1995 Meeting Minutes

WESTERN COMMITTEE ON CROP PESTS 34th. Annual Meeting

October 19 - 24, 1995 C 11 a tea 11 Victoria

Victoria, Brit is li Co lu ni bin

6:30pm to 8:30pm Thursday October 19, 1995

1.0 INTRODUCTIONS - Bob Vernon 2.0 Symposium on Natural Products and their Unnatural Uses in IPM

2.1 Mating Disruption of Fireworms in Cranberries . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheila Fitzpatrick 2.2 Integrated Pest Management in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robert Trottier 2.3 Mating Disruption on Orchard Pests in

the Okanagan Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heather McBrien 2.4 Sterile Male ReleaseEradication Program for

Codling Moth Management in the Okanagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fred Peters

8:30am to l l :50am Friday October 20, 1995

3.0 General W C C P Business Minutes of General Meeting

Chairperson - Bob Vernon Secretary - Patrick Scholefield

Those present: Wayne Roberts, Jean Francois Landry, Lloyd Dosdall, Heather McBrien, Fred Peters, Michael Letendre, Lloyd Harris, Hemencha Mulye, Ilze Rupners, Owen Olfert, Suzanne Chalifour, James E. Hudson, Jon Anderson, Hugh Philip, Julie Soroka, Jim Jones, Dan Johnson, K. M. Fry, Ernest Mengersen, Lynn Manaigre, George H. Gerber, Ian Wise, Peter Mason, Paul Thiel, Heather Teichrob, Douglas Kyle, Bruce Neill, Bill McPhee and Gary Gibson.

Participants introduced themselves.

4.0 Agenda approved - G. Gerber/I. Wise, carried.

5.0 1994 Meeting Minutes adopted - L. Harris/G. Gerber, carried.

6.0 Business arising from 1994 meeting 6.1 Update on the changes to the provincial CARC coininittees with regards to the prospects

Report from Ian Wise on ECPM Subcommittee

of having entomological concerns forwarded to CARC through the provincial committees. In Manitoba, the provincial committees of CARC (the Manitoba Agricultural Services Co-ordinating Committee) changed its recommendations for the submission of Project Goals by Lead Committees to the Executive Committee by requesting to have Goals designated as being either of provincial or of national interest. Goals of national interest were to be forwarded to the appropiate Canada Committee of CARC. This would allow Lead Committees to have Goals of national concern bypass the problems of Executive indifference to issues that do not deal with their specific areas of interest. No appreciable change in responses to submissions have been noticed, but it does provide an opportunity to co-ordinate with other provinces the submission of Project Goals with similar interests. Members of the WCCP should consult with the appropiate provincial Lead Committees if it is felt that an issue of entomological concern is not being addressed or adequately pursued. Entomology in Manitoba is handled entirely through the Pest Management Lead Committee (PMLC). However, restructuring of the Lead Committees is being planned that would see the PMLC being split and placed into various other Lead Committees, according to its agronomic discipline. This is in response to chanses that were made at the national level. An update since the 1991 meeting of the WCCP. MASCC has been dissolved and is being replaced by the CanaddManitoba Agri-Food Council (CMAC). The Council will have federal and provincial representatives and will be less structured from a committee perspective. The fate of the Lead Committees and the process for submitting issues to the new Council have yet to be decided.

6.2 suggested that in some cases bugs and diseases were of low priority; marketing a high priority. It was also suggested that pesticide resistance was becoming a problem..

Some discussion on the various committees and their stability and fimction. It was

7.0 As recommended in 1994, a resolutions committee would only be srtuck as and when needed.

Appointment of WCCP Resolutions Committee

8.0 Pest Problem Summnries for 1995.

See Appendix "A" for submitted summaries

8.1 Manitoba Lynn Manaigre Discussion on the harmonization of economic threshold levels between provinces. Lloyd Harris indicated that Minnesota had economic threshold levels for cereal aphid control. Said he would check on levels and report back and put in guide. Jim suggested that across border thresholds may not apply here and that we do our own work to assess the problem. Lloyd Dosdall and George Gerber said that a resolution should come from committee.

Resolution Committee struck (Ian Wise, Dan Johnson, Owen Olfert, Lynn Manaigre and

2

Lloyd Harris) to formulate resolution to be sent to Dr. Bole at the Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada Research Station, Winnipeg via Western Forum. See Appendix "B'lfor copies of letter and resolution.

Some discussion on use of Admire, use in alternate years and resistance.

8.2 Saskatchewan - Lloyd Harris Need someone to look at economic threshold levels. In Saskatchewan it is 1 to 1.5 caterpillars/plant or 200/m2 or 10 to 1 5/ft2. Bertha Armyworm could be a problem in 1997 across the province. Discussion on the Diamondback Moth (DB) and the possibility that there may not be one discrete generation. Some thought that DB numbers could be the result of adult DB blown into the area. Responding to enquiries on pest problems was discussed along with methods of providing public information. Best method suggested was that of T.V. interview in field to show actual insect problem. Concern over spraying flowering crop was also expressed with a suggestion that late evening or early morning was the best time and that crop dusting was a hazardous job. Some concern over bee kills as a result of such spraying.

8.3 Alberta - Jim Jones Discussion of identification of Bertha Armyworm and updating information fact sheet to include identification of similar pests so they (grower) can tell the difference.

8.4 British Columbia - Hugh Philip

8.5 GENERAL DISCUSSION Hugh Philip - indicated that there was no other forum in Canada like the WCCP. Shame to loose information brought out at WCCP meetings and not to record it in other places. Jim Jones - suggested appendix to Pest Management Research Report and the internet cross referencing other information sources like Pest Management News. Hugh Philip - hture of Pest Management News and Pest Management Research Report unknown due to reduced manpower in Ottawa. General discussion on how WCCP meeting information can be made available for general use. Jim Jones - suggested that it could be posted on the internet or placed in the WCCP Guide, Also formalization of proposal for industry working with agencies on needs for research. This equates to support from industry on problem solving. Tabled until later.

9.0 Research Reports for 1995 See Appendix "C" for submitted summaries

9.1 Manitoba George Gerber 9.2 Saskatchewan Owen Olfert 9.3 Alberta Dan Johnson

* ’

9.4 British Columbia - Bob Vernon 9.5 DISCUSSION Phorate no longer used in BC due to eagle poisonings.

10.0 Review of WCCP Guide Dan Volunteered to update the Guide as needed- the same as last year. Dan Johnson - sold 78 copies of WCCP Guide with $947.00 taken in from sales. Has list of names and addresses of those who purchased copies. Bob Vernon - suggested that the research reports presented at the WCCP meetings be placed in the WCCP Guide. Some discussion on the method of updating Guide; should issue only those pages with changes and standardization or Pest and Research Report formats. It was also suggested that the minutes be included in the Guide. Presently the Guide consists of 166 pages. Dan Johnson - How do we cite the WCCP Guide? Response was to check with Lethbridge Research Station’s Librarian. It was noted that the WCCP has no formal financial arrangement with the Western Forum for reporting financial matters and that the WCCP does not have a bank account and that one should be opened. Bruce Neil1 moved that the WCCP Editor (Dan Johnson) open a bank account to administer monies from WCCP Guide. Seconded Hugh Philip/carried. Motion by Hugh Philip that the Editor submit annual audited financial statement at each meeting. Seconded George Gerbedcarried. The suggestion that sub committee chairs receive free copies of Guide was turned down. Lloyd Dosdall - suggested that someone take charge of providing a standard format for the WCCP reports. Hugh Philip said he would do so along with help from other members.

Jim Jones - suggested that format of the Guide be looked at by someone with this expertise in the area. Such a person could be found in Agriculture. Dan Johnson indicated that there was also such a person in Lethbridge. Both Dan and Jim will have someone review the editing of the Guide. Dan discussed the distribution of the Guide which includes the USDA, universities, private individuals and industry. general access, but the feeling of the committee was not in favour at this time.

It was suggested that the Guide be placed on a web site for

SPECIAL REPORTS ON INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT Light Catalyzed Dye Insecticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dan Johnson Observations on Biocontrol Activities in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Mason

Armyworm in Field Crops in Western Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Owen Olfert GIS Applications for Management of Bertha

[Owen indicated that the Bertha Arnipvorni (BA W) woskitrg grorip of the WCCP was workiirg very well. The particpatits are : Bob Byers, Lloyd Do.c.dall, ( f ’ eo ip Gerher, Lloyd Harris, Jim Jones, Bruce Mirrray, Owen Oljiert aid High Philip. J Using GIS to Enhance Commercial IPM Programs in Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bob Vernon Potential for GIS Applications in Okanagan Orchards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bill McPhee Using GIS to Improve P M programs in Cranberries. (Poster Presentation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carmen HewedSheila Fitzpatrick

4

I *

4

11.0 NEW BUSINESS The topic of utilizing the internet for dissemination of information was broached by Jim Jones. The general feeling was against such a move at this time as it may create more work on an already heavy work load for a number of researchers.

Jean Francois Landry - indicated that Dr. Michael Schwartz's work on the lygus bug in western Canada is nearing the end of its 2 year contract period and the work is now being formulated. There is a strong feeling not to let the position finish, Jim Jones put forward a motion that the WCCP write a letter to the hnding agency regarding the need for heteropteran taxonomist. seconded by Julie Sorokdcarried abstaining; 0 against. Jim to draught a letter.

Vote was 5 for; 3

12.0 Nominations - 1996 Chair and Secretary Chairperson - Lloyd Harris nominated seconded by Julie Sorokdcarried Secretary - Owen Olfert nominated seconded by Hugh Philip/carried

13.0 Appointment of Sub-committees Format of the Pest Status Reports - Lynn Manaigre Format of Research Reports Format of WCCP Guide

Dan Johnson Dan JohnsodJim Jones

WCCP Guide Subcommittee Chairpersons: 0 Julie Soroka - Forage Crops ( 1 year term) 0 Hugh Philip - Wood Products

Jim Jones to approach Jim Calpas to chair Greenhouse committee and to send letter inviting him to join the WCCP. Others remain the same.

14.0 Appointment of Research Summarizers Same as this year Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . George Gerber

Saskatchewan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Julie Soroka Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dan Johnson British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bob Vernon

15.0 Appointment of Pest Problem Summarizers Same as this year Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lynn Manaigre

Saskatchewan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lloyd Harris Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JimJones British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hugh Philip

16.0 Resolutions The resolution committee (see section 8.1 and Appendix "B") on cereal aphid economic

threshold, was read to the committee. Hugh Philip proposed that it be accepted seconded by George Gerbedcarried.

Meeting adjourned

6

\

APPENDIX "A"

Resolutions Committee

Letter to Dr. Jim Bole, Director Agriculture amd Agri-Food Canada

Winnipeg

Re: Sample Protocols and Action Thresholds for Aphid Management on Wheat

Resolution of the Western Committee on Crop Pests (WCCP)

Whereas aphids are significant pests of cereal crops in Canada, and whereas economic injury levels and action thresholds are necessary for rational integrated pest management, and whereas the lack of harmonized standards for decisions regarding control of aphids attacking cereal crops in the Canadian Prairie provinces has increased uncertainty in the management of these pests. Be it resolved t ha t the Western Committee on Crop Pests recognizes the need for establishment of standards for economic injury levels and action thresholds for English grain aphid, bird cherry oat aphid, and greenbug attacking Spring 'wheat and other cereal crops, and therefore recommends that appropfiate resources of the Winnipeg Research Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada be directed towards this high priority.

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Pacific Agriculture Research Centre, Agassiz, P .0 Box 1000 British Columbia, Canada, VOM 1AO

Dr. Jim Bole, Director Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Winnipeg Research Station 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T '2M9

Dear Dr. Bole, ,

Victoria on October 19-20, 1995. One issue of concern that emerged during our annual discussion of crop insect pest outbreaks in the prairies, was that sampling protocols and action thresholds for aphid management on wheat were quite variable in the literature and between provinces. This has lead to some confusion among extension personnel who must decide upon the most appropriate method for sampling a complex of aphid species on wheat. There are several differing prototols and action/economic thresholds to choose from in the literature. Since xcurate monitoring techniques are the cornerstone of any rational IPM program, the auvancement and quality of aphid monitoring might be impeded in the future without standardization. Lack of monitoring standards between provinces also makes comparisons of populations impossible.

additional research efforts into developing a standardized protocol for aphid sampling, dong with sppropriate action thresholds. To convey this research need appropriately and formally, the WCCP has prepared a resolution, (attached), which I was directed to forward to the Winnipeg Research Station for your consideration.

After you have had time to consider the resolution, I wonder if you could formally reply to the WCCP {at the above address) so we can report on any prospective actions to be taken. If you require additional information or have any questions, please feel free to call me directly. On behalf of the WCCP, I thank you in advance for your consideration of this important matter.

As you probably know, the Western Committee on Crop Pests recently met in

To help resolve this confusion, the WCCP felt it would be worthwhile to devote

Si ncerei y,

Bob Vernon (Chairman, WCCP)

Agriculture and Agriculture et I*i Agri-Food Canada agro-alimentaire Canada

Research Direction generale Branch de la recherche

WINNIPEG RESEARCH CENTRE I 95 DAFOE ROAD

WINNIPEG, M A N ~ B A RJT 2M9 (204) 983-0088

FAX: (204) 884-6333

November 10, 1995

Dr. Bob Vernon Chairman, Western Committee on Crop Pests c/o P a d c Agriculture Research Centre - AAFC P.O. Box 1000 Agassiz, B.C. VOM 1AO

RE: Resolution of WCCP on aphid pests

Dear Bob:

Thank you for informing me of the Resolution of the WCCP on aphid pests.

I am copying this response to provincial entomologists for their information. Perhaps they can suggest a means to support the work. I will also inform Dr. Owen Olfert, Head of Entomology at the Saskatoon Research Centre as their program now focuses on IPM whereas Winnipeg is breeding cereals for insect resistance. I will also copy it to Dr. Pat MacKay at U. of Manitoba who would be very capable of conducting the work and may find the resolution usehl in obtaining support if she is willing to expand her program beyond biological control and basic aphid ecology.

I discussed the request with Dr. Bob Lamb. While Bob would be very capable of supervising the work it would be important that it not slow down his exciting work which will lead to wheat varieties with resistance to the wheat midge.

If this project could be expanded to analyze historical data, or conduct surveys to determine aphid population at representataive sites across the prairies in addition to developing sampling methodology and threshold economic populations, it would be in our interest to participate. We would then have a clear indication of whether the deployment of known sources of aphid resistance into prairie wheat would merit the major investment which would be required for the breeding program.

Canadz Recycled Paper I Papier recyc

.

Dr. Bob Vernon Page 2 November 10,1995

Dr. Lamb has pointed out that there are excellent threshold action models in Idaho and South Dakota. They could be validated for this region, and additional research conducted on crop resistance as part of a Ph.D. program. A well qualified student is available. The student could work with both Drs. Lamb and MacKay. It would require $15,000 to $20,000 per year for three years to support the student. Eprovincial governments could provide these fbnds, or if an industry or producer group could provide one-half the fbnds we would match the contribution and provide facilities.

Please inform Bob or I if you have suggestions for fbnding. Feel fiee to discuss details of the work or opportunities for support directly with Bob Lamb.

,L J.B. Bole Director

JBBIdmc

cc: Bob Lamb, AAFC, Winnipeg, MB Pat MacKay, U. of Manitoba Mike Dolinski, Alberta Lloyd Hanis, Saskatchewan Lynn Manaigre, Manitoba Owen Olfert, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK

APPENDIX "B"

8.0 Pest Problem Summaries 1994 - 1995

1995 ALBERTA INSECT PEST REPORT submitted to the

WESTERN COMMITTEE ON CROP PESTS

Summary of Major Probbms

Bertha armyworm was monitored using pheromone traps. Potential problems were indicated in four of the thirty-five counties participating in the program. Applicators sprayed about 45,000 acres for bertha armyworm in these four counties. Two elm bark beetles were recovered fiom pheromone traps, one each from traps in the cities of Edmonton and Calgary.

CEREAL INSECTS

Grasshopper populations were high enough in the Sangudo and Barrhead areas northwest of Edmonton to warrant spraying.

Hessian fly damage to spring wheat was noticed at swathing in several fields in the Three Hills area. Population levels were up to five percent infested plants; most puparia were found in the crown of plants as opposed to the culm.

OILSEED INSECTS

Bertha armyworm was monitored ushg commercially prepared pheromone lures. Dr. Bob Byers determinedthat the lures, prepared by Phero Tech Inc. of Delta B.C., were about three times as attractive to male bertha armyworm moths than the lures used in previous years and the threshold was raised from 300 to 900 (total moths per trap per season). Thuty-five counties and municipalities participated in the program in 1995; most counties selected two sites and put out two traps per site. Ofthe 102 sites chosen initially, 13 had no data reported, five sites had trap totals (reported here as the mean total for the two traps) less than 10 moths and 6 sites reported totals exceeding 900 moths:

County / M.D. Site Mean Total Moths Cypress Md Seven Persons 964.0 Vulcan c o Arrowwood 11 86.0 Provost Md Provost 1282.5 Cypress Md Medicine Hat 13 18.0 Vulcan c o Vulcan 1682.5 Newell Co Rolling Hills 2575.0

Aerial applications of insecticide were fairly widespread in two of these counties, Vulcan and Provost, and localized in the Municipal District of Cypress and the County of Newell. Estimates of the number of acres treated for bertha armyworm were given by the field staff who also consulted the aerial applicators.

- 1 -

I MANITOBA AGRICULTURE 1995 INSECT REPORT

Summary:

Bertha a r m y w o r m and diamondback moth were the main insect pests in Manitoba. Approximately 900,000 acres were sprayed for bertha a rmyworm in the south central, south eastern and central regions of the province. Approximately 75,000 acres were sprayed for diamondback moth, primarily in the western region. The provincial issues o f concern are the distr ibution o f wheat midge and the assessment o f damage, and colorado po ta to beetle resistance.

CEREAL INSECTS:

Aphids were a problem in wheat late in the season and throughout the province. Limited spraying (about 5000 acres) occurred since swath ing was imminent in many areas.

Grasshoppers were a minor problem in the southwest and interlake region; however, numbers province-wide appear higher than the last f e w years.

Oranqe whea t blossom midqe (SitodiDlosis mosellana) damage appears variable. Limited spraying (less than 5000 acres in the southwest and nor thwest regions) occurred since whea t midge larvae were largely detected past the whea t f lowering stage. Assessment of damage in 1995 and 1996 regional risk estimates are currently underway.

Farmers are primarily- concerned with adult midge identif ication, economic threshold/sampling and short w indow of opportunity for insecticide application.

Billbuq (Subfamily Rhynchophorinae) occurred in corn. Abou t 40 acres were sprayed with Lorsban a t the redbacked cu tworm rate. The infestat ion w a s about 1- 3 per plant throughout the field.

OILSEED INSECTS

Bertha a r m v w o r m w a s a significant pest in canola. Abou t 900,000 acres were sprayed and the actual losses are estimated t o be about 9.3 mill ion dollars. Last year about 1 . I mill ion acres were sprayed. Bertha armyworm w a s also a problem in flax;

ISSUES OF CONCERN AND FUTURE PLANS:

Aphids in cereals: Our economic threshold "prior t o heading - 5 0 or more/plant; after heading, control usually no t required" is currently being reviewed. Other studies being considered are:

N.C. Elliott, R.W. KiecKheger and D.D. Walgenback (1 990 ) . J. Econ. Entomol 83(4): 1 3 8 1 - 1 3 8 7 (economic threshold 12.5 aphids/tiller);

R.L. Johnston and G.W. Bishop ( 1 987) J. Econ. Entomol 80:478-482 (economic threshold 1 0 t o 1 5 aphids/tiller or 2 - 4 aphids/tiller a t f lowering, 6 - 1 0 aphids/tiller up t o milky ripe stage, 1 0 or more/tiller t o medium dough stage and, after medium dough stage, treatment cannot be justified).

Saskatchewan: 20 - 30 aphids/head.

Alberta recommendation: 5 0 - 70 aphids per plant before sof t dough stage.

Harmonization of economic threshold would be desirable. - ie. number/tiller or number/plant at various plant development stages.

Oranqe wheat blossom midqe in wheat: Our 1 9 9 6 extension season will be based on several resources:

YO heads infested in 1 9 9 5 t o predict 1 9 9 6 population. (Agriculture and Agri-Food and Grain Commission). Soil survey results t o confirm resource # 1 and t o correct for parasitism. Therefore, 1 9 9 6 forecast well-substantiated. - If spring moisture conditions, planting date and whea t development correspond t o peak midge emergence, particularly in high risk areas, farmer scouting intensified. Midge emergence will be monitored regionally using emergence traps.

1.

2.

3.

Education of farmers throughout winter extension will be stressed t o prevent crisis spraying. Reprinting of publication is planned for 1996.

Bertha armvworm in canola: Issue o f concern - increased attractivity of the pheromone used in 1 9 9 5 and extrapolation o f trap counts t o regional risk estimates.

Our 1 9 9 6 extension plans will include adult trapping and regional risk estimates and winter seminars.

Lloyd Harris Soils & Crops Branch

Saskatchewan Agriculture & Food 323-3085 Albert Street Regina, Saskatchewan

S4S OBI

SUMMARY

Wheat midge, diamondback moth, and bertha armyworm were the most important insects of field crops in Saskatchewan in 1995. To control these insects, between July 7fi and August 15* producers applied insecticides to approximately 1.5 million acres of wheat and approximately 4.0 million acres of canola.

Wheat midge was abundant throughout Saskatchewan from Carievale to North Battleford. Within the affected area, pesticide application for midge control was concentrated within localized areas. Insecticide application was most extensive in the Carnduff, Moosomin, Indian Head, Fort Qu'Appelle, Regina, Watrous, Saskatoon and Humbolt Agricultural Districts which experienced heavy yield losses in 1994.

The severe bertha armyworm infestation predicted for canola in Saskatchewan did not develop as had been anticipated. Less than 400,000 hectares of canola were treated with insecticide to control Bertha armyworm. In many canola fields, bertha armyworm was controlled during insecticide applications directed at the extensive diamondback infestations during which occurred in June and July.

This year's diamondback moth infestation on canola was the largest and earliest infestation in recent memory. The moth larvae feed extensively on the crop while it was still in the bud and early flower stage and did substantial damage to the crop.

Heavy rainfall in early August created favourable conditions for the development of fungal pathogens of bertha armyworm and diamondback moth. By the mid- August, diamondback moth populations had collapsed and bertha armyworm populations had declined below economic thresholds.

Aphids, cutworms, and sunflower beetle were present at economic levels in localized areas throughout the province but only a small percentage of the affected crop was treated.

Cereal Insects

Aphids (including bird-cherry oat aphid, and English grain aphid), Hessian fly, orange wheat blossom midge, redbacked cutworm, thrips, and wheat stem sawfly, were reported feeding on cereals in 1995. Crop losses sustained from these insects are estimated to have been approximately $150,000,000.00 dollars with insecticides being applied to control various cereal insects on approximately 400,000 - 600,000 hectares.

Aphids (general), primarily bird-cherry oat aphid, Rhophalosiphum padi, and English grain aphid, Macrosiphum avenue were reported on wheat and canarygrass throughout the province with some fields being treated with insecticides to control these aphids. The suggested economic thresholds on canaryseed of 20 to 30 aphids per head needs to be substantiated and related to a particular plant growth stage.

Redback cutworm, Euxon ochrogaster was reported damaging canola, flax, sunflowers, and wheat in eastern Saskatchewan from Carnduff to Tisdale.

Grasshoppers were present at extremely low levels across most of Saskatchewan in 1995. Approximately 1500 hectares of pasture and cultivated crops were sprayed to control grasshoppers in the Estevan, Assiniboia, Shaunavon and Meadow Lake Agricultural Districts. Grasshoppers will be more numerous in 1996 but they are not expected to be a significant problem except for isolated fields.

Orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellann, was reported present at low levels in wheat fields near Caronport in 1995. Spraying occurred for wheat midge near North Battleford, Blaine Lake, Moose Jaw, Regina, Belcarres, Indian Head, Langenburg, Moosomin, Wawota and Carievale. Crop damage was variable. Approximately 400,000 to 600,000 hectares were sprayed to control wheat midge. The area treated was limited by the availability of insecticide and pesticide applicators.

Midge populations are expected to persist throughout Saskatchewan at their current levels in 1996. Although the infestation is unlikely to increase substantially in 1996, the acreage being treated may as producers become more aware of the problem and as wheat becomes more valuable.

OILSEED INSECTS

Bertha armyworm, diamondback moth, painted lady butterfly, potato aphid, and sunflower beetle were the only insects that were reported to have caused enough damage to canola, flax, mustard or sunflower to have insecticides applied. Approximately 1,600,000 hectares of canola, 7500 hectares of flax and 2200 hectares of sunflowers were sprayed with insehicides.

Bertha armyworm, Mnmestra confjgztrata was a significant problem in canola and flax throughout Saskatchewan. Approximately 400,000 hectares of canola and 2500 hectares of flax were sprayed with insecticides to control bertha armyworm.

Insecticide application began in midJuly in the southeastern comer Saskatchewan and in an area near Saskatoon and continued until early August. By the second week of August, Bertha armyworm populations were severely affected by a pathogenic fungus and insecticide application was no longer necessary.

In 1995, bertha armyworm cost Saskatchewan producers an estimated 30 to 40 million dollars.

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostelln arrived in Saskatchewan from the United States in early May and late June and infested millions of hectares of canola. By mid July, producers in southeastern Saskatchewan, reported that diamondback moth larvae were feeding extensively on the developing flowering buds on canola. Diamondback moth larval populations in canola exceeded the previously accepted economic threshold values of 200 - 300 per square metre. For canola in the tight bud stage, the recommended threshold values was too high and was reduced to 100 - 150 larvae per square metre for canola in the tight bud cluster to early bloom stage. Some crops were sprayed twice for diamondback moth larvae; once when the crop was in the tight bud cluster with the second application being made to limit damage to the developing pods in Late July and early August.

The dense crop canopy made control difficult. Where insecticides were applied with inadequate water volumes, control was often unacceptable. Producers using malathion to control diamondback moth often had to make a second insecticide application to control bertha amiporn i while producers applying Decis, Lorsban, or Guthion to control diamondback moth larvae had less problems with subsequent bertha armyworm populations.

Research is required to determine the impact of diamondback moth populations at various plant growth stages on canola production.

Cabbage root maggot, Hylemya brassicae, was reported damaging canola near Shellbrook, Saskatchewan.

Potato aphid, Macrosiphum eicphorbiae was abundant throughout Saskatchewan. Approximately, 5000 hectares were sprayed, but most producers did not detect the infestation until it was too late to warrant an insecticide application.

Spotted cutworm, Amathes c-nigrum destroyed approximately 400 acres of flax near Nokomis and Humbolt. Both fields were being farmed using minimum tillage techniques. It is unusually for spotted cutworm to be abundant enough to destroy an entire crop.

Sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclnmationis were abundant in southeastern Saskatchewan. Approximately 2000 hectares were sprayed with insecticides.

Thrips were reported damaging late seeded canola near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

FORAGES, LEGUMES AND PULSE CROPS

Insect damage to forages and pulse crops was only minor in 1995. Approximately 10,000 hectares of seed alfalfa were treated to control bertha armyworm, lygus and alfalfa plant bugs.

Alfalfa weevil, Hyperapostica, was reported at sigmficant levels in the irrigated alfalfa fields near Maple Creek. Alfalfa fields were swathed early to control the damage.

Bertha armyworm,Mamestra configurnfa was reported feeding in lentil and seed alfalfa fields and some crops were treated with insecticide to limit crop damage.

GARDEN INSECTS

Numerous inquiries were received this year about various insects on garden fruits and vegetables. The common insects in 1995 were:

b

b

b

Colorado potato beetle (Leptinorarsa decernlineata) Crucifer flea beetle (Phyllorreta cruciferne) Imported cabbageworm (Pieris r p n e ) - extremely abundant

t Redbacked cutworms (Euxoa ochragaster) Tipulids - leather jackets on potatoes

b White grub (Scarabaeidue spp.) b

b Wireworms

TREES, SHRUBS AND ORNAhlENTALS

The most common insects on trees, shrubs and ornamentals in Saskatchewan in 1995 were:

Black willow aphid (Pterocomma smithiae) Cooley spruce gall aphid (Adelges cooleyi) Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) Fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) Forest tent caterpillar (Malncasoma dissrrio) Fruit-tree leafroller (Archips argyrospifus) Honeysuckle aphid (Hyadapnis fatarcue) Pear slug (Culirou cerassi) Pine needle scale (Phenacaspis pinifoliae)

b

b

Poplar bud gall mite (Eriophyes parapopuli) Prairie tent caterpillar (Malacosoma c. lutescens)

Spotted tussock moth (Lophocampa maculata) b Spring cankerworm (Paleacrita vernata) b

HOUSEHOLD PESTS

The major arthropods associated with dwellings in 1995 were:

Ants (Formicidae spp.) Bed bug (Cimex lectularius) Black carpet beetle (Attagenus megatomn) Camel cricket (Ceuthophilus sp.) Confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) Indian meal moth (Polodia interpunctella) Larder beetle (Dermestes lardariw) Meal moth (Pymlis farinalis) Mediterranean flour moth (Anagasta Xwehnielh) Merchant grain beetle (Oryzaephilus mercator) Varied carpet beetle (Anthrenus verbnsci) Wasps (Vespula spp.) Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)

1995 B.C. CROP PEST REPORT t o the

WESTERN COMMITTEE ON CROP PESTS

1. F I E L D CROPS

Alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) was very abundant in several alfalfa crops in the southern Interior. No insecticides were applied as most growers took off the first- cut before noticeable larval feeding damage was inflicted. The parasitoid Bathyplectes curculionis appears to be providing some biological control as significant numbers were reared from alfalfa weevil larvae collected from the north Okanagan, Similkameen and Creston valleys.

A species of leaftier (Cnephasia spp.) was found feeding on alfalfa for the second consecutive year near Celista (north shore of Shuswap Lake). This species is possibly a new record for Canada according to the Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research. It was also found feeding on ginseng, lamb's-quarter, and soybean in the Salmon Arm area.

Alfalfa looper (Autographa californica) required control on 1200 ha of canola near Creston. Moths were more noticeable this year than last however no reports were received of infestations on forage or vegetable crops.

A field of flax near Creston was infested in July with western yellowstriped armyworm (Spotoptera praefica) but control was not necessary.

About 800 ha of spring wheat in the Creston area was treated with Lorsban to control the wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana).

2 . VEGETABLE CROPS

Prevalence of the dusky sap beetle, Carpophilus lugubris, attacking sweet corn has been increasing in the south Okanagan Valley. Super sweet varieities and varieties with husks less tightly bound around the tips are most susceptible. Both adults and larvae attack the developing cobs, rendering them unmarketable in most cases.

Corn earworm, Heliocoverpa zea, caused significant damage in 1.5 ha sweet corn near Cranbrook.

Bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) moths were abundant this year throughout the Okanagan Valley resulting in localized infestations o f home vegetable gardens.

Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) was a sporadic problem in potato for the second consecutive year in the Fraser Valley. It is believed the warmer drier weather has contributed to the emergence of this mite as a pest of potato.

Lygus bugs were diagnosed as the cause of reduced growth in a potato crop in the Fraser Valley.

The potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella ( Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was discovered recently in a potato crop in the Pemberton Valley. This is possibly a new record for B.C. It is a serious pest in California and sprodaic problems have been reported in northern Washington.

A crop of lettuce was severely damaged by wireworms near Cloverdale. The infestation was reported last year when potatoes were grown in the same field.

L

3. ORNAMENTALS

European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus) was confirmed from collections made near Kelowna, Midway and Grand Forks using pheromone-baited sticky traps. The latter two locations were new records for B . C . The traps were set out near nurseries producing and shipping elm trees to the Prairies at the request of Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development because of Eebb captures in Calgary the previous year. No Dutch elm disease has been detected in B.C., however it is present in Washington and Idaho.

4 . TREE FRUITS

This past summer saw the highest levels of the codling moth (Cydia pornonella) in recent memory based on pheromone trap captures. Average trap counts in the Kelowna area did not drop below the action threshold from early May to late August, forcing many apple and pear growers to apply five OP cover sprays (three has been the maximum in the past). Treatments were effective as packinghouses and growers have not reported any significant increase in codling moth damage. The codling moth sterile insect release program (SIR) carried out a second season of releasing irradiated moths in the south Okanagan, Similkameen and Creston valleys. Second brood moth captures were much less than those in the north Okanagan indicating the program had a positive impact this season.

Leafrollers and fruitworms continue to be a problem in many apple and pear orchards. More growers are replacing OP sprays with Bt because of more flexibility in timing sprays (bloom applications) leading to improved control.

APPENDIX "C"

9.0 Research Reports 1994 - 1995

*

1

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON CONTROL OF CROP PESTS IN MANITOBA - 1995

G.H. GERBER Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada

Winnipeg Research Centre 195 Dafoe Road

Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M9 [(204) 983-1460]

This summary of research progress in Manitoba briefly outlines findings of entomologists at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg Research Centre, Winnipeg.

A. FIELD CROP PESTS

1. on Cannla; (P. Pachagounder, R.J. Lamb, R.P. Bodnaryk, and J. Gavloski)

a) Seedling damage by 6 species of insects has been measured to determine whether canola and mustard plants compensate differentially for the different types of damage, and they do. Artificial damage was investigated as a surrogate for insect damage and different types of artificial damage were found to mimic damage inflicted by lepidoteran and coleopteran defoliaters. Both insect and surrogate artificial damage applied at the cotyledon stage was found to result in subsequent yield loss under field conditions. The level of yield loss depended on the types of damage. Artificial flea beetle damage is now being used to select for tolerance to flea beetle damage in seedlings of an advanced line of Brussica rapa. The line has undergone two cycles of arlificial damage in the laboratory and one cycle of natural damage in the field. This method allows for three cycles of selection per year, whereas previous selection experiments using only natural flea beetle damage allowed only one cycle per year.

b) The level of resistance to flea beetle feeding on a number of accessions and lines of canola and mustards that were identified as partially resistant to flea beetle feeding in previous years was confirmed in 1995 tests, The most resistant accessions received 40% less damage than standards (Westar or Tobin) in Brussica napw and B. rapa, 57% less in B. carinata, and 75% less in S. alba.

c) A number cruciferous weeds such as false flax, stinkweed and wormseed mustard have been identified as highly resistant to flea beetles. False Flax, Camelina sativa, was the most resistant cruciferous plant tested so far.

I

2

d) Lines of canola and mustards with as much as four fold differences in the level of resistance have been identified. Work is planned to use these and other crucifers, such as the false flax, to identify phytochemicals involved in resistance to flea beetle feeding.

e) The role of flavonoids (extracted from cabbage) as feeding stimulants and deterrents for flea beetles have been tested in the laboratory. The results are being analyzed.

2. Weevils on Camla (P. Pachagounder and L. Dosdall)

D-vac, sweepnet and allylisothiocyanate-baited trap collections of flea beetles from canola (Saskatoon, Vegerville, and Winnipeg) and patches of flixweed (Saskatoon) contained weevils, sometimes in significant proportions. These weevils were first noticed in collections from allylisothiocyanate-baited traps from Vegerville in 1994. In 1995, one collection from flixweed from Saskatoon had 67% weevils. Collections from canola had up to 1 % weevils. The weevils were later identified as Ceuorhynchur neglectus Blatchley. Laboratory tests showed that they readily feed on canola seedlings where they prefer to feed on petioles and stems than on leaves. On leaves, they prefer to feed on the edges. In general, the damage to cotyledons, petioles, and stems was similar to flea beetle damage.

3. (P. Pachagounder)

Observations on bertha damage in field plots of B. napus and B. juncea lines indicated that B. juncea lines received very little damage in comparison to B. napus lines. Among B. napur lines, there was a significant variation in the levels of bertha armyworm damage. Further studies are planned.

4. Moth (P. Pachagounder, R.P. Bodnaryk, S. Gleddie)

Lines of transgenic canola (developed by PRC, Ottawa) containing genes to produce protehase inhibitors were tested against DBM. No resistance to DBM feeding could be demonstrated in these lines, likely due to a low expression of the proteinase inhibitor gene. Tests will be continued next year with transgenics containing genes with higher level of expression of inhibitors.

5 . on Br- (G.H. Gerber, I. L. Wise, and R. J. Lamb)

a) A study on the relationship between sweep net counts and absolute numbers was completed. The objective of the study was to determine how to incorporate field cage data based on absolute numbers with field trials that used sweep net counts to

3

establish lygus densities. development of an economic threshold for this insect in canola.

Results from this study will contribute to the

b) The suitability of Sinapis alba, S. awensis, Brassica carinata, B. juncea, B. napus, and B. rapa as host plants of Lygus lineolaris was studied in field plots. The appearance of colonizing adults, nymphs, and new generation adults on these plants indicated that they all support populations of L. lineolaris and, therefore, are all suitable host plants for this insect. However, no conclusions can be made on the degree of suitability (i.e. low, medium, or high level of suitability) of these 6 species of Brassica and Sinapis as host plants for L. lineolaris until survival, reproduction, and feeding are compared on highly-preferred, indigenous host plants, on non-host plants, and on these species.

c) Oviposition preferences of Lygus lineolaris were studied on Sinapis alba, S. arvensis, BrQssica carinata, B.juncea, B. napus, and B. rapa in a choice test in field cages. Significantly more eggs were laid on S. alba, B. carinata, and B. napus than on S. anensis and B. juncea. The numbers of eggs on B. napus and B. rapa were not significantly different. In 2 choice tests on B. juncea, there were no significant differences in the numbers of eggs on 5 lines or cultivars. In 2 choice tests on 12 lines or cultivars of B. napus, there were significantly fewer eggs on 2 lines than on the controls (Westar or AC Excel). In the above 5 choice test, there were 4 to 7.5 times more eggs on B. nupus (Westar or A.C. Excel) than on B . juncea (Cutlass). Additional tests will be done in 1996 to verify that B. juncea is not a preferred host plant for oviposition, and to verify there are oviposition preference differences among lines of B. napus.

6. O r a n g e e BIo- (R.J. Lamb, I.L. Wise and P.S. Barker)

a) Wheat midge abundance and phenology were monitored by use of emergence cones, a suction trap and analysis of wheat heads from susceptible lines at Glenlea. Adult flight was 10 - 14 days later in July this year than in 1994. Larval infestation of seeds was 8 - 12% or about 1/2 of that found last year.

b) Various wheat crosses and double haploids developed by breeders at the Winnipeg Research Centre were screened for resistance to feeding by the wheat midge. All lines were field tested at sites in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

c) A method for the screening of wheat varieties in the laboratory is being evaluated. Studies on overwintering conditions that maximize adult emergence were completed. Larvae were tested using various media (soil, sand, vermiculite, Zorb- All) and overwintering temperatures (-10" C to 2.5" C) for 60 to 180 days.

4

B. STORED PRODUCT PESTS

. . 1. v of CarbmDQxde at B- Levels to S W - P r o d W Beetles (Noel D.G. White, Digvir S . Jayas and William E. Muir)

The effect of concentrations of carbon dioxide (COJ that can be produced by biological respiration (7.5-19.2 %) on oviposition of adult Triboliwn castanem (Herbst), Crytolestes pusillus (Schonherr), or C. femgineus (Stephens) was determined. Relative to controls, T. castanem, C. pusillus, and C. ferrugineus, exposed to 7.5% CO, for 1 wk, had numbers of offspring reduced by 43, 94, and 50%, respectively, and the total population at 6 wk was reduced 53, 84, and 19%, respectively. With levels of grater or equal to 17.1 % CO, for 1 wk, no offspring were produced and exposed adults had high mortality. Eggs and subsequent immatures of Triboliwn conficrwn J. du Val, T. castanem, or C. ferrugineus were exposed for 3 wk to elevated levels of CO, at 22°C. Insect development was similar at 7.5 and 8.6% CO, with mean mortality 43, 62, and 30% greater than controls for T. confusm, T. castanem, and C. ferrugineus, respectively. Also mean levels of 5.8-8.3 % CO, for 7 wk reduced, on all sampling dates, populations of T. confuswn by 85%) T.castanem by 99%, C. pusillus by 68%, and C. ferrugineus by 54 % . Although T. castanem has a greater oviposition rate than C. pusillus at 7.5 % CO,, immature mortality was greater for T. castanem. Based on long-term exposure to levels of CO, which can be produced by biological activity that affects oviposition and immature development, species in increasing order of sensitivity to CO, are C. ferrugineus, C. pusillus, T. concfixrurn, and T. castanem.

2. ed with Stored Grain amK@uuA in Suction Trapin (Noel D. G . White, Philip S . Barker, and Colin J. Demianyk)

Flying beetles were collected in a Johnson-Taylor insect suction trap from April to September 1987 to 1993 at Glenlea, Manitoba; twenty species associated with stored grain were collected. The most common species captured were the fungivores Atomaria spp. (Cryptophagidae), Melanophthalrna spp. (Lathridiidae) and Cartodere constricta (Gyllenhal) (Lathridiidae). One to three adults of the granivorous species, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), C. pusillus (Schonherr) (Cucujidae), and Tribolim castanem (Herbst) (Tenebrionidae) were caught in several months of most years. The low frequency of these species does not reflect their common Occurrence in granaries filled with cereals in Southern Manitoba. Other less frequent granivores found were Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.) (Trogositidae) , Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Tenebrionidae) , PaZorus subdepressus (Wallaston) (Cucujidae), LaernophZoeus fasciatus (Cucujidae), Latheticus oryzae Waterhouse (Tenebrionidae) , Gnathocerus comutus (F.)

5

(Tenebrionidae), Attagenus sp. (Demestidae) and Dermestes lardarius L. (Dermestidae). The relative abundance and seasonality of flight activity was recorded and among years there was little correspondence between weather and insect numbers.

. . in Stored M?k&Inhted with Tnbokutuu&u or T. confusum Te- (Noel D.G. White and Colin J. Demianyk) . . 3.

Tribolium arrdar or T. conficsum adults were placed in bottles of wheat plus ground wheat (28:1, wt:wt) to determine effects of the insects on grain deterioration over 20 wk at 30°C and 70% RH. T. audux increased in numbers to about 125 insects/l30 g wheat compared to 600 insects/l30 g for T. confuswn by 20 wk. Seed germination decreased to 5% for T. conficswn, 15% for T. audux, and to 25% for whole wheat controls, by 20 wk. Triboliwn confuswn damaged up to 35% of the wheat germs and 20% of the endosperm during the study, while T. adax damaged about 15% of the germs and caused no significant damage to endosperm. Seed moisture content remained between 13.8 and 14.8% in all treatments. Fat acidity values of the wheat in all treatments at 30°C increased with time, but there were no significant differences among treatments. The field fungus Altemana sp. decreased in all treatments, virtually disappearing by 5 wks. The storage fungi Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus glaucus group generally infected fewer seeds in insect treatments than in wheat controls; the lower infection rate probably resulted from insect consumption of molds and the release of quinones by the Triboliwn. Tribolium uudm is unlikely to cause severe damage to wheat in granaries because of a slow rate of development and low rate of increase compared to T. confirsum.

4. of Wlld l e bv S k m g d m e & (Noel D.G. White and Digvir S . Jayas)

Wild rice, Zizania palustris, and long-grain polished Basmati rice, Oryza sativa, have significantly different moisture content/relative humidity equilibria even though oil content of both seeds, which affects grain moisture content (mc), is low at < 1%, wt:wt. Seeds in storage are occasionally exposed to high relative humidities, but since microflora cannot grow at < 65% relative humidity (rh), wild rice can be stored for 12 mo at 10°C and 10.5% mc, 20°C and 10.5% mc, 30°C and 10% mc or 40°C and 9.2% mc; polished Basmati rice can be safely stored at 10°C and 14.4% mc, 20°C and 14.0% mc, 30°C and 12.5% mc, and 40°C and 12.2% mc. Eleven species of stored-product insects were placed on whole or ground wild, Basmati, or brown rice at 30"C, 70% rh. On whole wild, Basmati or brown rice, no insects multiplied as successfully as on any of the ground rice types with the exception of OryzaephiZus spp. on Basmati rice. Cryptolestes spp. and the Indian meal moth PZodia interpunctella Hubner did not

6

successfully multiply on any of the whole rice substractes during 6 wk. On whole wild rice, only the red flour beetle Triboliwn castaneum (Herbst), the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and the Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) multiplied. On whole Basmati rice, the sawtoothed grain beetle Orywphilus surinamensis (L.), the merchant grain beetle (Fauvel), 0. mercator, T. castanem, the confused flour beetle, Tribolium conficrum J. du Val, the black flour beetle, Triboliwn madens (Charp.), and R. dominica multiplied. On whole brown rice, 0. mercator and R. dominica multiplied most with some larvae produced by all Tribolizun spp. Ground wild rice was often nutritionally superior to Basmati or brown rice, but somewhat less suitable than a diet of whole wheat plus ground wheat. The most successful insects on ground wild rice were the Tribolim spp., notable T. castamurn, the flat grain beetle, Cyptolestes pwillus (Schonherr), R. dominica and to a smaller extent the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes fermgineus (Stephens), the flour mill beetle, C. turcicw (Grow.), 0. s u r i m n s i s and 0. mercator. On ground Basmati and brown rice, R. dominica and T. castanem development most successfully; larval development of most spp. was delayed from a normal developmental period of 3 to 4 wk at 30°C because of nutritional inadequacies such as absence of B vitamins from the bran in polished Basmati rice. Wild rice contains B vitamins adequate for animal growth although the high level of protein it contains is of low biological value.

5. ide from Field Peas (P. Fields and R.P. B o d n q k )

All stored grain in western Canada is subject to insect infestations, with one exception: field peas. The peas themselves are not only immune from stored products insects, they can be used to protect other stored crops, such as wheat, simply by mixing a milled pea fraction with the grain. Unfortunately, this leaves a residue on the grain which is not acceptable to grain handlers or the industry. The high level of protection given by the pea flour suggested that a potentially new technology for protecting stored grain could be developed by identifying the insecticidal factor and developing methods for its efficient extraction and purification from peas or its chemical synthesis. A research team at the WRC composed of a stored products entomologist, a biochemist, and a post doctoral fellow developed a rapid and reliable method to bioassay the insecticidal factor. After a year of intensive effort, the factor was isolated and purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange and solid phase chromatography and its structure determined. Chemical synthesis is currently in progress. An efficient method suitable for industrial-scale preparation of the factor from a milled pea fraction was also developed. The method achieves a 50- to 100- fold purification of the insecticidal activity in two batch-wise steps with high yield. After patenting, an industry partner will be sought for commercialization.

SASKATCHEWAN RESEARCH REPORT WESTERN COMMITTEE ON CROP PESTS 1995

Prepared by Julie Soroka

STATUS OF PARASITES AND CHALKBROOD IN SASKATCHEWAN LEAFCUTTING BEE POPULATIONS - D.W. Goenen, Saskatchewan Alfalfa Seed Producers' Association, Saskatoon

Occurrence of the chalcid parasite Pteroinalus venustus was evaluated in the 1994/95 survey of alfalfa leafcutting bee populations in Saskatchewan. Chalcid parasites were detected in 0.17% (4. 0.60, range 0.0- 4.12%) of bee cells analysed from samples submitted by alfalfa seed producers. P. venustus was present in 28.1% of leafcutting bee populations surveyed. Parasitism by other species was also detected. Coelioxys spp. were present in at least 12.8% of populations evaluated and occurred at levels of up to 0.53 yo.

Chalcid parasites (P. venustus) are presently controlled during bee incubation with dichlorvos (2,2- dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate). Research on use of dichlorvos has indicated that significant leafcutting bee mortality during incubation can be related to dichlorvos rate, treatment time, number of bee cells treated, bee cell position in the incubator, and incubation humidity. Research to develop an alternative to the use of dichlorvos for parasite control has led to the identification of a pyrethrin aerosol compound which is efficacious for control of P. venustus and safe for use with alfalfa leafcutting bee cells during the incubation period; a research report containing data in support of registration of this pyrethrin aerosol compound for chalcid parasite control was submitted to the Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Ottawa, in September, 1995.

Chalkbrood, Ascosphaera aggregata, occun-ence was also evaluated in the 1994/95 Saskatchewan alfalfa leafcutting bee survey. The disease was present at a low level overall (sporulating chalkhrood - 0.009%, sd. 0.05, range 0.0-0.34%; non-sporulating chalkbrood - 0.0 15%, sd. 0.06, range 0.0-0.34%). Using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technology, a technique has been developed for the rapid and dependable identification of A . uggregata in leafcutting bee larval cadavers. A novel DNA extraction method was developed to isolate DNA from fungal spores on the cadaver surface, or from ascocysts beneath the cuticle. The banding patterns of sporulating and non- sporulating cadavers exhibited no differences, thus providing the first definitive evidence that there are

sporulating and non-sporulating forms of chalkbrood, and that both forms result from infection with A . apgiegatcr.

PEST RESEARCH IN SASKATCHEWAN FORESTS - Bruce Walter, Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management, Prince Albert

Starting in May, 1993, Forestry Branch has funded non-target research on Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki (BtK), spraying for spruce budworm control. Four non-target studies were undertaken:

cover: to deteimine the impact BtK spraying has on non-target lepidoptera insects (moths and butterflies) and how quickly the species recover. The study, led by M. Michaelian with J. Volney of the Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton as advisor, will look at 600 species, with little previous work done in this area.

openings: will determine the impact Btk spraying has on moths and butteiflies in forest openings such as muskegs and meadows. M. Williamson is conducting the study under the direction of J. Spence, U. of Alherta, and J. Volney, CFS, Edmonton.

3. Soils study: to detemmine the effects BtK spraying has on the forest soil litter. S . Visser and D. Parkinson, U. of Calgaiy, are conducting the study. To date, their results indicate: no significant effect of BtK on carbon and nitrogen mineralization process, no effects of BtK on earthworms, springtails, or mites; and Btk levels have increased and are persisting since the 1993 spraying.

4. Forest bird study; to determine the effects BtK spraying has on forest birds. K. Hobson, Canadian Wildlife Service, Saskatoon, is conducting the study. His results, so far, indicate that the numbers of Tennessee warblers and Cape May Warblers declined at a greater rate compared to control site numbers.

1 . Non-target lepidoptera study in forest

2. Non-target lepidoptera study in forest

The final report of all these projects is due by March, 1996.

EVALUATION OF SPRING WHEAT FOR RESISTANCE TO THE ORANGE BLOSSOM

P. Hucl', R. Graf , F. Sosulski' , and C. Gillott', I

University of Saskatchewan, and Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, Saskatoon

WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA -

The primary objective of the project is to determine whether spring wheat genotypes can be selected for resistance to the midge on the basis of phenolic acid content of the grain. Twenty-six homozygous spring wheat breeding lines and six cultivars were evaluated at Saskatoon and Watrous, SK, in 1995. In addition, 77 plant introductions were evaluated in unreplicated plots for wheat midge infestation. The breeding lines were derived from crosses between Canadian germplasm and the German red spring wheat ‘Arin’, which is reported to be partially resistant to the midge. Larval counts were conducted on the primary and secondary florets from 10 spikes per plot. Over the two sites Ann had an infestation level of 7%. The cultivars ‘Laura’, ‘CDC Teal’, ‘Katepwa’, and ‘Roblin’ had levels of I 1, 15, 18, and 26% respectively. Arin averaged 1.28 larvae/mfested floret compared to 1.48, 1.66, 1.7 I , and 2.10 for Laura, CDC Teal, Katepwa, and Roblin, respectively. The experimental lines ranged from 5 to 26% in floral infestation. Genotypic differences in level of midge infestation were highly significant. Grain yield and degree of midge infestation were negatively correlated in this germplasm. Emergence and flight activity of the insect was detected over a five week period at both test sites. None of the wheat lines appeared to avoid or escape pest infestation as a result of phenological dfierences. Biochemical analysis of the grain is currently underway.

WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA - Bob Elliott, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Saskatoon

In 1995, field tests were conducted in the Osler and Blaine Lake districts on four aspects of integrated management of wheat midge:

adult wheat midge and its parasite, Macroglenes penetrans from the soil in July and August. Traps were distributed to producers and extension agrologists throughout the parkland region of Saskatchewan. Producers were alerted when fields should be inspected for evidence of midge activity. Data from survey and research plots will be used to develop a model, based on heat units and soil moisture, for predicting emergence of wheat midge and its parasite.

2. Potted plants of three wheat varieties were exposed to ovipositing wheat midge in the field during selected stages of heading and anthesis. Experiments will identify growth stages that durum wheat, prairie spring wheat, and strong gluten wheat are most susceptible to midge attack and damage. Information will assist producers in monitoring wheat midge and help ensure that chemical treatments are applied when they are necessary and most effective.

1. Traps were used to monitor emergence of

3. In six tests, we examined the susceptibility of 25 registered varieties of hard red spring wheat, durum wheat, prairie spring wheat, and strong gluten wheat to damage by the wheat midge. Tests will identify varieties that are least susceptible to midge damage and determine the influence of seeding date and rate 011 damage and parasitism.

4. In a large field test, we investigated methods of reducing water volumes and chemical rates of chlorpynfos (Lorsbanm) for control of wheat midge. Chlorpyrifos was applied at 0,0.24 and 0.48 kg AI/’ha in water volumes of33,55,68, and 100 Lha . Lower water volumes are being requested by commercial applicators and lower chemical rates are essential to reducing the eflects of field sprays on non-target species including M. penetrans and predaceous carabid beetles.

WHEAT MIDGE MONITORING IN SASKATCHEWAN - M. Braun and 0. Olfert, AAFC, Saskatoon

New infestations of wheat midge have been confirmed in areas south of the parkland region of the province. Significant damage to wheat occurred in areas around Regina, Saskatoon, and Melfort. A survey of midge cocoons in the soil is currently being conducted to determine population density and distribution in Saskatchewan and Manitoba.

FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA SPP. - Bob Elliott, AAFC, Saskatoon

In 1995, field tests were conducted at Saskatoon and Melfort on several aspects relating to management of flea beetles.

I . In three tests, we evaluated the Susceptibility and tolerance of mustard and canola to flea beetle damage. Tests included varieties and experimental lines of Sinupis alha, Brassicajuncea, 8. carirrata, B. rapa (syn. B. campestris), along with amphidiploid, double haploid, and hybrid lines of B. nupus. Varieties were chosen on the basis of seed hiocheniistiy, seedling moiphology, and seedling growth attributes.

influence of seed size on agronomic performance and tolerance of mustard and canola genotypes to flea beetle damage. Assessments focused on seedling establishment, cotyledon and leaf growth, dry matter accumulation, and seed yield. Tests were also conducted to identify methods of improving seed size

2. In six field tests, we investigated the

distribution in B. napus and B. rapa.

of reducing pesticide inputs for control of flea beetles in mustard and canola. Small, large, and bulk seed of six varieties were grown with different levels of pesticide inputs ranging from untreated seed to seed treated with maximum levels of seed dressings and granular insecticides. Effects of seed size and pesticide inputs were assessed in relation to seedling establishment, seedling growth, and yield.

3. In four field tests, we investigated methods

GENETICALLY ENGINEERED BIOPESTICIDES FOR GRASSHOPPER CONTROL - W. Chapco and R. Kelln, University of Regina

An isolate of Enterohacter agglomerans was obtained from a laboratory strain of Melanoplus sanguinipes which proved amenable to molecular cloning techniques and was able to readily establish residency in the grasshopper gut through oral feedings. A special vector plasmid was constructed that contained a kanamycin-resistance gene as a selective marker and also harbored the polylinker-lac region of pUC 19 to facilitate blue-white screening of inserted DNA. The plasmid has the desired property of not showing segregation-loss in the absence of selective pressure through the presence of the antibiotic. To date, recombinant plasmids containing the following cloned genes have been constructed: I ) two genes for larvicidal toxins from a Bacillus species; 2) a baculovirus gene encoding an enzyme which inactivates ecdysone; 3) a gene for an insect juvenile hormone esterase; 4) a mite neurotoxin gene; and 5) a scorpion toxin gene. Feeding and injection trials have been camed out with all of the foregoing, with the latter two showing a promising effect in the original trial. As a result, a new recombinant plasmid harboring both toxin genes was constructed and testing is ongoing as is the retesting of the individual toxin genes.

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GRASSHOPPER FAMILIES - W. Chapco, University of Regina

Molecular methods are being used to determine phylogenetic relationships among grasshoppers within major subfamilies. PhD student Wanda Kuperus is trying to ascertain phylogenetic relationships among orthopteroid insects.

GRASSHOPPER PHYSIOLOGY - G. Gillott, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon

We are continuing to study the hormonal control of reproductive activity in the male migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. Our work has focused mainly on the way in which juvenile hoimone (JH) regulates the activity of the accessory glands. We have discovered how JH is transported through the blood to the glands, ‘and moves through the cells of the glands to the nucleus. Cun-ently we are examining how JH works by affecting genetic activity. In addition, we have recently realized that another hormone, ecdysone, is also important in gland regulation, and the mode of action of this molecule is now being investigated.

BIOINSECTICIDE RESEARCH - G. Khachatourians, Bioinsecticide Research Laboratory, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon

1 . Diamondback Moth Control - We are working on the development of a mathematical and esperimental model for predicting the effects and consequences of mixtures of insecticides. A value, the combination index (CI), indicates the interactive effects of a mixture of tosins. This interaction is affected by the ratio of the individual toxins and the inhibition of insect growth or development. Further, two toxins have a maximally quiescent p t io (MQR) where there is the least change in the type and intensity of their interaction. MQRatios help to define the nature of tosin interactions and provide insights into the action of mixtures of toxins in pest control. We have completed the study of the effects of chlorpyrifos or AC303630 (American Cyanamid) alone, and in combination, with Dipelm on diamondback moth (Plurella xylostella) larvae. Dose- mortality data have been generated for both compounds and the efYects of sub-lethal doses of either chemical on growth parameters such as weight gain and feeding behaviour over time have heen examined. The effects of sublethal doses of either compound in combination with Bacillris fliuritigietisis subsp. kurstaki (Dipel@) have been characterized. DBM larvae appear to be susceptible to either chemical or bacterial insecticide at reconunended rates. Weight gain in DBM larvae occurred only when the chemical concentrations were at sub-lethal levels, 0.005-0.0001 vol % range; at given concentrations weight gain was time dependent. The same occurred with Dipel at concentrations less than 0.005% by wt/vol. With sub-lethal concentrations of combinations of products, the effects were time- window and sequence dependent, i .e., chemical insecticide then Dipel. Definite effects were observed

I .

in weight gain with sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpynfos and Dipel, but not with AC303630 and Dipel. However, AC303630 and Dipel affected successful pupation and moth emergence, and their combined use may aid in the development arrest of DBM larvae. The results of these studies are now being analysed.

2. Fungal Biocontrol Agents - We continue to study the basic, molecular, and applied mycology of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauvaria spp., Paecilomyces spp., Metarhizium spp., and Verticillium lecanii. We have also started an industrial collaborative project on microbial control of pests in California.

GRASSHOPPER DAMAGE STUDIES IN LENTILS - 0. Olfert , AAFC, Saskatoon, and A. Slinkard, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon

A study was designed to determine the relationship between grasshopper numbers in flowering lentils and yield loss; and to characterize the type and estent of damage to lentils caused by grasshoppers. A survey of commercial lentil fields in 1993 and 1994 indicated that relatively low densities of grasshoppers can have a major impact on yields of lentils. Dissection of the lentil plants collected from grasshopper-infested fields revealed that grasshopper feeding could occur on any reproductive structure and at any stage of maturity. Grasshopper damage was concentrated on sepals, flowers and immature pods and on mature pods. In most cases when flowers and immature pods were damaged, a number of the sepals were also damaged. In some cases, however, grasshopper feeding was observed to be very selective. There were a number of examples where the developing reproductive structure was totally destroyed inside the calyx, leaving the sepals intact. Grasshopper damage to mature pods ranged from slight damage to total destruction of the pod and seeds. In most cases, immature pods were damaged earlier and still managed to develop malformed pods. Moderate and severe damage to the pod resulted in direct seed loss. Lesser damage to the pod resulted in necrotic regions on the pod accompanied by stained seeds. In some cases, plant disease lesions appeared to be associated with relatively minor pod damage. Again stained seed resulted. The economic threshold of grasshoppers in lentils was determined in field-cage trials. The fitted linear relationship estimates an average yield loss of 1 - 2% for every one grasshopper/m2.

INSECT BIODIVERSITY - LONG-TERM ROTATION STUDIES - 0. Olfert, M. Braun and

J. Soroka, AAFC, Saskatonn

The ohjective of the study I:; to evaluc3'e the lting-tenn efTects of conventional and alternat've crop production systems on agricultural sustainability in Saskatchewan over the nest 12- 18 years. Our contribution towards the objective is to obtain baseline data of the eEect of long-tenn rotations and alternate faiiniiig systems on soil-home and soil-inhabiting al-thrOp:Jik 'The study was initiated at the Scott Esperianentrh Far711 Ui 1994, on a 40-acre site. There are nine plot trt.itinents consisting ofa 3 x 3 matrix; three I(:vc-ls offami input and three levels of cropping diversity. i',~ tlvopods are sampled using sweep nets, pitfa,' trap:. arid soil cores. Soil cores are processed usin:, "u,j7reu iiir;nels for extracting dry-soil arthropods and modified Baeimann process is used to extract artlu qiods from soil-water. Insects and spiders 11,;vc been Yorted, keyed to the family level and placed in alcohol i'oi further classification. Most of the insecis collectci! in the pitfall traps were beetles ( I 2 fan-ilies). iiic 'uding 46 species of carahids. In addition i-here wer.. 14 families ofDiptei-a, I I Hymenoptera, 5 Hemiptera, 5 Homoptera plus spiders. Soil cores cont:iied mainly nematodes, rotifers, enchytraeids and prott mans.

FARMING SYSTEMS STUDIES - 0 OIfert, AAFC, Saskatoon, N. Mclnychuk i*n(' C. Gillott, University of Saekatchrwaa, Saskai

The ohjective of the stlid) i

populations and a t t t i q t t,) 1 1 2 ' I \ indicators of su.;tainahility withir fanninp designed to conserve agncultul sites were identified tluo.ighoilt according to the 3 x 3 mat,i\ c mentioned above Eightem fie in 1994, nine in '('101)

based) and iiiiie in 'Clrol ,cot 11 11 I I L iorage- based) Each field site con ,ists of 3 11 Ii!rited plots (1) margin, (11) field at 25 m, and ( i r i ) ficl I u c 75 m Our sampling includes sweeping :IW~ Ixtfallc Othei associated research teams are galiiermp, I , ta on pioduction economics, soil qualiij u i1,;11 :, water quality and vegetation (weeds)

I ! I

BIOLOGICAL CoNmoi, B)F LYGUS BUGS - J. Soroka and P. Mason, AAH. , Saskatwn, and B. May, Saskatchewan Alfalfa Fw:! Producers' Association, Melfort

Nymphal parasitism by indigenous parasitoids was low

in sampled field populations in 1995. Four shipments of Peristenus spp., European braconid parasitoids of lygus bugs and alfalfa plant bug Adelphocoiis lineolatus, were received in Saskatoon in 1995. Laboratory colony and field collected plant bugs were exposed to the European wasps, with rapid and often multiple parasitism. Parasitoid pupae are being held at various diapause temperatures to determine if they can survive prairie winter conditions. Four alfalfa seed fields were monitored before and after release of 50 gravid lacewing (Chlysoperla rujlahris) females per acre in two of the fields for control of lygus bugs. No differences in lygus bug or pea aphid populations were found between release and control fields. Lacewing numbers were very low in all alfalfa fields, with greatei- numbers in a release field found on only one occasion.

SILVERTOP IN GRASS SEED FIELDS - J. Soroka and B. Gossen, AAFC, Saskatoon

In a test measuring the amount of insect-induced silvertop or sterile seed heads in three species of grasses planted at two different row spacings and with three dfierent residue management techniques applied last autumn, management techniques appeared to have little direct effect on the amount of sterile seed heads, but a si@icant effect on the number of healthy seed heads per plot in all three grass species tested. In an experiment monitoring insect populations, the incidence of silvertop, and the effects of dimethoate insecticide on grass seed production in commercial fields, silvertop injury was extensive in three of seven fields, with diverse causal agents. Early application of insecticide decreased the incidence of silvertop slightly. Residue management treatments have been applied to the fields this autumn.

ROOT MAGGOTS IN CANOLA - J. Soroka, O.Olfert, AAFC, Saskatoon, and L. Dosdall, Alberta Environmental Centre, Vegreville

Two canola fields from each of 107 rural municipalities in Saskatchewan were sampled for the presence of root maggots, Delia spp., in the roots. Roots from 10 cultivars of canola (eight B. rapa and hvo B. napus cultivars) in Regional Variety Trials were sampled from three locations in the province. Several canola lines and species in the Saskatoon canola breeding program were also rated for their susceptibility to root maggot infestation, as were B. iapa cultivars sown at different seeding rates. Rating of incidence and severity of infestation is currently underway.

BERTHA ARMYWORM - P. Mason and M. Erlandson, AAFC, Saskatoon

In 1995 bei-tha armyworm (Mnniestra coiEfiprata) work focused on research and the introduction of the European braconid hiicroplitis inediator. Results from field plots substantiated that A% irrediatoi. can survive the prairie winter. An average spring adult emergence of 6 1.9% was achieved and adults produced healthy offspring. Cold conditioning experiments indicated that development ofM. ir~ediatoi. took more than one h r d longer at 15°C than at 2 1 "C. At 10 "C cocoon formation took up to three tinies as long as at 2 1°C (70 days vs 20 days) and adults emerged only after being placed at 2 1°C. Release of 550,770, and 660 adult femalehi. riredintor were made in a bertha myworm- infested iield near Brooks, AJ3 and two such fields near Wilkie, SK. Post-release surveys found total parasitism levels of 3-6% near Brooks, and 4- 12% near Wilkie. The native parasitoid Banclius~avesceris was the predominant parasitoid collected, found at all sites sampled; a tachinid (Atlrrycin cinered?) was found at Brooks, and a single M. riledintor was recovered from a hi. corflgrrrntn larva collected from one of the Wilkie fields where a release had been made. This is the second recoveiy of release progeny. Additional M. nlecfiatoi. were collected in Europe and shipped to Canada.

INSECT PESTS OF SHELTERBELTS- Don Regnard and Bruce Neill, PFRA Shelterbelt Centre, Indian Head, Saskatchewan.

In 1995 we received approximately 350 inquiries relating to insect and disease problems on shelterbelt trees and sluubs. Most enquiries were received from rural areas of Saskatchewan, with the most common pests being ash plant bug, spruce spider mite, yellow-headed spruce sawfly and bronze birch borer.

WOOLLY ELM APHID STUDIES - Bruce Neill, Don Reynard and Dean McPherson, PFRA Shelterbelt Centre, Indian Head and Lloyd Harris, Saskatchewan Agriculture, Regina.

Nymphs from overwintering eggs were first recorded on unfolding American elm leaves on May 1 I , 1995. New generation nymphs were first noted in the leaf curls on June 4, 1995. The first winged aphids were found in the leaf curls on June 18, 1995.

Seven treatments were tested to prevent woolly elm aphid from establishing on the roots of saskatoon at two sites. Treatments included; two rates of dormant oil,

c

dormant oil plus Wintergreen, dormant oil plus Dursban, Dursban alone, aerosol Tanglefoot, and aerosol pruning paint. Treatments were applied to the base of seedlings in mid-June, prior to the migration of the aphid to saskatoons. Treated plants were two to four years old. No treatments s igdcant ly reduced aphid infestation rates on saskatoon roots. Stem weakening and breakage was recorded on plants treated with aerosol Tanglefoot or the high rate of dormant oil.

Eight products were tested for the control of woolly elm aphid on saskatoon roots. The products were tested at three sites and were applied by either foliar spray, soil injection or drip irrigation. Treatments were applied in late July after the saskatoon berry harvest was complete. Treated plants were two to four years old. Treatments that provided excellent control of the root aphid while not exhibiting phytotoxicity were Orthene as a drip or

soil iiijection and Admire as a drip or soil injection. Both Cygon and Malathion exhibited phytotoxicity when applied by drip.

Various rates of Cygon were evaluated for control of woolly elm aphid on saskatoon roots. Cygon was tested at two sites at 0.1 d/L, 0.2 ml/L and 0.3 d /L , using drip irrigation or soil injection. The drip imgation treatments consisted of 10 L of solution, whereas the soil injection treatments consisted of 2 L of solution. Treatments were applied in early August afier beny harvest. Treated plants were between two and four years old. All treatments caused a si&icant reduction in aphid infestation rates on saskatoon roots except for the soil injection treatment with the low rate of Cygon. Significant phytotoxic damage was recorded for all rates of Cygon applied by drip imgation. Less damage was noted with the soil injection treatments.

1995 Alberta Report Presented by Dan Johnson

Biological control of insect pests in Alberta by Dick S. Yu

1) Inundative release of Triclzogrnnznzn brnssicne to control European corn borer (ECB)

The ECB egg parasitoid, T. brnssicne, was released at rates of 200,000 to 400,000 wasps per hectare in experimental plots (1 ha) of field corn in the Grassy Lake area for the last three years. ECB population was monitored by sex pheromone traps. Based on the results so far, the frequency of release can be reduced to two per season and the density of release points can be reduced to nine per ha without affecting the efficacy of the release.

2) Release of Edovunz puttleri to control Colorado potato beetle (CPB)

Edovumyuttleri, an egg parasitoid of the CPB, was imported from New Jersey, U.S.A., in May and is now being cultured on CPB egg batches at LRC. The parasitoid was originally collected in Columbia. A trial release of 6,000 adults in potato plots was inable to keep the CPB below economic injury level because the release was made too late (after the peak oviposition period of CPB) due to production problem. Further attempts will be made next year with better timing and higher number.

3 ) Introduction of Aplzelinus vnriyes and A. mychis against the Russian wheat aphid (RWA).

The first detection of RWA in 1995 was in the middle of August. Western wheat aphid (WWA), a congenic native species of the RWA, was found in many locations in southern Alberta. Both RWA and WWA were present until the middle of September, after which RWA predominated. All winter wheat fields we sampled had RWA, with an average infestation of 10%. A total of 130,000 A. varipes and A. asychis were released this year. Some parasitized aphids were retrieved but sampling is still continuing now that RWA can be found in higher numbers.

Research Report - Lloyd Dosdall, Alberta Eiiviroiiniental Ceii tre, Vegreville

Research is underway to evaluate the impact of conventional versus zero tillage systems on infestations of root maggots (Delia spp.) and flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae) in canola. Preliminary results indicate that root maggot populations are not affected by tillage type, but flea beetle populations and damage are greatest in plots tilled using conventional practices. In collaboration with Agriculture Canada and University of Alberta researchers, studies have also been undertaken to develop and field test lines of Brassica rapa and Brassica napus that are resistant to root maggot attack. Studies have been initiated to determine the importance of the soil nutrients, sulfbr, calcium, and boron on infestations of root maggots in canola. Several field collections of bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata, were made in 1995 to determine the species composition and temporal changes in the endemic parasitoid fauna of this pest.

c

Under controlled environment conditions, research is being conducted to determine the attractiveness of canola host plants at different developmental stages to adults of bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata. The induction of host plant feeding preference is being investigated using larvae of diamondback moth, PIutclla xylostelln. Lloyd M. Dosdall

Alberta Environmental Centre P.O. Bag 4000 Vegreville, Alberta T9C 1T4

e-mail: Iloyd@aec.env.gov.ab.ca Phone: (403) 632-8225 Fax: (403) 632-8379

Project: Biological and Cultural Control of Woolly Elm Aphid, Eriosoniri nntericnnu/n (Riley) on Saskatoon, Anielnnchier nlnifolia Nutt.

Funded By: Alberta Agricultural Research Institute, Biosys, The Saskatoon Farm

Researchers: Kenneth Fry and Lloyd Dosdall, Alberta Environmental Centre, Vegreville, Alberta

The experiments outlined below were conducted at the Alberta Environmental Centre (AJX) and the Crop Diversification Centre North (CDCN) during the summer and fall of 1995.

Biological Control

Four (4) species of nematode, Steinernerizn clrrpocnpsac (All Strain), S.feliiae, S. riobrnvis, and Heterorlinbditis bncteriopltorn, were evaluated for control of the woolly elm aphid (WEA) on saskatoon roots. An application rate of 20 nematodes/cm* (2x1 O9 nematodes/hectare or 8 0 . 9 4 ~ 1 0 ~ nematodedacre) was used. This experiment was conducted in an enclosed greenhouse at AEC.

Cultural Control

Five ( 5 ) separate methods of cultural control of WEA on saskatoon were evaluated at a field site at CDCN. The methods evaluated include:

1 ) application of a surfactant to the roots to interfere with colonization by WEA,

2) application of diatomaceous earth to the roots to interfere with colonization by WEA,

3) application of Tangle Foot to the stem base to prevent movement of WEA down the stem to the roots,

4) application of a reflective mulch cloth to prevent movement of WEA down to the roots,

I *

3

5) and establishment of cloth barriers to prevent invasion by WEA alatae

Nine (9) cultivars, including Smoky, Success, Northline, Honeywood, Martin, Pembina, Parkhill, Altaglow, and Thiessen, were evaluated for susceptibility to WEA infestation. This experiment was conducted at AEC.

Monitoring of the life-cycle of WEA was conducted at CDCN. The monitoring included weekly yellow sticky trap collections at two (2) american elm shelterbelts and one (1) saskatoon orchard, and 3/week collections from yellow pan traps located in two (2) american elm shelterbelts and one (1) saskatoon orchard. Additionally, WEA pseudogalls from american elm were brought into the lab for rearing in order to collect any parasitoids associated with WEA. Lastly, predators of WEA, occurring within WEA pseudogalls, were collected on a weekly basis during the field season.

Dan Johnson Lethbridge Research Centre

Served as technical Project Monitor to CIDA for biological control of grasshoppers and locusts in Africa.

Completed analysis of the intensity of geographic overlap between the distribution of Furadan used for grasshopper control and the distribution of threatened wildlife (with R. Usher).

Updated analysis of the history of grasshopper outbreaks in Alberta, and use spatial analysis methodology to compare the dynamics among ecozones. Joined AB and SK maps, in cooperation with 0. Olfert.

Parameterized probits and confirmed the results of an experiment conducted to assess and compare the potential impacts of grasshopper insecticides on grassland birds that use sprayed grasshoppers as a food source (with P. Martin and D. Forsyth).

Completed analysis of repeated applications of entornopathogenic microbes for grasshopper control, in attempts to increase the percentage of insects infected (with M. Dolinski).

Evaluated the potential of the f h g i Beau~vria bassiana and Mcturhitirinz spp. as a soil amendment to control ovipositing grasshoppers (with W. Swearingen, D. Inglis and M. Goettel).

Determined the direct and indirect effects of grasshopper insecticides on avian wildlife, to reduce environmental impacts while maintaining effective pest control (with P. Martin, B. Hill and D. Forsyth).

Developed and tested a new likelihood ratio statistical method for comparing deviations from randomness among samples and treatments. (with A.J. Petkau)

Investigated the impact of parasitic flies and other natural enemies on rangeland grasshoppers, to

4

assess the potential impact of these natural control agents (with T. Danyk).

Identified and summarized the age structure and species composition of the grasshopper (Acrididae) community at the newly formed natural area reserve at CFB Sufield.

Map o f 1995 density of breeding grasshoppers, adjusted t o show expected infestat ions in 1996

Agriculture and Agri-food Canada

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA - 1995

R. S. Vernon Agriculture Canada Research Station

6660 N.W. Marine Drive Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1x2

(604) 224-4355

Submissions from B.C. Ministry of Agriculture Food and Fisheries (Hugh Philip, P.Ag.)

1. Leafroller IPM The third and final field season to develop an integrated approach to controlling

fruittree leafroller in apple revealed that mating disruption (MD) was not a viable option for leafroller control. The number of leafroller egg masses actually increased under MD plus one Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spray compared to a decrease in an adjacent apple block that received just two applications of Bt. These results are contrary to results obtained by other researchers in the same area, where a decrease of about 85% in the number of egg masses was reported.

diazinon for control of mullein bug, and border treatments of azinphos-methyl for codling moth control on the margins. The remainder of the block was treated with codling moth pheromone dispensers at half the recommended rate (200 vs. 400/ac) to disrupt mating. A nearby block of Red Delicious was used to compare the efficacy of mating disruption to five applications of azinphos-methyl for control of codling moth. The same treatments were applied for leafroller and mullein bug control as in the IPM block. Fruit was assessed on the tree at harvest for leafroller (LR), codling moth (CM), fruitworm (FW) and mullein bug (MB) feeding damage, and the results are described below: Block Percent Fruit Damaged*

CM LR FW MB I PM 1.5 3.5 0.9 0.9 Convent i o na I 0.1 1.8 0.3 1.6

In 1995, the IPM block received two applications of Bt, one petal spray of

(Sample size: 100 fruit/tree x 20 treeshlock)

A bin check of harvested Spartan apples (I00 fruithin x 20 bins) in the IPM block 2 weeks earlier revealed damage values of 0.5% CM, 0.7% LR and 0.1% FW (mullein bug does little damage to Spartan). The lower values compared to those in the table are probably due to pickers discarding damaged apples. Considering that this summer saw the highest codling moth population levels in recent memory, the level of control was very good in both blocks. No secondary pests such as

obliquebanded leafroller, threelined leafroller, eyespotted budmoth or apple-and-thorn skeletonizer caused any noticeable damage as a result of discontinuing post-bloom codling moth cover sprays in the IPM block for three successive years. For the second year in a row we failed to rear any parasites from larvae collected in the IPM block (probably because we were unable to successfully keep enough leafroller larvae alive in the lab). Results of the 1994 field season were reported in the 1995 Pest Management Research Research Report.

2. Bacillus thurincliensis Use Survey.

control of fruittree and European leafroller larvae, a questionaire was sent to 85 fruit growers in the Kelowna area who had applied either Dipel WP or Foray 48 B in the spring of 1994. Growers were asked to rate the performance of Btk and to answer questions on factors that could influence Btk performance such as spray volume, travel speed, tree density, weather conditions and timing. Twenty-seven growers replied representing 48 blocks of either apple, pear or cherry. Data from 36 blocks which had only received one application of Btk and no other insecticide were used in tabulating the results which are summarized below: 1. Because Foray 488 was not available until late in the leafroller control period, 89% of the blocks were treated with Dipel WP. 2. 75% of the respondents applied Btk at the lowest recommended rate and petal fall was the preferred stage of apple/pear development when the applications were made (70%). 3. All but one grower applied Btk after 4:OO p.m. which is a recommended practice in the interior of B.C. 4. Most respondents (56%) applied Btk in volumes of 843 to 1123 L/ha (range 560 - 1404 M a ) and 47% sprayed at travel speeds of between 2.5 to 3.2 kph (range 1.7 - 6

5. Weather conditions were ideal - warm and dry - with no rainfall for at least 24 hours after spraying . 6. The majority of blocks consisted of mixed apple varieties planted at a density of c494 3 to 4.6-m-high treesha. 7. 66% of respondents rated performance of Btk 8 or more on a scale of 1-10 (1 = poor; 10 = excellent), 14% rated performance 6-7, and 20% rated performance 5 or less. 8. 72% of respondents had used an OP product the previous years for leafroller control.

To assess the performance of products containing Bt var. kurstaki (Btk) for

kPh)-

A review of the factors that could have influenced Btk performance did not reveal any clear correlations with performance ratings. In many cases the number of blocks was too small to make valid correlations between factors and performance ratings. There appeared to be a relationship between spray timing and performance. Growers who applied Btk at pink did not rate Performance above 7, whereas 88% of bloom sprays and 59% of petal fall sprays were rated 8 or more. This result is

consistent with the recommended practice of applying Btk once all the larvae have hatched which is usually at full bloom of Mclntosh.

The results of this survey revealed that a majority of respondents are following recommended procedures for applying Btk products, and when combined with ideal weather conditions, a high level of satisfaction with performance of Btk is achieved. Growers are becoming more familiar with the proper use of Btk products and are also reporting less satisfaction with the performance of recommended OP products. As a result, local sales of Btk products have risen dramatically in the last 2-3 years at the expense of OP products for the control of spring generations of leafrollers in apple and pear orochards.

3. European Elm Bark Beetle:

nurseries propagating elm nursery stock for sale on the Prairies were surveyed for the presence of European elm bark beetle (Scolylus rnultistriatus) (EEBB) using pheromone-baited sticky traps. A single trap was operated from July 5 to Sept. 5/95 near nurseries located near Kelowna, Midway and Grand Forks in the southern Interior. Adult EEBB were captured at all locations, with Kelowna having the greatest number (about 3100). Beetle identification was confirmed by us at the Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria. Inspection of five very old American Elm trees in Grand Forks did not reveal any evidence of Dutch elm disease (DED). Few American elm are grown in the Interior in favour of Siberian elm which is tolerant to DED. The presence of EEBB at Midway and Grand Forks are new records for B.C. To date B.C. remains free of DED however this status is threatened by the presence of the disease in Washington and Idaho.

In cooperation with Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, three

4. Control of Western Subterannean termite:

In cooperation with Dr. Tim Myles, faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, and a local professional pest control operator, two years of field tests have been concluded to evaluate the efficacy of sulfuramid against the western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus. This termite is native to the dry Interior of B.C. where it helps to recycle dead trees. As more and more residential subdivisions are developed in the forested hills, the termites have had to replace their natural food with that provided by development - wooden-f ramed houses, construction debris, dead tree stumps and roots, wood piles, etc. Problems are also appearing in established residential and business areas. Sulfuramid is applied as a liquid to captured termites which are released back in the area from which they were trapped. The treated termites return to the colony where the sulfuramid is spread throughout the colony by the termites grooming each other. Once injested, sulfuramid acts as a 'metabolic inhibitor' and the colony is slowly killed. Treatments have been made at two sites near Kelowna and in each case, no termites could be captured in traps 2 to 3 weeks after the release of treated termites. The treatment is only effective for a single colony and up to three treatments may be required depending on the size of the colony, which can number

consistent with the recommended practice of applying Btk once all the larvae have hatched which is usually at full bloom of Mclntosh.

The results of this survey revealed that a majority of respondents are following recommended procedures for applying Btk products, and when combined with ideal weather conditions, a high level of satisfaction with performance of Btk is achieved. Growers are becoming more familiar with the proper use of Btk products and are also reporting less satisfaction with the performance of recommended OP products. As a result, local sales of Btk products have risen dramatically in the last 2-3 years at the expense of OP products for the control of spring generations of leafrollers in apple and pear orochards.

3. European Elm Bark Beetle:

nurseries propagating elm nursery stock for sale on the Prairies were surveyed for the presence of European elm bark beetle (Scolylus rnultistriatus) (EEBB) using pheromone-baited sticky traps. A single trap was operated from July 5 to Sept. 5/95 near nurseries located near Kelowna, Midway and Grand Forks in the southern Interior. Adult EEBB were captured at all locations, with Kelowna having the greatest number (about 3100). Beetle identification was confirmed by us at the Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria. Inspection of five very old American Elm trees in Grand Forks did not reveal any evidence of Dutch elm disease (DED). Few American elm are grown in the Interior in favour of Siberian elm which is tolerant to DED. The presence of EEBB at Midway and Grand Forks are new records for B.C. To date B.C. remains free of DED however this status is threatened by the presence of the disease in Washington and Idaho.

In cooperation with Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, three

4. Control of Western Subterannean termite:

In cooperation with Dr. Tim Myles, faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, and a local professional pest control operator, two years of field tests have been concluded to evaluate the efficacy of sulfuramid against the western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus. This termite is native to the dry Interior of B.C. where it helps to recycle dead trees. As more and more residential subdivisions are developed in the forested hills, the termites have had to replace their natural food with that provided by development - wooden-f ramed houses, construction debris, dead tree stumps and roots, wood piles, etc. Problems are also appearing in established residential and business areas. Sulfuramid is applied as a liquid to captured termites which are released back in the area from which they were trapped. The treated termites return to the colony where the sulfuramid is spread throughout the colony by the termites grooming each other. Once injested, sulfuramid acts as a 'metabolic inhibitor' and the colony is slowly killed. Treatments have been made at two sites near Kelowna and in each case, no termites could be captured in traps 2 to 3 weeks after the release of treated termites. The treatment is only effective for a single colony and up to three treatments may be required depending on the size of the colony, which can number

consistent with the recommended practice of applying Btk once all the larvae have hatched which is usually at full bloom of Mclntosh.

The results of this survey revealed that a majority of respondents are following recommended procedures for applying Btk products, and when combined with ideal weather conditions, a high level of satisfaction with performance of Btk is achieved. Growers are becoming more familiar with the proper use of Btk products and are also reporting less satisfaction with the performance of recommended OP products. As a result, local sales of Btk products have risen dramatically in the last 2-3 years at the expense of OP products for the control of spring generations of leafrollers in apple and pear orochards.

3. European Elm Bark Beetle:

nurseries propagating elm nursery stock for sale on the Prairies were surveyed for the presence of European elm bark beetle (Scolylus rnultistriatus) (EEBB) using pheromone-baited sticky traps. A single trap was operated from July 5 to Sept. 5/95 near nurseries located near Kelowna, Midway and Grand Forks in the southern Interior. Adult EEBB were captured at all locations, with Kelowna having the greatest number (about 3100). Beetle identification was confirmed by us at the Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria. Inspection of five very old American Elm trees in Grand Forks did not reveal any evidence of Dutch elm disease (DED). Few American elm are grown in the Interior in favour of Siberian elm which is tolerant to DED. The presence of EEBB at Midway and Grand Forks are new records for B.C. To date B.C. remains free of DED however this status is threatened by the presence of the disease in Washington and Idaho.

In cooperation with Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, three

4. Control of Western Subterannean termite:

In cooperation with Dr. Tim Myles, faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, and a local professional pest control operator, two years of field tests have been concluded to evaluate the efficacy of sulfuramid against the western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus. This termite is native to the dry Interior of B.C. where it helps to recycle dead trees. As more and more residential subdivisions are developed in the forested hills, the termites have had to replace their natural food with that provided by development - wooden-f ramed houses, construction debris, dead tree stumps and roots, wood piles, etc. Problems are also appearing in established residential and business areas. Sulfuramid is applied as a liquid to captured termites which are released back in the area from which they were trapped. The treated termites return to the colony where the sulfuramid is spread throughout the colony by the termites grooming each other. Once injested, sulfuramid acts as a 'metabolic inhibitor' and the colony is slowly killed. Treatments have been made at two sites near Kelowna and in each case, no termites could be captured in traps 2 to 3 weeks after the release of treated termites. The treatment is only effective for a single colony and up to three treatments may be required depending on the size of the colony, which can number

consistent with the recommended practice of applying Btk once all the larvae have hatched which is usually at full bloom of Mclntosh.

The results of this survey revealed that a majority of respondents are following recommended procedures for applying Btk products, and when combined with ideal weather conditions, a high level of satisfaction with performance of Btk is achieved. Growers are becoming more familiar with the proper use of Btk products and are also reporting less satisfaction with the performance of recommended OP products. As a result, local sales of Btk products have risen dramatically in the last 2-3 years at the expense of OP products for the control of spring generations of leafrollers in apple and pear orochards.

3. European Elm Bark Beetle:

nurseries propagating elm nursery stock for sale on the Prairies were surveyed for the presence of European elm bark beetle (Scolylus rnultistriatus) (EEBB) using pheromone-baited sticky traps. A single trap was operated from July 5 to Sept. 5/95 near nurseries located near Kelowna, Midway and Grand Forks in the southern Interior. Adult EEBB were captured at all locations, with Kelowna having the greatest number (about 3100). Beetle identification was confirmed by us at the Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria. Inspection of five very old American Elm trees in Grand Forks did not reveal any evidence of Dutch elm disease (DED). Few American elm are grown in the Interior in favour of Siberian elm which is tolerant to DED. The presence of EEBB at Midway and Grand Forks are new records for B.C. To date B.C. remains free of DED however this status is threatened by the presence of the disease in Washington and Idaho.

In cooperation with Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, three

4. Control of Western Subterannean termite:

In cooperation with Dr. Tim Myles, faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, and a local professional pest control operator, two years of field tests have been concluded to evaluate the efficacy of sulfuramid against the western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus. This termite is native to the dry Interior of B.C. where it helps to recycle dead trees. As more and more residential subdivisions are developed in the forested hills, the termites have had to replace their natural food with that provided by development - wooden-f ramed houses, construction debris, dead tree stumps and roots, wood piles, etc. Problems are also appearing in established residential and business areas. Sulfuramid is applied as a liquid to captured termites which are released back in the area from which they were trapped. The treated termites return to the colony where the sulfuramid is spread throughout the colony by the termites grooming each other. Once injested, sulfuramid acts as a 'metabolic inhibitor' and the colony is slowly killed. Treatments have been made at two sites near Kelowna and in each case, no termites could be captured in traps 2 to 3 weeks after the release of treated termites. The treatment is only effective for a single colony and up to three treatments may be required depending on the size of the colony, which can number

consistent with the recommended practice of applying Btk once all the larvae have hatched which is usually at full bloom of Mclntosh.

The results of this survey revealed that a majority of respondents are following recommended procedures for applying Btk products, and when combined with ideal weather conditions, a high level of satisfaction with performance of Btk is achieved. Growers are becoming more familiar with the proper use of Btk products and are also reporting less satisfaction with the performance of recommended OP products. As a result, local sales of Btk products have risen dramatically in the last 2-3 years at the expense of OP products for the control of spring generations of leafrollers in apple and pear orochards.

3. European Elm Bark Beetle:

nurseries propagating elm nursery stock for sale on the Prairies were surveyed for the presence of European elm bark beetle (Scolylus rnultistriatus) (EEBB) using pheromone-baited sticky traps. A single trap was operated from July 5 to Sept. 5/95 near nurseries located near Kelowna, Midway and Grand Forks in the southern Interior. Adult EEBB were captured at all locations, with Kelowna having the greatest number (about 3100). Beetle identification was confirmed by us at the Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria. Inspection of five very old American Elm trees in Grand Forks did not reveal any evidence of Dutch elm disease (DED). Few American elm are grown in the Interior in favour of Siberian elm which is tolerant to DED. The presence of EEBB at Midway and Grand Forks are new records for B.C. To date B.C. remains free of DED however this status is threatened by the presence of the disease in Washington and Idaho.

In cooperation with Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, three

4. Control of Western Subterannean termite:

In cooperation with Dr. Tim Myles, faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, and a local professional pest control operator, two years of field tests have been concluded to evaluate the efficacy of sulfuramid against the western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus. This termite is native to the dry Interior of B.C. where it helps to recycle dead trees. As more and more residential subdivisions are developed in the forested hills, the termites have had to replace their natural food with that provided by development - wooden-f ramed houses, construction debris, dead tree stumps and roots, wood piles, etc. Problems are also appearing in established residential and business areas. Sulfuramid is applied as a liquid to captured termites which are released back in the area from which they were trapped. The treated termites return to the colony where the sulfuramid is spread throughout the colony by the termites grooming each other. Once injested, sulfuramid acts as a 'metabolic inhibitor' and the colony is slowly killed. Treatments have been made at two sites near Kelowna and in each case, no termites could be captured in traps 2 to 3 weeks after the release of treated termites. The treatment is only effective for a single colony and up to three treatments may be required depending on the size of the colony, which can number