1. energy use and potential in urban systems · energy use in urban systems is relevant...

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1. Energy use and potential in urban systems

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Training Overview

1. Energy use and potential in urban systems

Scenario: Your mayor/governor is under pressure to reduce energy consumption

Question: How do you help the mayor/governor understand the drivers of energy consumption in the

city?


Training Overview

1. Why is urban energy use important?

• Urbanisation and energy use

• Impacts of energy use in urban areas

2. What’s the potential for energy efficiency in cities?

• Technologies and solutions that allow higher efficiency

3. Activity: mapping of urban authority influence

10 mins

5 mins

30 mins


Training Overview

• This session gives a broad overview of why

energy use in urban systems is relevant

(concentration of energy-consuming economic

activities, and the increasing urbanisation)

• The impacts of these activities are laid out as

well (energy use, emissions, urban heat island).

We do this to call attention to the scale of the

impacts and the need to act.

• Then we elaborate the drivers responsible for

these changes. We do this to highlight the

aspects that can be controlled / regulated by

policy.

• The aim of the activity towards the end is to:

- Get a sense of the level of authority and

influence of participants over the energy-

consumption

- To allow the participants to understand their

sphere of influence and which stakeholders

to contact in areas where influence is

insufficienct

• The following sessions will then cover the

specifics of how each subsystem of the

city/municipality consumes energy, analysing the

drivers, and the recommendations to control

them.


1. Why is urban energy use important?


Why is urban energy use important?

Where to start? Tools What are the steps?

Urban areas account for the greatest shares of both global population and

world economic activity, two key drivers of energy use.

As such, the world’s urban areas have substantial influence over global energy

demand and energy-related emissions



Urban areas are growing, especially in emerging economies


0

20

40

60

80

100

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

Projected percentage of

global urban population

1950-2050

0 20 40 60 80 100

Africa

Asia

Europe

South America

North America

Oceania

Percentage of urban

dwellers per region, 2018

Source UN Population Division, The Atlas



Role of urban authorities: A few of the main responsibilities of cities/municipalities are…

Planning

• Land use

• Urban planning

• Building regulations

• Transport planning

• Municipal infrastructure

Basic Necessities

•Air quality

•Water supply

•Solid waste disposal

•Sanitation

•Public health

•Education

Other Services

•Street lighting

•Social housing

•Traffic and parking

•Public safety




… and they involve energy-consuming sectors below in one way or another

Public

administration

buildings, retail and

residential buildings,

schools, hospitals,

museums, social

housing

Buildings

Public transport,

street design, traffic

signals and signage

Transport

Lighting, water,

sewerage, local

energy and

communication

networks

Utilities

Landfilling, waste

management

Waste




What happens in urban areas: Majority of global energy use and greenhouse emissions comes from cities

Source Energy Technology Perspectives 2016



Why is urban energy use important? Impacts

What happens in urban areas: Urban structures produce heat island effect, which exacerbates need for

cooling

Source: LBNL (2013), Heat Island Group, http://heatisland.lbl.gov/



Why is urban energy use important? Impacts

What happens in urban areas: Local air quality is also worse in urban areas, exceeding WHO guidelines

of 20 µg/m3, due to externalities of energy use

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Africa Americas Middle East Europe Asia and Oceania

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Source Energy Technology Perspectives 2016




What drives energy use in urban areas?


Why is urban energy use important? Drivers of Energy use

Geophysical Structural Socio-economic

Sources: https://www.popsci.com/city-shape-grid-heat-island-temperature#page-4;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island#/media/File:20080708_Chicago_City_Hall_Green_Roof.JPG


https://www.popsci.com/city-shape-grid-heat-island-temperature#page-4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island#/media/File:20080708_Chicago_City_Hall_Green_Roof.JPG



Geophysical

• The hotter/more humid the

climate, the higher the demand for

cooling like air-conditioning

Source https://www.iea.org/futureofcooling/

• More water-strained, more

energy-intensive and costly to

deliver water

8.5

2.5

0.9

0.5

0.4

0.0 5.0 10.0

Desalination

Waste-W reuse

Waste-W treatment

Groundwater

Lake or river

Energy intensity (kWh per m³)

EPRI Water and Sustainability Volume 4

https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/1006787/


• Topography strongly influences

solar irradiation and wind flows

even before the built form

City University of New York

https://nysolarmap.com

https://www.iea.org/futureofcooling/

https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/1006787/

https://nysolarmap.com/



• More sprawled cities use more

energy than dense ones (transport

use, water pumping costs)

1020

9080

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Small Cities Large Cities

Street Lighting Other Costs

• Bigger cities need more lighting,

hence consume more energy

Source http://blogs.worldbank.org/energy/led-street-lighting-unburdening-our-

cities

• The more grid-like, the more it

traps heat

Source

http://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/CityTextureUHI_Feb2018.pdf

Structural


http://blogs.worldbank.org/energy/led-street-lighting-unburdening-our-cities



Socio-economic

• Higher income urban population

tends to consume more energy per

capita

Source IEA ETP 2016

• More dense population consumes

less energy per capita

Source IEA ETP 2016



Why is urban energy use important? Opportunity

Fortunately, the majority of opportunities to reduce energy use and emissions are also in urban areas

0

10

20

30

40

50

4DS Urbanreductions

Non-urbanreductions

2DS

2014 2050

Gt

CO

2

Power & heat Industry Transport Buildings

UrbanUrban

Non urban

Non urban

Urban

Non urban

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2013 2020 2030 2040 2050

GtC

O2

Non-urban 31% Urban 69%

Non-urban

Urban

6DS

2DS

Source: Energy Technology Perspectives 2016


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2. What is the potential for energy efficiency in

urban systems?


What is the potential for energy efficiency in urban systems?

• URBAN PLANNING and TRANSPORT: Potential for obtaining lower emissions and energy use

based on planning design, influencing transportCarbon footprints (residential emissions) in different neighbourhoods in Toronto, Canada



Improving land use and transport could reduce 50% of global CO2 emissions.

In Southeast Asia, reduction could be between 58% to 93%

Total CO₂ emissions in Southeast Asian cities in Business-as-Usual (BAU) and Improved Land Use and Transport (LUT) scenarios

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2015 BAU 2050 LUT 2050

millio

n t

on

nes

CO

₂

em

issi

on

s

Kuala Lumpur Manila Jakarta Phnom Penh Hanoi

Source: http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/itf-transport-outlook-2017-9789282108000-en.htm;

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933442845

http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/itf-transport-outlook-2017-9789282108000-en.htm

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933442845



Savings based on the sizes of the motors and hours of operation could go up to 1500 GWhr/yr

Electricity savings from higher efficiency motors in different sizes and motor-driven applications

Source https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov

https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/sites/default/files/Primer%20on%20energy%20efficiency%20in%20water%20and%20wastewater%20plants_0.pdf



Average energy savings from replacing existing stock of public lighting technologies in India could

reach as high as 1600 GW, and 82% in terms of percentage savings

Energy savings from replacement of the different existing lighting technology stock in India

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

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80

90

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Incandescent Tungsten

Halo

CFL Hg vapor HPS metal halide linear fluor.

% s

avin

g t

o B

ase

case

En

erg

y s

avin

gs

in G

Wh

by 2

020

Energy saved from replaced stock % savings

Source https://ies.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl6576e.pdf



Municipalities in India implementing building codes can expect to gain high savings from private

buildings, as well as high percentage savings from their own municipal buildings

Energy savings achievable upon implementation of the Energy Conservation Building Code in the city of Jaipur

0

10

20

30

40

50

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

Retail mall Private office Hospital Hotel Government

Office

Institute Others

Perc

en

tag

esa

vin

gs

En

erg

ysa

vin

gs

(MW

h)

5-YEAR ENERGY SAVINGS POTENTIAL DUE TO ECBC (JAIPUR)

Actual savings in 5 years (MWh) Percentage savings

Source https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.11.015 ;

https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/11/indias-move-make-buildings-efficient



There are significant EE opportunities at the urban level in South Africa with significant and multiple benefits

City carbon future modelling (Cape Town) showing

the impact of different policies on carbon emissions

Source: Sustainable Energy Africa (2013) Energy and urbanisation in South Africa

http://www.cityenergy.org.za/uploads/resource_262.pdf

Source: South African Cities Network (2014) http://sacitiesnetwork.co.za/wp-

content/uploads/2014/07/Modelling-Energy-Efficiency-Potential-in-SACN-Cities-

full-report.pdf

Potential energy savings per Sector (GJ/a) in 9

cities of the South African Cities Network

(SACN)

http://www.cityenergy.org.za/uploads/resource_262.pdf

http://sacitiesnetwork.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Modelling-Energy-Efficiency-Potential-in-SACN-Cities-full-report.pdf


3. Activity: Mapping of urban authority

influence


Activity: Mapping of urban authority influence

Break into groups of 6

Scenario: Your municipal commissioner is under pressure to reduce energy consumption

Question: How do you help the commissioner understand the drivers of energy consumption in the

municipality?

What level of influence do you have on the

energy consuming aspects of your municipality?


Activity: Mapping of urban authority influence

Source Adapted from ESMAP 2012 Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia

0

1

2

3

4

5

Land-use

planning

Energy

budget

Public

buildings

Water tariffs

Mass transit

operation

Electricity

tariffs

Building

codes

Public

lighting

Water supply

Solid waste

0

1

2

3

4

5

Land-use

planning

Energy budget

Public buildings

Water tariffs

Mass transit

operation

Electricity tariffs

Building codes

Public lighting

Water supply

Solid waste

What level of influence do you have on the energy consuming aspects of your municipality?

1 = no influence 3 = some level of influence

(consulted, involved as stakeholder)

5 = complete authority and direction

1. energy use and potential in urban systems · energy use in urban systems is relevant...

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