperaturewhenpeoplefallasleep.D. timetakenbypeopletoadapttoroomtemperature.
Question 64Kelvin,MaryandSoniawerediscussingeventsfromtheirchildhood.KelvinandMarymentionedthetimeatschoolwhenSoniaslippedinapuddle,whichledtoallofherclassmateslaughingatherandteasingher.Whenithappened,Soniawasdistressedand,after,deliberatelytriedtoavoidthinkingabouttheincident.AccordingtoFreud,SoniaislikelytohaveA. consciouslyrepressedthememoryofthisincident.B. consciouslysuppressedthememoryofthisincident.C. unconsciouslyrepressedthememoryofthisincident.D. unconsciouslysuppressedthememoryofthisincident.
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END OF SECTION A
Question 65DrJohnstone,aclinicalpsychologist,assessesherpatient’ssymptomsononeormorescalesatvariousintervals.Shedoesthissothatshecanmonitorchangesinthepatient’ssymptomsovertime.WhatapproachtotheclassificationofmentaldisordersisDrJohnstoneusing?A. socialB. biologicalC. categoricalD. transitional
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CONTINUES OVER PAGE
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SECTION B – continued
Question 1 (2marks)Identifyonesimilarityandonedifferencebetweenoperantconditioningandsociallearningtheory.
Similarity
Difference
Question 2 (2marks)Rebeccawasreferredtoaclinicalpsychologist.ThepsychologistconsideredthespecificsymptomsreportedbyRebeccaandthosethatwerepresentedduringthementalhealthassessment.ThecharacteristicpatternofsymptomsthatRebeccapresentedwithledthepsychologisttodiagnoseherwithamentaldisorder.
NametheclassificationapproachthatRebecca’spsychologistusedandidentifyadisadvantageofusingthisclassificationapproach.
Classificationapproach
Disadvantage
SECTION B – Short-answer questions
Instructions for Section BAnswerall questionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Question 3 (6marks)Researchersconductedaninvestigationintostatesofconsciousnesswithtwogroupsofhealthy 30-year-oldadultswithnohistoryofdiseaseorinjurytothebrain.Therecordingsfromtheelectroencephalograph(EEG)andelectromyograph(EMG)forparticipantsfromeachgrouparesummarisedinthetablebelow.
Table 1. Summary of consciousness recordings
Group EEG recording EMG recording
1 fast,irregular,unsynchronised, low-amplitudewaves
littleornomusclemovement
2 slow,regular,synchronised, high-amplitudewaves
limitedandirregularmusclemovement
a. Identifythestateofconsciousnessthattheparticipantsfromeachgroupwerelikelytobeexperiencing.Justifyyourresponse. 4marks
Group1
Group2
b. Describewhatatypicalelectro-oculargraph(EOG)recordingwouldshowforeachgroup. 2marks
Group1
Group2
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SECTION B – Question 4–continued
Question 4 (8marks)MrButler,aPsychologyteacher,conductedamemoryexperimentonhisPsychologyclass.Hewantedtoinvestigatewhethertheuseofnarrativechaining,whichisamnemonicdevice,isamoreeffectivemethodofrememberinglistsofunrelatedwordsintheorderinwhichtheyarepresented,thannotusinganymnemonicdevice.Intheexperiment,halfoftheclasswasgiventwominutestostudyfourlistsofwords.Thestudentsweretoldtotrytorememberthewordsfromeachlistintheorderinwhichtheywerepresented.Theywerenotgivenanyotherinstructions.Theotherhalfoftheclasswasgiventwominutestostudythesamefourlistsofwords.Thestudentswereinstructedtousenarrativechainingtohelpthemrememberthewordsfromeachlistintheorderinwhichtheywerepresented.Thatday,afterschool,MrButlerwassupervisingdetention.Heinformedthestudentsondetentionthattheywererequiredtotakepartintheexperimenthehadconductedearlierthatday.Ifthestudentsparticipated,hewouldletthemleavedetention10minutesearly,butiftheydidnotparticipate,detentionwouldbeextendedby10minutes.
a. ThefollowingwordsarefromList1ofMrButler’sexperiment:‘sugar’,‘chair’,‘tree’,‘car’,‘television’.
Usingthesewords,provideanexampleofnarrativechaining. 1mark
b. Outlinethepurposeofthecontrolgroupasitrelatestothisexperiment. 1mark
c. Referringtopsychologicaltheory,describethelikelyfindingsofthisexperiment. 2marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
d. Operationalisethedependentvariableinthisexperiment. 2marks
e. Intermsofparticipants’rights,describewhichspecificethicalconsiderationMrButlerbreachedwiththestudentsondetention. 2marks
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SECTION B – continued
Question 5 (6marks)Emiliacanstillrememberanemotionaleventfromherchildhood.WhenEmiliawasyoung,shebecameseparatedfromhermotherinalargeshoppingcentre.Whenhermotherfoundher10minuteslater,Emiliawasvisiblyupsetandcrying.
a. IdentifythespecifictypeofdeclarativememorythatthiseventisforEmilia.Justifyyourresponse. 2marks
b. IdentifythetwospecificareasofEmilia’stemporallobethatwereinvolvedintheformationofhermemoryofbeinglost.Explaintheroleofeachareainmemoryformation. 4marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Question 6 (4marks)Stan,whoisthreeyearsold,andJames,whois33yearsold,bothsustainedheadinjuriesandsuffereddamagetothesameareaoftheirbrain.Asaresultofthisdamage,bothhavedifficultyspeakingfluentlyandmovingtheirrightarmfreely.
a. Namethelobeandhemisphereofthebrainthathavemostlikelybeendamaged. 1mark
b. Withreferencetotypesofbrainplasticity,explainwhyStanismorelikelytohaveafasterandmorecompleterecoverythanJames. 3marks
Question 7 (3marks)Zahraisafirst-timemother.Whenherbabyboywaseightweeksold,Zahra’smother,wholivesoverseas,cametostayforsixweekstohelpcareforhernewgrandsonandtohelpZahraadjusttohernewroleasaparent.Zahraalsostartedattendingagroupfornewparents,runbyamaternalandchildhealthnursethroughherlocalcouncil,whereshemeetsonceaweekwithagroupoffiveotherfirst-timeparents.
ExplainhowonesourceofsocialsupportidentifiedinthescenariocouldhelpalleviateZahra’sstressresponseassociatedwithcaringforanewborn.
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SECTION B – continued
Question 8 (5marks)SperryandGazzanigaconductedaseriesofstudieswithpatientswhohadundergonesplit-brainsurgery.
a. WithreferencetoSperryandGazzaniga’sstudies,explainthemostlikelyresponsewhenapatientwhohasundergonesplit-brainsurgeryisaskedtoverbaliseanimageofatoothbrushthathasbeenprojectedtotheleftvisualfield. 3marks
b. Thesamepatienthastheirlefthandplacedinsideabagcontainingabanana,apenandatoothbrush.Atthesametime,animageofatoothbrushisprojectedtotheleftvisualfield.
Describehowthepatientcouldidentifytheimageofthetoothbrush. 2marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Question 9 (3marks)TheSunnydownBasketballLeaguehas1500playersaged12–18.
Explainhowaresearchercoulddesignarandomsamplingproceduretoinvestigatetheeffectofsportsdrinksontheperformanceofunder-16basketballplayersintheSunnydownBasketballLeague.
Question 10 (3marks)Travisiscurrentlyundertakinghisfirstyearofuniversity.Heisfeelingpressuredbyhisfamily’sexpectationthatheshouldscorehighmarks.Travisalsoworkspart-timestackingfrozenvegetablesinthecoolroomofhislocalsupermarkettosavemoneytogooutwithhisnewgirlfriend,whohewantstoimpress.
IdentifyanenvironmentalfactorinthescenarioaboveanddescribehowitmayexacerbateTravis’sphysiologicalresponsetostress.
Factor
Description
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SECTION B – continued
Question 11 (6marks)Timwasoncefinedforcrossingtheroadatanintersectionwhenthepedestriansignalwasred.Nowhealwayscrosseslegally,whenthepedestriansignalisgreen.
a. Usingthethree-phasemodelofoperantconditioning,explainwhyTimhasnowlearntnottocrosstheroadwhenthepedestriansignalisred. 4marks
b. Timgetsfrustratedwhenhehastowaitatapedestriancrossingandrepeatedlypressesthebutton atthecrossing,thinkingitwillmakethesignalchangefaster.Heisunawarethatthesignalfollowsa pre-programmedpatterntochangeevery90secondswheneverthebuttonispressedatleastonce.
Withreferencetoschedulesofreinforcement,describewhyTim’sstrategywillnotresultinthepedestriansignalchangingtogreenfaster. 2marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Question 12 (3marks)DominicandJackareteammateswhocompetedinthesamefootballmatchontheweekend.Twominutesbeforetheendofthematch,theirteammatekickedthewinninggoal.Thirtysecondslater,Dominicreceivedahittotheheadinatackleandwasknockedunconsciousforoneminute.Jackdidnotsustainanyinjuryduringthematch.DominicandJackwereinterviewed40minutesafterthematchandaskedtocommentonthewinninggoal.
Withreferencetoconsolidationtheory,identifywhoismorelikelytobeabletorecallthewinninggoalthatwaskickedandjustifyyourresponse.
Question 13 (4marks)Aresearcherwantstocomparetherelativesensitivitybetweentwodifferentpartsofthebody.
Describeanappropriateresearchtechniquethattheresearchercoulduseandhowtheresultsobtainedcoulddemonstratetherelationshipbetweencorticalrepresentationofbodypartsandrelativesensitivity.Inyourresponse,refertotwodifferentpartsofthebody.
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END OF SECTION B
Question 14 (5marks)Katrinaeatstoastforbreakfasteveryday.Threedaysinarow,thetoastgotstuckinthetoasterandburned,settingoffthesmokealarm.Thesmokealarmmadeahigh-pitchednoisethatcausedherdogBustertostartleandthenrunaway.Now,wheneverKatrinausesthetoaster,Busterrunsoutsideandhidesinthegarden.
Usingtheterminologyofclassicalconditioning,explainhowBusterhascometofearthetoaster.
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SECTION C – continuedTURN OVER
Aresearcherundertookastudytoexaminethestressresponseatkeytimesduringtheweddingplanningprocess.Theparticipantswere300brides-to-berecruitedfromabridalexhibitionthattheyattendedinMelbourne,Victoria.Atthebridalexhibition,theparticipantswereapproachedbytheresearcher’sassistantandaskediftheywouldliketovoluntarilyparticipateinaresearchstudyexaminingtheeffectofplanningaweddingonaperson’sstressresponse.Theywereinformedthattheywouldberequiredtocompleteaquestionnaireatthreedifferenttimes:twiceduringtheplanningoftheirweddingandonceaftertheirwedding.
Questionnaire designAfour-itemquestionnairewasdevelopedbytheresearcher,whichaskedparticipantstoconsiderdifferentaspectsoftheweddingplanningprocess.Theywereaskedtoratetheextenttowhichtheyfeltstressed,at this particular point in time,abouteachoftheseaspectsusingafive-pointscale(where1=notstressedand5=extremelystressed).Aconsentformoutliningthenatureandpurposeoftheresearchwasprovided.
Questionnaire administrationStage1–Participantsatthebridalexhibitionweregivenacopyofthequestionnairetocompletebythemselves.
Oncecompleted,thequestionnairewasplacedinasecure,lockedboxtomaintainanonymity.Stage2–Participantsweremailedasecondcopyofthequestionnairewithinstructionstocompleteitanonymously
oneweekpriortotheirweddingdate.Astampedself-addressedenvelopewasincludedwiththequestionnaire.
Stage3–Participantsweremailedafinalcopyofthequestionnaireandaskedtocompleteitanonymouslyonemonthaftertheirweddingdate.Astampedself-addressedenvelopewasincludedwiththequestionnaire.
Theresearchercalculatedtheoverallmeanresponseforeachitemateachstage.Theresultsareshowninthetablebelow.
Table 1. Mean response for each item at key stages before and after a wedding
Item Stage 1 – At exhibition
(out of 5)n = 300
Stage 2 – One week prior
(out of 5)n = 210
Stage 3 – One month after
(out of 5)n = 190
Mean response for each item
(out of 5)n = 700
financialcostofwedding 4.0 4.8 4.1 4.3
involvementofparentsinweddingplanning
3.5 3.8 3.2 3.5
choosingweddingvenue 4.5 2.5 0.8 2.6
decidingonseatingplan 1.5 4.8 1.8 2.7
Overall response for each stage (out of 5)
3.4 4.0 2.5
n=samplesize
SECTION C – Research scenario
Instructions for Section CAnswerthequestionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.Yourresponsesmayincludediagrams,chartsandtables.
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SECTION C – continued
Question 1 (1mark)Namethetypeofdatacollectedinthequestionnaire.
Question 2 (2marks)Namethesamplingprocedureusedinthestudyandidentifyoneadvantageofusingthissamplingprocedure.
Question 3 (2marks)Describehowdebriefingmaybeundertakenforthedatacollectiontechniqueusedinthestudy.
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SECTION C – Question 4 –continuedTURN OVER
Question 4 (10marks)Evaluatetheresultsobtainedinrelationtothe:• psychologicaldeterminantsofthestressresponse• roleofprimaryandsecondaryappraisalasinformedbyLazarusandFolkman’sTransactionalModelof
StressandCoping• potentialextraneousand/orconfoundingvariables,includingwaystheycouldbeminimised.
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END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
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Extra space for responses
Clearly number all responses in this space.
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