2015 Russian Sukhoi Su­24 shootdown

A Russian Sukhoi Su­24M at Khmeimim Air Base,similar to that shot down

Shootdown summary

Date 24 November 2015Summary Shootdown by Turkish Air Force

F­16 fighter jetKillings by Syrian Turkmen rebelsShootdown of a rescue helicopterby Turkmens

Site Syria–Turkey borderCrew 2 + CSAR helicopter with

unknown crewFatalities 1 pilot, 1 marine (during rescue

operation)Survivors 1 weapon systems officer[1]

Aircraft type 1 Sukhoi Su­24M1 Mi­8AMTsh CSAR helicopter(during rescue operation)

Operator Russian Air Force

2015 Russian Sukhoi Su­24 shootdownFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Turkish Air Force F­16 fighter jet shot down a RussianSukhoi Su­24M bomber aircraft near the Syria–Turkeyborder on 24 November 2015.[2][3] According to Turkey,the aircraft was fired upon while in Turkish airspacebecause it violated the border up to a depth of 2.19kilometres (1.36 miles) for about 17 seconds after beingwarned to change its heading 10 times over a period offive minutes.[4][5] The Russia Defence Ministry deniedthe aircraft ever left Syrian airspace, counter­claimingthat their satellite data showed that the Sukhoi was about1,000 metres (1,100 yd) inside Syrian airspace when itwas shot down.[6] The U.S. State Department said thatthe U.S. independently confirmed that the aircraft's flightpath violated Turkish territory, and that the Turks gavemultiple warnings to the pilot, to which they received noresponse.[7][8] The Turkish government also said that itdid not know the nationality of the aircraft at the time ofthe incident.[4][9] Russian president Vladimir Putin saidthat the U.S. knew the flight path of the Russian jet andshould have informed Turkey; two U.S. officials said thatRussia did not inform the U.S. military of its jet's flightplan.[10]

The Russian pilot and weapon systems officer bothejected from the aircraft. The weapon systems officerwas rescued;[1] the pilot was shot and killed whileparachuting in mid­air by Syrian Turkmen rebels.[11] ARussian naval infantryman from the search­and­rescueteam launched to retrieve the two airmen was also killedwhen a rescue helicopter was shot down by the rebels.[11]The shootdown was the first destruction of a Russian or Soviet Air Forces warplane by a NATO memberstate since the 1950s.[12][13] Reactions to the incident included harsh denunciation from Russia and anattempt to defuse the situation by NATO afterwards. Russia deployed the guided missile cruiser Moskvaarmed with S­300F (SA­N­6 Grumble) long­range SAM missiles off the Syrian coast near Latakia[14] andS­400 (SA­21 Growler) mobile SAM systems to Khmeimim Air Base.

Contents

1 Background

Erdoğan (left) and Putin atthe G­20 summit in Antalyaon 15 November 2015

2 Shootdown

3 Casualties

3.1 Search and rescue

4 Aftermath

5 Reactions

5.1 Involved parties

5.2 International organizations

5.3 Other countries

5.4 Financial markets

6 See also

7 Notes

8 References

9 External links

Background

After the 2012 shooting down of a Turkish jet by Syrian forces, Turkeychanged its rules of engagement and said it would consider all "militaryelements" approaching from Syria an enemy threat and would actaccordingly.[15][16] Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan said that briefincursions should not trigger an attack.[17][18]

Russia is one of several countries directly involved in the Syrian conflict.On 30 September 2015, Russia began its air campaign against the IslamicState of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and other anti­government forces.

In early October, Turkey and NATO protested against what they saw asRussia's deliberate violations of Turkish airspace.[19][a] The RussianDefence Ministry admitted that a Russian Su­30 aircraft had entered Turkishairspace "for a few seconds" because of bad weather, adding that measureshad been taken to prevent a repeat of such incidents.[26][27] From 3–15October, five discussions between senior ranking officials from Turkey andRussia occurred, concerning Turkish rules of engagement and Russianviolations of Turkish airspace.[28] On 19 November, Russian Ambassador to Turkey Andrei Karlov and the

Map released by the Turkish ArmedForces. The cyan line is the borderbetween Turkey and Syria and the redline crossing the border is Turkey'sclaim of the Su­24 flight path.

Initial map released by the RussianMinistry of Defence. The red linerepresents what Russia claims was theSu­24M's flight path, while the blueline is the Turkish F­16 flight path.Dashed white lines represent theborder.[36]

Russian military attaché Colonel Andrei Victorovich Dovger were summoned by Turkey.[29] Russia, whowas criticised by Turkey for having conducted operations near the Turkish border, a region inhabited bySyrian Turkmen and largely free of ISIL (though al­Nusra Front, the al­Qaeda affiliate in Syria, is presentin the region),[30][31] was notified that Turkey's rules of engagement were in place and it would react to anyviolations of its border security. Turkey also warned Russia that it would not be indifferent to "attackstargeting the life security of Turkmen" in the Bayırbucak area.[32][33] The preceding week Turkey had calledfor the UN Security Council to discuss attacks against Turkish­backed Turkmens.[34] Approximately 1,700people had fled the area in the previous three days due to battles between Syrian government forces andanti­government Syrian Turkmen and al­Nusra Front fighters.[31] Russia has bombed the area near theTurkish border to support Syrian government forces.[34] Syrian Turkmen formed their own armed brigadesin opposition to the Syrian government of President Bashar al­Assad, loosely affiliated with other rebelssuch as the Free Syrian Army. The Turkmen brigades also cooperate with the al­Qaeda's Syrian affiliate al­Nusra Front and the Salafi coalition known as Ahrar al­Sham.[35] In Latakia the Turkish­supported rebelsformed the Jabal al­Turkman Brigade.[35]

Shootdown

On 24 November 2015 at 9:24 am, as it was returning to KhmeimimAir Base, a Russian Sukhoi Su­24 bomber aircraft was shot downnear the Syrian­Turkey border by a AIM­9X Sidewinder missile[37]

from a patrolling Turkish Air Force F­16 fighter jet.[38][39] TheEconomist mentioned that the two Su­24s were on their way tostrike Syrian Turkmen targets.[33] Syrian government forcessupported by the Shiite militias and the Russian air force werefighting against Syrian Turkmen brigades, Army of Conquest andal­Nusra Front fighters.[31]

Early reports from Russian news agencies citing the RussianDefence Ministry, indicated that the aircraft had been downed by aground­based strike from Syrian Turkmen rebels,[40] but they laterconfirmed Turkish reports that the aircraft had been downed byTurkish fighter jets. CNN Türk reported that the Turkish militaryhad released a graphic of the Russian aircraft's flight pattern, whichshows it crossing the southern tip of Hatay Province before beingshot down and crashing near Turkmen Mountain.[41]

According to Turkey's statement to the UN Security Council, twoaircraft, whose nationalities were unknown at the time, violatedTurkish airspace up to a depth of 2.19 km (1.36 mi) for about 17seconds.[4][42] According to Turkish officials, the aircraft were given10 warnings within the span of 5 minutes to change their course.[41]Turkey later released the audio recording ("The unknown air trafficposition to Humaymim 020 Radial 26 Miles... This is Turkish AirForce speaking on Guard.. You are approaching Turkish Air Space,

Second map released by the RussianMinistry of Defence. The nowdifferent red line represents whatRussia claims was the Su­24M's flightpath, while the blue line is theTurkish F­16 flight path.

change your heading south immediately," according to Turkey'sDoğan News Agency (DHA) and Milliyet and Habertürknewspapers[43][44]) where the warning "This is Turkish Air Force onGuard. You are approaching Turkish air space. Change yourheading south immediately." is heard several times.[45] The Russiansclaim there were no warnings.[46][47] An analyst has noted thatTurkey's warnings were issued on a dedicated mutually­agreed radiochannel, which was the international Guard (emergency) channel(243.0 MHz), but the Su­24M is not able to monitor this channelwithout optional radio equipment, which may not have beeninstalled.[48][49] According to Turkey one aircraft left Turkishnational airspace after violating it and the other aircraft wassubsequently fired upon by Turkish F­16s patrolling the area andcrashed into Syrian territory after being hit in Turkish airspace.[4]Based on its heat signature, an anonymous American official statedthat the jet was hit in Syrian airspace after a short incursion intoTurkey,[50]. On November 30, US Ambassador to NATO Douglas Lute stated that the data supported theTurkish version of events.[51]

According to the Russian Defence Ministry, the Su­24 was downed from an altitude of 6,000 metres(20,000 ft) within one kilometre of the Turkish border and in Syrian airspace, while returning to theKhmeimim Air Base in Syria.[39] Russia has maintained that the aircraft never left Syrian territory.[38] TheRussian Defence Ministry confirmed the aircraft was a Su­24 but said that it had proof the jet was withinSyrian airspace.[41] According to the commander­in­chief of the Russian Aerospace Forces, ViktorBondarev, a Turkish F­16 entered Syria's airspace for 40 seconds and went 2 km (1.2 mi) inside Syrianterritory, but the Russian bomber did not violate the Turkish border.[52]

Casualties

Both pilots ejected after the aircraft was hit.[41] It was reported that one of the pilots was captured byTurkmen Syrian opposition fighters in Syria. The fighters who were videotaping the pilot's body shoutedthings such as "Allah Akbar"[53] and a video allegedly showing his body was circulated.[54] Initially, thedeputy commander of a Turkmen rebel brigade in Syria, claimed his forces shot dead the two pilots as theydescended with parachutes,[55] while a Turkish official believed that both were alive.[56]

The deputy commander of a Turkmen rebel brigade in Syria was later identified as Alparslan Çelik, aTurkish citizen – not Syrian.[57] In Turkey in 2014 it was reported that his father, the former municipalmayor in the ciy of Elazig and ultra­nationalist Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) member RamazanCelik, was proud his son was fighting in Iraq.[58] Alparslan Çelik is member of the group Grey Wolves, theparamilitary wing of MHP.

Russia's military general staff spokesman Lieutenant General Sergei Rudskoi confirmed that one pilot,Lieutenant Colonel Oleg Anatolyevich Peshkov, was killed by ground fire;[59][60] the other pilot, who wasthe navigator, was rescued.[1][61]

The shooting of an ejecting aircraft pilot is in contravention of the Geneva Convention's Article 42.[62] RTjournalist Roman Kosarev, who himself was under attack on the same day in Latakia, was the first tointerview the rescued pilot.[63]

The pilot of Su­24, Oleg Peshkov, 45, was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the RussianFederation, while the surviving weapon systems officer, Konstantin Murakhtin, and the killed rescuer,Alexander Pozynych, received the Order of Courage.[64]

Search and rescue

The Turkish state­owned Anadolu Agency showed the initial video footage of the aircraft crashing and thetwo pilots parachuting down. Russian helicopters conducted low­altitude combat search and rescue flightsin the area to look for the pilot.[53] As the Russian armed forces began planning an operation to extract theSu­24 pilot, General Qasem Soleimani contacted them and proposed that a special task force unit be formedof Hezbollah's special forces and Syrian commandos who had been trained by Iran and were familiar withthe geography of the region to be tasked with the ground operations for the pilot's rescue, with Russiaproviding transport, logistical support, air cover and satellite intelligence. The team of 26 special forcescommandos which General Soleimani put forth consisted of 8 Hezbollah special forces personnel and 18Syrian special forces commandos.[65][66]

Two Mil Mi­8 helicopters were sent to find and recover the pilots from the crash site. One of the helicopterswas damaged by small­arms fire from Syrian Turkmen Brigade militants, resulting in the death of a navalinfantryman, and was forced to make an emergency landing.[67][68] All the surviving crew of the helicopterwere rescued and evacuated later on.[69] The Free Syrian Army's 1st Coastal Brigade claimed that theysubsequently destroyed the abandoned helicopter using a US­made BGM­71 TOW missile.[70]

The body of the dead pilot was handed over to Turkey, which handed it on to Russian officials in Ankara tobe flown to Moscow.[71][72]

Aftermath

On 25 November, the foreign ministers of Russia and Turkey spoke for an hour by telephone, and bothgovernments stated that day that they would not initiate a war as a result of the incident. Russian ForeignMinister Sergey Lavrov told journalists that his country would "seriously reevaluate" its relationship withTurkey.[73][74][75] The Russian Defence Ministry broke off military contacts with the Turkish Armed Forcesand Russian defence officials said that future airstrikes in Syria would be escorted by fighters.[76]According to the Russian Minister of Defence Sergey Shoygu, Russia will deploy S­400 surface­to­airmissile systems to Khmeimim Air Base in Syria, where the Russian Aerospace Forces group isstationed.[77][78]

Reactions

Involved parties

A few hours after the incident, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke from Sochi, where he was meetingwith King Abdullah II of Jordan,[79] saying that it was a "stab in the back by terrorist accomplices,"[41][80]

that Russia would not put up with attacks like this one[34] and that Russia–Turkey relations would beaffected. Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was due to visit Turkey the next day, and Turkish PresidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan had scheduled a visit to Russia later in the year.[81][82] Lavrov canceled his trip afterthe incident.[76] Lieutenant General Sergey Rudskoy said that forces threatening Russia would betargeted.[83] Protesters pelted the Turkish embassy in Russia with eggs before police cleared the area.[84] On26 November, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev announced broad economic sanctions against Turkey thatwould affect their joint investment projects,[85] including the possible shelving of a multibillion­dollar dealto build Turkish Stream gas pipeline through Turkey.[86] Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov said that Turkeywould regret its actions.[87] Putin accused Turkey of helping ISIL in the illegal oil trade, saying that fundsfrom the sale of oil were used to support terrorists.[88] The Russian Air Force had recently started bombingthe oil tankers en route to other countries, including Turkey, and the infrastructure for processing andstorage of crude oil.[89][90] A bill penalizing denial of the Armenian Genocide has been introduced in theRussian State Duma.[91]

Syrian Information Minister Omran al­Zoubi said the shooting would be added to the criminal record ofinsurgent groups fighting in the country and of those countries that were financing and arming them; hementioned Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar as the strongest such backers.[92]

Erdogan pointed out that Turkey had the right to defend its airspace. He said worse incidents have not takenplace in the past because of Turkey's restraint. He also stressed that Turkey's actions were fully in line withthe new rules of engagement adopted after Syria shot down a Turkish jet in 2012.[9] Turkish ForeignMinister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu offered condolences and said the Turkish pilots did not know it was a Russianplane.[93] Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu defended the action saying Turkey has the right todefend itself against border violations, but that it did not amount to an aggression against any foreignterritory and the country called for NATO to hold an extraordinary meeting later in the day.[94] He furthercalled for working towards solving the crisis in Syria.[92] Davutoğlu also said that attacks on Turkmencould not be legitimised under the justification of attacking ISIL.[73] Turkey's Ambassador to the UnitedStates, Serdar Kilic, asked for Turkey's warnings to be taken seriously.[95] Davutoglu said Turkey wouldcooperate but did not offer an apology.[96] Dozens of protesters were reported outside the Russian consulatein Istanbul demonstrating against Russian military operations in the Turkmen­populated areas of Syria.[92]

On 28 November 2015, Turkish President Erdogan expressed regret over the aircraft downing.[97] DespiteErdogan's statement of regret, Russian President Putin issued a decree within hours of Turkey's statementwhich placed a ban on trade of some goods, forbade extensions of labour contracts for Turks working inRussia as of 1 January 2016, ended chartered flights from Russia to Turkey, disallowed Russian tourismcompanies from selling holiday packages with a stay in Turkey, and called for ending visa­free travelbetween Russia and Turkey, while ordering tighter control over Turkish air carriers in Russia, usingsecurity as a justification.[98]

Russia started bombarding rebels – including Turkmen insurgents – in Latakia, ignoring demands made byTurkey over the previous week to end its military operations close to the Turkish border.[99] A Turkmencommander said missiles fired from Russian warships in the Mediterranean were also hitting the area.[100]

Russian Defence Ministry spokesman Igor Konashenkov said that as soon as the pilot was rescued thegroups responsible for the attack had been killed by Russian bombing and Syrian government rocketartillery.[101] A Turkish supply convoy, reportedly carrying small arms, machine­guns and ammunition, wasbombed by what is believed to have been Russian airstrikes in the northwestern town of Azaz, in north­western Syria. Claimed as an aid convoy by the Turks, no organization has as yet confirmed that the convoybelonged to them. At least seven people died and ten people were injured as around 20 trucks went up inflames.[102] Turkish state­run Anadolu Agency accused Russia of supporting the Kurdish YPG, PYD andSyrian Democratic Forces.[103]

On 26 November, Russia deployed the guided missile cruiser Moskva armed with S­300F (SA­N­6Grumble) long­range SAM missiles positioned off Latakia, off the Syrian coast[14] and S­400 (SA­21Growler) mobile SAM systems to Khmeimim Air Base.[104] The Russian military warned it would shootdown any aerial target that posed a threat to its planes.[105]

On 26 November, the Russian Ministry of Defence broke off contact with the Turkish military. All existingchannels of communication between the two sides have been shut down, the ministry said.[106]

On 27 November, Russia announced that it had also suspended its participation in joint Black Sea navaldrills indefinitely. The Russian navy's envoy in charge of coordinating the actions of Russia's Black SeaFleet with the Turkish navy has reportedly been recalled.[106]

On 27 November, Russian Foreign minister Sergey Lavrov announced that Moscow will halt the existingvisa­free regime starting on 1 January, saying that Turkey has become a conduit for terrorists and has beenreluctant to share information with Moscow about Russian citizens accused of involvement in terroristactivities.[107]

On 28 November, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree imposing economic sanctions againstTurkey. The decree, which came into force immediately, banned charter flights from Russia to Turkey,prevented tour firms selling holidays there, and outlawed some Turkish imports, and halted or curbed theeconomic activities of Turkish firms and nationals.[108]

International organizations

European Union: President of the European Council Donald Tusk called upon Turkey and Russiato stay calm; he was supported by the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign AffairsFederica Mogherini, following her meeting with Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg, whourged both parties to avoid escalation.[109][110]

NATO: Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg backed Turkey's assessment of theengagement and said: "We stand in solidarity with Turkey and support the territorial integrity of ourNATO ally, Turkey", and called for both sides to de­escalate the situation.[9][111]

Other countries

Armenia: Defense Minister Seyran Ohanian said it was a blow to efforts to fight terrorism.[112] Azerbaijan: President Ilham Aliyev claimed that Azerbaijan was ready to make efforts to reduce

and eliminate tension in Turkish­Russian relations.[113]

Cyprus: The office of President Nicos Anastasiades stated that the shootdown would undermineefforts to fight terrorism.[114]

Czech Republic: President Miloš Zeman said Turkey’s attack on the jet again fuels previously­raised suspicions that Ankara is supporting the terrorists in Syria. "Sometimes, a suspicion is voicedthat Turkey is informally interacting" with ISIL,[115] while Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka andForeign Minister Lubomír Zaorálek called for better co­ordination among those fighting in theregion.[92]

France: President François Hollande called the plane incident "a serious one" and said thatTurkey is providing information to NATO to investigate the circumstances. He also called for theprevention of any escalation of the situation.[95]

Georgia: Defense Minister Tinatin Khidasheli has said that Turkey has every right to respond toairspace violations by Russia. Furthermore, she said that Russia had deliberately violated the airspaceof NATO and EU member states in recent months, despite repeated warnings. Also, she noted thatTurkey is an important and respected partner and player in today's world.[116]

Germany: Chancellor Angela Merkel said that countries have the right to defend their airspace,but the event took place against a context of tension, and that she had spoken to the Turkish primeminister in an effort to promote calm.[117] German Vice­Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel called Turkishactions unpredictable.[118] Foreign Minister Frank­Walter Steinmeier called for "prudence andcommon sense" in response to the incident and that Syria peace talks in Vienna should not bederailed.[119]

Greece: Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Kotzias expressed solidarity with Russia in a phoneconversation with his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov.[120] Popular Unity leader PanagiotisLafazanis was refused permission by police to deliver a speech directed to Erdoğan, stating that theinternational community was disturbed by the event.[121] Protesters burned U.S. and Turkish flags atSyntagma Square as they marched towards the Turkish embassy. They also claimed that Turkeyviolated Greek airspace almost daily.[122][123]

Iran: President Rouhani said The governments of Russia and Turkey should follow up on theissue of downing of the Russian plane with insight and prevent the recurrence of such incidentsthrough prudence and patience .[124] Mohammad Javad Zarif , Iranian Foreign Minister, said therecent escalation of tensions between Moscow and Ankara over Turkey's downing of a Russian jetcan be settled through mutual discretion and prudence.[125]General Yahya Rahim Safavi, arevolutionary guards adviser to the Leader of Iran, said Turkey committed a "tactical mistake" byshooting down the Russian Su­24 aircraft near the Syria border.[126]

Iraq: Vice President Nouri al­Maliki accused Turkey of hypocrisy, saying that "[Turkey’s] planesviolate Iraqi and Syrian airspace every day".[127]

Israel: Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon said that Russia notifies Israel when its forces inSyria are planning operations near the Syrian­Israeli border. He also stated that "Russian planes don’tintend to attack us and therefore there is no need to automatically, even if there is some kind ofmistake, shoot them down", and that an incident where a Russian aircraft crossed into Israeli territoryhad been quickly resolved through direct communications.[128]

Latvia: Minister of Defence Raimonds Bergmanis told LNT that NATO allies are united withTurkey, who had the right to protect its airspace. He added that there is much evidence regardingbreaches of Turkish airspace carried out by Russian military aircraft.[129]

Lithuania: Foreign Minister Linas Linkevicius supported Turkey's right to defend itself.[130] Pakistan: A few days later, the Foreign Office expressed concerns about the ongoing tensions

between Turkey and Russia and recommended that the two countries should negotiate.[131] Serbia: President Tomislav Nikolić said that the incident was the fault of Turkey and that Turkey

often violated Greek and Syrian airspace.[132] Ukraine: National Security and Defence Council Secretary Oleksandr Turchynov said that the

Turkish Air Force acted professionally as any civilised country should operate when its sovereignspace is violated by another state's warplane. He added that Ukraine should shoot down Russian jetsif they violate Ukraine's airspace too.[133][134]

United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond said the incident was potentially seriousbut also said that Turkey was an important ally of the United Kingdom and European Union. Whenasked by opposition Labour MP Dennis Skinner whether Turkey could still be considered an ally,Hammond said that Turkey is an important NATO ally in the context of the fight against ISIL and themigration crisis.[135][136]

United States: President Barack Obama assured his Turkish counterpart, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan,in a phone call, of support for his country's right to defend its sovereignty and that it was important tofind out exactly what had happened and to prevent escalation.[76] Department of State SpokespersonMark Toner stated that Syrian Turkmen under attack have the right to self­defence.[137] The UnitedStates announced a list of new economic sanctions on Russian and Syrian individuals andcompanies.[138]

Financial markets

The MICEX and RTS Index, and Borsa Istanbul fell over 1%. The Turkish lira also dropped followingnews of the shootdown,[139] as did broader European stock markets.[140]

See also

List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (2010–present)Offensive counter air

Notes

a. On 15 October, Turkish jets shot down a drone operating in Turkish airspace.[20][21][22][23][24] United Statesdefence officials said that the drone was Russian; Russian officials denied that any of their aircraft had been shotdown.[20][21][22][23][24] On 17 October, Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said Turkey would shoot downany aircraft violating its air space.[25]

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3. Press release (24 November 2015). "Hava sahası İletim" [Transmission of Airspace]. Turkish Armed ForcesChief of Staff (in Turkish). Retrieved 24 November 2015.

4. "Turkey's statement to the United Nations Security Council" (in en­AU). Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 November2015.

5. "Turkey downs Russian jet". Al Jazeera. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.6. Sputnik (24 November 2015). "Russian Defense Ministry Video Proves Su­24 Never Entered Turkish Airspace".

sputniknews.com. Retrieved 25 November 2015.

7. Andrea Mitchell. "U.S. Confirms That Downed Russian Plane Entered Turkish Airspace". NBC News. Retrieved1 December 2015.

8. "Daily Press Briefing ­ November 30, 2015". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 1 December 2015.9. "Turkey's downing of Russian warplane – what we know". BBC. 24 November 2015.10. Phil Stewart, Russia didn't give downed jet's flight plan to U.S.: U.S. officials

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12. "Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS.". Slate Magazine. Retrieved25 November 2015.

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plane shot down by Turkey". The Independent. Retrieved 27 November 2015.15. Heintz, Jim; Fraser, Suzan (24 November 2015). "Turkey downs Russian jet; Putin warns of 'significant

consequences' ". StarAdvertiser from AP (Honolulu). Retrieved 24 November 2015.16. Heintz, Jim; Fraser, Suzan (24 November 2015). "Turkey shoots down Russian jet it says violated its airspace".

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origin". Reuters. Retrieved 24 November 2015.21. Yeginau, Ceylan (16 October 2015). "Turkish Jets Shoot Down Drone Near Syria". The New York Times (New

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border: Sources suggest drone is of Russian origin but Ankara keen to avoid blaming Moscow as tensionssimmer over airspace violations". The Guardian (Manchester). Retrieved 24 November 2015.

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25. "Turkey would shoot down planes violating its air space: PM". 18 October 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.26. Shaheen, Kareem (6 October 2015). "Nato condemns Russia over violations of Turkey's airspace". The Guardian.

Retrieved 26 November 2015.27. Barnes, Julian E.; Peker, Emre; Lubold, Gordon (5 October 2015). "Turkey Says Russian Fighter Jet Violated Its

Airspace With Syria". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 November 2015.28. "Türkiye Ekim Ayında Rusya'yı Beş Kez Uyardı: Türk ve Rus yetkililer, Ekim ayında Rus jetlerinin Türk hava

sahasını ihlalleri konusunda 5 kez görüştü." [The strict rules of engagement that had been transmitted to theRussian authorities will be implemented] (in Turkish). Haberler.com. 24 November 2015. Retrieved24 November 2015.

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30. Kim Sengupta (12 May 2015). "Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists theAmericans had bombed in Syria". The Independent.

31. "After shooting down Russian jet, what's next for Turkey?". Al­Monitor. 26 November 2015.32. Deniz Zeyrek (24 November 2015). "Turkey warns Russia over border security". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved

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Russian Su­24 shot down while returning to base in Syria]. TASS (in Russian). 24 November 2015. Retrieved24 November 2015.

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Border". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved 24 November 2015.42. H.E. Mr. Matthew Ryeroft (24 November 2015). "Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations,

Ambassador 2015/10165510". UN. "Disregarding these warnings, both aircraft, at an altitude of 19,000 feet[5,800 m], violated Turkish national airspace to a depth of 1.36 miles [2.52 km] and 1.15 miles [2.13 km] inlength for 17 seconds from 0.24'.05 local time."

43. "Düşürülen Rus uçağını böyle uyardı". Dha.com.tr.44. "Düşürülen Rus uçağını böyle uyardı". www.haberturk.com. 26 November 2015.45. "Turkey releases audio of 'warning' to downed Russia jet". BBC News.46. " 'Turkish jets gave us no warning before shooting' – rescued pilot of downed Russian Su­24". RT. 25 November

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November 2015.48. Cenciotti, David (27 November 2015). " "Turkish Air Force F­16s ambushed the Su­24 Fencer": here’s Russia’s

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External links

"Commander­in­Chief of the Russian Aerospace Forcespresents facts of the attack on the Russian Su­24M aircraftcarried out by the Turkish F­16 fighter in the sky over Syriaon November 24". http://eng.mil.ru. Russian MoD. Retrieved28 November 2015.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su­24_shootdown&oldid=693308979"

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