1.causes of wwi immediate cause----june 28, 1914 assassination of franz ferdinand of austria hostile...

1. Causes of WWI• Immediate Cause----June 28, 1914

• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria• Hostile alliances take effect---War declared

Central Powers vs. Allied Powers• Germany Great Britain• Austria/Hungary France• Ottoman Empire Russia

• Trench warfare and the Western Front

3. President Wilson• Calls for neutrality = conflicting sympathies• US belief = right to trade with all nations

• Germany and Great Britain violated this policy.

notes1

4. From neutrality to war.•German policy

•Unrestricted submarine warfare = USW•U-Boat, sunk the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)

•Zimmerman Note: Jan. 1917

5. April 8, 1917 US declares war on Germany……• Germans violated our trade and neutrality

•War to end all war•The world must be made safe for democracy

•Side with the Allies

notes2

1. President Wilson: The War to End All War War outlook in Jan. 1917

Poor for Allies: Why? U.S. troops in France---American Expeditionary

Forces Led by General John J. Pershing

US Troops

2. Actions of Wilson and Congress

3. Women in WWI• worked in the factories

19th Amendment----women’s suffrage

4. End of War Nov. 11th = 11-11-11 = end of the war

Germans sign an armistice

notes3

1. President Wilson’s 14 Points

2. Treaty of Versailles = Big 4 countries Germany was forced to

pay war debts = reparations---$53 billion Remain disarmed Lost all colonies Responsible for war

Created new countries

3. Wilson’s Problems at Home • Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles

• Does not join the League of Nations…….Why? • Lodge vs. Wilson• Draw U.S. into another war• Took away Congress’s power to declare

war.• Americans wanted neutrality

notes5

notes6

4. Results of Treaty of Versailles New democracies would fail without US aid Germany: treaty of revenge = leads to WWII

5. Post war adjustments….

Section 1World War I

• Nations formed partnerships to protect against opposing forces

• Triple Alliance united Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

• Great Britain joined France, Russia in Triple Entente

• Believed no one nation would attack another, because allies would join fight

Alliances

• Massive military buildup in European countries, late 1800s and early 1900s

• Wanted to protect overseas colonies from other nations

• Growing power of armed forces left all sides ready to act at first sign of trouble

• Minor disagreements had potential to turn to armed conflict

Militarism

Europe on the Brink of War


• Strong devotion to one’s national group or culture, increased in late 1800s

• Led to formation of new countries, struggles for power

• Most visible in Balkan Peninsula, southeastern Europe

• Home to many ethnic groups trying to break free from Ottoman Empire

Nationalism

• Late 1800s and early 1900s saw quest to build empires

• Created rivalry, ill will among European nations

• Germany, France, Russia, Great Britain vied to become great imperial nations

• Each did not want others to gain power

Imperialism

Europe on the Brink of War


In the midst of the tensions with Serbia, archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.

• Serbian Gavrilo Princip assassinated archduke, wife

• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

• Russia prepared to support Serbia

• Austria-Hungary ally Germany saw Russia as threat

• Germany declared war on Russia, ally France

The Impact• Germany faced war on two

fronts: Russia to east, France to west

• Decided to strike France quickly then move to Russia

• Began with quick strike into neutral Belgium

• Attack on neutral country led Great Britain to declare war on Germany

Fighting Begins

War Breaks Out

1st World War in history

•Great War or War to End all War

•Not called WWI until after WWII

•Total war

•Involved 60 nations and 6 continents

Cost of War•$400 billion

•$10 million dollars an hour

16 million deaths•First war of the Industrial

Revolution……

New Weapons vs old tactics of fighting

world map

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

Tank (broke the Western front)

Introduced at battle of Somme, 1916, but could only go 3 mph.

By 1918 able to cross trenches

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied PowersAllied PowersAllied Powers Central Central

PowersPowersCentral Central PowersPowers

Great Britain

France

Russia

Italy

Germany

Austrian-Hungarian Empire

Turkey

Inevitability of war

• June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria assassinated

• July 5, 1914 Germany issues A-H “blank check” – pledging military

assistance if A-H goes to war against Russia

• July 23, 1914 Austria issues Serbia an ultimatum

The inevitability of war

• July 28, 1914 A-H declares war on Serbia

• July 29, 1914 Russia orders full mobilization of its troops

• August 1,1914 Germany declares war on Russia

• August 2, 1914 Germany demands Belgium declare access to German troops

The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature


• Germany made vast encircling movement through Belgium to enter Paris

• Underestimated speed of the British mobilization– Quickly sent troops to

France


• Sept 6-10, 1914– Battle of Marne– Stopped the Germans

but French troops were exhausted

– Both sides dug trenches for shelter

STALEMATE

battle frontsbattle fronts

•German invasion in August of 1914, through Belgium to

conquer France.

•Gave FrenchFrench and BritishBritish militaries enough time to

mobilize their army

•Belgium puts up a strong fight.

•11stst Battle of the Marne River Battle of the Marne River, France and Great Britain stop

Germany from capturing Paris.

•France, England and Germany involve itself in trench warfaretrench warfare

from 1914 to 1918


conquer France.


mobilize their army





from 1914 to 1918


Germany’s plan

• Germany wanted to quickly defeat France, move east to fight Russia• Great Britain’s declaration of war on Germany doomed its plan• The Great War became bloody stalemate

Russia enters fighting

• Russia attacked German territory from the east• Russians defeated in Battle of Tannenberg• Germany distracted from France, Allies turned on German invaders

Early battles

• Battle of the Frontiers pitted German troops against both French and British• Both sides suffered heavy losses • Germany victorious

Fighting in 1914

Stalemate By September 1914, the war

had reached a stalematestalemate, a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage.

When a French and British force stopped a German advance near Paris, both sides holed up in trenches separated by an empty “no “no man’s land.”man’s land.” Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties.

Both sides continued to add new allies, hoping to gain an advantage.

Modern Warfare Neither soldiers nor officers

were prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in WW I.

Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy.

As morale fell, the lines between soldiers and civilians began to blur. The armies began to burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells.

The Eastern Front

• Russian army moved into Eastern Germany on August 30, 1914– Defeated

• The Austrians kicked out of Serbia

• Italians attacked Austria in 1915

• G. came to Austrian aid and pushed Russians back 300 miles into own territory

The Eastern Front

• Much more mobile more than the West– But loss of life still very

high– 1915: 2.5 million

Russians killed, captured, or wounded

•The Germans could not match Great Britain's

superior navy.•Germans introduced

unrestricted submarine warfare with U-Boats

•Germans warned the world they would sink any ship

they believed was carrying contraband to Great

Britain.

U-BoatsU-Boats

•By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied ships.

Two typesTwo types•small subs

with a crew of 24

•larger subs with a crew of

60

•44 by 1918

Lusitania ad

war zone

•May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the Lusitania which was British passenger liner.

•Germans believed it was carrying contraband (weapons)contraband (weapons) to the British.

•Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans. •U.S. and other countries outraged towards

Germany because of “unrestricted submarine “unrestricted submarine warfare”.warfare”.

•US believed the Germans had violated international lawinternational law of targeting civilians

Lusitania

•After the sinking of the Lusitania, public opinion of most Americans was to go to war with Germany.

•Germany promised they would not sink anymore ships unless

warning them first and providing safety for civilians.

•BUT, President Wilson was able “keep us out of war” ….

Sussex Sunk: led to Sussex Pledge in March

1916. Germany promised not to sink

anymore ships.war zone

X

zimmerman code

If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliancealliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizonaterritory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The

details are left to you for settlement....

You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak

of war withzimmerman notes

Berlin, January 19, 1917Berlin, January 19, 1917 On the first of FebruaryFebruary we intend to

begin unrestricted submarine warfareunrestricted submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutralneutral the United

States of America.

at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the

attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make

peace in a few months.

Zimmerman (Secretary of State) Zimmerman (Secretary of State)

zimmerman notes

with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative,

should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to

this plan;

zimmerman cartoon

When German submarines sank three American

merchant ships in March 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war.

President Wilson’s 14 Points14 Points were his ideas to “end all war”.“end all war”. These are a summary of his ideas for world peace. Are they realistic or based on Are they realistic or based on

idealism?idealism?

14 pts

•Open diplomacy or no secret treaties.

•Freedom of the seas.

•Free trade.

•Countries reduce colonies and weapons

•International control of colonies…..

•Formation of new countries with self-

government as a goal.(DemocracyDemocracy)

•MOST IMPORTANT: A “league of nationsleague of nations” to

guarantee peace among nations.

(Collective SecurityCollective Security)

big4

•When President Wilson went to

Paris, France, he was welcomed

like he was a God.

•Countries were convinced that his

14 points could “end all war”.

•But, the hatred of the Allied

nations led to the Treaty of

Versailles to be a “Treaty of

Revenge” against Germany.

•Open diplomacy or no secret treaties.

•Freedom of the seas.

•Removal of tariff and other economic barriers or free trade.

•Reduction of land and weapons

•International control of colonies, with self-government

as the goal.

•Self-determination of ethnic groups to decide in which country they wish to live.

•A “general association of “general association of nations”nations” to guarantee peace and the independence of all

nations.

versailles1

Not included

Not included

Not included

Germany disarmed army restricted to 100,000, forbidden

to have submarines and aircraft) and forced to pay reparations of $53 billion

Germany looses colonies were given to Allied victors.

New countries form democracies based on ethnic

groups

League of NationsLeague of Nations Organization of larger nations to maintain

world peace

• Legacy of Bitterness- Russia removed, Germany and Japan withdrew in 1933

• Decisions required that all countries agree- rare occurrence

• Failed to prevent conflict- Japan invaded Manchuria, Italy conquered Ethiopia and in Germany, the Policy of Appeasement failed to prevent Hitler from re-arming and annexing neighboring land in the late 1930’s.

Franz Ferdinand Kaiser Wilhem President Wilson Czar Nicholas Gen. John J. Pershing

Sen. Henry Lodge Sergeant Alvin York Eddie Baron Manfred Valadir Leninn Rickenbacker von Richthofen

Central Powers

Allied Powers

NationalismNationalism•Countries proud of their

heritage and culture•Similar toSimilar to patriotismpatriotism

•Ethnic groups of similar heritage wanted to free their oppressed brethren and unite their people into one country•Germany wanted to expand its Germany wanted to expand its culture and political influence culture and political influence

throughout Europe.throughout Europe.

4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family. Archduke

was heir to the throne in the Austrian Hungarian Empire. His assassination June 28,

1914 eventually led to WWI.

Garvillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist assassinated the

Archduke. He was trying to gain allowances for his fellow Serbs who

lived under Austrian rule.

Franz Ferdinand’s funeral procession

franz

alliances1

•Austrian-Hungarian Empire controlled

several ethic groups.

•Serbian nationalists wanted to untie Serbs

who lived in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire with Serbia.

•This led to the assassination of the

Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Saravejo

ImperialismImperialism

•France, Great Britain, Germany and Russia were establishing

colonies in Africa and Asia

•economic and political control economic and political control over other countries……over other countries……

•these countries were in competition for colonies

Cartoon-European grab

bag

European nations competing for colonies around the world…..Imperialism

Cartoon-European grab

bag

MilitarismMilitarism•European nations began

an arms race as they competed for colonies around the world……

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mill

ion

s

Militarism & Arms RaceMilitarism & Arms Race

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [[Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and

RussiaRussia] in millions of dollars.] in millions of dollars.

By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into the 3the 3rdrd largest naval fleet in the world…. largest naval fleet in the world….

The Great White Fleet

MobilizationMobilization

Home by Christmas!No major war in 50 years!Nationalism!

AlliancesAlliances•European nations began forming military alliances with one another to maintain a balance of power balance of power

……..

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Triple EntenteTriple EntenteCentral PowersCentral Powers Allied PowersAllied Powers

Germany Great Britain Austria-Hungary Empire FranceBulgaria Russia

alliances1

1. June 28Assassination at Sarajevo

2. July 28Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

3. July 30Russia began mobilization

4. August 1Germany declared war on Russia

alliances2

5. August 3Germany declared war on France

6. August 3Great Britain declared war on Germany

7. August 6Russia and Austria/Hungary at war.

8. August 12Great Britain declared war on Austria/Hungary

battle frontsbattle fronts


conquer France.


mobilize their army





from 1914 to 1918


conquer France.


mobilize their army





from 1914 to 1918

battle fronts

•Panama Canal was completed in August of 1914 just a week before

WWI began in Europe.

•Woodrow Wilson became President in 1912.

•Americans were shocked by the outbreak of war but…………..it was

in Europe.

•US was officially NEUTRALNEUTRAL

The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon what American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all

concerned.

The people of the United States are drawn from many nations, and chiefly from the nations now at war. It is natural and

inevitable that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy. Some will wish one nation, others another, to succeed in the

momentous struggle.

I venture, therefore, my fellow countrymen, the United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days

that are to try men's souls. wilson neutrality1

notes2

•US believed

•It had the right to trade with the warring nationswarring nations

•Warring nations must respect our neutralityneutrality

•in the freedom of the freedom of the seasseas

•German submarine warfare and British blockade violated our neutralityneutrality

Effects of Allied Effects of Allied blockadeblockade

•1914, $70 million in trade with Central powersCentral powers

•1916, trade reduced to $1.3 million

Allied tradeAllied trade •Grew from $825 million to $3.2 billion in same time

period•WWI transformed the US from a debtordebtor to a creditorcreditor

nation

•The Germans could not match Great Britain's

superior navy.•Germans introduced

unrestricted submarine warfare with U-Boats

•Germans warned the world they would sink any ship

they believed was carrying contraband to Great

Britain.

U-BoatsU-Boats

•By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied ships.

Two typesTwo types•small subs

with a crew of 24

•larger subs with a crew of

60

•44 by 1918

Lusitania ad

war zone

•May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the Lusitania which was British passenger liner.

•Germans believed it was carrying contraband (weapons)contraband (weapons) to the British.

•Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans. •U.S. and other countries outraged towards

Germany because of “unrestricted submarine “unrestricted submarine warfare”.warfare”.

•US believed the Germans had violated international lawinternational law of targeting civilians

Lusitania

•After the sinking of the Lusitania, public opinion of most Americans was to go to war with Germany.

•Germany promised they would not sink anymore ships unless

warning them first and providing safety for civilians.

•BUT, President Wilson was able “keep us out of war” ….

Sussex Sunk: led to Sussex Pledge in March

1916. Germany promised not to sink

anymore ships.war zone

X

zimmerman code

If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliancealliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizonaterritory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The

details are left to you for settlement....

You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak

of war withzimmerman notes

Berlin, January 19, 1917Berlin, January 19, 1917 On the first of FebruaryFebruary we intend to

begin unrestricted submarine warfareunrestricted submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutralneutral the United

States of America.

at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the

attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make

peace in a few months.

Zimmerman (Secretary of State) Zimmerman (Secretary of State)

zimmerman notes

with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative,

should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to

this plan;

zimmerman cartoon

When German submarines sank three American

merchant ships in March 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war.

April 8, 1917, the US declares war on Germany.

The new German policy has swept every restriction aside. Vessels of every kind….have been ruthlessly

sent to the bottom without warning and without thought of help or mercy for those on board….The present The present

German submarine warGerman submarine war…..…..is a war against all is a war against all nationsnations….Our motive will not be revengeOur motive will not be revenge or the

victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but on the vindication of right, of human right….but on the vindication of right, of human right….

We are…..the sincere friends of the German people…..We shall, happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship in our daily attitude and actions

towards the millions of men and women of

German birth and native sympathy who live amongst us and share our life…... There are……many months of

fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most

terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance.

But the right is more precious than peaceBut the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried always carried

nearest our hearts……democracynearest our hearts……democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own

Governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right…..as shall as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the bring peace and safety to all nations and make the

world safe for democracy.world safe for democracy.

To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know

that the day has come when America is privileged America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the to spend her blood and her might for the

principles that gave her birth and happiness and principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured.the peace which she has treasured.

•The right is more precious than peace

•war to end all warwar to end all war

•The world must be safe for democracy.

•defend human rightsdefend human rights

•defend our trade

•neutrality neutrality

•freedom of the seas

•violation of international lawviolation of international law

I Dare you to come, 1917I Dare you to come, 1917……The Kaiser defies American rights, national honor, freedom of the seas and international law……….

The US believed it had the right to trade with the warring nations and they would respect our neutrality…….Didn’t

happen! The German submarine warfare and British blockade violated our freedom of the seas and neutrality.

sandwich man

1.causes of wwi immediate cause----june 28, 1914 assassination of franz ferdinand of austria hostile...

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