1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

1914-1914-1918:1918:

The The WorldWorldat Warat War

1

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

2

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

3

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

4

Economic & Imperial Rivalries

Economic & Imperial Rivalries

5

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

TheThe

“Spark“Spark”” 6

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

7

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

8

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

9

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

10

EscalatioEscalationn

EscalatioEscalationn

11

On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a nineteen-year-old Serbian revolutionary, fired two pistol shots. One killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the nephew of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary and heir to the Austrian throne. The other killed Sophie, his wife.

Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible. On July 5 Austria asked for and received from Germany a "blank check" of support for any action Austria-Hungary might take against Serbia.

On July 23 Austria sent a series of demands to the Serbians. The demands were designed to humiliate and virtually destroy the Serbian nation. Still, Serbia agreed to most but not all of the demands.

12

Austria reacted on July 28 by declaring war on Serbia. The Russians prepared to defend Serbia. Germany sent a warning to Russia to stop mobilizing its army for war; the Russians ignored the warning, and Germany declared war on Russia on August 1. France came to the aid of its Russian ally by declaring war on Germany. The British hesitated, but when the Germans marched into Belgium, they declared war on Germany as well.

Italy, the third member of the Triple Alliance, refused to back Germany and Austria-Hungary. Italy claimed the Triple Alliance was for defensive purposes only and Austria's declaration of war against Serbia was no defensive.

So in August, 1914, the guns of the war went off. The system of alliances for keeping peace had brought the great nations of Europe into war with one another.

13

MobilizationMobilization

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

14

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

15

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

16

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

17

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort18

Financing the WarFinancing the War

19

For RecruitmentFor Recruitment

20

Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers

21

French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

22

German Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

23

Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields

24

A Woman Ambulance Driver

A Woman Ambulance Driver

25

Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses

26

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Women in the Army Auxiliary

27

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

28

SpiesSpies

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

29

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada 30

Australian PosterAustralian Poster

31

American PosterAmerican Poster

32

Financing the WarFinancing the War

33

German PosterGerman Poster

Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children! 34

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

The The Western Western Front:Front:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

35

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

36

The Western FrontThe Western Front

37

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

38

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

39

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

40

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.41

42

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

43

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

44

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

45

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

46

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

47

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

48

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

49

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The Tsar with General Brusilov

50

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

TheThe“Colonial“Colonial

””FrontsFronts

51

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

52

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

53

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade54

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916 55

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

AmericAmericaa

JoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies56

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

57

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

58

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

59

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

60

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died 61

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed! 62

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

63

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died64

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come! 65

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against ArmeniansDistricts & Vilayets of

Western Armenia in Turkey1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

     

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

   

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total2,133,19

0387,800 66

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

The War of The War of thethe

Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology67

Submarines

Use Then:– To attack merchant shipping (Germans)– Shore patrol (British)

Is Unrestricted Submarine warfare amoral? Use Now:

– Silent patrol of the seas (The Silent Service)– Nuclear weapons launching platform from

hidden locations (Cold War)68

Sea Mines

Use Then:– Used by the British to close German harbors

and keep the German navy bottled up

Use Now:– Used in WWII but due to an increase in sea

trade, are not used today.– The land mines are still in use but very

controversial.

69

Dreadnoughts

Use Then:– Massive warship with long range guns were a

symbol of a country’s power– Only one major sea battle (Jutland) in the

Great War was inconclusive.

Use Now:– Replaced by the aircraft carriers and the

carrier group– Have found limited uses in modern warfare

70

Machine Guns

Use Then:– Stationary instrument of destruction, designed

for defense, not offense.– Fired up to 300 rounds per minutes

Use Now:– Hand-held and mobile rapid firing guns– “Mini-guns”: machine guns that fire thousands

of round per minute

71

Tanks

Use Then: – Primitive, slow, ungainly vehicles to use

against machine guns and trenches.

Use Now:– Fast moving, technological machines to spear

head offensive movements

72

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

73

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

74

Gas (Mustard Gas)

Use Then:– Used as a weapon of mass destruction to

soften up an area before advancing.– Often was counter-productive

Use Now:– Outlawed by international agreement– Iraq under Saddam Hussein allegedly gassed

the Kurds.– Terrorist attack in Japan using Sarin gas 75

Flame thrower

Use Then: – Used to attack trenches and clear out the

defenders by shooting liquid fire.– Psychologically, a horrible weapon to use on

the enemy. Use Now:

– Used in WWII to attack fortifications but due to mobility of troops not as effective or needed today

76

Zepplins

Use Then:– Observation of enemy positions and

movements– Used to silently attack positions at night with

bombs

Use Now:– Outdated: No military or real commercial uses– Sometimes used for advertisement 77

Airplanes

Use Then:– Observation of enemy positions– Air to air combat– Bomb the enemy behind their lines or the

home front

Use Now:– Multiple military and commercial uses– Unmanned Drones are doing reconnaissance– Stealth technology 78

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

79

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

80

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

81

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

82

Total Warfare

Use Then:– Propaganda to motivate the

population– Changing the industrial machine to

meet the needs of the military– Population will have to make

sacrifices. Use Now:

– Military Industrial Complex: Military spending plays an important part in the economy

– Homeland Security Alerts 83

Draft

Use Then:– Initiated to meet the needs of the military in a

global war

Use Now:– Draft bill is submitted for consideration during

every congressional session but has been rejected.

84