viivii

Preface xv

Maps of the World xxxi

PART I. STUDYING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Introducing International Relations  3

What Do We Study? The Field of International Relations 5

What Is International Relations? 5Key Concepts 8

Sovereignty 8Nations and states 11

A CASE IN POINT Disputed Territory: Alsace-Lorraine 9

DEBATE On Sensitive Usage 12

Key Actors 12State government and foreign policy 12Intergovernmental organizations 14Nongovernmental organizations 14

Global Issues 16Instability, violence, and war 16Nuclear proliferation 16Environmental problems 17Poverty 18Human rights 19Population and migration 19Finding a path to peace and economic

improvement 20

How Do We Study It? 20

Gathering Information 20Government and nongovernment reports 20Eyewitness sources 21Communications 22

CHAPTER

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A CASE IN POINT Fact and Fiction 24Intelligence 24Surveys 25Experimental methods 26

DEBATE The Corruption Perception Index 26

Analyzing Information 26Critical thinking in international relations 26Distinguishing facts from opinions 27Looking for multiple causes 28Being aware of bias 29Theory 29

How Do We Apply It? 30

The Individual Context 30The State Context 31

A CASE IN POINT Political Biographies 32

The Global Context 33

Past, Present, and Future: Can Democracy Be Exported? 34

CONCLUSION 38CHAPTER SUMMARY 38VISUAL REVIEW 39

Th e Realist Perspective  41

What Do We Study? 42

Understanding Power in International Relations 44 The Development of Realism 44

Intellectual roots 45Realism prevails in Europe 45Realism becomes a theory 46Neorealism 48

International Order 49Polarity and international order 49International order and policies 51

The Rise and Fall of Great Power: Realist Lessons 52The Ottoman Empire 52The British Empire 54

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The United States: An “empire of freedom and the dollar”? 56

A CASE IN POINT The Monroe Doctrine 57How great powers evolve 58

How Do We Study It? 58

DEBATE Will the Global Power Struggle Ever End? 59

Realpolitik 59Rules of engagement 59Predator states 60Power shifts 61

International Order and War 61Types of responses to the use of force 61Neorealist strategies 62

Nonmilitary Responses 62

How Do We Apply It? 64

The Individual Context 64The State Context 65

DEBATE Individual Leaders and Their Foreign Policy 65

The Global Context 68Putting the Contexts Together 69

Past, Present, and Future: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization 70

CONCLUSION 73CHAPTER SUMMARY 74VISUAL REVIEW 75

Th e Liberal Perspective  77

What Do We Study? 79

The Development of Liberalism 79Intellectual roots 80

DEBATE Are Humans Inherently Selfish and Violent? 81

Early attempts to implement liberal principles 81The Lessons of World War I 82The League of Nations 831945: a new beginning for liberal principles 83

The Many Faces of Liberalism 86

How Do We Study It? 88

Comparing Liberalism and Realism 88

DEBATE When Should Liberals Go to War? 89

The obsolescence of big wars 90Lessons of diplomacy 90

CHAPTER

3

A CASE IN POINT Diplomatic Efforts in an India-Pakistan Confl ict 91

Democratic peace 92

DEBATE Can “Democratic Peace Theory” Be Falsified? 93

Soft power 93

International and Nongovernmental Institutions 95Cross-national networks 96Nongovernmental organizations 97

The Spectrum of Liberalism 98Multilateralism, interventionism, and isolationism 99

DEBATE Does Partisanship Affect U.S. Foreign Policy? 100

Illiberal views: from anarchism to religious fundamentalism 100

How Do We Apply It? 102

The Individual Context 102The State Context 104

Public support for foreign policy 104Policy climate 105

A CASE IN POINT U.S. Public Opinion and the Use of Force Abroad 106

The Global Context 106

Past, Present, and Future: The European Community 109

CONCLUSION 113CHAPTER SUMMARY 113VISUAL REVIEW 115

Alternative Views  117

What Do We Study? 118

How Do We Study It? 119

The Constructivist View 119Socially constructed meanings 120Three types of international environments 121History lessons 123

Confl ict Approaches 124Marxism and Leninism 124Other Marxist concepts 126Dependency and world-systems theory 127The politics of gender 128Race and ethnic confl ict 130

Political Psychology 131Rational decision-making 131Biased decision-making 133Group pressure 134

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DEBATE Nuclear Weapons: To Have or Not to Have? 134

Political socialization 135

How Do We Apply It? 136

The Individual Context 136Rational and biased choices 137Analogies and individuals 137Irrational decision-making 138Early and late socialization 139Confl ict theories tested 139

A CASE IN POINT Obama’s Missing Father 139

The State Context 140Bureaucracy and cognitive maps 141Access to information and statesmanship 141Two-level games 142The democratic-authoritarian continuum 143Whose state interests? 144

DEBATE Public Scrutiny and Effi cient Decisions 144

The Global Context 145International factors and state interests 145Gender and social confl ict perspectives 145

Past, Present, Future: The Cuban Missile Crisis 146

CONCLUSION 150CHAPTER SUMMARY 150VISUAL REVIEW 151

PART II.THREE FACETS OF A GLOBAL WORLD

International Security  153

What Do We Study? 154

Security 154Types of War 156

A CASE IN POINT War in Angola 158

Security Policies 159

How Do We Study It? 161

Realism 161Realism and security 161The security dilemma 162Nuclear deterrence 163The domino theory 163

CHAPTER

5

Security regimes 163

International Liberalism 165Liberalism and security 165International organizations and the

security community 165

Constructivism 166Perceptions, identities, and attitudes 166Militarism and pacifi sm 167

Alternative and Confl ict Theories 168Marxism 168

DEBATE Why Has Obama Supported So Many Armed Confl icts? 168

Feminism 169

How Do We Apply It? 170

The Individual Context 170Leaders and advisers 170Psychology 171

DEBATE Are Veterans More Likely than Non-Veterans to Support the Use of Force? 172

A CASE IN POINT GRIT and the Spiral of Insecurity 172

The State Context 173Public opinion 173Ideology 175Lobbying 175

The Global Context 176Geopolitics 176Regional security 177Energy, resources, and security 177

Past, Present, and Future: Ending The Cold War 178

CONCLUSION 182CHAPTER SUMMARY 182VISUAL REVIEW 183

International Law  185

What Do We Study? 186

Law, the Role of IGOs, and International Relations 186Principles of International Law 188Sources of International Law 189The Development of International Law 190

Laws of the sea 190Laws of war 191Humanitarian issues 193Early legal institutions 193From the League of Nations to the United Nations 194

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How Do We Study It? 195

The Realist View of International Law 195Sovereignty 196

A CASE IN POINT Norway’s Moral Objection 196

State interest 197Law enforcement 197

The Liberal View of International Law 197Law and reason 197

DEBATE Why Can’t We Outlaw War? 198

Extraterritoriality 199

Supranationalism 199Supranationalism and human rights 200The legality of war 201

Constructivism and Other views of International Law 202

Ideology and law 202Perceptions of international law 202

DEBATE From Kosovo to the Russian-Georgian War 203

Confl ict theories 204Self-organization 204

How Do We Apply It? 205

The Individual Context 205Political authority 205

The State Context 206

DEBATE Authoritarian Leaders and the Law 206

International law and the United States 207

The Global Context 208From nationalism to supranationalism 209Back to reality 210

A CASE IN POINT Rwanda and Belgian Law 211

Past, Present, and Future: War Crimes, Genocide, and the Legacy of Nuremberg 211

CONCLUSION 215CHAPTER SUMMARY 216VISUAL REVIEW 217

International Political Economy  219

What Do We Study? 221

The Major Factors of International Political Economy 221

Production and consumption 221

CHAPTER

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Finances 221Trade 222

DEBATE Global Interdependence and Local Prices 223

A CASE IN POINT Tariff s and Sanctions May Backfi re 225

How Do We Study It? 225

Mercantilism: An Economic Realism? 225Principles of mercantilism 225Mercantilism and realism 226

DEBATE National Pride and Foreign Ownership 227

Economic Liberalism 228The roots of economic liberalism 228Principles of economic liberalism 228The Keynesian challenge 229International organizations 230Regional trade agreements 231

Constructivism 232National purpose 232Economic climate 233

Confl ict Theories 234Marxism 234Economic dependency 235Fair trade 236

DEBATE Fair Trade 236

How Do We Apply It? 237

The Individual Context 237Political leadership 237Microeconomics 238

The State Context 238Domestic politics 238

A CASE IN POINT Discoveries and Innovation 240

Surplus or manageable defi cit? 241

The Global Context 242Which economic policy? 242Global interdependence 244Global poverty 245International institutions and the global

economy 246Culture and confl ict 247

Past, Present, and Future: “The Beijing Miracle” 247

CONCLUSION 252CHAPTER SUMMARY 252VISUAL REVIEW 254

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PART III. TWENTYFIRSTCENTURY CHALLENGES

International Terrorism  257

What Do We Study? 259

Terrorism and Counterterrorism 259Why Defi nitions Are Important 260

Legitimization of military actions 261Mobilization of international law 261Justifi cation of other policies 262

DEBATE The Terrorism Label Can Be Misused 263

How Terrorism Works 263Assumptions and methods 263The “logic” of terrorism 265

DEBATE Terrorism and Global Interactions 265

Terrorism: In the Name of What? 266Anarchists 266Extreme nationalists 266Radical socialists 267Religious fundamentalists 267

DEBATE Assumptions and Misconceptions about Terrorism, Radicalism, and Violent Groups 268

How Do We Study It? 268

The Realist View of Terrorism 268Power balance 269Asymmetrical threats 269Counterterrorism 270

The Liberal View of Terrorism 271Understanding causes of terrorism 271Criminalizing terrorism 272Liberalism and counterterrorism 272

The Constructivist and Other Views of Terrorism 273Three pillars of terrorism 273

A CASE IN POINT Northern Ireland 274

Ideology and identity 275

A CASE IN POINT The Basque Conflict 276

DEBATE On Moral Relativism and Terrorism 277

Confl ict theories 277Political socialization 277

How Do We Apply It? 278

The Individual Context 278The terrorist’s profi le 278

CHAPTER

8

Bush and Obama on terrorism 280Rehabilitation as counterterrorism 281

The State Context 282Domestic costs of counterterrorism 282Terrorism as a means to gain state power 282Democratic governance and terrorism 283

The Global Context 284Eff ectiveness 284Global waves 285Global counterterrorism 286

Past, Present, and Future: Al-Qaeda 287

CONCLUSION 291CHAPTER SUMMARY 291VISUAL REVIEW 292

Environmental Problems and International Politics  295

What Do We Study? 296

Environmental Problems 297Acid rain 297Air pollution 297

A CASE IN POINT A Disappearing Sea 298

Ozone depletion 298Climate change 299Deforestation 302Loss of wildlife 302Loss of clean water 302

Disasters and Accidents 302Natural disasters 303Human-created disasters 303

Environmental Policies Today 304Restriction and regulation 304Green investments 305Comprehensive policies 307Policy implementation 308

How Do We Study It? 309

Realism 309Environmental disasters and security 309Confl ict 309Global commons 309Environment and sovereignity 310

Liberalism 311International treaties and organizations 311Nongovernmental organizations 312Public awareness 313

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DEBATE “Environmental Off enders” 314

Constructivism 315Environmental values 315Local contexts 315

Alternative and Critical Views 316

How Do We Apply It? 316

The Individual Context 316Environmentalism and skepticism 316

A CASE IN POINT Alarming and Skeptical Voices 317

A sense of mission and leadership 318

The State Context 319National purpose and partisan politics 319

DEBATE “The Cooling World” 320

The democratic context 321

The Global Context 322The environment and business 322The need for global eff orts 323Global policy and climate change 324

Past, Present, and Future: Greenpeace 325

CONCLUSION 328CHAPTER SUMMARY 328VISUAL REVIEW 329

Humanitarian Problems  331

What Do We Study? 332

Humanitarian Problems 333Pandemics and infectious diseases 333AIDS 324Chronic starvation and malnutrition 324Acute suff ering 336

Causes of Humanitarian Problems 336Natural disasters 336Mismanagement 336Politics 337Mass violence 338Extreme poverty 338Overpopulation 339Involuntary migration 339Interconnected problems 340

DEBATE Preventing Migration 341

Humanitarian Policies 342Humanitarian intervention 342Relief eff orts 343Crisis prevention 343

CHAPTER

10

Population policies 344Anti-poverty policies 344

A CASE IN POINT Population Control in China 345

Refugee policies 346

How Do We Study It? 347

Realism 347Liberalism 348

Theoretical principles 348Global governance 349

Constructivism 350

A CASE IN POINT Global Compact 351

Confl ict Theories 352

How Do We Apply It? 353

The Individual Context 353Leaders’ choices 353Denying or hiding problems 353

The State Context 354The political climate 354Favorable conditions 354

The Global Context 355New and evolving concerns 355Policy arguments 356Effi ciency of aid 356Sustainability of success 357

Past, Present, and Future: Celebrity Activism 358

CONCLUSION 360CHAPTER SUMMARY 361VISUAL REVIEW 362

Hearts and Minds: Identity and Political Culture  365

What Do We Study? 367

Values and Identities 368Political Cultures 368

Types of political cultures 369Views of political authority 370

Cultures as Civilizations 371Cultural identities 371A clash of civilizations? 372

Political Attitudes 372Nationalism 372

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DEBATE Who Are Patriots and Nationalists? 373

Tribalism 373Xenophobia 373Fundamentalism 374

How Do We Study It? 375

Realism 375Liberalism 376Constructivism 376

A CASE IN POINT Africa and Democratic Culture 377

Confl ict Theories 378

How Do We Apply It? 379

The Individual Context 379Visionaries and fanatics 380Political mobilization 381

A CASE IN POINT America’s Support of Israel 381

The State Context 383Collective experiences 383Political culture and state unity 385Economic leverage 385Democratic norms 386

The Global Context 387Toward a global political culture? 387Resistance to globalization 387Do cultures clash? 388

DEBATE Mutual Perceptions 389

Hybrid political cultures 389

Past, Present, and Future: China’s Changing Identity 390

CONCLUSION 394CHAPTER SUMMARY 394VISUAL REVIEW 396

Forecasting the World of 2025  399

What Do We Study? 400

A CASE IN POINT Prophecies and Predictions 400

Sovereign states 401Strong and weak states 401Territorial claims 402

DEBATE Weak States and International Law 403

IGOs and NGOs 403

CHAPTER

12

A CASE IN POINT 3D Printing 405

Multipolarity and Alliances 406Polarity 406Latin America and Bolivarianism 406Pan-Arabism 407Pan-Islamism 407Pan-Africanism 408South and East Asia 408Russia and the post-Soviet space 409

DEBATE Forecasting Alliances 410

How Do We Study It? 410

Realism 410Liberalism 411Constructivism 413Confl ict and Alternative Theories 415

How Do We Apply It? 416

The Individual Context 416The State Context 416

The United States 417The European Union 417China 417Brazil 418Turkey 419

The Global Context 419Marxism 419Modernization theories 420Democratic transition 420Theories of scarcity 421The clash of civilizations 422“Rise and fall” theories 423

A Glimpse into the Future 423

CONCLUSION 426CHAPTER SUMMARY 426VISUAL REVIEW 427

Appendix: Careers in International Relations 429

Glossary 433

References 441

Credits 469

Index 471

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