2016 chemistry written examination 2 · pdf filechemistry written examination tuesday 8...
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CHEMISTRYWritten examination
Tuesday 8 November 2016 Reading time: 9.00 am to 9.15 am (15 minutes) Writing time: 9.15 am to 11.45 am (2 hours 30 minutes)
QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
Structure of bookSection Number of
questionsNumber of questions
to be answeredNumber of
marksA 30 30 30B 11 11 90
Total 120
• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers, sharpeners,rulersandonescientificcalculator.
• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.
Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof44pages.• Databook.• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestions.Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice
questionsarecorrect,andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenotdrawntoscale.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.• Youmaykeepthedatabook.
Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2016
SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2016
STUDENT NUMBER
Letter
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 2
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eaQuestion 1
Whichoneofthefollowinglistscontainsonlyanalyticaltechniquesthatcanbeusedtodeterminetheconcentrationofasubstance?A. AAS,GCandHPLCB. HPLC,GCandTLCC. UV-visand1HNMRD. UV-vis,AASandTLC
Question 2
H HC
H
CH C C C H
H HH H
H
H
H
HHH
C
C HH
C
H
HH
C
Whatisthecorrectsystematicnameforthecompoundshownabove?A. 4-methyl-5-ethylhexaneB. 2-ethyl-3-methylhexaneC. 4,5-dimethylheptaneD. 3,4-dimethylheptane
SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions
Instructions for Section AAnswerall questionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrect orthatbest answers thequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenotdrawntoscale.
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Question 3Hydrogenperoxidesolutionsarecommerciallyavailableandhavearangeofuses.Theactiveingredient,hydrogenperoxide,H2O2,undergoesdecompositioninthepresenceofasuitablecatalystaccordingtothereaction
2H2O2(l) →2H2O(l)+O2(g)
Inthisreaction,oxygenA. onlyundergoesoxidation.B. onlyundergoesreduction.C. undergoesbothoxidationandreduction.D. undergoesneitheroxidationnorreduction.
Question 4Apaperchromatographoffourdyes,G,P,RandY,isshownbelow.
solvent front
origin
G P R Ydye
20191817161514131211109876543210
TheRfvalueofthedyemoststronglyadsorbedontothestationaryphaseisA. 0.25B. 0.33C. 0.75D. 0.78
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 4
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Question 5Apieceofdouble-strandedDNAis300basepairsinlength.Itcontains180guaninebases.Thenumberofthymineandcytosinebases,respectively,isA. 120and120B. 120and180C. 180and120D. 180and180
Question 6Asolutionofapproximately0.1Mbenzoicacid,C6H5COOH,istitratedagainsta0.1004M solutionofsodiumhydroxide,NaOH.WhichoneofthefollowingpHcurvesrepresentsthistitration?
25volume of NaOH (mL)
14
7pH
025
volume of NaOH (mL)
14
7pH
0
25volume of NaOH (mL)
14
7pH
025
volume of NaOH (mL)
14
7pH
0
A. B.
C. D.
5 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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Use the following information to answer Questions 7 and 8.Agroupofstudentswasrequiredtodeterminetheconcentrationofasolutionofhydrochloricacid,HCl,providedforatitrationcompetition.Ineachtitration,a25.00mLaliquotofafreshlystandardisedsolutionof0.2450Msodiumhydroxide,NaOH,waspipettedintoaconicalflaskandtitratedagainsttheHClsolution.Anappropriateindicatorwasadded.Theexperimentwasrepeateduntilthreeconcordantresultswereobtained.Thedataforthesetitrationsisshowninthefollowingtable.
volumeofaliquotofNaOH 25.00mL
concentrationofNaOHsolution 0.2450M
meantitreofHClsolution 13.49mL
Question 7Basedontheseresults,theconcentrationofHClisA. 0.1322MB. 0.4540MC. 1.322MD. 2.202M
Question 8TheexperimentalvalueoftheconcentrationofHClobtainedfromthesetitrationswaslessthantheactualvalue.Whichoneoftheseactionsbythestudentsmostlikelyaccountsforthelowerthanexpectedresult?A. rinsingtheburettewithwaterB. rinsingthepipettewithwaterC. rinsingtheconicalflaskwithwaterD. leavingthefunnelinthetopoftheburette
Question 9ThemostsuitableindicatorforatitrationofNaOHagainstbenzoicacid,C6H5COOH,isA. bromophenolblue.B. methylorange.C. thymolblue.D. phenolred.
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 6
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Question 10Astudentcalibratedacalorimeterusinganelectricheatingcoil.Acurrentof1.50Awithapotentialdifferenceof4.50Vwasappliedfortwo-and-a-halfminutes.Adigitalproberecordedatemperatureriseof5.35°C.Thevalueofthecalibrationfactor,inJ°C–1,isA. 189B. 42.1C. 3.15D. 0.317
Question 11Met-enkephalin(Tyr–Gly–Gly–Phe–Met)isapeptidefoundinthecentralnervoussystemandthegastrointestinaltractofthehumanbody.Whichofthefollowingarethecorrectstructuresforthetwoterminalendsofmet-enkephalinataverylowpH?
A. –NH2 –COOH
B. –NH2 –COO–
C. –NH3+ –COO–
D. –NH3+ –COOH
Question 12Acondensationreactioninvolving200glucosemolecules,C6H12O6,resultsinapolysaccharide.Themolarmass,ingmol–1,ofthepolysaccharideisA. 36000B. 35982C. 32418D. 32400
7 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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Question 13Achemicalreactionhasthefollowingenergyprofile.
250
200
150enthalpy
(kJ mol–1)100
50
0
reactants
products
Theenthalpychangeoftheforwardreaction,inkJmol–1,isA. –170B. –80C. +70D. +240
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 8
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Use the following information to answer Questions 14–16.Achemistinjected0.10molcarbonmonoxidegas,CO,and0.20molchlorinegas,Cl2,intoapreviouslyevacuatedandsealed1.0Lflask.Atthatinstant,thefollowingreactionbegantooccur.
CO(g)+Cl2(g)⇌COCl2(g) H=–108kJmol–1
Theconcentrationsofthethreespeciespresentintheflaskweremonitoredovertime.Theflaskwasheldataconstanttemperature.Thefollowingconcentration–timegraphwasobtained.
0.2
concentration(mol L–1)
0.1
01 2 3 4
time (minutes)5 6
Cl2COCOCl2
Key
Question 14Themostlikelysuddenchangemadetothesystematthetwo-minutemarkwouldbethatA. acatalystwasinjectedintotheflask.B. thevolumeoftheflaskwasincreased.C. aninertgaswasinjectedintotheflask.D. someofthegasmixturewasremovedfromtheflask.
Question 15ThemagnitudeoftheequilibriumconstantforthereactionatthetemperatureoftheexperimentisA. 0.15B. 1.4C. 3.0D. 6.7
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Question 16Iftheequilibriumsystemweresuddenlyheatedatconstantvolumeatthefive-minutemark,whichoneofthefollowingchangeswouldresult?A. TheconcentrationofCOCl2wouldincrease.B. Thetotalgaspressureintheflaskwoulddecrease.C. Theequilibriumconstantforthereactionwouldincrease.D. Thetotalnumberofgasmoleculesintheflaskwouldincrease.
Question 17Thecombustionofhexanetakesplaceaccordingtotheequation
C6H14(g)+192O2(g)→6CO2(g)+7H2O(g) ΔH=–4158kJmol–1
Considerthefollowingreaction.
12CO2(g)+14H2O(g)→2C6H14(g)+19O2(g)
ThevalueofΔH,inkJmol–1,forthisreactionisA. +8316B. +4158C. –2079D. –3568
Question 18Themoleculewiththestructuralformulashownbelowreactswithhydrogenbromide,HBr,toformC5H11Br.
H
H
HH
HH H
H
CC
H
CC
C
H
ThenumberofdifferentstructuralisomerstheoreticallypossibletobeproducedbythisreactionisA. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 10
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Question 19Anelectroplatingprocessusesasolutionofchromium(III)sulfate,Cr2(SO4)3,todepositathinlayerofchromiumonthesurfaceofanobject.Acurrentof5.00Aismaintained.Howlongdoesittake,inseconds,todeposit0.0192molchromiumontothesurface?A. 371B. 1110C. 1860D. 5570
Question 20Howdoesdilutinga0.1Msolutionoflacticacid,HC3H5O3,changeitspHandpercentageionisation?
pH Percentage ionisation
A. increase decrease
B. increase increase
C. decrease increase
D. decrease decrease
Question 21TheammoniumionNH4
+actsasaweakacidaccordingtotheequation
NH4+(aq)+H2O(l)⇌NH3(aq)+H3O+(aq)
The[H3O+]ofa0.200MammoniumchloridesolutionisclosesttoA. 4.79×10–6MB. 9.55×10–6MC. 1.06×10–5MD. 1.51×10–5M
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Question 22WhenetheneismixedwithchlorineinthepresenceofUVlight,thefollowingreactiontakesplace.
CH2CH2(g)+Cl2(g)UV light
CH2ClCH2Cl(l)
Reactionsoforganiccompoundscanbeclassifiedinanumberofways.Thefollowinglistshowsfourpossibleclassifications:1. addition2. substitution3. redox4. condensation
Whichclassification(s)appliestothereactionbetweenetheneandchlorine?A. 1B. 1and2C. 1and3D. 4
Question 23SubstancePisapeptidefoundinthehumanbody,anditisassociatedwithinflammationandpain.ThestructureofSubstancePisshownbelow.
H2N C C N
NH2
C C N C C N C C N C
H H H H H H H H H
C
CH2 O CH3 O H O CH2 O CH2
CH2
CH2
NH
COH
HN
O
OH
Whataretheabbreviatednamesofthetwocircledaminoacidresidues?A. ArgandPheB. LysandTyrC. PheandTyrD. MetandArg
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 12
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Question 24Methanolisaliquidfuelthatisoftenusedinracingcars.Thethermochemicalequationforitscomplete combustionis
2CH3OH(l)+3O2(g)→2CO2(g)+4H2O(l) ΔH =–1450kJmol–1
Octaneisaprincipalconstituentofpetrol,whichisusedinmanymotorvehicles.Thethermochemicalequationforthecompletecombustionofoctaneis
2C8H18(l)+25O2(g)→16CO2(g)+18H2O(l) ΔH =–10900kJmol–1
Themolarmassofmethanolis32gmol–1andthemolarmassofoctaneis114gmol–1.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisthemostcorrect?A. Burningjust1.0gofoctanereleasesalmost96kJofheatenergy.B. Burningjust1.0gofmethanolreleasesalmost23kJofheatenergy.C. Octanereleasesalmosteighttimesmoreenergyperkilogramthanmethanol.D. Theheatenergyreleasedbymethanolwillnotbeaffectediftheoxygensupplyislimited.
Question 25AclassofChemistrystudentsinvestigatedthereactionofcoppermetalandiodinesolution.Aftermakingpredictionsaboutthereaction,theyplacedacopperstripintoaniodinesolutionandcomparedtheirpredictionswiththeirobservations.Anumberofgroupsrecordedthefollowing.
Reactants Prediction Observation over 10 minutes
Cumetal + I2solution
Areactionshouldoccur.TheexpectedproductsareCu2+andI–.ThesolutionshouldturnfrombrowntoblueasI2isconsumedandCu2+isformed.TheCumetalshouldlookcorroded.
noapparentchange
Thepredictedresultswerenotobserved.Theclasswasaskedtosuggestsomehypothesestoexplaintheunexpectedresult.Whichoneofthefollowinghypothesescouldnotexplaintheunexpectedresult?A. Thereactionratemighthavebeentooslowforthetimeallowed.B. Anequilibriumwasestablishedand[Cu2+]wastoolowtobevisible.C. Abrominesolutionwasaccidentallyusedinplaceoftheiodinesolution.D. Thesurfaceofthecoppermetalwasgreasy.
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Question 26Dilutenitricacidreactswithanhydroussodiumcarbonatetoproducecarbondioxidegas.
2HNO3(aq)+Na2CO3(s)→2NaNO3(aq)+CO2(g)+H2O(l)
Inanexperiment,0.142molanhydrousNa2CO3powderwasaddedtoexcessHNO3insolution,ina2.00Lreinforced,sealed,metalvessel.Pressureandtemperaturesensorswereusedtomonitorthereaction.Thevesselwasinitiallyat101.3kPaand22.0°C.Whenthereactionwascomplete,thefinaltemperaturewas24.1°C.Whatistheadditionalpressure,inkPa,insidethevesselduetothecarbondioxidegasafterthecompletionofthereaction?(Assumethatthevolumeofthesolutioninthevesselisnegligible.)A. 349B. 175C. 28.3D. 14.2
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 14
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Question 27Astudentsetupanexperimenttotesttheeffectofdifferentfactorsontherateandextentofthereactionbetweenastrongacidandmarblechips(calciumcarbonate,CaCO3).Ineachtrial,themassoftheflaskanditscontentswasmeasuredevery30seconds,fromtheinstantthereactantsweremixed.
Trial 1Thestrongacidusedwashydrochloricacid,HCl.Theequationforthereactionisasfollows.
2HCl(aq)+CaCO3(s)→CaCl2(aq)+CO2(g)+H2O(l)
CO2
plug of cottonwool
100 mL 0.5 M HCl20 g marble chips
digital scales
Trial 2Onechangetothereactionconditionswasmadeandtheexperimentwasrepeated.
Theresultsofthetwotrialsweregraphedonthesameaxesandareshownbelow.
Trial 1
Trial 2mass of flask (g)
time (seconds)
InTrial2,thestudentmusthaveA. heatedthe0.5MHClbeforeaddingittotheflask.B. doubledthevolumeof0.5MHCladdedtotheflask.C. used100mLof0.5MH2SO4insteadof100mLof0.5MHCl.D. usedthesamemassofmarblebutcrusheditintoapowder.
15 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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Question 28 Ateamofchemistswasinvestigatingthefollowingequilibriumreaction.
H2(g)+I2(g)⇌2HI(g) ΔHisnegative.
Hydrogengas,H2,andiodinegas,I2,wereinjectedintoasealedcontainerandthemixturewasallowedtoreachequilibrium.TheeffectofthefollowingchangesontheamountofHIwasmeasured:1. MoreH2gaswasinjectedintothecontainerataconstanttemperatureandvolume.2. Thetemperatureofthegaseswasdecreasedataconstantvolume.3. Someargongas,Ar,wasinjectedintothecontainerataconstanttemperatureandvolume.4. Thevolumeofthecontainerwasdecreasedataconstanttemperature.
Whichchange(s)wouldhaveresultedintheformationofagreateramount,inmol,ofHI?A. 1and2onlyB. 1,2and4onlyC. 3onlyD. 1and4only
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 16
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END OF SECTION A
Use the following information to answer Questions 29 and 30.Thefollowingdiagramshowsagalvaniccellthatissetupinauniversitylaboratory.
H2 gas (1 atm, 25 °C)
1 M H+ solution (25 °C)colourless
bubbles ofH2 gas
platinum electrode coatedwith tiny crystals of platinum
solid Fe rod
1 M Fe2+ solution (25 °C)pale green
salt bridge
Thehalf-cellontherightiscalledthestandardhydrogenelectrode(SHE).Itisthestandardagainstwhichallstandardredoxpotentialsarecompared.Hydrogengas,H2,iscontinuallybubbledintothishalf-cell.
Question 29Whichoneofthefollowingwouldoccurattheplatinumelectrodewhenthecelldischarges?A. Electronswouldmovefromtheplatinumelectrodethroughtheacidsolutiontowardsthesaltbridge.B. Theplatinumelectrodewouldactastheanodeinthiscellandhavepositivepolarity.C. ThepHofthesolutionsurroundingtheplatinumelectrodewouldincrease.D. Thehydrogengaswouldbeoxidisedattheplatinumelectrode’ssurface.
Question 30WhatisonechangethatwouldbeexpectedintheFe2+/Fehalf-cellasthecelldischarges?A. Crystalsofplatinumwouldbedepositedonthesurfaceoftheironelectrode.B. TheFe2+solutionwouldstartbubblingatthesurfaceoftheelectrode.C. Crystalsofironwouldbedepositedonthesurfaceoftheironelectrode.D. TheFe2+solutionwouldbecomeadarkergreencolour.
17 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
SECTION B
Instructions for Section BAnswerallquestionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.Toobtainfullmarksforyourresponses,youshould:• givesimplifiedanswers,withanappropriatenumberofsignificantfigures,toallnumericalquestions;
unsimplifiedanswerswillnotbegivenfullmarks• showallworkinginyouranswerstonumericalquestions;nomarkswillbegivenforanincorrectanswer
unlessitisaccompaniedbydetailsoftheworking• makesurechemicalequationsarebalancedandthattheformulasforindividualsubstancesincludean
indicationofstate;forexample,H2(g),NaCl(s).Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenotdrawntoscale.
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 18
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SECTION B – continued
Question 1 (5marks)Aperfumewasanalysedusingagaschromatograph.Asimplifiedsectionoftheresultingchromatogramisshownbelow.ThefourpeakscorrespondtocompoundsP,Q,RandS.
detectorsignal
PQRS
10 20 30 40 50time (seconds)
60 70 80 90 100
a. Whatistheretentiontime,Rt,ofCompoundQ? 1mark
b. Allfourofthecompounds,P,Q,RandS,arefromthesamefamilyoforganiccompounds.
Whichofthesefourcompoundswouldhavethehighestmolecularmass?Statetheevidenceused. 2marks
Compound
Evidence
c. Usingthesameinstrumentonanotheroccasion,itwasfoundthatthechemicallimonenehadaretentiontimeof53seconds.
Canitbeconcludedthatlimoneneisoneofthecompoundsintheperfumeunderanalysis?Justifyyouranswer. 2marks
19 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Question 2 (6marks)Acommonironore,fool’sgold,containsthemineralironpyrite,FeS2.Typically,thepercentagebymassofFeS2inasampleoffool’sgoldisbetween90%and95%.Theactualpercentageinasamplecanbedeterminedbygravimetricanalysis.ThesulfurinFeS2isconvertedtosulfateions,SO4
2–.Thisisthenmixedwithanexcessofbariumchloride,BaCl2,toformbariumsulfate,BaSO4,accordingtotheequation
Ba2+(aq)+SO42–(aq)→BaSO4(s)
Whenthereactionhasgonetocompletion,theBaSO4precipitateiscollectedinafilterpaperandcarefullywashed.Thefilterpaperanditscontentsarethentransferredtoacrucible.Thecrucibleanditscontentsareheateduntilconstantmassisachieved.Thedataforananalysisofamineralsampleisasfollows.
initialmassofmineralsample 14.3g
massofcrucibleandfilterpaper 123.40g
massofcrucible,filterpaperanddryBaSO4 174.99g
M(FeS2) 120.0gmol–1
M(BaCl2) 208.3gmol–1
M(BaSO4) 233.4gmol–1
a. CalculatethepercentagebymassofFeS2inthismineralsample. 5marks
b. Stateoneassumptionthatwasmadeincompletingthecalculationsforthisanalysis. 1mark
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 20
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SECTION B – Question 3–continued
Question 3 (9marks)Thediagrambelowrepresentsacertainbiomolecule.
H
C
C
C
H
O
O
O
O
O
O
C
C
C
(CH2)11CHCH(CH2)7CH3
(CH2)11CHCH(CH2)7CH3
(CH2)11CHCH(CH2)7CH3
H
H
H
a. Nametheclassoforganicbiomoleculestowhichthebiomoleculeabovebelongs. 1mark
Thisbiomoleculecanbehydrolysedtoformglycerolanderucicacid,afattyacid.Erucicacidisclassifiedasmonounsaturated.
b. Explainwhyerucicacidisclassifiedasmonounsaturated. 1mark
Erucicacidcanbeextractedfromplants.Itcanreactwithmethanoltomakemethylerucate,whichcanbeusedasthebiofuelknownasbiodiesel.
c. Writethesemi-structuralformulaofmethylerucate. 1mark
d. Describeoneenvironmentaladvantageofusingbiodieselasafuelratherthanpetrodiesel,whichisproducedfromcrudeoil. 2marks
21 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
e. Ethanolisanotherbiofuel.Itcanbeproducedbythefermentationofsugarsinplantmaterial.
i. Writeabalancedchemicalequationforthefermentationofglucose. 1mark
ii. Theethanolproducedcanbeseparatedfromthereactionmixturebydistillation.
Whatwouldbetheminimummassofpureglucoseneededtoproduce1.00Lofpureethanolfromfermentation?
d(C2H5OH)=0.785gmL–1 3marks
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 22
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SECTION B – Question 4–continued
Question 4 (10marks)Abottlecontaininganunknownorganiccompoundwasexaminedinauniversitylaboratory.Therewasanincompletelabelonthebottlethatgaveonlytheempiricalformulaforthecontents:CH4N.Achemisthypothesisedthattheunknowncompoundwas1,2-ethanediamine,NH2CH2CH2NH2.
a. Massspectrometryproducedthefollowingspectraldata.
100
80
60
40
relativeintensity
20
010 15 20 25 30 35
m/z40 45 50 55 60
Mass spectrum
Data:SDBSWeb,http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp, NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology
i. Onthediagramabove,circlethebasepeak. 1mark
ii. Atwhatm/zratioistheprincipalpeakthatsupportsthechemist’shypothesisthattheunknowncompoundhastheformulaNH2CH2CH2NH2?Justifyyouranswer. 2marks
iii. Writethesemi-structuralformulaofthespeciesthatproducesthepeakat30m/z. 1mark
23 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – Question 4–continuedTURN OVER
Infrared(IR)spectroscopywasalsousedtoanalysethesample.Thespectrumisshownbelow.
100
50
0
transmittance (%)
4000 3000 2000wave number (cm–1)
1500 1000 500
IR spectrum
Data:SDBSWeb,http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp, NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology
b. IsthisspectrumconsistentwiththeunknowncompoundbeingNH2CH2CH2NH2?UseevidencefromtheIRspectruminyourresponse. 2marks
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 24
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SECTION B – Question 4 –continued
Thesamplewasalsoanalysedusing13CNMR.Thespectrumisshownbelow.
13C NMR spectrum
200 180 160 140 120 100ppm
80 60 40 20 0
Data:SDBSWeb,http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp, NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology
c. Isthe13CNMRspectrumconsistentwiththestructureofNH2CH2CH2NH2?Justifyyouranswer. 2marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
d. NH2CH2CH2NH2formsacondensationpolymerwithbutanedioicacid,HOOCCH2CH2COOH.
Drawthestructureoftherepeatingunitonthecopolymerthatwouldbeformed. 2marks
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 26
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SECTION B – Question 5–continued
Question 5 (12marks)Bromomethane,CH3Br,isatoxic,odourlessandcolourlessgas.Itisusedbyquarantineauthoritiestokillinsectpests.Asimplifiedreactionforitssynthesisis
CH3OH(g)+HBr(g)⇌CH3Br(g)+H2O(g) ΔH=–37.2kJmol–1at298K
Themanufacturerofthischemicalinvestigatesreactionconditionsthatcouldaffectthetimetheprocesstakesandthepercentageyield.
a. Predicttheeffectofeachchangegivenbelowontherateofproductionofbromomethaneandcircleyourprediction(increase,nochangeordecrease).Giveyourreasoning. 4marks
• Increasingtemperature(constantvolume)
increase nochange decrease
Reasoning
• Increasingpressure(constanttemperature)
increase nochange decrease
Reasoning
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SECTION B – Question 5–continuedTURN OVER
b. Consideringthesystematequilibrium,predicttheeffectofeachchangegivenbelowonthepercentageyieldofbromomethaneandcircleyourprediction(increase,nochangeordecrease).Giveyourreasoning. 4marks
• Increasingpressure(constanttemperature)
increase nochange decrease
Reasoning
• ContinuouslyremovingtheproductCH3Br(constantvolumeandtemperature)
increase nochange decrease
Reasoning
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 28
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SECTION B – continued
c. ThegraphbelowrepresentstheconcentrationofthreeofthespeciesinvolvedintheproductionofCH3Brwhentheyareatequilibriumatconstanttemperature.Attimet1,asmallamountofHBrwassuddenlyaddedtotheequilibriummixture.
Completethegraphaftert1,showingthechangesinconcentrationforeachofthethreespecies. 3marks
CH3Br
HBr
CH3OH
concentration(mol L–1)
t1time (seconds)
d. Whenbromomethaneisusedbyquarantineofficers,itispumpedintoasealedroomthatcontainstheitemstobetreated.
Describeonesafetyprecautionthatquarantineofficerswouldneedtoconsiderwhenusingbromomethane. 1mark
29 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
CONTINUES OVER PAGE
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 30
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SECTION B – Question 6–continued
Question 6 (6marks)Brassisanalloyofcopperandzinc.Todeterminethepercentageofcopperinaparticularsampleofbrass,ananalystpreparedanumberofstandardsolutionsofcopper(II)ionsandmeasuredtheirabsorbanceusinganatomicabsorptionspectrometer(AAS).Thecalibrationcurveobtainedisshownbelow.
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3absorbance
0.2
0.1
00 1 2 3
Cu2+ concentration (g L–1)4 5 6
a. A0.198gsampleofthebrasswasdissolvedinacidandthesolutionwasmadeupto100.00mLinavolumetricflask.Theabsorbanceofthistestsolutionwasfoundtobe0.13
Calculatethepercentagebymassofcopperinthebrasssample. 3marks
31 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
b. Iftheanalysthadmadeupthesolutionofthebrasssampleto20.00mLinsteadof100.00mL,wouldtheresultoftheanalysishavebeenequallyreliable?Why? 2marks
c. Nameanotheranalyticaltechniquethatcouldbeusedtoverifytheresultfrompart a. 1mark
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 32
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SECTION B – Question 7–continued
Question 7 (8marks)a. Butanoicacidisthesimplestcarboxylicacidthatisalsoclassifiedasafattyacid.Butanoicacidmay
besynthesisedasoutlinedinthefollowingreactionflowchart.
But-1-ene
Reagent(s)
Name:
Structural formula:
Butanoic acidSemi-structural formula:
H+/Cr2O72– (aq)
Compound Y
i. Drawthestructuralformulaofbut-1-eneintheboxprovided. 1mark
ii. Statethereagent(s)neededtoconvertbut-1-enetoCompoundYintheboxprovided. 1mark
iii. WritethesystematicnameofCompoundYintheboxprovided. 1mark
iv. Writethesemi-structuralformulaofbutanoicacidintheboxprovided. 1mark
v. Writeabalancedhalf-equationfortheconversionofCr2O72–toCr3+. 2marks
33 2016 CHEMISTRY EXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
b. An incomplete reaction pathway for the synthesis of aspirin is given below.
i. Draw the structural formula of salicylic acid in the box provided. 1 mark
ii. The structural formula of the other reactant is provided.
State its systematic name in the box provided. 1 mark
+
Structural formula: Structural formula:
Name: salicylic acid Name:
conc. H2SO4
Aspirin
O
O
OHO
O
O O
H3C CH3
C
CCH3
C C
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 34
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SECTION B – Question 8–continued
Question 8 (7marks)Thelithium-ionbatteryisasecondarycellthatisnowwidelyusedinportableelectronicdevices.Inthesebatteries,lithiumions,Li+,movethroughaspecialnon-aqueouselectrolytebetweenthetwoelectrodes.Thebatteriesarehousedinsealedcontainerstoensurethatnomoisturecanenterthem.Bothelectrodesaremadeupofmaterialsthatallowthelithiumionstomoveintoandoutoftheirstructures.TheanodeconsistsofLiC6,wherelithiumisembeddedinthegraphitestructure.Lithiumcobaltoxide,LiCoO2,iscommonlyusedasthematerialinthecathode.Thereactionatthecathodeisquitecomplex.Whenthecelldischarges,Li+ionsmoveoutoftheanodeandenterthecathode.Duringdischarge,thehalf-cellreactionattheanodeis
LiC6 →Li++e–+C6
a. Duringdischarge,whatisthepolarityofthegraphiteelectrode? 1mark
b. Writethehalf-equationforthereactionthatoccursatthecathodeofalithium-ionbatterywhenitisrecharged. 1mark
c. Inalithium-ionbattery,lithiummetalmustnotbeincontactwithwater.
Explainwhyandjustifyyouranswerwiththeuseofappropriateequations. 3marks
35 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
d. Identifyonedesignfeatureofthelithium-ionbatterythatenablesittoberecharged. 1mark
e. Whatisoneadvantageofusingasecondarycellcomparedtousingafuelcell? 1mark
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 36
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SECTION B – Question 9–continued
Question 9 (8marks)Standardsolutionsofsodiumhydroxide,NaOH,mustbekeptinairtightcontainers.ThisisbecauseNaOHisastrongbaseandabsorbsacidicoxides,suchascarbondioxide,CO2,fromtheairandreactswiththem.Asaresult,theconcentrationofNaOHischangedtoanunknownextent.
a. CO2intheairreactswithwatertoformcarbonicacid,H2CO3.ThiscanreactwithNaOHtoformsodiumcarbonate,Na2CO3.
i. WriteabalancedoverallequationforthereactionbetweenCO2gasandwatertoformH2CO3. 1mark
ii. WriteabalancedequationforthecompletereactionbetweenH2CO3andNaOHtoformNa2CO3. 1mark
b. A10.00Lcontaineriscompletelyfilledwithafreshlymade0.1000MNaOHsolution. DuringaChemistryclass,9.90Lofthesolutionisusedandairenterstheemptyspaceabovethe
remainingsolutionbeforethecontaineriscompletelysealedofffromtheoutsideair. Thecontaineristhenopened.Airentersthecontainerat101.3kPaand21.5°C.Assumethatthe
concentrationofCO2intheairis0.0400%(v/v).
air
0.1000 M NaOH10.00 L container
i. CalculatetheamountofCO2,inmol,thatenteredthecontainer. 2marks
37 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
ii. CalculatetheamountofNaOH,inmol,thatwouldbepresentinthesolutionthatremainsinthecontainer.AssumethattheNaOHdidnotreactwiththeCO2intheairthatenteredwhenthecontainerwasopened. 1mark
iii. Thecontaineristhenshakenthoroughly,ensuringthatalltheCO2intheairisabsorbedintothesolution.
CalculatetheresultingconcentrationofNaOHinthesolutioninthecontainer. 3marks
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 38
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SECTION B – Question 10–continued
Question 10 (12marks)AseniorChemistrystudentboughtapacketofKrispyKrackersfromthelocalfarmers’market.Thelabelonthepackethadnoinformationontheenergycontentofthebiscuits.ThestudentdecidedthathewouldmeasuretheenergycontentofaKrispyKrackersbiscuitbyburningitunderacanofwaterandmeasuringthetemperatureriseofthewater.Havingperformedasimilarexperimentinclass,heknewthatwhenthebiscuitwasburnt,heatenergywouldbelosttotheenvironment.Toincreasetheaccuracyoftheresult,somebutanegasfromabutanecanisterwasfirstburntandthetemperatureriseofthewaterfromthatwasmeasured.Theheatenergyreleasedbyburningbutanewasknown,andthepercentageenergylossusingtheequipmentcouldbedeterminedandadjustedtogettheresultforthebiscuit.Theexperimentalset-upandtheresultsforPart1oftheexperimentareshownbelow.
digitaltemperature
probe
canister of butane
Part 1
recorderPart 1 – The heat content of butane1. Measuretheinitialmassofabutanecanister.2. Measurethemassofametalcan,add250mLofwater
andre-weigh.3. Setuptheapparatusasinthediagramandmeasurethe
initialtemperatureofthewater.4. Burnthebutanegasforfiveminutes.5. Immediatelymeasurethefinaltemperatureofthe
water.6. Measurethefinalmassofthebutanecanisterwhen
cool.
Results table for Part 1
Quantity Measurement
massofemptycan 52.14g
massofcan+waterbeforecombustion 303.37g
massofbutanecanisterbeforeheating 260.15g
massofbutanecanisterafterheating 259.79g
initialtemperatureofwater 22.1°C
finaltemperatureofwater 32.7°C
39 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – Question 10–continuedTURN OVER
a. i. Writethebalancedthermochemicalequationforthecompletecombustionofbutane. 2marks
ii. Calculatetheamountofheatenergyabsorbedbythewaterwhenitwasheatedbyburningthebutane.Giveyouranswerinkilojoules. 2marks
iii. Calculatetheexperimentalvalueofthemolarheatofcombustionofbutane.GiveyouranswerinkJmol–1. 2marks
iv. Usetheknownenthalpychangeforbutanetocalculatethepercentageenergylosstotheenvironmentusingthefollowingrelationship. 1mark
percentage energy loss = theoretical value of experimental v∆H − aalue of
theoretical value of ∆
∆H
H( )
×100
1
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 40
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SECTION B – Question 10–continued
Theexperimentalset-upandtheresultsforPart2oftheexperimentareshownbelow.
crucibleand
biscuit
Part 2
recorder
digitaltemperature
probe
Part 2 – The heat content of a Krispy Kracker1. Measurethemassofacrucible,addabiscuitand
re-weigh.2. Setuptheapparatusasinthediagram,usingthesame
canofwaterasusedinPart1,andmeasuretheinitialtemperatureofthewater.
3. Burnthebiscuituntiltheflamerunsout.4. Immediatelymeasurethefinaltemperatureofthe
water.5. Measurethefinalmassofthecruciblewhencool.
Results table for Part 2
Quantity Measurement
massofcrucible 44.33g
massofbiscuit+cruciblebeforecombustion 46.75g
massofcrucibleaftercombustion 44.34g
massofwater(fromPart1) 251.23g
initialtemperatureofwater 28.5°C
finaltemperatureofwater 34.9°C
41 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
b. i. CalculatetheenergycontentofKrispyKrackersusingthedataintheresultstableforPart2.GiveyouranswerinkJ/100g. 2 marks
ii. ExplainwhytheenergycontentofabiscuitcannotbegiveninkJmol–1. 1mark
c. AssumethatthesamepercentageheatenergylossoccurredwhenburningtheKrispyKrackeraswhenthebutanewasburntinPart1.
CalculateamoreaccuratevalueoftheenergycontentofKrispyKrackersinkJ/100g. 2marks
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 42
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SECTION B – Question 11–continued
Question 11 (7marks)Astudentinvestigatedtheelectroplatingofametalwithnickel.Thefollowingisherreport.
Electroplating a brass key with nickel
AimToinvestigatewhetherFaraday’slawsapplytotheelectroplatingofabrasskeywithnickel
ProcedureStep1–Theapparatuswassetupasinthediagrambelow.Theelectrolytesolutionwassupplied.Thebrass
keywassanded,weighedandplacedinthesolution,asshownbelow.
Ni electrode
holder
brass key
solutioncontaining Ni2+
Step2–Thecurrentwasturnedonforexactly20minutes.Thecurrentandvoltageweremeasuredwhenthepowerwasturnedon.
Step3–Thekeywasremovedfromthesolution,patteddrywithapapertowelandweighed. Steps1–3wererepeatedfortwomorekeys.
ResultsThreetrialsoftheexperimentwereconducted,X,YandZ.
Trial Initial mass of brass key
(g)
Final mass of brass key
(g)
Mass of nickel deposit
(g)
Current (A)
Voltage (V)
X 2.774 2.907 0.133 0.52 2.4
Y 3.068 3.269 0.201 0.54 2.2
Z 3.122 3.310 0.188 0.50 1.9
Predicted mass for Trial X using Faraday’s laws
m(Ni) g=× ×
× =0 52 20 60
9650058 7
20 19. . .
ConclusionFaraday’slawsapplytotheelectroplatingofabrasskeywithnickel.
43 2016CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – Question 11–continuedTURN OVER
Evaluatethestudent’sexperimentaldesignandreport.Inyourresponse:• identifyandexplainonestrengthoftheexperimentaldesign• suggesttwo improvementsormodificationsthatyouwouldmaketotheexperimentaldesignandjustifyyour
suggestions• commentonthevalidityoftheconclusionbasedontheresultsobtained.
2016CHEMISTRYEXAM 44
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END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
Instructions
• Aquestionandanswerbookisprovidedwiththisdatabook.
Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
CHEMISTRYWritten examination
Tuesday 8 November 2016 Reading time: 9.00 am to 9.15 am (15 minutes) Writing time: 9.15 am to 11.45 am (2 hours 30 minutes)
DATA BOOK
©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2016
Victorian Certificate of Education 2016
2016CHEMISTRYDATABOOK 2
Table of contents Page
1. Periodictableoftheelements 3
2. Theelectrochemicalseries 4
3. Physicalconstants 5
4. SIprefixes,theirsymbolsandvalues 5
5. 1HNMRdata 5–6
6. 13CNMRdata 7
7. Infraredabsorptiondata 7
8. 2-aminoacids(α-aminoacids) 8–9
9. Formulasofsomefattyacids 10
10. Structuralformulasofsomeimportantbiomolecules 10
11. Acid-baseindicators 11
12. Acidityconstants,Ka,ofsomeweakacidsat25°C 11
13. Valuesofmolarenthalpyofcombustionofsomecommonfuelsat298Kand101.3kPa 11
3 2016CHEMISTRYDATABOOK
TURN OVER
1. P
erio
dic t
able
of t
he el
emen
ts
1 H
1.0
hydrogen
2 He
4.0
helium
3 Li
6.9
lithium
4 Be
9.0
beryllium
5 B
10.8
boron
6 C
12.0
carbon
7 N
14.0
nitrogen
8 O
16.0
oxygen
9 F 19.0
fluorine
10
Ne
20.2
neon
11
Na
23.0
sodium
12
Mg
24.3
magnesium
13
Al
27.0
alum
inium
14
Si
28.1
silicon
15
P 31.0
phosphorus
16
S 32.1
sulfur
17
Cl
35.5
chlorine
18
Ar
39.9
argon
19
K
39.1
potassium
20
Ca
40.1
calcium
21
Sc
45.0
scandium
22
Ti
47.9
titanium
23
V
50.9
vanadium
24
Cr
52.0
chromium
25
Mn
54.9
manganese
26
Fe
55.8
iron
27
Co
58.9
cobalt
28
Ni
58.7
nickel
29
Cu
63.5
copper
30
Zn
65.4
zinc
31
Ga
69.7
gallium
32
Ge
72.6
germanium
33
As
74.9
arsenic
34
Se
79.0
selenium
35
Br
79.9
brom
ine
36
Kr
83.8
krypton
37
Rb
85.5
rubidium
38
Sr
87.6
strontium
39
Y
88.9
yttrium
40
Zr
91.2
zirconium
41
Nb
92.9
niobium
42
Mo
96.0
molybdenum
43
Tc
(98)
technetium
44
Ru
101.1
ruthenium
45
Rh
102.9
rhodium
46
Pd
106.4
palladium
47
Ag
107.9
silver
48
Cd
112.4
cadm
ium
49
In
114.8
indium
50
Sn
118.7
tin
51
Sb
121.8
antim
ony
52
Te
127.6
tellurium
53
I 126.9
iodine
54
Xe
131.3
xenon
55
Cs
132.9
caesium
56
Ba
137.3
barium
57–7
1 lanthanoids
72
Hf
178.5
hafnium
73
Ta
180.9
tantalum
74
W
183.8
tungsten
75
Re
186.2
rhenium
76
Os
190.2
osmium
77
Ir
192.2
iridium
78
Pt
195.1
platinum
79
Au
197.0
gold
80
Hg
200.6
mercury
81
Tl
204.4
thallium
82
Pb
207.2
lead
83
Bi
209.0
bism
uth
84
Po
(210)
polonium
85
At
(210)
astatine
86
Rn
(222)
radon
87
Fr
(223)
francium
88
Ra
(226)
radium
89–1
03
actinoids
104
Rf
(261)
rutherfordium
105
Db
(262)
dubnium
106
Sg
(266)
seaborgium
107
Bh
(264)
bohrium
108
Hs
(267)
hassium
109
Mt
(268)
meitnerium
110
Ds
(271)
darmstadtium
111
Rg
(272)
roentgenium
112
Cn
(285)
copernicium
114
Fl
(289)
flerovium
116
Lv
(292)
livermorium
57
La
138.9
lanthanum
58
Ce
140.1
cerium
59
Pr
140.9
praseodymium
60
Nd
144.2
neodym
ium
61
Pm
(145)
prom
ethium
62
Sm
150.4
samarium
63
Eu
152.0
europium
64
Gd
157.3
gadolinium
65
Tb
158.9
terbium
66
Dy
162.5
dysprosium
67
Ho
164.9
holmium
68
Er
167.3
erbium
69
Tm
168.9
thulium
70
Yb
173.1
ytterbium
71
Lu
175.0
lutetium
89
Ac
(227)
actinium
90
Th
232.0
thorium
91
Pa
231.0
protactinium
92
U
238.0
uranium
93
Np
(237)
neptunium
94
Pu
(244)
plutonium
95
Am
(243)
americium
96
Cm
(247)
curium
97
Bk
(247)
berkelium
98
Cf
(251)
californium
99
Es
(252)
einsteinium
100
Fm
(257)
fermium
101
Md
(258)
mendelevium
102
No
(259)
nobelium
103
Lr
(262)
lawrencium
Thevalueinbracketsindicatesthemassn
umberofthelongest-livedisotope.
79
Au
197.0
gold
atom
icnum
ber
relativeatom
icmass
symbolofelement
nameofelement
2016CHEMISTRYDATABOOK 4
2. The electrochemical series
Reaction Standard electrode potential (E0) in volts at 25 °C
F2(g)+2e–⇌ 2F–(aq) +2.87
H2O2(aq)+2H+(aq)+2e–⇌ 2H2O(l) +1.77
Au+(aq)+e–⇌ Au(s) +1.68
Cl2(g)+2e–⇌ 2Cl–(aq) +1.36
O2(g)+4H+(aq)+4e–⇌ 2H2O(1) +1.23
Br2(l)+2e–⇌ 2Br–(aq) +1.09
Ag+(aq)+e–⇌ Ag(s) +0.80
Fe3+(aq)+e–⇌ Fe2+(aq) +0.77
O2(g)+2H+(aq)+2e–⇌ H2O2(aq) +0.68
I2(s)+2e–⇌ 2I–(aq) +0.54
O2(g)+2H2O(l)+4e–⇌ 4OH–(aq) +0.40
Cu2+(aq)+2e–⇌ Cu(s) +0.34
Sn4+(aq)+2e–⇌ Sn2+(aq) +0.15
S(s)+2H+(aq)+2e–⇌ H2S(g) +0.14
2H+(aq)+2e–⇌ H2(g) 0.00
Pb2+(aq)+2e–⇌ Pb(s) –0.13
Sn2+(aq)+2e–⇌ Sn(s) –0.14
Ni2+(aq)+2e–⇌ Ni(s) –0.23
Co2+(aq)+2e–⇌ Co(s) –0.28
Fe2+(aq)+2e–⇌ Fe(s) –0.44
Zn2+(aq)+2e–⇌ Zn(s) –0.76
2H2O(l)+2e–⇌ H2(g)+2OH–(aq) –0.83
Mn2+(aq)+2e–⇌ Mn(s) –1.03
Al3+(aq)+3e–⇌ Al(s) –1.67
Mg2+(aq)+2e–⇌ Mg(s) –2.34
Na+(aq)+e–⇌ Na(s) –2.71
Ca2+(aq)+2e–⇌ Ca(s) –2.87
K+(aq)+e–⇌ K(s) –2.93
Li+(aq)+e–⇌ Li(s) –3.02
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3. Physical constants
Avogadro’sconstant(NA) 6.02×1023mol–1
chargeononeelectron –1.60×10–19C
Faradayconstant(F) 96500Cmol–1
gasconstant(R) 8.31JK–1mol–1
ionicproduct(self-ionisationconstant)forwater(Kw)at298K 1.00×10–14mol2L–2
molarvolume(Vm)ofanidealgasat273K,101.3kPa(STP) 22.4Lmol–1
molarvolume(Vm)ofanidealgasat298K,101.3kPa(SLC) 24.5Lmol–1
specificheatcapacity(c)ofwater 4.18Jg–1K–1
density(d)ofwaterat25°C 1.00gmL–1
1atm 101.3kPa=760mmHg
0°C 273K
4. SI prefixes, their symbols and values
SI prefix Symbol Value
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
deci d 10–1
centi c 10–2
milli m 10–3
micro μ 10–6
nano n 10–9
pico p 10–12
5. 1H NMR dataTypicalprotonshiftvaluesrelativetoTMS=0Thesecandifferslightlyindifferentsolvents.Wheremorethanoneprotonenvironmentisshownintheformula,theshiftreferstotheonesinboldletters.
Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)
R–CH3 0.8–1.0
R–CH2–R 1.2–1.4
RCH=CH–CH3 1.6–1.9
R3–CH 1.4–1.7
2016CHEMISTRYDATABOOK 6
Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)
or CH3
ORC
OCH3
NHR
CO
2.0
CH3R
C
O
2.1–2.7
R–CH2–X(X=F,Cl,BrorI) 3.0–4.5
R–CH2–OH,R2–CH–OH 3.3–4.5
R
NHCH2R
CO
3.2
R—O—CH3 or R—O—CH2R 3.3
O C
O
CH32.3
R
OCH2R
CO
4.1
R–O–H 1–6(variesconsiderablyunderdifferentconditions)
R–NH2 1–5
RHC CH2 4.6–6.0
OH 7.0
H 7.3
R
NHCH2R
CO
8.1
R
H
CO
9–10
R
OC
H
O9–13
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6. 13C NMR data
Type of carbon Chemical shift (ppm)
R–CH3 8–25
R–CH2–R 20–45
R3–CH 40–60
R4–C 36–45
R–CH2–X 15–80
R3C–NH2 35–70
R–CH2–OH 50–90
RC CR 75–95
R2C=CR2 110–150
RCOOH 160–185
7. Infrared absorption dataCharacteristicrangeforinfraredabsorption
Bond Wave number (cm–1)
C–Cl 700–800
C–C 750–1100
C–O 1000–1300
C=C 1610–1680
C=O 1670–1750
O–H(acids) 2500–3300
C–H 2850–3300
O–H(alcohols) 3200–3550
N–H(primaryamines) 3350–3500
2016CHEMISTRYDATABOOK 8
8. 2-amino acids (α-amino acids)
Name Symbol Structure
alanine Ala
H2N CH COOH
CH3
arginine Arg
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 NH
NH
C NH2
asparagine Asn
H2N CH COOH
CH2
O
C NH2
asparticacid Asp
H2N CH COOH
CH2 COOH
cysteine Cys
H2N CH COOH
CH2 SH
glutamine Gln
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2
O
C NH2
glutamicacid Glu
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 COOH
glycine Gly H2N CH2 COOH
histidine His
H2N CH COOH
CH2 NH
N
isoleucine Ile
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH CH2 CH3
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Name Symbol Structure
leucine Leu
H2N CH COOH
CH2
CH3 CH CH3
lysine Lys
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2
methionine Met
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 S CH3
phenylalanine Phe
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
proline ProHN
COOH
serine Ser
H2N CH COOH
CH2 OH
threonine Thr
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH OH
tryptophan Trp
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
HN
tyrosine Tyr OH
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
valine Val
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH CH3
2016CHEMISTRYDATABOOK 10
9. Formulas of some fatty acids
Name Formula
lauric C11H23COOH
myristic C13H27COOH
palmitic C15H31COOH
palmitoleic C15H29COOH
stearic C17H35COOH
oleic C17H33COOH
linoleic C17H31COOH
linolenic C17H29COOH
arachidic C19H39COOH
arachidonic C19H31COOH
10. Structural formulas of some important biomolecules
OH
OH
OH
OH HO
O O
O
H H
H
H H
H
H H
CH2OH
CH2OH
HOCH2
sucrose
OH
HO
O
H H H H
H
HOCH2
deoxyribose phosphate
O
O
P OO
C
C
C
H
H
OH
OH
OH
H
H
H
glycerol
adenine guanine cytosine thymine
NH2 NH2
CC
CCH
CH
C
CCHC
HN HN
H2N
N N
N
C C
CO
C N N
O
C
C
O
ONH
CH
CH3CH
CHNH
NHN
HN
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11. Acid-base indicators
Name pH range Colour change Ka
Acid Basethymolblue 1.2–2.8 red yellow 2×10–2
methylorange 3.1–4.4 red yellow 2×10–4
bromophenolblue 3.0–4.6 yellow blue 6×10–5
methylred 4.2–6.3 red yellow 8×10–6
bromothymolblue 6.0–7.6 yellow blue 1×10–7
phenolred 6.8–8.4 yellow red 1×10–8
phenolphthalein 8.3–10.0 colourless red 5×10–10
12. Acidity constants, Ka, of some weak acids at 25 °C
Name Formula Ka
ammoniumion NH4+ 5.6×10–10
benzoic C6H5COOH 6.4×10–5
boric H3BO3 5.8×10–10
ethanoic CH3COOH 1.7×10–5
hydrocyanic HCN 6.3×10–10
hydrofluoric HF 7.6×10–4
hypobromous HOBr 2.4×10–9
hypochlorous HOCl 2.9×10–8
lactic HC3H5O3 1.4×10–4
methanoic HCOOH 1.8×10–4
nitrous HNO2 7.2×10–4
propanoic C2H5COOH 1.3×10–5
13. Values of molar enthalpy of combustion of some common fuels at 298 K and 101.3 kPa
Substance Formula State ΔHc(kJ mol–1)hydrogen H2 g –286carbon(graphite) C s –394methane CH4 g –889ethane C2H6 g –1557propane C3H8 g –2217butane C4H10 g –2874pentane C5H12 1 –3509hexane C6H14 1 –4158octane C8H18 1 –5464ethene C2H4 g –1409methanol CH3OH 1 –725ethanol C2H5OH 1 –13641-propanol CH3CH2CH2OH 1 –20162-propanol CH3CHOHCH3 1 –2003glucose C6H12O6 s –2816