1. coral bleaching

8/21/2019 1. Coral Bleaching

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Coral

BleachingKuliah-IPTK

Oktiyas Muzaky Luthfi


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Introduction

3.1.1 Early Bleaching Records (Pre-1982)

3.1.2 Bleaching Records from 1982 Onwards

Global Patterns of Coral Bleaching

3.2.1 Temporal Patterns

3.2.2 Spatial Patterns in Bleaching

Relationships with El NioSouthern Oscillation Events


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4.1 Introduction

4.2 Data for Understanding Thermal stress and Bleaching Patterns Worldwide

4.2.1 Century-Length Global SST Reconstructions from Instrumental andPaleoclimatic Data

4.2.2 Satellite Observations of SST and Thermal Stress

4.3 Tropical SST Trends Since the Nineteenth Century

4.3.1 Tropical SST and Global Temperature Trends

4.3.2 Regional Trends in Thermal Stress

4.3.3 Role of El NioSouthern Oscillation and Other Large-Scale Patterns

4.4 Other Local Environmental Variables


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Coral Bleaching


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Coral bleaching is the term used todescribe the loss by the coral animal ofall or some of their symbiotic algae and

photosynthetic pigments with theresult that the white calcium carbonateskeleton becomes visible through thenow translucent tissue layer.


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Stress

Corals live insymbiosis with

algae

Corals release theiralgae


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Freshwater from floods

Pollution

Disease

Sediment

Cyanide fishing

Many local problems can cause bleaching:

Causes of Coral Bleaching


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Temperature !!!

When the water gets hot and stays hot,

corals will bleach

Causes of Coral Bleaching

But only one thing causes bleaching at aRegional or Global scale


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Thermal Stress Causes Mass Coral Bleaching


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and Mortality


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What are the consequences?

Environmental impacts Loss of coral Changes in reef community Loss of biodiversity

Economic impacts Decreased tourism appeal Fishery decline

Loss of ecosystem services

Subsistence fishing Recreation Cultural significance Shoreline protection


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Apakah kenaikan

temperature air lautmenyebabkan

zooxanthellae keluardari karang?


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Hasil penelitian dari Global Coral Reef ConservationProject

Karang mengeluarkan zooxanthellae padasuhu 27-28 oC lebih banyak dibandingkanpada suhu 32 oC

Keluarnya zooxanthellae tidak lebih dari 1%pengusiran zooxanthellae oleh karang

adalah hal normal dalam aktifitas fisiologikarang dan kaitan dengan pemutihan karang

sangat kurang relevan


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Perhatikanlah gambar berikut


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Yang dikeluarkan tidak banyak lalu apa yangterjadi?


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Teori bleaching Naiknya temperature

bukanlah penyebab utamableaching akan tetapiKARANG itu sendiri.

Karang seperti manusiamemiliki pengalaman panas

Selama merespon kenaikansuhu air laut karang akanmengeluarkan mucus yangberisi gula, protein danammonia.

Dan itu merupakan makananpokok bagi bakteri sehinggaada proses invasi bakterikekarang danmembahayakanzooxanthellae

Another theory underinvestigation is thatbleaching is triggered by adecline in the photosyntheticability of the zooxanthellae


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Impact bacteria in coral


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Apa yang terjadi pada karang setelah prosesbleaching?

Previously, it was believed thatcoral would not recover untilzooxanthellae returned from theseawater outside the coral, becausethere were almost no zooxanthellaeleft inside the bleached coral.

However, while coral looks white inhigh-temperature waters, severaltens of percent of zooxanthellaeactually live healthily.

Healthy corals typically consumenearly 80% of the organic matterproduced by the zooxanthellae. The

remaining 20% of this food is madeup of cyanobacteria, icroorganismsand plankton (both plant andanimal).

Research shows that corals underthese conditions consume bacteria(such as protein-rich varieties) andeither pico-sized (under 2 micron)or nano-sized (220 micron)plankton, which propagate even inhigh water temperatures. The

composition of this food supply isroughly 5060% cyanobacteria,30% other microbes and 10%diatoms

The corals use the mucus that theyexcrete to bind this food before

consuming it.


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l


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Kesimpulan


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Pengayaan


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TUGAS

JUMLAH HAL 1197

I01=

I02

I06

I07

I03

I04

I01 1-200

I02 201-400

I03 401-600I04 601-800

I05 801-1000

I06 1001-1197


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using satellitesea surfacetemperatureto predictcoral bleaching


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What satellites do we use?

NOAAs polar-orbiting POES satellites view most of the earths surface every day.

Animation from the COMET Program (http://www.comet.ucar.edu/)


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How do we measure the temperature ofthe ocean from 850km above the surface?

If you stand next to a fire, you can feel the heat on your skin.

Satellite uses this infrared radiation to feel how warm the ocean is.


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Sea Surface Temperature

updates available FOR FREE at:

coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite


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Is todays temperature above or below averagefor this location at this time of year?

Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly


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Bleaching Threshold Temp

Maximum monthly mean:

Average temperature for the warmest month

Bleaching Threshold:

One degree above Maximum Monthly Mean(MMM + 1C)

Varies with latitude and local conditions:

Gulf of Oman: 33.5Florida Keys: 30.3

Oahu, Hawaii: 28.0

Galapagos: 27.5


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Coral Bleaching HotSpots

Is todays temperature above the averagefor the warmest month?


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Degree Heating Weeks (DHW)

How much thermal stress has built upover the past three months?


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Degree Heating Weeks (DHW)

How much thermal stress has built upover the past three months?

Temperature and duration combined: C weeks

10 DHWs could be:

1 degree above MMM for 10 weeks

2 degrees above for 5 weeks

0.5 degrees above for 20 weeks


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Use of DHW to predictcoral bleaching

DHW = 0 No Thermal Stress

DHW >= 4 Thermal Stress leadingto significant bleaching

DHW >= 8 Thermal Stress leading

to wide spread bleachingand significant mortality


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Education Resources Online tutorial

Web pages: how we predict coral bleaching from satellite temperature data

Hands-on exercises Made for coral reef managers

Also appropriate for high-school students


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Education Resources Online tutorial

Coral Bleaching

Remote Sensing Sea Surface Temperature

Bleaching HotSpots

What can be done?

References

Online Resources


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Education Resources Lesson plans

Focused on satellite technology, coral biology, and coral reef conservation

Fun, hands-on science activities engage students in learning 4th - 6th grade students


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Education Resources Lesson plans

Remote Sensing & Electromagnetic Spectrum

Satellite Altimetry Phytoplankton and Ocean Color

Coral Reefs: Symbiosis and Anatomy

Temperature and Coral Bleaching

Coral Reef Conservation


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Education Resources

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/education/

For all of NOAAs coral reef education resources:

http://coralreef.noaa.gov/outreach/welcome.html


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1. coral bleaching

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