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12/15/14 PM Review Please pull out study guide and a piece of paper to take notes.

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Finals 100 ?s scan tron 85 minutes to take test

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Earth Science Review Concepts Layers of Earth Convection Plates Minerals Rocks Earthquakes Relative Dating Science basics

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5.1 Earths Interior 1.What are the characteristics of Earths crust, mantle, and core?

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5.1 Earths Interior 2. What is the composition of each layer of the Earth Crust = solid rock on land and ocean floor Mantle = very hot, solid rock Core = Iron & Nickel

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5.2 Convection and the Mantle 1.How is heat transferred? Through convection currents

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5.2 Convection and the Mantle 2. What causes convection currents and relation to density? Hot rises, cool sinks

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5.2 Convection and the Mantle 3. What causes convection currents in the mantle? 4. How do convection currents relate to plate tectonics?

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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 1.What is plate tectonics? The theory that pieces of Earths lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents and oceanic crust

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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 2. What evidence supports the theory? Rock formations Physical evidence on crust Earthquakes/volcanoes Fossils Magnetic strips

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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 3. What causes the movement of Earths lithospheric plates? Convection currents plates to move

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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 4. What forms as a result of movement of plates at each boundary? Divergent = rift valley, mid ocean ridge (sea floor spreading) Convergent = subduction - trench; colliding - mountains

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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 5. What processes are involved in the movement of the Earths plates that causes volcanoes and earthquakes? Volcanoes = boundaries of plates subduction zones divergent areas hot spots

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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 5. What processes are involved in the movement of the Earths plates that causes volcanoes and earthquakes? Earthquakes = stress from plates convergent transform

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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 6. What is subduction? How does a trench form?

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3.1 Properties of Minerals 1.What is a mineral SNIFC Solid Naturally Occurring (not man made) Inorganic (non living) Formula (consistent chemical formula not a rock) Crystal structure

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3.1 Properties of Minerals 2. Properties

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Easy to observe Not always a clear way to identify Color

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Streak: the color of its powder Colors of minerals may vary but streak does not Streak

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Luster: how much light is reflected from a minerals surface Luster Metallic - Galena Glassy - TopazWaxy, greasy, or pearly - Talc Submetallic/dull - graphite Silky - MalachiteEarthy - Hematite

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Density: how much mass there is in a given space D = m/v or water displacement Density

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Hardness: determined by a scratch test A mineral can scratch any material softer than itself But can be scratched by any mineral that is harder Mohs hardness scale Hardness

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Mohs Hardness Scale

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Crystal system: the structure of how the minerals atoms form Ex: cubic, hexagonal, rhombic Crystal Systems

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Cleavage: when a mineral splits along a flat surface Ex: Mica Cleavage

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Fracture: when a mineral breaks apart in an irregular way Fracture

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Some minerals are identified by special physical/chemical properties. Special Properties

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Review A.Usually not a clear identifier B.Does not break in a flat sheet C.Calcites powder is always white D.Fluorescent E.Breaks in flat sheets F.Shiny mineral G.Cubic shape H.Compares how it is scratched/scratches I.How much mass takes up a certain volume 1.Color 2.Streak 3.Luster 4.Density 5.Hardness 6.Crystal system 7.Cleavage 8.Fracture 9.Special properties Answers: 1. A 2. C 3. F 4. I 5. H 6. G 7. E 8. B 9. D

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3.1 Properties of Minerals 4. Be able to read a chart and determine the identity of a mineral.

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4.1 Classifying Rocks 1.How are rocks identified? How theyre formed Composition Texture

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4.1 Classifying Rocks 2. What are the 3 main groups of rocks? 1.Igneous 2.Sedimentary 3.Metamorphic

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4.2 Igneous Rocks 1. How are they formed Magma cooling and hardening

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4.2 Igneous Rocks 4. How does the rate of cooling affect the texture? Intrusive vs. Extrusive Intrusive = cooled slowly inside the earth (larger crystals) Extrusive = cooled rapidly outside the earth (small crystals, air pockets

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4.2 Igneous Rocks 2. Characteristics Large visible crystals Glasslike Holes from air bubbles while cooling

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Igneous Rocks Felsic Mafic Coarse-GrainedFine-Grained Granite Gabbro Basalt Rhyolite

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4.3 Sedimentary Rocks 1.How do they form Sediment = weathering and erosion Deposition Compaction & cementation

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4.3 Sedimentary Rocks 2. Characteristics: Appearance of sand, pebbles, rocks cemented together Layers (usually only noticed in large specimen) Appearance of fossils

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4.5 Metamorphic Rocks 1.How are metamorphic rock formed? Heat and pressure

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4.5 Metamorphic Rocks 2. Where does the heat and pressure come from? Deep inside the earth (magma)

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4.5 Metamorphic Rocks 3. Characteristics: Ribbon-like lines, in thin parallel or wavy lines TINY crystals that line up in the same direction Very hard, usually can scratch metal

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4.6 The Rock Cycle 1.What is the rock cycle? 2.What are the possible stages in the rock cycle? 3.Processes that occur when a rock changes

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4.6 The Rock Cycle What are some of the causes for weathering and erosion Breaks down rocks into little pieces = WEATHERING Moves the sediment = EROSION

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Weathering Mechanical Weathering (FRAPA) Freezing & Thawing Release of pressure Animal Actions Plant Growth Abrasion Chemical Weathering (LOWCA) Living Organisms Oxygen Water Carbon Dioxide Acid Rain Examples Examples Erosion F R A P A L O W C A

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Erosion moves rock particles Sediment = rock particles Deposition = when sediment is laid down/deposited from erosion Examples: WWGM What would G-ma make? Wind Water (runoff, rivers, waves) Glaciers Mass Movement (landslides, mudflows, slumps and creeps)

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5.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves 1.What causes an earthquake? Stress built up from plates moving

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6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves 2. How does the energy of an earthquake travel through Earth? Seismic Waves P S Surface

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6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves 3. What are the scales used to measure the strength of an earthquake? Richter size of seismic waves Mercalli - damage Moment Magnitude magnitude of energy (#)

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6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves 4. How do scientists locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

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7.1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics 1.Where are most of Earths volcanoes found Along the edges of plate boundaries divergent subduction zones

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10.1 Fossils 1.What is a fossil? Fossil = preserved remain or trace of a living thing

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10.1 Fossils 2. How does a fossil form? Most fossil form when living things die and are buried by sediments Sediment slowly hardens into rock and preserves the shape of the organisms

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10.2 Relative Dating Relative Age = when a rock is compared to the ages of other rocks/fossils

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10.2 Relative Dating 1.Given a certain cross section of rock, indicate which layers were deposited first to last Oldest usually on bottom, Youngest on top

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10.2 Predict the environment E Shale (shark) B Sandstone (tracks) I Shale (shark fossils) F shale (fish) G - Fault C - Magma A - Conglomerate H Shale (shark) D Metamorphic

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10.2 Environment Intrusive Igneous: Extrusive Igneous: Green Shale (sed): Red Shale (sed): Sandstone: Limestone: Conglomerate: Wavy rocks (met): Coal: Magma inside cooling, crystals Lava cooling outside Murky, muddy sea Plains with streams Desert Clear water sea Flood, mudslide, landslide Plates colliding Forest with lots of plants

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10.2 Fossils Intrusive Igneous: Extrusive Igneous: Green Shale (sed): Red Shale (sed): Sandstone: Limestone: Conglomerate: Wavy rocks (met): Coal: NONE Trilobites, Brachiopods, Crinoids Reptiles & Insects Tracks Fish, Sharks, Sponges Rocks, pebbles, boulders NONE

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10.2 Predict the environment E Shale (shark) B Sandstone (tracks) I Shale (shark fossils) F shale (fish) G - Fault C - Magma A - Conglomerate H Shale (shark) D Metamorphic

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E Deep Ocean B Desert I Deep Ocean F River Bed G - Earthquake C - Extrusive A - Mudslide H Deep Ocean D Plates Colliding E Shale (shark) B Sandstone (tracks) I Shale (shark fossils) F shale (fish) G - Fault C - Magma A - Conglomerate H Shale (shark) D Metamorphic

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1.1 What is science? 1.What is the difference between qualitative & quantitative? Qualitative is descriptive Ex: The block is blue Quantitative is numerical Ex: The block has a mass of 22 g.

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Questions?