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1 What is metabolism?

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2 What role do enzymes play in metabolic pathways?

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3 How are catabolic pathways related to energy production?

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4 ‘Anabolic’ steroids were/are occasionally utilized by bodybuilders and athletes to enhance performance. Relate what you know about anabolic pathways to explain why these specific groups of people used these drugs.

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5 Are catabolic pathways endergonic or exergonic reactions? Compare the amount of free energy in the reactants to the amount of free energy in the products of a catabolic pathway.

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6 Explain the relationship between catabolic and anabolic pathways.

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7 Which type of pathway may occur spontaneously? Explain this in terms of free energy availability.

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8 What energy-storing molecule, created through catabolic pathways, can be utilized later as a source of energy currency?

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9 Which bond, in an ATP molecule, contains the most energy? Why is this true?

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10 What has happened to a molecule that has been ‘phosphorylated?’ How do you know energy has been released in this process?

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11 Why is ATP considered a recyclable molecule?

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12 What type of cellular process may be powered by the input of ATP molecules? Homework

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13 Suppose you were able to remove enzymes from their involvement in metabolic pathways. What changes, if any, would you be able to observe in the metabolic processes?

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14 What are the differences between catabolic and anabolic pathways?

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15 Would a bodybuilder elect to use a catabolic steroid or an anabolic steroid? Explain your answer.

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16 Explain why it makes sense, in terms of energy content, that a catabolic pathway is utilized in obtaining energy from food.

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17 Which type of a pathway (catabolic or anabolic) needs to occur first, in order to supply energy for the other one?

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18 When coupled, do metabolic pathways result in a net endergonic or exergonic reaction? Explain your answer.

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19 Which molecule contains more energy, adenosine diphosphate or adenosine triphosphate? Explain your answer.

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20 Which bond, in a molecule of ATP, is broken to obtain energy from the molecule? Why is this the case?

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21 Why does adding phosphate groups to the tail of adenosine monophosphate store energy within the molecule?

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22 After providing a reaction with energy through phosphorylation, why does an ADP molecule get recycled back to ATP, instead of supporting an additional reaction? Cellular Respiration Classwork

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23 If cellular respiration is a process that yields ATP molecules, do you think this is a catabolic or anabolic pathway? Support your answer.

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24 What role do the molecules NAD+ and FAD play in the process of cellular respiration?

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25 Why are electron acceptors necessary in order for NADH+H+ and FADH2 to release stored energy?

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26 Is oxygen a good agent for reduction or oxidation processes? Why?

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27 Suppose you are a scientist studying a newly discovered organism. You are asked to determine the type of cellular respiration utilized by this organism and determine whether it is an a)obligate anaerobe, b) obligate aerobe, or c) facultative anaerobe. Design an experiment to test this, and explain what results you would expect for each type of organism.

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28 What is the net yield of ATP through glycolysis?

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29 Why does the citric acid cycle need to convert pyruvate to a different carbon compound in order complete the cycle? What is the scientific name for this process?

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30 What relationship exists between the CO2 molecules produced through the citric acid cycle and the pyruvates that begin the cycle?

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31 Why does the citric acid cycle need to complete two rounds in order to completely process a molecule of glucose?

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32 Why is the reduction of FAD to FADH2 a significant result of the citric acid cycle?

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33 When analyzing the process of cellular respiration, it may help to compare the process to volleyball, with the first three stages being the ‘set,’ and the final stage the ‘spike.’ Explain why this analogy makes sense.

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34 Considering anaerobic respiration, explain why primordial Earth had a higher concentration of CH4, H2, and N2S than our current atmosphere.

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35 Why is the creation of a proton gradient, through the electron transport chain, essential for the ultimate goal of energy production through oxidative phosphorylation?

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36 In what way is ATP synthase like a turnstile? What object would represent people in this analogy?

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37 How are electron carriers NADH and FADH2 utilized in the electron transport chain process?

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38 How do you think the oxidative phosphorylation process would be affected by the lack of an electron acceptor at the end of the ETC? For example, what would happen if all of the oxygen were consumed during the process of phosphorylation, but reduced electron carriers were still available?

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39 Explain why the versatility of catabolism through cellular respiration allows organisms to survive in many different conditions.

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40 Summarize the process of cellular respiration to describe how organisms produce ATP through catabolic pathways. Homework

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41 Life on Earth is sometimes described as a cycle by biologists. Explain why this ‘cycle’ can never reach a point of equilibrium.

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42 Which molecule contains more energy: FAD or FADH2? Explain your response.

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43 Is the conversion of FADH2 to FAD an example of oxidation or reduction? Why?

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44 Suppose you are experimenting in a lab with an organism that dies in the presence of oxygen. Considering metabolic pathways, how would you categorize this organism?

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45 Glycolysis is considered an anaerobic process. What information can you determine from this description?

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46 What carbon compound is created as a result of glycolysis?

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47 What three energy storing compounds are created through the citric acid cycle?

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48 What is the net gain of ATPs from the breakdown of one glucose molecule at the end of the citric acid cycle?

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49 When oxygen is present, oxidative phosphorylation can yield 3 ATPs per NADH and 2 ATPs per FADH2. After the first three steps of cellular respiration, we have 10 NADH molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules. How many ATP molecules can these electron carriers yield?

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50 Why does the valence number of an atom of oxygen allow it to be a strong electron acceptor, enabling more copious energy production?

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51 Why is the creation of a concentration gradient essential for the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

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52 How would a condition that caused the inability of the previous steps of cellular respiration to create NADH and FADH2 affect production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?

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53 Compare the process of oxidative phosphorylation to the synthesis or hydroelectric power through using a dam.

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54 Which carbon compound yields more energy through respiration, fats or carbohydrates? Fermentation Classwork

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55 Why must organisms resort to the process of fermentation when electron acceptors are unavailable?

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56 Do obligate aerobes engage in the process of fermentation? Why or why not?

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57 Would fermentation occur in an organism that had an ample supply of electron acceptors? Why or why not?

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58 It may be said that in an absence of electron acceptors, fermentation allows glycolysis to occur. Why is this true?

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59 Swiss cheese is produced partially by the process of fermentation. Hypothesize why Swiss cheese has holes in it when completed.

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60 Imagine you are working as a sports medicine physician. You are asked to devise a way that athletes could perform strenuous activity without the associated muscle burn. Provide a possible solution for this problem.

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61 Does the process of fermentation itself produce any ATP? Explain. Homework

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62 In what way is glycolysis related to fermentation?

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63 What is the difference between lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation?

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64 What role does anaerobic respiration play in the creation of alcoholic beverages, such as beer or wine?

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65 Why do your muscles burn during a strenuous physical activity?

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66 Suppose you are sitting in the lunch room when a neighboring student makes the claim that ‘eating bacteria would be so gross.’ You notice the student has just eaten a yogurt. How do you reply to this statement? Photosynthesis Classwork

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67 Based on the chemical equation, what relationship exists between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

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68 Even though humans do not conduct photosynthesis, our existence relies in this process in two ways. Identify these two ways.

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69 In what way might photosynthesis and cellular respiration be described as a cycle?

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70 Why might the addition of oxygen to Earth’s atmosphere 2.5 BYA have been problematic for the obligate anaerobes in existence at that time?

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71 Identify the primary electron carrier utilized in the process of photosynthesis.

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72 Suppose you placed a plant in a container that allowed only green, blue and indigo wavelengths of light through. Would this plant be able to conduct photosynthesis at a normal rate? Why or why not?

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73 What role does chlorophyll play in the initiation of the photosynthesis process?

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74 In what way does a concentration gradient play a role in the light reaction process?

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75 What happens to an electron that has been through photosystems II and I?

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76 What is the source of the oxygen produced in non-cyclic energy transport?

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77 At what point in non-cyclic energy transport is oxygen produced?

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78 In what way are the light-independent reactions reliant upon the light-dependent reactions?

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79 What role did the Calvin Cycle play in the origination of oxygen in our Earth’s atmosphere?

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80 When looking at a tree, you might realize the solid form of the bark, tissue, roots and branches were once another form of carbon. Explain this thought process.

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81 Can the Calvin Cycle occur at nighttime? Explain your response.

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82 How does burning fossil fuels add more carbon to the carbon cycle?

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83 How is the carbon cycle related to the greenhouse effect?

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84 Why is it important to consider long term, holistic studies when analyzing climate change, as opposed to isolated years and events?

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85 In what way does the existence of large, forested areas such as the Amazon rainforest, help to moderate Earth’s climate?

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86 Explain the relationship between the burning of fossil fuels and climate change. Homework

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87 Write the balanced chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

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88 How are the products of cellular respiration related to the reactants of photosynthesis?

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89 In photosynthesis, the reduction of NADP+ yields what molecule?

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90 What is the name of the pigment that allows plant cells to absorb sunlight and power photosynthesis?

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91 Explain the ‘cyclic’ nature of cyclic energy transport in photosynthesis?

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92 Sketch a thylakoid and label the following: stroma, membrane, lumen.

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93 How is the production of ATP in the process of cellular respiration similar to the production of ATP in photosystems II and I?

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94 Would it be true to say that oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis? Why or why not?

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95 What is the role of NADP+ in photosystem I?

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96 What role does CO2 play in the light-independent reactions?

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97 Explain the term ‘carbon fixation.’

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98 Explain how the light-independent reactions are responsible for the existence of carbohydrates on Earth.

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99 Why are greenhouse gases necessary for the maintenance of temperatures adequate to support life on Earth?

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100 How did the death and preservation of prehistoric plants and animals affect global temperature trends?

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Energy Processing

Multiple Choice Review

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101 Explain the concept of ‘anthropogenic climate change.’