2009 hydrologic synthesis reverse site visit | arlington, va | august 20-21, 2009 sediment and...
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2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Sediment and Contaminant Dynamics Across Scales
Landscape as Cascading Hydrologic and Biogeochemical Filters
Session 2Nandita Basu (University of Iowa) Suresh Rao (Purdue University)Aaron Packman (Northwestern)
Session 3Marwan Hassan (UBC)
Aaron Packman (Northwestern)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Mgmt.:Chemical
Inputs
Source Release Model
Vadose Zone :Storage, Transport
Retardation,Transformations
Saturated Zone :Transport, Retardation
Transformations
Climate and Veg: Rain, ET
overland flow
subsurface flow
groundwaterflow
Hillslope
Emergent Patterns
Conceptual Framework:Hierarchical, Non-linear Filters and Cascading Waves
Water Column
sediment
Reach Scale
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Approach: Pattern Based
Hypotheses Testing:• WHAT are the “emergent” patterns? – Data• HOW are they created? – Models
Hypotheses Generation:• WHEN will they cease to exist --- tipping points
- Data-based (comparative hydrology)- Model-based
Patterns offer a window into landscape processes
… and a starting point for hypotheses
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Patterns that Intrigued us…..
Nitrate load-discharge relationships across Mississippi
Sediment load-discharge relationships
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Patterns that Intrigued us…..
Nitrate load-discharge relationships across Mississippi
Sediment load-discharge relationships
Why are they linear?Or,
Why are Watersheds Chemostatic?At what scale are they chemostatic?
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009 6
Den
itrifi
catio
n r
ate
cons
tant
(d
-1)
Reach-Scale
REACH SCALEInverse relationship between
denitrification and stream depth
How do reach scale patterns translate to network scale: Spatio-Temporal Averaging
NETWORK SCALESame Inverse Dependence
Donner et al. (2004)Bohlke et al. (2008)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Motivating Questions:
1. How are sediments and contaminants (dissolved and sediment bound) generated in the hillslope?
2. How do sediments and contaminants get translated through the network?
Can we understand the dominant classes of behavior of landscapes that will pave the way towards catchment biogeochemical classification?
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Filtering of solute variability across scales
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Hypothesis: Landscapes act as cascading,coupled filters
Observed “patterns” are windows into this filtering
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Four examples of solute filtering
Event filtering in the vadose zone
C vs Q: Data analysis across scales
C vs Q: Models to understand controls
Flow and denitrification in networks
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Event filtering in the vadose zone
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
HEIST: A 1-D event-based model of solute loads filtered by the vadose zone
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Solute mass in
Sol
ute
mas
s ou
t Increasing depth
Increasing degradation rates
Effects of soil depth: Effects of degradation rate:
Model reveals controls on clustering of events and emergence of extremes
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Concentration vs Discharge:
Data analysis across scales
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Cum
ulative
oututs over each year
Cum
ulative
outputs over each year
Cumulative precipitation Cumulative discharge
Sulfate
Nitrate
Chloride
Sulfate
Nitrate
Chloride
Intra-annual filtering of nitrate more complex than less bioactive solutes in experimental watersheds
Hubbard Brook WS2
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Single tile drain (0.03 km2)Q-C strongly coupled
Watershed (186 km2)Episodically coupled
Flow and Nitrate decouple at larger spatial scales, except for specific events, in a data-rich agricultural watershed
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Annual Discharge 106 m3/km2/yr
Annual N
O2 + N
O3 Load (t/km
2/yr)
Landuse and climate control mean [N], and interannual variability is dampened, at Mississippi watershed scale
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Concentration vs Discharge:
Models to understand controls
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
MRF model - Conceptual hillslope coupled to network
Storage-dependent CSTR model
Storage
THREW model - Representative
Elementary Watershed
Multi-compartmentflow and BGCprocess model
Multiple models used to test hypotheses about origins of observed patterns
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Chemostatic Q – C behavior linked to:
B) Interaction of forcing and filter
timescales
A) Storage – dependentreaction rates
C) Averaging effects of the network
Reaction time
Event input frequencyResidence time
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Flow and denitrification in networks
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Simon Donner (UBC)IBIS-THMB model simulations (65 sq km grid resolution)
REACH SCALEInverse relationship between
denitrification and stream depth
Spatial averagingover network
Temporal averagingover year
Bohlke 2008
Reach scale dependence on stage shown to produce intriguing patterns when up-scaled in time and space
In-s
trea
m N
Rem
oval
k = 0.2/h
k = 0.06/h
Runoff (mm)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Order from complexity Solute filtering behavior most complex at
small scales more bioactive solutes
Critical control on filtering: Coupling of flow and reaction rates Timescales of forcing, processing Spatial structure of the network
Models built around event filtering can reproduce patterns of
Episodic leaching Nitrate concentration vs discharge Denitrification across scales
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Sediment transport: legacy, intermittency and land use
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Study Sites
Goodwin Creek, Mississippi Rio Isabena, Spain
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Landscape and Network Filtering of Sediment Transport
Rainfall
Land Management
Runoff, Suspended Sediment
Bank Erosion
Deposition and Resuspension
Q(t)
Cu
ml.
Lo
ad
Cuml. Flow
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
1980 1982 1985 1987 1990 1992 1995 1997-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
m)
Hurst Analysis: Flow
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
kg
.m2
)
Hurst Analysis: Sediment Load
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400Hurst Analysis: Precip
P Gage 35P Gage 52P Gage 53P Gage 54P Gage 57
Hillslope Filtering
Precipitation
Flow Sediment MobilizedDev
iati
on
s fr
om
th
e M
ean
(m
m)
Years1982 1997
De
via
tio
ns
fro
m t
he
Me
an
(m
)
Years1982 1997
De
via
tio
ns
fro
m t
he
Me
an
(k
g)
Years1982 1997
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
1980 1982 1985 1987 1990 1992 1995 1997-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
m)
Hurst Analysis: Flow
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
kg
.m2
)
Hurst Analysis: Sediment Load
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
Hillslope Filtering
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400Hurst Analysis: Precip
P Gage 35P Gage 52P Gage 53P Gage 54P Gage 57
Precipitation
Flow Sediment Mobilized
Flow ~ unfiltered precipitation1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400Hurst Analysis: Precip
P Gage 35P Gage 52P Gage 53P Gage 54P Gage 57
Dev
iati
on
s fr
om
th
e M
ean
(m
m)
Years1982 1997
De
via
tio
ns
fro
m t
he
Me
an
(m
)
Years1982 1997
De
via
tio
ns
fro
m t
he
Me
an
(k
g)
Years1982 1997
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Hillslope Filtering
1980 1982 1985 1987 1990 1992 1995 1997-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
m)
Hurst Analysis: Flow
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
kg
.m2
)
Hurst Analysis: Sediment Load
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400Hurst Analysis: Precip
P Gage 35P Gage 52P Gage 53P Gage 54P Gage 57
Precipitation
Flow Sediment Mobilized
Sediment ~ flow filtered1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400Hurst Analysis: Precip
P Gage 35P Gage 52P Gage 53P Gage 54P Gage 57
Dev
iati
on
s fr
om
th
e M
ean
(m
m)
Years1982 1997
1980 1982 1985 1987 1990 1992 1995 1997-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
m)
Hurst Analysis: Flow
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
kg
.m2
)
Hurst Analysis: Sediment Load
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
De
via
tio
ns
fro
m t
he
Me
an
(m
)
Years1982 1997
De
via
tio
ns
fro
m t
he
Me
an
(k
g)
Years1982 1997
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Hillslope Filtering
1980 1982 1985 1987 1990 1992 1995 1997-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
m)
Hurst Analysis: Flow
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
kg
.m2
)
Hurst Analysis: Sediment Load
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400Hurst Analysis: Precip
P Gage 35P Gage 52P Gage 53P Gage 54P Gage 57
Precipitation
Flow Sediment Mobilized
Sediment ~ flow filtered1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400Hurst Analysis: Precip
P Gage 35P Gage 52P Gage 53P Gage 54P Gage 57
Dev
iati
on
s fr
om
th
e M
ean
(m
m)
Years1982 1997
1980 1982 1985 1987 1990 1992 1995 1997-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
m)
Hurst Analysis: Flow
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
De
via
tio
n f
rom
th
e m
ea
n (
kg
.m2
)
Hurst Analysis: Sediment Load
Site 7
Site 9
Site 10
Site 11
Site14
De
via
tio
ns
fro
m t
he
Me
an
(m
)
Years1982 1997
De
via
tio
ns
fro
m t
he
Me
an
(k
g)
Years1982 1997
Increased Disturbance
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
EX
CE
ED
EN
CE
P
RO
BA
BIL
ITY
NORMALIZED FLOW AND LOAD
1982 1983 1984 1985
1986 1987 1988 1989
1990 1991 1992 1993
1994 1995 1996 1997
CHANGE IN LANDUSE
FLOW
LOAD
Hillslope Filtering – Land Use
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Reach Mass Balance
St. 3Inputs
Bank Erosion
Deposition Mobilization
St. 4
St. 13
St. 14St. 2St. 3
InputsBank Erosion
Deposition Mobilization
St. 4
St. 13
St. 14St. 2
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Quantification of Bank Erosion
1996/4/24
1996/12/9
1997/3/4
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sediment Transport – Waves
Length Down Reach (m)
Sed
imen
t Con
cent
ratio
n in
Bed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
5
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
2
4
Concentration
Flow
INPUT
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sediment Transport – Waves
Length Down Reach (m)
Sed
imen
t Con
cent
ratio
n in
Bed
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
5
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
2
4
Concentration
Flow
INPUT
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sediment Transport – Waves
Length Down Reach (m)
Sed
imen
t Con
cent
ratio
n in
Bed
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
5
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
2
4
Concentration
Flow
INPUT
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Sediment Transport – Waves
Length Down Reach (m)
Sed
imen
t Con
cent
ratio
n in
Bed
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
5
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 70
2
4
Concentration
Flow
INPUT
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Sediment transport behaviour Reproduces features of export patterns
1Data for Isabena River
Cumulative Flow m3/s
Cum
ulat
ive
Load
(g)
0 10
1
Cumulative Flow (m3/day)C
umul
ativ
e Lo
ad
Model Output
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Basin-Scale Filtering
Load – relatively homogeneous Load – highlights channel contributions
Land Use Intervention
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
Consequences
• Intact ecosystems more filtering
• Network has “memory”– Responses vary in space, time
• Filtering:– Nonlinear (e.g. hillslopes)– Episodic (e.g. legacy) – Stochastic (e.g. bank failure)
2009 Hydrologic Synthesis Reverse Site Visit | Arlington, VA | August 20-21, 2009
0 10
1
Cumulative Flow (m3/day)
Cum
ulat
ive
Load
Model Output
Solute mass in
Solu
te m
ass
out
Increasing depth
Order out of Complexity
Vadose Zone
Catchment Scale: Nutrient
Network Scale
Sediment