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Objectives

1.4 General

Principles of

Ecology1.4.1 - 1.4.4

Ecology,

Ecosystem,

Biosphere,

Habitat

1.4.5

Environmental

Factors

1.4.6 Energy

Flow

1.4.8 !trient1.4." iche

#ecycling

1.4.$ H!man

%mpact on an

Ecosystem 1 -

&oll!tion

1.4.$ H!man

%mpact on an

Ecosystem ' -

(onservation

1.4.$ H!man

%mpact on an

Ecosystem ) -

*aste

+anagement

1.4.1.H

&yrami o

!mbers

1.4.11.H

Ecological

#elationships1.4.1'.H

&op!lation

/ynamics

1. /eine the term0 ecology.

'. /eine the term0 ecosystem.

). ame a range o ecosystems emonstrating iversity.4. Eplain the term0 biosphere.

5. /eine the term0 habitat.

6. 2ist eamples o habitats.

". /eine an give eamples o the ollowing as applie to terrestrial 3lan an

a!atic 3water environments0 biotic, Biotic, (limatic an Eaphic actors

8. ame the s!n as the primary so!rce o energy.

$. ame eeing as the pathway o energy low.

1. &resent a gra7ing oo chain.

11. &resent a oo web.

1'. (onstr!ct a pyrami o n!mbers an eplain its !se.

1). Eplain the term0 niche an give eamples.14. /eine the term0 n!trient recycling by organisms.

15. !tline an raw the (arbon (ycle.

16. !tline an raw the itrogen (ycle.

1". /eine the term0 &oll!tion.

18. 9tate areas aecte by poll!tion.

1$. 9tate mechanisms to control poll!tion.

'. Eplain the ierence between the terms poll!tant an poll!tion.

'1. /isc!ss the ecological impact o one h!man activity.

''. /eine the term0 (onservation.

'). !tline any one practice o conservation rom agric!lt!re, orestry or

isheries.

'4. 9tate problems associate with waste management : isposal.

'5. Eplain the importance o waste minimisation.

'6. Eplain the role o micro-organisms in waste management an poll!tion

control

'". Eplain the limitations o !se regaring the si7e o organisms

'8. 9tate two inerences that can be mae regaring the shape o the pyrami.

For eample large tree or parasites

'$. Eplain the energy loss shown in the pyrami.ame actors that can control

pop!lations.

). /eine an give one eample o the ollowing actors0)1. (ompetition

)'. &reation

)). &arasitism

)4. 9ymbiosis

)5. !tline the contrib!tory actors or variables in the &reator;&rey

#elationships

)6. 9tate the eects on the H!man &op!lation !e to0

*ar

Famine

(ontraception

/isease

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Ecology is the st!y o living organisms, their interactions with each other an their abiotic environmentHabitat is the place where an organism lives an to which it is aapte 3its here are several living actors that may aect the st!y site. 9ome biotic actors are nat!ral, s!ch as

competition, parasitism an preation. ther actors are h!man in origin an may be etrimental to

an ecosystem. >hese incl!e presence o poll!tants, b!rning, eorestation, invasive species,

mowing;overgra7ing by animals, etc.

!biotic factors are non-living environmental actors that inl!ence the comm!nity.

on-living actors incl!e pH, temperat!re 3air an gro!n or a!atic, light intensity, water c!rrent, air

c!rrent, issolve oygen, mineral content, percentage air in soil, percentage water in soil, percentage

h!m!s, salinity, egree o epos!re, slope.

Climatic factors reer to the eect o the weather over a long perio e.g. temperat!re, light intensity an

ay length, rainall, h!miity, prevailing win irection, atmospheric press!re. an seasonal variations o

these actors .

E"apic factors the eect o soil conitions on the comm!nity e.g. pH, soil type 3sany, clay, loam, soil

water, air content, h!m!s content, porosity an mineral content o soil.

Need to know examples from terrestrial and aquatic habitat of each factor.

!biotic factors:

#actor Effect E$ample

!ltitu"e Higher altit!es are cooler,wetter, winier than lower

altit!es

>rees cannot live at veryhigh altit!es.

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Ecology

!spect 3i.e. irection a

s!race aces

orth-acing slopes are

cooler an ar?er than

so!th-acing slopes.

+ore plants grow on

so!th-acing slopes.

%teepness 9teep slopes lose water

!ic?ly an soils are

washe away.

(oniers can grow on steep

slopes 3beca!se their

leaves lose very littlewater.

Climatic factors:


&emperature ects the rate o

reactions in living things.

Higher temperat!res ca!se

rapi plant growth in

s!mmer.

2ower temperat!res ca!se

hibernation in hegehogs

an rogs in winter.

'umi"ity (amount of

)ater vapour in te air*

High h!miity re!ces

evaporation.

*oolice are restricte to

the h!mi conitionswithin ecaying leaves.

+ay lengt ects plant lowering

an germination along

with migration,

hibernation an

repro!ction in animals.

+any plants pro!ce

lowers !e to the longer

ays in spring.

9wallows migrate !e to

shorter a!t!mn ays.

,igt intensity ects the rate o

photosynthesis.

>rees grow tall to get more

light.

-in" (a!ses physical amage.

%ncreases evaporation.

>rees epose to win

grow better on the

sheltere sie an appear

to lean away rom the

win.

Helps sprea spores an

some pollen an sees.

E"apic factors:


%oil p' &lants an animals are

aapte to speciic pH

val!es.

ci soil 3e.g.bogs have a

pH less than ", an s!pport

bog moss an heather. e!tral soils have pH

val!es close to ", an are

preerre by most plants.

l?aline soils have pH

val!es greater than ", an

are preerre by lime-

loving plants e.g. birsoot

treoil an bee orchi.

%oil type ("etermine" by

particle sie*

(a* san" (large particles* @oo rainage an aircontent.

Few earthworms in san3no h!m!s to eat.

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Ecology

2ow mineral an water

content.

(b* clay (small particles* %mpermeable to water an

air.

Easily waterlogge.

&lants o not grow well, as

the soil is too wet an

iic!lt or roots to

penetrate.Organic matter (umus* /ecaying organic mater

3h!m!s provies oo,

helps bin soil particles,

retains water an minerals

Aital to plant lie.

&rovies oo or

organisms s!ch as

earthworms.

-ater content bsorbe by roots. &lants nee to absorb

water or transpiration,

photosynthesis, an

general metabolism.

+inerals issolve in water

an are absorbe by roots.

!ir content &rovies oygen or roots,microorganisms, an

animals.

2ac? o oygen in soil prevents plant an animal

growth.

/ineral content eee by plants. lac? o mineral ca!ses

st!nte growth an

yellowing o leaves

chlorosis.

!0uatic abitats have special problems compare to terrestrial habitat. >hese problems incl!e0

• ,igt penetration. &lan?ton grow best in the !pper layers o water !e to higher light intensity.

• Currents move organisms. &lants : animals are washe away. ee or attachment 3e.g. limpets

an many seawees.

• -ave action moves an amages organisms

• %alinity. 9alt content means organisms aapt to reshwater or saltwater. (a!ses problems with water

moving in or o!t o organisms an their cells. 2impets live in seawater, not reshwater. rganisms in

seashore pons m!st be able to withstan changes in salinity 3!e to rainall an evaporation.

• O$ygen in lower concentration.

• &i"es length o time organisms are epose or s!bmerge. 9hore plants lose water when tie is

o!t. rganisms on shores have shells or m!cilage to retain water.

&ypes of organisms in an ecosystemPro"ucer (autotrop*: an organism which ma?es its own oo e.g. moss, ern, photosynthetic bacteria !se

light as the eenrgy so!rce in photosynthesis an some bacteria !se chemosynthesis where energy release

by chemical reactions is the energy so!rce.

bo!t 1 C o light is trappe by plants an !se to ma?e oo. >he energy is store in the chemical bons in

e.g. gl!cose an starch. &lants brea? own these molec!les to release energy in respiration. >his energy is

!se to o wor? s!ch as ma?ing new cells or repairing ol ones. +ost o their energy is lost in the orm o

heat an only abo!t 1C is passe on to other organisms.

Consumer (eterotrop* is an organism that ta?es in oo rom another organism e.g. herbivores,carnivores, omnivores, ecomposers an saprophytes.

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'erbivore an animal which eats plants only e.g. rabbit, greenly, honeybee.

Carnivore an animal which eats meat only e.g. o, haw?, laybir.

Omnivore an animal which eats both plant an animals e.g. sparrow, crow, blac?bir, thr!sh, bager, iel

mo!se, hegehog.

+ecomposer ees on ea organic matter e.g. earthworm, many bacteria an !ngi.

%apropyte bacteria an !ngi that ee on ea organic matter e.g. #hi7op!s

Primary consumer - an animal which ees on pro!cers e.g. herbivores or ecomposers.

%econ"ary consumer 2 an animal that ees on primary cons!mers e.g. carnivores an scavengers 3who

ee on animals ?ille by other so!ces

&ertiary consumers ee on seconary cons!mers.

#oo" CainEnergy flo)

ll organisms nee energy to live. 9!n is the primary so!rce o energy. Energy lows rom one organism to

the net by means o a oo chain.

! foo" cain is a se!ence o organisms in which one is eaten by the net member in the chain.

e.g.

1st trophic level secon thir o!rth

(pro"ucer* (primary consumer* (secon"ary cons* (tertiary consumer*

hawthorn → caterpillar → robin → haw?

#oseb!sh → greenly → laybir → sparrow → haw?

@rass → rabbit → o

Bramble 3blac?berry → iel mo!se → bager

/ea leaves → woolo!se → spier

D tropic level is the position o a species in a oo chain.

Pyrami" of numbers is a iagram which shows the n!mbers o organisms at each stage in a oo chain.

>he n!mbers normally ecrease as yo! move !p the pyrami !e to high energy loss 3abo!t $C in

respiration as heat, ecretion an ecay at each trophic level an the act that organisms !s!ally increase in

si7e as yo! go !p a pyrami an nee to ee on a greater n!mber.

>his limits the length o a oo chain 34 or 5 steps.

&yramis o n!mbers are limite beca!se the si7e o the organisms can change the stanar shape or it maynot be possible to represent large n!mbers o organisms correctly.

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@rass

Fiel +o!se

Bager

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3nverte" pyrami" of numbers

,ice

'a) Blacbir"

Blacberry Bramble

!mbers maybe very large !e to small si7e o organisms b!t this oesnt mean a big !antity o energy an

vv.

#oo" )eb consists o two or more interlin?e oo chains.

Carbon cycle

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Nutrient recycling is the way in which elements 3e.g. carbon an nitrogen are

echange between the living an non-living components o an ecosystem.

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5oles of organisms in te carbon cycle

• &lants remove carbon rom the environment in photosynthesis an ret!rn it in respiration.

• nimals obtain their carbon by eating plants they release carbon in respiration.

• +icrororganisms 3s!ch as !ngi an bacteria ret!rn carbon to the environment when theyecompose ea plants an animals.

B!rning ossil !els increases carbon ioie in air an eorestation ecrease !pta?e o carbon ioie by

plants.

Nitrogen cycle

1. Nitrogen fi$ation

itrogen is neee by plants to ma?e proteins, /, #, >&, /G, /&G, (hlorophyll etc.

itrogen iation is the conversion o nitrogen into nitrate, a orm that can be !se by plants. >his is

carrie o!t by volcanic action, lightning, in!strial processes an by some bacteria. itrogen-iing

bacteria can be o!n ree in the soil or live in the root no!les o leg!mes 3peas. beans, clover>he

bacteria !se the plant as a carbohyrate so!rce o energy, protection : shelter 3anaerobic conitions too

an the plant !ses the nitrate pro!ce by the bacteri!m 3e.g. o m!t!alism.

6. !ssimilation

itrates are converte into plant an animal protein, / an #.

7. +ecomposition:

Bacteria an !ngi o ecay convert the ea remains o plants or animals or their waste pro!cts to

ammonia 3H).

4. Nitrification:

>he ammonia is converte to nitrites an then to nitrates by nitriying bacteria.

5. 9ome o the nitrate orme in the soil is absorbe an assimilate by the plants.

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8. +enitrification:

>he conversion o nitrates to nitrogen gas. %t is carrie o!t by enitriying bacteria in the soil. >hese

bacteria are anaerobic an live in swampy soil or eep own in the soil 3where water collects.

5ole of organisms in te nitrogen cycle.• Bacteria play a central role0

Nitrogen2fi$ing bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates.

Bacteria of "ecay, which convert ecaying nitrogen waste to ammonia.

Nitrifying bacteria, which convert ammonia to nitrates;nitrites.

+enitrifying bacteria, which convert nitrates to nitrogen gas.

• F!ngi, li?e bacteria, help to convert ea plants an animals an their wastes into ammonia in the

soil.

• &lants absorb nitrates rom the soil to ma?e proteins.

• nimals cons!me plants an !se it to orm animal protein.

+an plays a part in the cycle by aing nitrogen rich ertilisers to the soil an by !sing man!re.

Ecological relationsips 9 factors tat control populations.>hese actors incl!e competition, preation, parasitism an symbiosis 3know definition and one example).

1. CompetitionCompetition is the str!ggle between organisms or the same reso!rce e.g. grass, anelion,

b!tterc!p an aisy compete or space, light, water, minerals o, thr!sh an hegehog compete or

earthworms.

(ompetition re!ces pop!lation n!mbers.

3ntra2specific competition ta?es place between members o the same species.

3nter2specific competition involves ierent species e.g. blac?birs an thr!shes competing or snails an

insects.

&)o types of competition are:

1. Contest competition is an active physical conrontation between two organisms which allows one to

win the reso!rce e.g. competing stags 3re eer interloc? anthers !ntil one withraws when

competing or a mate. #obins birsong in spring is male robins warning o others rom their

territory.

'. %cramble competition each organism tries to ac!ire as m!ch o the reso!rce as possible e.g. chic?sin nest epening on parent or oo.

Eects o competition - brings abo!t evol!tion o a better-aapte species an elimination o the less well-

aapte species.

!"aptations to survive competition

grass plant pro!ces large !antities o pollen increasing its chance or repro!ction.

Blac?bir song is to warn competitors to stay away.

Iellow petals o b!tterc!ps to attract insect pollinators.

Bacteria in soil secrete chemicals to inhibit their competitors.

>he caterpillar o the cabbage white b!tterly chews on cabbage leaves, while the a!lt b!tterly

rin?s nectar rom lowers.

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(reeping b!tterc!p !ses ast-grwoing hori7ontal stems to colonise the habitat aster than anelions.

%ome effects of biotic factors on organisms


#oo" >he more oo that isavailable, the greater the

n!mber o organisms that

will s!rvive.

>he n!mber o berriesaects the n!mber o

blac?birs. >he amo!nt o

plan?ton aects the

n!mber o m!ssels.

Parasitism (organism

taing foo" from a living

ost*

&arasite wea?ens the host

an may re!ce their

n!mbers.

Fleas inect oes an

rabbits. 9ea lice inect ish.

Pollinations an" see"

"ispersal

+any plants re!ire

animals to carry pollen an

sees.

%nsects pollinate many

plants. Birs isperse

sees when they eat r!its

an egest the sees.'umans H!mans can have a h!ge

positive or negative eect

on other organisms.

&oll!tion estroys the

environment. ew par?s

orm new environments or

lie.

6. Pre"ationPre"ation is te catching, ?illing an eating o prey by its preator.

Pre"ator: an animal which ?ills other animals to !se as a so!rce o oo.

Prey Pre"ator

%nsects 9piers

Fish;@ame birs H!mans

phis 2aybir

Pre"ator a"aptations (know three)

#o$ has reish !r J camo!lage to avoi etection by rabbits.2ong canine teeth to ?ill prey an tear lesh.

@reat spee to o!tr!n prey to capt!re it.

Factors that improve the eiciency o preators0• Keen eyesight 3e.g. haw? an other birs o prey, hearing, sense o smell an entition

• (atching whatever is easy, prevents wasting energy.

• Being able to change iet as n!mbers o prey change e.g. oes an spiers.

• 2iving in pac?s can help locate oo an ma?e prey easier to catch.

• Being able to migrate to areas where the prey is more plenti!l

• (amo!lage

• (atch large, rather than many small prey.

• 2aybirs have strong mo!thparts to enable them to chew aphis.

Prey a"aptations (know three)

Feat!res that assist prey to avoi being eaten0

5abbit igs narrow !nergro!n b!rrows large preators are too big to enter.

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2ong ears goo hearing to etect preator.

*hite tail conspic!o!s warning signal to other rabbits.

Plants

• 9ome have thorns, spines an stings e.g. holly an cacti.

• 9ome plants have a nasty taste to eter preators e.g. giant hogwee.!nimals

• 9ome can swim, ly an r!n aster than preator.

• /imicing animals the preator wo!l normally avoi e.g. hoverly is a harmless insect b!t protects

itsel by mimic?ing the colo!ration o wasps.

• 9taying in large gro!ps e.g. in loc?s an hers li?e eer.

• Camouflage enables them to blen with s!rro!nings e.g. greenly, stic? insects, rogs.

• -arning colouration as seen in many b!tterlies an moths e.g. the spots on the wings o the

peacoc? b!tterly appear as eyes.

• &oisons e.g. caterpillar o large white b!tterly, laybirs contain large amo!nts o ormic aci,

which is !npalatable to preators.• +ice lee an hie to avoi being eaten.

.

Effects of pre"ation in ecosystem:

&reation maintains the prey species at a s!stainable level. &reation is a maLor actor in evol!tion o the

prey species.

• &reation initially increases the n!mbers o preators an ecrease the n!mber o prey.

• >he n!mbers o preators an prey oten show repeate cycles o rising an alling n!mbers.

>he pre"ator2prey relationsip (know one) is use" in biological control o pests e.g. laybirs are !se to

control greenly an certain bacteria are !se to control the larvae o b!tterlies an prevent them romestroying crops 3e.g. cabbage.

7. ParasitismParasitism occ!rs when two organisms o ierent species live in close association an one

organism 3parasite obtains its oo rom, an to the isavantage o, the secon organism 3host.

Parasite is an organism that ees rom an harms another organism.

En"oparasites0 ee in a living host e.g. liverl!?e, potato blight !ng!s, bacteria o isease in h!man boy.

Ectoparasites0 ee on the o!tsie o the host e.g. leas, athletes oot !ng!s, mos!itoes on h!man s?in,

greenly on a roseb!sh, bloo-s!c?ing leeches on h!man s?in, lice on haw?s

&arasites are oten tho!ght o as preators b!t they ier by0Being smaller, oten attac?ing rom within, being epenent on one partic!lar host, an only o a small

amo!nt o amage to host so that they o not harm their oo so!rce or home.

&arasites sometimes re!ce the n!mbers in a pop!lation e.g. potato blight or isease-ca!sing bacteria, b!t

oten have little eect on host n!mbers.

4. %ymbiosis%ymbiosis is a close relationship between two organisms o ierent species in which at least one o them

beneits.

9ymbiosis increase the n!mbers o both species.

%n one type, m!t!alism, both beneit.

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• Lichen- it consists o a !ng!s an an alga. >he alga ma?es oo or both an the !ng!s absorbs

minerals an water or both an give protection an s!pport.

• itrogeniing bacteria in root no!les o leg!mes e.g. clover. Bacteria provie nitrates or plant to

ma?e protein an plant provies carbohyrates, shelter an anaerobic conitions or bacteria.

• Bacteria living in large intestine, s!pply !s with vits B an K an protect !s rom pathogenic

bacteria. *e s!pply bacteria with oo, water an protecte site to live.• Nice is the role a species plays in the ecosystem 3its way o lieM

• e.g. what it eats, what it is eaten by, how it interacts with other organisms an with its abiotic

environment

Population "ynamics reers to the actors that ca!se changes in pop!lation n!mbers.

Pre"ator2prey numbers interact !e to0• availability o foo", which increases preator n!mbers when high b!t re!ces them when low

• concealment, which means that some prey s!rvive by hiing rom the preators

• movement o preators, which means that preators move to new areas when prey n!mbers are low.

@raph0

!mber o prey b!ils !p, the n!mber o preators rise. >hen more o the prey are ?ille, an so their

n!mbers all. >hen there will be ewer preators an their n!mbers will all. (ycle repeats

H!nting can re!ce preator nos.

'uman population contin!es to rise espite amine, isease, war an contraception.

>he s!en increase in the twentieth cent!ry was !e to ewer inant eaths an people living longer as a

res!lt o improve sanitation an meicines an isease eraication programmes.

• #amine occ!rs when an ac!te shortage o oo aects a pop!lation. (an lea to starvation, eath

an mass emigration. Famine oten lin?e to war as war 7ones have re!ce agric!lt!re.

• +isease

>he ability to control an c!re iseases 3vaccines, antibiotics, improve sanitation, insecticies, sae

anaesthetics, improve s!rgical methos an new r!gs have helpe to re!ce the eath rate an

increase h!man n!mbers.

• -ars

*ar normally re!ces pop!lation n!mbers temporarily !e to eath. Baby booms oten ollow wars.

• Contraception

>he !se o contraceptives has re!ce the birth rate.

'uman impact on an ecosystem e.g. by poll!tion, conservation an waste management.

&oll!tants are the s!bstances that ca!se the !nesirable change. +ost poll!tion arises rom h!man activities

s!ch as !mping, sewage isposal, litter, raioactivity an noise.

at!ral poll!tants incl!e volcanic emissions an smo?e rom orest ires.

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Pollution is any !nesirable change in the environment.

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&oll!tion can aect air, reshwater, sea an soil or lan.

&ypes of pollution

• /omestic poll!tions ho!sehol wastes

• gric!lt!ral poll!tion !se o sprays to control pests an wees, over!se o ertilisers, an isposal

o arm wastes s!ch as sl!rry an silage el!ent.

• %n!strial poll!tion incl!es that may ca!se aci rain, an wastes that may amage rivers.

Learn one pollutant – its effects and one control method. Relate it to your habitat study.

Oone "epletion 9 an e$ample of air pollution

7one is a gas 3) that orms a protective layer above the s!race o the earth. %t absorbs an shiels the

earth rom incoming NA raiation. 7one epletion is ca!se by (F(s e.g. in spray cans, rerigerators,

ins!lating oam an in!strial etergents. 9ome ire eting!ishers 3halons an agric!lt!ral sprays

3!migants also estroy o7one, as o emissions rom high-lying Lets.

Effects of oone "epletion

7one absorbs harm!l NA raiation rom s!n. %ncrease NA raiation can0amage / an ca!se s?in cancer, eye cataracts 3lens in the eye lose transparency an wea?ene

imm!nity.

9erio!s amage to crops an plant lie,

&lan?ton may be eplete th!s aecting a!atic oo chains an less oygen to breathe.

Control of oone "epletion

re!ction in !se o (F(s will event!ally allow the o7one to be replenishe. 7one is orme by the

reaction o NA light with oygen.

(F(s are now being replace by HF(s which brea? own m!ch aster an o not reach the !pper

atmosphere.

/o not !se sprays or oam pro!cts that contain (F(s.

Friges sho!l not be !mpe in lanill sites. >hey sho!l be ret!rne to organisations that will ispose o

their (F(s in an environmentally rienly way.

Global )arming

(arbon ioie is a greenho!se gas as well as methane, (F(s an nitrogen oie. >hey orm an ins!lating

layer 3glass in greenho!se allowing s!n thro!gh b!t stop m!ch o it escaping o!t to space.

9o!rce o greenho!se gases J b!rning ossil !els an eorestation 3less p;s.

@lobal warming may ca!se the ollowing eects0

• 9ea levels may rise !e to ice melting an the epansion o hot water. >his may ca!se increase

looing.• *eather patterns may later 3e.g. more stormy weather, which in t!rn will aect willie an

agric!lt!re.

• %t may ca!se the @!l 9tream to reverse its irection o low. >his wo!l ca!se very col water to

low past %relan an wo!l have a h!ge impact on o!r climate.

• %ncrease crop yiel 3more (' an higher temps. or p;s.

• %ncrease insect pop. an sprea o tropical iseases.

• /ecrease amo!nt o water !e to evaporation an transpiration 3eserts.

• %ncrease re!ency o ro!ghts, h!rricanes, cyclones an orest ires.

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(onserve the breeing gro!ns an habitats o animals close to etinction e.g. giant pana in (hina,

corncra?e in %relan. 9ees ban?s e.g. ational Botanic @arens an breeing programmes in 7oos help to

prevent etinction. #ole o national par?s e.g. Killarney, 2etterrac?, @lenveagh an the B!rren is to

conserve an promote habitats an willie.

Conservation Practices 9 learn one from either agriculture, fisheries or forestry

#iseries

&roblems are poll!tion, overishing an !se o small-mesh nets.

• Pollution re!ces amo!nt o ish in waters. %t may ta?e years to replenish.

#e!ce poll!tion which ?ills ish an prevents migratory ish e.g. salmon rom reaching breeing

gro!ns.

• Overfising

Fish !otas are set to ens!re that eno!gh ish are let to replenish the stoc?s

• Net sie

Nse large-mesh nets so that yo!ng ish can escape an bree.

+onitor the isheries by0

• >a?ing an analysing water samples

• (hec?ing ish catches an ishing e!ipment

• 9ampling ish stoc?s to calc!late their n!mbers.

-aste /anagement involves preventing poll!tion an conserving the environment

Know one example from agriculture, fisheries, forestry.

!griculture

%lurry a li!eie waste material pro!ce by animals- contains high levels o nitrogen an phosphor!swhich ca!se algal bloom. *hen these algae ie they are ecompose by bacteria which !se !p the oygen

in the water epleting it or other plants an animals. >his aition o n!trients to resh water is calle

e!trophication.

By controlling the release o n!trients into rivers an la?es the water !ality can be improve. 9l!rry can

also be store in lea?proo pits. >his sl!rry can then be sprea o!t on ry lan in the s!mmer as n!trients or

plants.

#iseries

.

>he wasteparts o ish are ne!tralise by ormic aci, p!lpe, rie an recycle as ertiliser or pig ee.

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Conservation is the wise management o o!r eisting nat!ral

reso!rces.

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#orestry

*aste pro!cts incl!e tops o trees, small branches, tree st!mps, roots an saw!st.

>ops o trees an large braches are converte to saw!st, which is !se to orm processe woo e.g. +/F.

>he rest are allowe to ecay an ret!rn n!trients to the soil.

Problems associate" )it )aste "isposal• *astes may contain many microorganisms that co!l ca!se isease. % not properly treate these m;o

co!l be sprea by win or enter rin?ing water s!pplies.

• >oic chemical release rom wastes can enter rin?ing water s!pplies. +ay also have serio!s eects

on plant an animal lie in the environment.

• !trients release rom waste can ca!se enrichment 3e!trophication o water s!pplies, which may

lea to the eath o a!atic plants an animals.

• *aste in lanill sites can be !nsightly, can attract !nesirable scavengers s!ch as rats an g!lls, an

can pro!ce !npleasant smells.

• /!mping waste at sea may lea to poll!tion o the sea.

• %ncinerators b!rn waste at high temperat!res. >here is a ear that poisono!s gases may be release inthe process.

5oles of microorganisms in )aste management.,an"fill sites:*aste is covere with soil. Bacteria an !ngi in this brea? own the organic 3bioegraable materials.

%e)age:9mall amo!nts entering a river can be bro?en own by the bacteria an !ngi. 2arge amo!nts have to

specially treate so that it can be saely release into rivers or sea.

Primary (pysical* se)age treatment

• %creening metal grills remove large obLects e.g. branches an plastic containers.

• %e"imentation water store in tan?s an particles s!ch as stones an san settle to the bottom.

>he soli waste that settles o!t is sl!ge.

%econ"ary (biological* treatment

>reatment with bacteria an !ngi to brea? own the organic matter. 9ome o the n!trients are remove an

isease-ca!sing microorganisms are inactivate.

>he sl!ge is place in an enclose tan?, where it is bro?en own by bacteria. Biogas generators collect the

methane an may !se it as a !el so!rce to generate electricity or the sewage plant.

>he li!i o the waste passes into large, shallow tan?s where !p to $8C o the organic waste is bro?en

own by bacteria an !ngi. >he waste water is normally treate with chlorine to estroy any remainingorganisms.

&ertiary treatment

9ometimes !se to remove mineral n!trients rom the water 3very epensive.

-aste minimisation• 5e"uce waste at so!rce i.e. re!ce pac?aging o goos 3now a charge on plastic bags in %relan.

B!y loose vegetables an r!it

• 5e2use re!se carrier bags when shopping, re!se glass bottles, !nwante clothing charities.

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3 %n yo!r oo chain in 3c ientiy each o the ollowing

1. preator OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.OOOOOOOOOOO

6. pro!cer ..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..OOOOO.O...

7. seconary 3secon orer cons!mer OOOOOOO.OOOOOOOOOOOO

4. primary 3irst orer cons!mer OOOOOOOOOO.OOO..OOOOOOO..

6< ',

6. 3a %n ecology what is meant by a trophic levelP OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

3b (omplete the pyrami o n!mbers by naming an organism in each case o , B, ( an /.

OOOOOOOOOOOOO.. B OOOOOOOOOOOOOO

( OOOOOOOOOOOOO.. / OOOOOOOOOOOOOO

3c *hich letter represents the pro!cer in the pyramiP OOOOOOOOOOOOOO

3 (omment on the relative si7es o an inivi!al pro!cer an an inivi!al primary cons!mer in the

pyrami.

O.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

O.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

6= ',

7. 3a /eine predation. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3b @ive an eample o preation by naming a preator an its prey.

&reator0 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

%ts prey0 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3c Eplain the term niche. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

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QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3 ame an anabolic process carrie o!t by plants. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3e Eplain the term edaphic. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ


3 @ive an eample o an eaphic actor. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

61',

;. Eplain each o the ollowing terms rom yo!r st!y o ecology.3a Biosphere OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO....

3b Ecosystem OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..

3c Habitat OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

3 9ymbiosis OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...

3e Biotic actor OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

3 Foo *eb OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..

3g Fa!na OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..OOOOOOO

611 ',

7. (hoose s!itable terms rom the list below that most closely match each o the ollowing escriptions0

population> pro"ucers> competition> pre"ation> community> symbiosis> "ecomposers> parasitism

3a sit!ation in which one organism lives on or in a secon species, eeing on it an ca!sing it harm.


3b rganisms capable o ma?ing their own oo.


3c ll the members o a species living in an area.


3 +icro-organisms an other organisms that ret!rn n!trients to the environment by ecay.

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3e sit!ation in which two organisms o ierent species live together an at least one beneits.


3 str!ggle between organisms or a scarce reso!rce.


3g ne organism ?illing an eating another organism.


616 ',

4. 3a 3i *hat oes an ecologist mean by the term conserationP


3ii 9!ggest a reason why nat!re reserves are important or conservation.


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3b 3i Eplain the term pollution. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3ii &oll!tion may res!lt rom omestic, agric!lt!ral or in!strial so!rces.

9elect one o these areas an" state an eect that may be pro!ce by a name" poll!tant.

&oll!tant0 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

Eect0 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3iii How may the poll!tion reerre to in 3ii be controlleP


3c %n relation to the incineration o omestic waste, s!ggest0

3i an avantage o the process. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3ii a isavantage o the process. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

617 ',

2. Answer the following qestions in relation to foo! chains"

#a$ %here in a foo! chain are &ri'ary &ro!cers fon!(

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

#*$ %hat ter' is se! to !escri*e organis's that fee! on &ri'ary &ro!cers(

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

#c$ %hy are 'ost foo! chains short #i"e" only consist of a few tro&hic le+els$(

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

#!$ %hat !e!ction 'ay *e 'a!e if the organis's at the start of the chain are less

n'eros than those

that fee! &on the'(

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

#e$ #i$ ,an a &arasite *e the -rst 'e'*er of a foo! chain(

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

#ii$ E.&lain yor answer"

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

#f$ Energy enters foo! chains in the for' of light" n which for' !o yo thin 'ost

energy is lost fro'

foo! chains(

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

%EC %ample Paper O,

4. >he graph below shows the changes in the n!mber o wrens in a small woo over a twelve month perio.

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How many wrens were present in the woo in R!neP OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..

/!ring which months oes the wrens breeing season occ!rP

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

*hy o yo! thin? that breeing ta?es place !ring the months that yo! have mentione aboveP



9!ggest two reasons why the n!mber o wrens eclines in the a!t!mn.

1. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

'. OOO.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

64 O,

8. nswer the ollowing !estions in relation to the oo web shown below.

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Ecology

*rite o!t a oo chain with four organisms in it

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

ame the primary pro!cer in the web.

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..

ame t)o seconary cons!mers in the web.

1. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

' OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..

ame t)o herbivores in the web.

1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..

' OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..

ame one omnivore in the web.


ame one carnivore in the web.


6; O,

1. Eplain four o the ollowing terms that are !se in ecology.

3a Biosphere OOO.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

3b Habitat OO.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..


3c (ons!mer OOOOOOO..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.


3 &ro!cer OOOO.OOO.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..


3e iche OOO..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO


68 O,

1. Nse yo!r ?nowlege o ecology to answer four parts o the ollowing.

3a n organism which ma?es its own oo is calle a OOOOOOOOOOOOOO

3b n organism that eats another organism is calle a OOOOOOOOOOOOO....

3c >he place where an organism lives is calle its OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..

3 >he primary so!rce o energy in an ecosystem is the OOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

3e >he parts o the earth an atmosphere in which lie is o!n is calle the ..OOOOO..

3

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6< O,

6. (hoose a term that is !se in ecology rom the ollowing list an place it in col!mn to match the escription

in col!mn B. >he irst one has been complete as an eample.

preator, habitat, biosphere, niche, ecosystem

Column ! Column B

&reator Kills an eats other animals

ll parts o the earth an its atmosphere where lie eists

comm!nity o organisms an their environment

>he role o an organism in an ecosystem

&lace where an organism lives

6? O,

1. >he ollowing oo chain is rom a hegerow.

(omplete any four o the ollowing by reerence to tis oo chain.

3a >he primary cons!mer in this oo chain is QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3b % the n!mber o sparrowhaw?s increases, the n!mber o bl!e tits may QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3c %n this oo chain the hawthorn leaves represent the QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3 ame a carnivore rom this oo chain QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3e >he n!mber o trophic 3eeing levels in this oo chain is limite by the small transer o

QQQQQQQQQQ rom one level to the net.

6= O,

6. (hoose each term rom the ollowing list an place it in Column B to match a escription in Column !. >he

irst one has been one as an eample0

tropic level@ nice@ abitat@ ecosystem@ biospere

Column ! Column B

*here an organism lives abitat

ll places where lie is possible

rganisms role in ecosystem

&osition in a pyrami o n!mbers

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rganisms an their environment

61 O,

1. 3a >he iagram shows the carbon cycle.

ame the processes , B, (, an /.

. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ B. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

(. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ /. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3b ame the s!bstances labelle S. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3c *hy are elements recycle in nat!reP QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3 ame one gro!p o organisms responsible or process 1 in the iagram. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

611 O,

6. 3i *hat is meant by pollutionP

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3ii ame one h!man activity that ca!ses poll!tion.


3iii 9tate t)o problems associate with waste isposal in %relan.

&roblem 1. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

&roblem '. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

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3iv 2ist t)o ways o minimising waste.

1.QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

'.QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

3v @ive one eample o the !se o microorganisms in waste management.



616 O,

;. &lace eac term rom the ollowing list into Column B to match a escription in Column !.

>he irst one has been complete as an eample.

List: Pollution> Nice> 5ecycle> Burning fuel> Conservation> %mell.

Column ! Column B

&e role of te organism in te abitat. Nice

3a ny harm!l aition to the ecosystem.

3b problem associate with waste isposal.

3c way to minimise waste.

3 *ise management o an ecosystem.

3e possible ca!se o poll!tion.

617 O,

3. n!icate whether the following state'ents are tre #T$ or false #F$ *y !rawing a circlearon! T or F in

each case"

Example he li+er &ro!ces *ile"

#!$ he ter' abiotic refers to the li+ing factors in an ecosyste'"

#g$ raing foo! chains *egin with ani'als"

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1.4 General Principles of Ecology%ection B

6? ',

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%ection C

64 ',

1. 3a Eplain the ollowing terms that are !se in ecology0 biosphere, habitat, niche.

3b %n ecological st!ies it is o!n that the istrib!tion o organisms is inl!ence by abiotic an biotic

actors.

3i /isting!ish between the !nerline terms.

3ii ame an ecosystem that yo! have investigate an give an eample o an abiotic actor that

inl!ences the istrib!tion o a name plant in the ecosystem.

3iii %n the case o yo!r name ecosystem give an eample o a biotic actor that inl!ences the

istrib!tion o a name animal.

3iv *hat is meant by a pyrami o n!mbersP (onstr!ct a pyrami o n!mbers rom organisms in the

ecosystem that yo! have st!ie.

3v *hat term is !se by ecologists to escribe the organisms that orm the base o the pyramiP

3c 2emmings are small roents that are wiesprea in northern latit!es. >he graph shows

the l!ct!ations in lemming n!mbers in northern +anitoba between 1$'$ an 1$4).

Tapte rom R. &. Finerty 31$8. !he "opulation #cology of $ycles in %mall &ammals. Iale

Nniversity &ress,ew Haven.U

3i >he graph inicates that pop!lation pea?s occ!r at airly reg!lar intervals. *hat is the approimate

average time between these pea?sP

3ii *hat is the mean maim!m pop!lation ensity 3n!mbers per hectare or the perio covere by the

graphP

3iii *hat is a preatorP >he rctic o is a preator o the lemming. (opy the graph into yo! answer

boo? an raw on it a graph to show how yo! wo!l epect the pop!lation o the rctic o to

have varie in northern +anitoba !ring the perio 1$'$ 1$4).

3iv 9!ggest t)o actors other than preation that might acco!nt or the eclines in lemmings shown in

the graph.

3v 9!ggest t)o actors that may have been responsible or the airly reg!lar increase in lemming

n!mbers shown in the graph.

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6; ',

16. 3a 3i *hat oes an ecologist mean by competitionP

3ii (ompetition is generally more intense between members o the same species than between

members o ierent species. (omment on the valiity o this statement.

(=*

3b #ea the ollowing etract an then answer the !estions below.

he initial stim!l!s or spring migration among birs

wintering in E!ropean latit!es comes rom the increase in ay length past an initial threshol.

&hysiological changes enco!rage the eposition o at, partic!larly beneath the s?in 3s!bc!taneo!s an

insie the abomen 3visceral. Fat is the vital !el !se by migrating birs, which oten have to cross long

stretches o sea or perhaps esert where eeing opport!nities are either non-eistent or very limite.

*ilowl preparing or migration, thereore, increase their oo inta?e in orer to lay own that

vital at an this shows itsel in increase time spent eeing. (onveniently, or plant-eating species s!ch

as the gra7ing geese an wigeon, the onset o spring growth in the plants means higher levels o n!trients

in the growing tips on which the birs ee.=

TFrom *ilowl, gilvie an &earson, 1$$4 Hamlyn 2imiteU

3i *hat is the stim!l!s or spring migrationP

3ii 9!ggest t)o reasons why birs migrate.

3iii *hat is the he ig!re below shows the relative si7es o a lemming pop!lation 3histogram or bars an the

percentage phosphor!s in orage 3c!rve over a n!mber o years.

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3i *hat relationship is inicate between the percentage o phosphor!s in orage an the si7e o the

lemming pop!lationP3ii 9!ggest an eplanation or this relationship. (=*

3b /escribe how yo! carrie o!t a !antitative s!rvey o a name" animal in the ecosystem that yo! have

st!ie.

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ret!rne m!ch more slowly. >he res!lt was that the cyclamen mites rapily increase in ensity an i

more amage to the strawberries than i the pesticie ha never been applie.=

3apte rom *.>. Keeton an R. 2. @o!l. 'iological %cience. ew Ior?0 *.*. orton : (o., 1$$)

3i *hich graph, or B represents the carnivoro!s mitesP Eplain yo!r answer.

3ii *hat term is !se to escribe the relationship between the cyclamen mites an the carnivoro!s

mitesP

3iii 9!ggest t)o reasons why the cyclamen mite manage to !ic?ly re-invae the strawberry iels.

3iv 9!ggest an alternative to the !se o pesticies or controlling the cyclamen mite pop!lation.

3v /raw a pyrami o n!mbers to incl!e each o the organisms mentione in the etract above.

3vi part rom competition an the actor ill!strate in the above eample, state another actor that limits pop!lation growth.

3c 3i *aste management is a matter o growing concern in %relan as the pop!lation

epans.!tline tree problems associate with waste isposal.

3ii @ive an eample o waste pro!ce in agric!lt!re or isheries or orestry an escribe how it is

manage.

3iii 9!ggest t)o methos o waste minimisation.

3iv @ive one eample o the !se o micro-organisms in waste management.

6= ',

11. 3a 3i *hat oes an ecologist mean by the term conserationP3ii @ive an o!tline o one conservation practice !se in agric!lt!re or isheries or orestry.

3b #ea the ollowing passage abo!t oes an answer the !estions that ollow0

#e oes are o!n in many ecosystems. pair o oes will occ!py a territory an will een it rom

other oes in the breeing season. >erritory bo!naries are mar?e with scent an !rine. #e oes are

!s!ally solitary an h!nt alone ecept !ring the breeing season, when they h!nt in amily gro!ps. >he

yo!ng accompany the parents while h!nting an oraging in orer to learn s?ills. #e oes o not

hibernate an are active all year ro!n tho!gh they are noct!rnal in habit. >hey are omnivores b!t they

preer animals s!ch as small roents, rogs, insects an birs. &reerre plant oos incl!e acorns,

grasses, r!its an berries. %n !rban areas they scavenge or iscare h!man oo. >hey also eat roa?ill

whether in a r!ral or !rban setting.

3apte rom0 ntario +inistry o at!ral #eso!rces act sheet0 #e o ecology, 6th R!ne '"

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1. @ive t)o activities o a!lt oes, apart rom breeing itsel, which are associate with the

breeing season.

'. How is the territorial bo!nary mar?eP

). How o yo!ng oes learn to h!ntP

4. 9!ggest a reason why wheelie bins are ma?ing lie more iic!lt or !rban oes.

5. *hat is meant by the term omnivoreP

6. 9!ggest an avantage to the o o being he el!ent contains s!gar.

ygen eman is the amo!nt o oygen neee by organisms living in a river.

ygen concentration is the amo!nt o oygen issolve in the river water.

Grap ! shows changes in water conitions or several ?ilometres ownstream rom the actory o!tlow.

3i >o which ?ingom o bacteria belongP

3ii @ive one reason why the n!mber o bacteria increases immeiately ownstream rom the

o!tlow.

3iii @ive one reason why the n!mber o bacteria then ecreases !rther ownstream rom the

o!tlow.

3iv /escribe how the oygen eman changes as the n!mber o bacteria in the water changes.

3v @ive a reason or yo!r answer to part 3iv.

Grap B shows the changes in oygen concentration an the n!mber o ish in the same river.

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3vi Eplain why the c!rve or ish n!mbers is the same shape as that or oygen concentration.

3vii >he oygen concentration in the river water event!ally increases with istance rom the o!tlow.

9!ggest t)o ways by which this oygen may enter the water.

dapted from 'iology for *ou by +areth illiams- %tanley !homas ("ublishers) Ltd, nd edition //.0

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3iv @ive t)o possible so!rces o error that may have arisen in the co!rse o yo!r s!rvey.

(64*

616 ',

11. 3a 3i /isting!ish between a oo chain an a oo web.

%ncl!e a clear reerence to each in yo!r answer.;3ii *hat o ecologists mean by a pyramid of numbersP

(=*

3b rganisms that are intro!ce into new environments o!tsie their nat!ral ranges are reerre to as

eotic species. %n some cases these intro!ctions have been eliberate an in other cases acciental

e.g. when a species ?ept in captivity in a new co!ntry escapes an gives rise to a wil pop!lation.

*orlwie, the great maLority o eliberate attempte intro!ctions have been !ns!ccess!l.

3i 9!ggest a reason or attempting to establish an eotic species in a new co!ntry.

3ii 9!ggest t)o reasons why the great maLority o attempte intro!ctions have been

!ns!ccess!l.

3iii Nse yo!r ?nowlege o the lie cycle o lowering plants to s!ggest how an eotic plant may

escape rom captivity.3iv Nse the ?nowlege that yo! have gaine in yo!r st!ies o ecology to s!ggest how the

intro!ction o an eotic species may0

1. impact negatively on an eisting comm!nity.

'. impact positively on an eisting comm!nity.

3v %t has been state that an eotic species has a goo chance o becoming establishe in a new

environment i there is a vacant niche.

1. Eplain the term niche in this contet.

'. /o yo! agree with the above statementP

). Eplain yo!r answer.

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*ir!s ten! to 'ae !o with the 'aterials at han!" wigs an! lea+es are &o&larchoices" o'e freshgreen lea+es gi+e o? strong s'ells" o how can city *ir!s 'anage( A&&arentlyso'e reach for the-*res fon! in se! cigarette -lters"

cientists got to won!ering whether this ha*it 'ight &ro+i!e the *ir!s with *ene-tsother than *e!!ing"o they in+estigate! the nests of -nches an! s&arrows that were li+ing on theca'&s of the @ationalni+ersity of Be.ico which is in the heart of Be.ico ,ity" he scientists se! heattra&s to lre the&arasites an! then conte! the'" Bost of the nests containe! celllose -*res fro'*roen cigarette-lters" hey fon! that nests with the 'ost se! cigarette -lter -*res ha! thelowest n'*er of &arasites in this case *loo! scing 'ites" or these *ir!s a *tt a !ay 'ight ee&

the 'ites awayC>D

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#ii$ Jtline t$o *iological si'ilarities *etween the nitrogen cycle an! the

car*on cycle"

#iii$ ggest why continal 'onitoring of the en+iron'ent is +ala*le"

#i+$ n the case of each of the following &airs of ter's !istingish *etween the'e'*ers of each

&air *y writing a sentence a*ot each ter'"

1" ,ontest co'&etition an! scra'*le co'&etition"2" E!a&hic an! aqatic"3" ,li'ate an! weather"

#c$ he gra&h *elow shows the Kctations in the &o&lation of a &re!atory s&ecieso+er 'any years"

#i$ (opy the graph into yo)r ans$er boo*.

hen on the sa'e a.es an! sing a !ashe! line #F F F F$ show how yo thinthe &o&lation of

the &re!ator=s 'ain &rey s&ecies 'ight +ary o+er the sa'e ti'es&an"

#ii$i+e an e.&lanation of the gra&h that yo ha+e !rawn for the prey s&ecies"

#iii$ o yo thin that &o&lation gra&hs for a host s&ecies an! its 'ain&arasite wol! show

si'ilar Kctations( E.&lain yor answer"

#i+$ ggest a role for &arasites in the o+erall sche'e of natre"

#+$ 1" @a'e t$o &re!ators"2" i+e one a!a&ti+e techniqe in the case of each &re!ator"

%EC %ample Paper O,

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14. nswer any t)o o 3a, 3b, 3c. 3), )

3a 9t!y the ollowing wor iagram an then answer the !estions that ollow.

3i @ive the term !se to escribe the events o!tline in the iagram

3ii @ive an eample o an herbivore an o a carnivore o!n in an ecosystem yo! have st!ie 3not

omesticate or arm animals.

3iii ame an important gro!p o biomolec!les that plants ma?e rom nitrates.

3iv I inicates the ret!rn o nitrogen to the environment. 9tate one way in which this happens.3v S inicates the change o nitrogen gas to nitrate an other !se!l compo!ns. *hat name is given

to this processP

3vi ame a gro!p o organisms that can carry o!t S.

3vii Farmers a nitrates as ertili7ers to the soil. >hey are avise not to sprea ertili7ers i heavy rain

is orecast. *hy o yo! thin? they are given this warningP

(7*

3b nswer the ollowing !estions in relation to the low o energy thro!gh an ecosystem.3i *hat is the so!rce o energy or the earths ecosystemsP

3ii ame the process that ta?es place in plants in which this energy is converte to a !sable orm.

3iii *hat s!bstance o plants possess that allows them to carry o!t this conversionP

3iv Energy lows along oo chains. %n the oo chain B ( give an eample o each rom theorganisms that yo! o!n in a name" ecosystem.

3v %s there more energy available or organism B or (P Eplain yo!r answer.

3vi oo web can be tho!ght o as a n!mber o interlin?e oo chains. Nsing the name

organisms , B, ( rom 3iv above an tree other name organisms, constr!ct a oo web that is

o!n in the ecosystem yo! have st!ie.

3c 3i Eplain what is meant by poll!tion.

3ii @ive an eample o poll!tion an escribe how this orm o poll!tion can be

controlle.

3iii H!man pop!lations are pro!cing waste materials in ever-increasing amo!nts.+any o these wastes are serio!s threats to the environment.

1. /escribe some o the problems associate with waste isposal.

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'. @ive an o!tline acco!nt o one eample o waste management.

3iv Eplain what is meant by conservation.

3v @ive a brie acco!nt o a conservation practice with which yo! are amiliar.

6; O,

1. 3a 3i *hat is an ecosystemP

3ii ame t)o ecosystems o!n in %relan. (=*

3c 3i *hat is meant by poll!tionP

3ii /escribe a h!man activity that may res!lt in poll!tion. 9!ggest a way in which this poll!tion co!l

be prevente.

3iii *hat o yo! !nerstan by the term conservationP

3iv 9!ggest tree reasons or conserving wil animals an plants. (7*

68 O,

1. 3a 3i *hat is a pyrami o n!mbersP3ii Nsing organisms rom the ecosystem that yo! have investigate raw a pyrami o n!mbers to

show at least tree trophic 3eeing levels.

(=*

3b 9t!y the graph, which shows how the n!mber o thr!shes in a woo changes in the

co!rse o a year, an then answer the ollowing !estions.

3i *hat oes the graph tell yo! abo!t the n!mber o thr!shesP

3ii 9!ggest one reason or the change in the n!mber o thr!shes at .

3iii 9!ggest t)o reasons or the change in the n!mber o thr!shes at B.

3iv *o!l yo! epect similar changes in n!mbers or other small birs in the wooP

Eplain yo!r answer.

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3iv *rite a short paragraph 3abo!t 5 lines on waste management. (64*

6= O,

1. 3a 3i /isting!ish between biotic an abiotic actors.

3ii n eaphic actor is an eample o an abiotic actor. Eplain the !nerline term.

(=*

3c #ea the ollowing etract an answer the !estions that ollow.

%nvasion o the Lellyish0 +eiterranean on alert as h!nres s!er rom stings.

s tho!sans o to!rists hea to the +eiterranean, their holiay enLoyment is being threatene by hores

o Lellyish. French emergency services receive more than 5 calls or help in a single ay. %t is a

pattern being repeate along the shores o +eiterranean. +!ch o the so!thern an even northern

coastlines o 9pain have been hit. &alers an swimmers s!ere pain!l stings rom a species

commonly ?nown as the ma!ve stinger.

*hen a person is st!ng the venom 3poison rom the Lellyish stinging cells ca!ses swelling, reness an

oo7ing. >he venom can also ca!se an allergic response. >here is no anti-venom an vinegar is !seless.Rellyish have no a!tonomy o movement an are swept aro!n the oceans by win an tie. >his is the

eighth year in s!ccession that they have storme the smartest resorts in the +eiterranean.

Trticle aapte rom the %nepenent on 9!nay 3N.K. '4th R!ly '8. By +atthew Kay in &aris, Eli7abeth ashin +ari an &eter &opham in #ome.U

3i *hat is meant by the term speciesP

3ii *hich species o Lellyish was involve in the invasion along +eiterranean shoresP

3iii ame one co!ntry that has been aecte by this invasion.

3iv @ive t)o ways in which the Lellyish venom can aect a person.

3v 9!ggest why Lellyish pro!ce a venom.

3vi >hese Lellyish are !s!ally o!n in tropical waters. 9!ggest one reason or their increaseocc!rrence in the +eiterranean in recent years.

3vii *hat o yo! thin? is meant by the phrase

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3iv % all the organisms at ( were remove 3e.g. by isease s!ggest what wo!l happen to the

organisms at BP

3'"

3c >he great press!re p!t on willie by the growing h!man pop!lation has ca!se many species to become

etinct. Habitat estr!ction, over-eploitation an environmental poll!tion have been the main ca!ses.>here is a clear nee or conservation i s!ch a tren is to be halte. (onservation has many practical

o!tcomes rom which h!mans will beneit in !t!re years.

3apte rom vance Biology, )r Eition, R. 9imp?ins, R. %. *illiams

3i Eplain the !nerline wors rom the passage.

3ii 9tate the eect o any one name poll!tant.

3iii !tline one conservation meas!re carrie o!t by one o the ollowing in!stries0

agric!lt!re or orestry or isheries.

3iv ame one problem associate with waste isposal.

3v 9tate one role o microorganisms in waste management. 3'4

611 O,

11. 3a 3i *hat is the main so!rce o energy in an ecosystemP

3ii Eplain the ollowing terms !se in ecology0

1. Biosphere

'. Habitat.

(=*

3b >he oo web below was rawn by a gro!p o st!ents ollowing their iel wor?.

9t!y the web an answer the !estions.

3i ame one primary pro!cer rom the web.

3ii ame one herbivore an" one carnivore rom the web.

3iii ame one omnivore rom the web.

3iv *hat wo!l happen to the n!mber o caterpillars i all the thr!shes ieP

3v *hat is meant by a quantitatie s!rvey o organisms in a habitatP

3vi ame t)o pieces o apparat!s !se to collect animals rom an ecosystem.

(64*

3c #ea the paragraph below an answer the !estions that ollow.

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Ecology

9heing /aylight on %rish Bats.

>here are ten species o bat in %relan. >hey live in o!r ho!ses, ch!rches an ol

b!ilings. >he most common species o bat in %relan is the &ipistrelle which is small

eno!gh to it into a matchbo. >he largest species is 2eislers bat. Bats are not blin.

>hey !se so!n to navigate. Bats are the only lying mammals. >hey generally h!nt at

night or moths an other insects. %n winter many bat species hibernate in !nergro!nsites an o!tho!ses. Bats have only one baby per year an they can live or !p to orty

years. Barn owls may sometimes ee on bats, or they may all prey to the omestic cat.

ccoring to Bat (onservation %relan, bat pop!lations are ecreasing. >his may be !e

to loss o hegerows, pesticie !se an the renovation o ol b!ilings.

dapted from 2%cience %pin3 4ssue 5, 6anuary //7. 'y nthony King.0

3i How many species o bat are o!n in %relanP

3ii *hat is the name o the most common species o!n hereP

3iii *hat o bats ee onP

3iv *hat is meant by the term predator P

3v ame a preator o %rish bats.

3vi 9!ggest one reason why many bats hibernate in winter.

3vii *hat is meant by the term conserationP

3viii 9!ggest one way to help bat conservation in %relan.

(6he animals are not rawn to scale.

1. nimal has a shellOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO... 8elix.

nimal oes not have a shellOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..@o to '.

'. nimal has legs OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.O@o to ).

nimal oes not have legsOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO......@o to 4.

). nimal has three pairs o legsOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO!ribolium.

nimal has more than three pairs o legsOOOOOOOOOOO... "ieris larva.

4. nimal has long ro!ne boyOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...ematoe.

nimal has lat boy with two eye spotsOOOOOOOOOOOO&lanarian.

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3iv ll organisms are aapte to their own habitat.

1. ame one animal rom the ecosystem yo! have st!ie.

'. /escribe one way in which it is aapte to its habitat.;

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#27$

#c$ '&ro&er waste !is&osal 'ay case &olltion"#i$ tate any t$o ty&es of &olltion associate! with waste !is&osal"#ii$ 1" i+e one e.a'&le of a waste associate! with agricltre or forestryor -sheries"

2" tate how the na'e! waste is 'anage!"#iii$ i+e three ways to 'ini'ise waste"#i+$ i+e one e.a'&le of the se of 'icroForganis's in waste 'anage'ent"

#24$

617 O,

13. #*$ he !iagra' *elow shows the ltrastrctre of a section of cell 'e'*rane"

#+i$ %hat is the &ri'ary sorce of energy for &lant cells(#27$

1.4 ecology h 1.4.10, 1.4.11, 1.4.12

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