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14.3: The Periodic Table

Review of Elements and Symbols

The Periodic Table

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Elements

Pure substances that cannot be separated into different substances by ordinary processes

Are the building blocks of matter

115 elements known todayExamples: carbon

goldcalcium

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Symbols of Elements

Use 1, 2 or 3 letter abbreviations Capitalize the first letter only

Examples:

C carbon Co cobalt

N nitrogen Ca calcium

F fluorine Br bromine

O oxygen Mg magnesium

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% Major Elements in the Body

O 65.0 % K 0.34

C 18.0 S 0.26

H 10.0 Na 0.14

N 3.0 Cl 0.14

Ca 1.4 Fe 0.004

P 1.0 Zn 0.003

Mg 0.50

Trace Elements

As, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, V

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Learning Check

Select the correct symbol for each:

A. Calcium

1) C 2) Ca 3) CA

B. Sulfur

1) S 2) Sl 3) Su

C. Iron

1) Ir 2) FE 3) Fe

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Solution

Select the correct symbol for each:

A. Calcium

2) Ca

B. Sulfur

1) S

C. Iron

3) Fe

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Learning Check

Select the correct name for each:

A. N

1) neon 2) nitrogen 3) nickelB. P

1) potassium 2) phlogiston3) phosphorus

C. Ag

1) silver 2) agean 3) gold

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Solution

Select the correct name for each:

A. N

2) nitrogen B. P

3) phosphorus

C. Ag

1) silver

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Periodic Table

The periodic table is an arrangement of the elements according to similarities in their chemical and physical properties.

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Physical Properties

The characteristics of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance.

ColorSizeShapeDensityFreezing and Boiling PointsOdor

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Groups of Elements

Vertical columns on the periodic table

Similar physical properties

Similar chemical properties

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Groups on the Periodic Table

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

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Representative Groups

Group 1 Alkali Metals

Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 17 Halogens

Group 18 Noble Gases

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Location of Some Groups

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

Al mk ea tl ai l s

Alkaline

Halogens

I Gn ae sr et s

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Periods on the Periodic Table

Horizontal rows from Period 1 to Period 7.

Numbered 1, 2, 3, ….

Include representative elements and transition

elements

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Periods on the Periodic Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

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Learning Check

A. Element in Group 17, Period 4 1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn

B. Element in Group 2, Period 3

1) beryllium2) magnesium 3) boron

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Solution

A. Element in Group 17, period 4 1) Br

B. Element in Group 2, Period 3

2) magnesium

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Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids

NONMETALS

METALS

METALLOIDS

Transition metals

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Metals and Nonmetals

Metals Located to the left of the heavy line Ductile, malleableGood conductors of heat and electricity

NonmetalsLocated to the right of the heavy lineDull and brittlePoor conductors, good insulators

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Located along both sides of the “staircase” Means metal-likeSolids that can be shiny or dullConduct heat and electricity better than

nonmetals but not as well as metalsArsenic, antimony, germanium, tellurium,

polonium, silicon and boron

Metalloids

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Learning Check

Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each:

A. sulfur ____

B. chlorine ____

C. sodium ____

D. iron ____

E. carbon ____

F. silver ____

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Solution

Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each:

A. sulfur 2

B. chlorine 2

C. sodium 1

D. iron 1

E. carbon 2

F. silver 1

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Circular Periodic Table

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3-D Periodic Table

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Spiral Periodic Table

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Zig-Zag Periodic Table

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Pyramidal Periodic Table

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Triangular Periodic Table

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Learning Check

Select the correct elements:

A. Metals in Group 141) Sn, Pb 2) C, Si 3) C, Si, Ge, Sn

B. Nonmetals in Group 151) As, Sb, Bi 2) N, P 3) N, P, As, Sb

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Solution

A. Metals in Group 14 1) Sn, Pb

B. Nonmetals in Group 152) N, P

Alkali Metals

• Highly Reactive

• Form Positive Ions (1+)• Combine (form compounds) with Halogens

in Group 17 (because the Halogens form Negative Ions 1-)

• Soft, Shiny

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Alkaline Earth Metals

• Very Reactive (but not as much as the Alkali metals)

• Form Positive Ions (2+)• Combine with Group 16 (because they form

Negative Ions 2-)

• Fairly hard, gray-white

• Good Conductors

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Transition Metals

• Hard and Shiny

• Good Conductors

• Form Colorful Compounds

• Less reactive than Groups 1 and 2

• Familiar metals like Iron, Copper, Nickel, Silver, Gold

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Other Metals

• Least Reactive metals

• Still good conductors

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True or False

• A malleable material can be pounded into shapes.True• Most metals react with atoms of other elements by

losing electrons.True• The reactivity of metals tends to increase from left to

right across the periodic table.False• Elements heavier than Uranium are not found in nature.True