1 analysis methods for hadron colliders iii beate heinemann uc berkeley and lawrence berkeley...
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Analysis Methods for Hadron Colliders III
Beate Heinemann
UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
TRIUMF Summer Institute, Vancouver, July 2009
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Outline
• Lecture I: Measuring a cross section
• focus on acceptance
• Lecture II: Searching for a new particle
• focus on backgrounds
• Lecture III: Continuation on Lecture II (Higgs boson search) Measuring a property of a known particle
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The Higgs Boson
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Higgs Production: Tevatron and LHC
dominant: gg H, subdominant: HW, HZ, Hqq
LHCTevatron
(pb
)
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Higgs Boson Decay
• Depends on Mass
• MH<130 GeV/c2: bb dominant WW and subdominant small but useful
• MH>130 GeV/c2: WW dominant ZZ cleanest
_
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• Higgs mass reconstruction impossible due to two neutrinos in final state
• Make use of spin correlations to suppress WW background:
• Higgs is scalar: spin=0• leptons in H WW(*) l+l- are
collinear• Main background:
• WW production
H WW(*) l+l- _
HHμ+
νW-
W+
e-
ν
W-
W+
prel.
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• Event selection: 2 isolated e/:
• pT > 15, 10 GeV Missing ET >20 GeV Veto on
• Z resonance• Energetic jets
• Main backgrounds SM WW production Top Drell-Yan Fake leptons
• Plot everything under the sun to convince yourself you have the
background right
New result!HWW(*)l+l- (l=e,
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Jets faking Electrons• Jets can pass electron ID cuts,
Mostly due to • early showering charged pions• Conversions:0ee+X• Semileptonic b-decays
Difficult to model in MC• Hard fragmentation• Detailed simulation of calorimeter and
tracking volume
• Measured in inclusive jet data at various ET thresholds Prompt electron content negligible:
• Njet~10 billion at 50 GeV! Fake rate per jet:
Typical uncertainties 50%
Fak
e R
ate
(%)CDF ATLAS
Loose cuts 5x10-4 5x10-3
Tight cuts 1x10-4 1x10-5
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Plot Everything Under the Sun..
• Validates the background prediction Very often these plots “don’t work” since there is some problem Now plug all into sophisticated techniques!
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Data agree well with background hypothesisS/B ~0.3 at high NN values
NN Output
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Higgs Cross Section Limit
• 160 < mH < 170 GeV excluded at 95% C.L. • Note that the limit is ~1 better than expected
• For mH=120 GeV: limit /SM = 2.8
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Early Higgs Signals at LHCHWW* (mH=170 GeV)
ATLAS
LHC has about 4 times better signal / background than Tevatron
CMS
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LHC SM Higgs Discovery Potential
5σ
• 5 discovery over full mass range with ~20 fb-1
Most challenging at low mass
• 95% exclusion over full mass range with ~4 fb-1
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Conclusions on Searches
• Background estimate most crucial aspect for searches
• LHC has an amazing discovery potential Supersymmetry already with ~100 pb-1
• Also other high mass particles, e.g.• Z’, Extra Dimensions, 4th generation quarks, …
Higgs boson: 1-10 fb-1
• Let’s hope that many exciting things will be found!!!
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Measuring Properties of Particles
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The W± Boson Mass
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W Boson mass
• Real precision measurement: LEP: MW=80.367±0.033 GeV/c2
Precision: 0.04%• => Very challenging!
• Main measurement ingredients: Lepton pT
Hadronic recoil parallel to lepton: u||
• Zll superb calibration sample: but statistically limited:
• About a factor 10 less Z’s than W’s
• Most systematic uncertainties are related to size of Z sample
Will scale with 1/√NZ (=1/√L)
See arXiv:0708.3642
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How to Extract the W Boson Mass
• Uses “Template Method”: Templates created from
MC simulation for different mW
Fit to determine which template fits best
Minimal 2 W mass!
• Transverse mass of lepton and Met
mW=80.4 GeV+1.6 GeV- 1.6 GeV
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How to Extract the W Boson Mass
• Alternatively can fit to Lepton pT or missing ET
• Sensitivity different to different systematics Very powerful checks in this analysis:
• Electrons vs muons• Z mass• mT vs pT vs MET fits
The redundancy is the strength of this difficult high precision analysis
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Lepton Momentum Scale• Momentum scale:
Cosmic ray data used for detailed cell-by-cell calibration of CDF drift chamber
E/p of e+ and e- used to make further small corrections to p measurement
Peak position of overall E/p used to set electron energy scale
• Tail sensitive to passive material
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Momentum/Energy Scale and Resolution
• Systematic uncertainty on momentum scale: 0.04%
Z
Zee
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Hadronic Recoil Model
• Hadronic recoil modeling Tune data based on Z’s Check on W’s
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Systematic Uncertainties
• Overall uncertainty 60 MeV for both analyses Careful treatment of correlations between them
• Dominated by stat. error (50 MeV) vs syst. (33 MeV)
Limited by data statistics
Limited by data and theoreticalunderstanding
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W Boson Mass Result
New World average: MW=80399 ± 23 MeV Ultimate Run 2 precision: ~15-20 MeV
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MW, mtop and mHiggs
• Indirectly: mH<163 GeV@95%CL
(caveat: is the measured top mass the pole mass?)
• Directly: 114<mH<160 GeV or mH>170 GeV @95%CL
(This all assumes that there is no new physics beyond the SM)
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Measuring Properties of Supersymmetric Particles
(in case they exist)
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Spectacular SUSY Events (?)
• Long cascade decays via several SUSY particles In classic models quite possible
• Would be a wonderful experimental challenge!
But of course very possible also that it does not happen
• If Nature is like this: Need to try to reconstruct
masses of all those particles
• Main method: Measure “edges”
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Spectacular SUSY Events (?) • Long cascade decays via
several SUSY particles, e.g.
In classic models quite possible• Would be a wonderful
experimental challenge! But of course very possible also
that it does not happen
• If Nature is like this: Need to try to reconstruct
masses of all those particles
• Main method: Measure “edges”
Only for opposite signsame-flavor (OSDF)leptons
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Dilepton Edge Fit
• Background from different flavors subtracted Removes random SUSY backgrounds, top backgrounds,..
• Fit for dilepton edge With many such edges one can maybe get a beginning of an understanding
what is happening! Different models look differently
∑e+e-++--e+--+e-
SU3 SU1
ATLAS
1 fb-1
ATLAS
18 fb-1
See arXiv:0901.0512
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How well does this work?
• Works reasonably well…
• Can even try to extract high-level theory parameters
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SUSY Parameters at GUT scale!?!
• Depends if we understand our model well enough
• Personally I am very skeptical that we can do this But would be great to have
that problem!
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Conclusions on Measuring Properties
• Several methods of extracting property of particle Template method is widely used Matrix Element technique extracts more information For known shapes simple fits can also be done
• Examples: W boson mass (precision ~0.06%) Top quark mass (precision ~0.7%) SUSY particles masses (precision ~unknown)
• Critical to understand detector calibration Utilize known resonances
• I hope we will be able to measure properties of many new particles
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Concluding RemarksData are very precious
• Treat them with the highest respect• Try to not jump to conclusions too fast
Data analysis is like detective work
• Try to use all you can to understand them Redundancy of detector
• tracker vs calorimeter etc. Complementary physics processes
• W’s vs Z’s etc. Monte Carlo tools and theoretical calculations
• Above all: use your brain and your judgment
This was my very personal view on the key issues of data analysis
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Thanks,
and lot’s of fun and luck for your analyses
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LHC Expectations: W mass
• Expect uncertainty of 150-250 MeV with 15 pb-1
Ultimately expected to improve upon Tevatron precision when detector well understood…
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See arXiv:0901.0512
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Measuring an Asymmetry
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Asymmetries
• Many important asymmetries have been measured, e.g. Forward-backward asymmetry in Z’s: AFB
• sensitive to photon/Z interference and new physics
W+/W- charge asymmetry:• Sensitive to parton distribution functions
B meson decay asymmetries• Sensitive to matter/anti-matter differences
…
• Experimental advantage: Many systematic uncertainties (partially) cancel
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W Boson Charge Asymmetry: LHC
• W charge asymmetry arises due to more up-quarks compared to down-quarks in proton N(W+)/N(W-)≈1.5
• For √s=10 TeV
Depends on |η| Sensitive to
ratios of u and d-quarks densities
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See EWK-09-003 and EWK-08-002 athttps://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/CMS/PhysicsResults
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Event Selection
• Note: Different efficiencies for W+ and W- events (~10%) Due to different kinematic acceptance
• pT and η cuts
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Backgrounds
• Background will generally have different charge asymmetry than signal
• Typical background: ~10% Need to determine
asymmetry for backgrounds
• Define orthogonal unbiased selection to e.g. measure it for QCD jet background
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QCD Background
• E.g. use region of poor isolation and low MET to develop background model E.g. z>0.05 and Met<20 GeV
• Measure asymmetry for those events Vary method to assess systematics
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W->μν QCD jets
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From Counting Events to A(η)
• Note: Need to know efficiencies as function of η Neglected charge misidentification here 42
We measure: (after background subtraction)
Related to cross section:
Finally we get:
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Cross Section vs η
• Precision as expected for 10 pb-1 of LHC data
• Experimental errors comparable to theory uncertainties
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Systematic Uncertainties
• Examples from similar measurement of CDF
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In general similar to cross sectionMeasurement• beware that not everything cancels• currently D0 and CDF disagree
See http://www-cdf.fnal.gov/physics/ewk/2007/WChargeAsym/W_Charge_Asymmetry.html
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The Top Quark Mass
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Top Mass Measurement: tt(bl)(bqq)
• 4 jets, 1 lepton and missing ET Which jet belongs to what? Combinatorics!
• B-tagging helps: 2 b-tags =>2 combinations 1 b-tag => 6 combinations 0 b-tags =>12 combinations
• Two Strategies: Template method:
• Uses “best” combination• Chi2 fit requires m(t)=m(t)
Matrix Element method:• Uses all combinations• Assign probability depending on
kinematic consistency with top
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Top Mass Determination• Inputs:
Jet 4-vectors Lepton 4-vector Remaining transverse
energy, pT,UE:• pT,=-(pT,l+pT,UE+∑pT,jet)
• Constraints: M(lv)=MW
M(qq)=MW
M(t)=M(t)
• Unknown: Neutrino pz
• 1 unknown, 3 constraints: Overconstrained Can measure M(t) for each
event: mtreco
_
_
Selecting correct combination20-50% of the time
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• Additionally, use Wjj mass resonance (Mjj) to measure the jet energy scale (JES) uncertainty
In-situ Measurement of JES
Mjj
Measurement of JES scales directly with data statistics
2D fit of the invariant mass of the non-b-jetsand the top mass:
JES M(jj)- 80.4 GeV/c2
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Top Mass Templates
• Fit to those templates for Top mass Jet Energy Scale
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Measurement of JES at LHC
• Large top samples Clean W mass peak
• Allow measurement of JES as function of Jet Energy
• Can achieve 1% precision with 10 fb-1
1 fb-1
10 fb-1
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Template Analysis Results on mtop
• Using 344 lepton+jets and 144 dilepton candidate events in 1.9 fb-1
• Using in-situ JES calibration results in factor four improvement on JES
mtop = 171.9 ± 1.7 (stat.+JES) ± 1.0 = 171.6 ± 2.0 GeV/c2
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“Matrix Element Method”• Construct probability density function as function of mtop for
each event• Multiply those probabilities of all events
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Check you get the right answer
• Run “Pseudo-Experiments” on Monte Carlo to see if you get out the mass that was put in Pretend MC is data and run analysis on it N times
• Non-trivial cross check given the complexity of the method If not: derive “calibration curve” from slope and offset
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Matrix Element Top Mass Results
DØ: 2.2 fb-1 CDF: 2.9 fb-1
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Combining Mtop Results
• Excellent results in each channel Dilepton Lepton+jets All-hadronic
• Combine them to improve precision Include Run-I results Account for correlations
• Uncertainty: 1.2 GeV Dominated by systematic
uncertainties
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LHC Perspectives
• Precisions similar/better to Tevatron when detector understood with ~100 pb-1
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