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2009. 10.12Climate Change Technology Research Division

Jong-Nam KIM, Ph.D., Director

2009 APEC Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy Seminar

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Coal Imports in KoreaCoal Imports in Korea

Annual Coal Import: 85 million ton (2009): 2nd largest in the world(Thou. Ton)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Import 75,080 78,752 81,683 85,583 93,361

Power Generation 45,512 47,940 49,967 52,967 59,853

Iron and Steel 20,838 21,810 22,444 23,076 23,708

Cement 6,350 6,609 6,868 7,122 7,372

Others 2,380 2,393 2,406 2,418 2,428

Coal Price (September, 2009) Thermal Coal: $73 (CIF Korea)Coking Coal: $120 (CIF Kor3a)

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1 CCT R&D KIER

1.1 Coal Gasification1.2 Coal to Liquids1.3 Upgrading Low Rank Coal 1.4 Coal Drying Technology for Coking Coal1.5 Ash-Free Coal

ContentsContents

2 CCS R&D KIER

2.1 Absorption by aqueous ammonia

2.2 Amine based absorption

2.3 Absorption by reaction promoted K2CO3 solution

2.4 Fluidized bed adsorption using dry sorbent

2.5 Membrane

2.6 Oxy-fuel combustion

2.7 Chemical looping combustion

2.8 Pre-combustion capture

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1.1 Coal Gasification1.1 Coal Gasification

Coal Gasifier(1 ton coal/day)Coal Gasifier

(1 ton coal/day) 10 ton/dayCoal Gasifier10 ton/day

Coal Gasifier

Height: 7 m

Diameter: 1.3mBeing scaled-up

10 years Experience

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1.1 Fluidized bed Coal Gasification: Overall 1.1 Fluidized bed Coal Gasification: Overall

Grinding Coal Drying

Flash + Cyclone Dryer Fluidized bed GasifierLignite mining

Moisture 35% Moisture 7%

Gasifier

Grinding

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1.1 Fluidized bed Coal Gasification: Gasifier1.1 Fluidized bed Coal Gasification: Gasifier

Air : O2, CO2, N2

O2 : O2, CO2

CO2, H2, CO, H2O

Air

O2/CO2

Coal

O2/STM

Partitioned Fluidized Bed Coal Gasification: 1.0tpd BSU Gasification Unit (2009)

Lab. scale fluidized bed reactor

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1.2 Coal to Liquids (CTL) 1.2 Coal to Liquids (CTL)

0.1 barrel/day unit

Indirect coal liquefaction

Coal GasifierCoal gas cleaning(CO+H2)

F-Tsynthesis

Productupgrading

DieselGasoline

OxygenSteam

15 barrel/day unit(under construction)

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1.2 Coal to Liquids (CTL) 1.2 Coal to Liquids (CTL)

KIER Fe liquefaction catalyst

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

0

20

40

60

80

100

Commercial

KIER Bench Mark

CO

Convers

ion [

%]

Time [hr]

n Synfuel yield : 0.23 g/g(cat)-h (0.01 bbl/day facility)

– world best

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1.3 Upgrading Low Rank Coal1.3 Upgrading Low Rank Coal

Fluidized bed dryerLow Rank Coal: moisture >30%, calorific value <4,500kcal/kg Target: moisture <10%, calorific value >6,000kcal/kgConceptual design for a 500tpd unit

••Design and construction of a Design and construction of a Commercial 500 ton/day unitCommercial 500 ton/day unit

50kg/hr lab. Scale coal drying system

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1.4 Coal Drying Technology for Coking Coal1.4 Coal Drying Technology for Coking Coal

• Moisture 10 → 2%• Conceptual design for a 20ton/day unit

• Drying and sizing in one unit• Multi stage operation with trouble free operation

• A 0.5ton/d test unit

Contractor : POSCO

Conceptual design of fluidized bed coking coal dryer (KIER)

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1.5 Ash-free coal1.5 Ash-free coal

0.1ton/day BSU (solvent extraction)

200g/batch → 0.1ton/day (continuous, 2009)

Application1) Fuel for power plant and gas turbine2) Cokes binder3) Capacitor4) DCFC: Direct Carbon Fuel Cell5) IGFC: Integrated gasification Fuel Cell

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• Post-combustion capture2.1 Absorption by aqueous ammonia 2.2 Amine based absorption 2.3 Absorption by reaction promoted K2CO3 solution2.4 Fluidized bed adsorption using dry sorbent2.5 Membrane

• Oxy-fuel combustion2.6 CO2 Recycle2.7 Chemical Looping Combustion

• Pre-combustion capture

2. CO2 Capture Technology2. CO2. CO22 Capture TechnologyCapture Technology

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CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS)CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS)

Capture Transport StorageSupercritical CO2

110 bar

Saline aquifers,Enhanced Oil RecoveryPower plant, Iron & Steel,

Cement, Petrochemical Ind.

1,000MW, 20,000 t-CO2/dayWe have to develop the cheapest CO2 capture process producing supercritical CO2.

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Pin Pout

Compression energy of CO2

72 bar at 30oC

Pin → P(liquefaction) → P (s.c. 110 bar)

Compression Energy for CCS

00.020.040.060.080.1

0.120.140.160.180.2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

P (bar)

Energ

y (

kW

h/k

g C

O2)

Fixed Pin = 1 bar

Fixed Pout = 72 bar

52% saving

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2.1 Absorption by aqueous ammonia

Feed: 100 Nm3/h coal power plant flue gas

Absorption: 25oC, Regeneration: 80oC~120oCProduct > 99.9 vol% CO2Recovery : 90 % Energy consumption < 800 kcal/kg CO2Pressure of product CO2 > 6.5 bar

Future plan: 2,000 Nm3/h pilot plant by 2012

(NH4)2CO3 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O ↔ 2NH4HCO3 (aq)

flue gas

treatedgas

CO2

Lean soln.Rich soln.

~80oC~25oCflue gas

treatedgas

CO2

Lean soln.Rich soln.

~80oC~25oC

Time [min]

80 120 160 200 240

Tra

ns

fer

ca

pa

cit

y [

g-C

O2/g

-so

ln.]

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

Flue gas flow rate: 70 Nm3/h Flue gas conc. : 15.95%Abs. flow rate: 3.8~4.5 L/minWater circ. rate: 2.7 L/min

Abs temp: 19 oC

Transfer Capa. ~ 0.08 g/g

Time [min]

80 120 160 200 240

CO

2 P

rod

uc

t A

bs

. P

ress

. [b

ar]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Flue gas flow rate: 70 Nm3/h Flue gas conc. : 15.95%Abs. flow rate: 3.8~4.5 L/minWater circ. rate: 2.7 L/min

Abs temp: 19oC

Product CO2 press. ~ 6.5 barabs

Time [min]

100 150 200 250 300

CO

2 R

em

oval effic

ien

cy [%

]

0

20

40

60

80

100

Flue gas flow rate: 100 Nm3/h

Flue gas conc. 11.80%Abs. flow rate: 7 L/minWater circ. rate: 2.7 L/minAbs temp: 19

oC

Removal Eff. > 90 %

Flue gas: 100Nm3/h

High pressure regeneration (Regen. T.: 123oC)Ambient pressure regeneration(Regen. T: 80oC)

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2.2 Amine-based absorption

Pilot plant

Flue gas flow rate ; max. 1,000 Nm3/hr(CO2 Recovery rate ; 5.0 ton-CO2/day)

Screen test for multi-functional absorbents in alkanol amine systemAmino acid series, Hindered amine series, cyclic amine series, and etc. Over 20 new candidates were tested for screening against existing absorbents (MEA,

AMP, etc.). Until now, KIER-C3 shows the best performance as a multi-functional absorbent.

CO2 Loading Ratio [ mole-CO2 / mole-Absorbent ]

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

CO

2 P

arti

al P

ress

ure

[ kP

a ]

0

100

200

300

400KIER-C3(14%)

KIER-C3

KIER-H2

AMP

MEA

Temperature : 50 oCConcentration : 20 wt%

SO2 Loading Ratio [ mole-SO2 / mole-Absorbent ]

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

SO

2 P

arti

al P

ress

ure

[ kP

a ]

0

100

200

300

400

KIER-C3

KIER-H1

KIER-H2

MEA

AMP

Temperature : 50 oC

Concentration : 20 wt%

36.900 (20wt.%)1.68860.87604.047AMP

1.20300.83895.160MDEA

23.487 (20wt.%)1.75503.08952.853KIER-C3

61.14 (5 wt.%)

Anti-Corrosion

(×10-3 mmpy)

0.8264

CO2

loading (CO2 mol/Amine mol)

1.4407

Abs. rate

(k1/2/M)

4.140MEA

pKbMaterials

CO2 SO2

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Flue gas 10 Nm3/h

Solution: K2CO3/additiveAdditive: increase of ionization rate of CO2 into solution

Energy ~ 600 kcal/kg CO2

Transfer capacity: 0.5-0.65 mol CO2/mol absorbent

Absorption: 60oC, Regeneration: 120oC

K2CO3(aq) + CO2 + H2O Û 2KHCO3(aq)

Future plan: 350 Nm3/h pilot plant by 2012

2.3 Absorption by K2CO3 solution

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K2CO3(S) + CO2 + H2O Û 2KHCO3(S)

Feed: 100 Nm3/h

coal power plant flue gas

Adsorption: 70oC,

Regeneration: 150oC

Product > 99 vol% CO2

Recovery > 80 %

Future plan:

2,000 Nm3/h pilot plant by 2011

2.4 Fluidized bed adsorption using dry sorbent2.4 Fluidized bed adsorption using dry sorbent

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2.5 CO2 Membrane & Process

Single-channel Zeolite Membrane (L 100cm)

CO2/N2 [selectivity 50, permeability 8x10-7 mol/m2sPa

- Shell & Tube Type Membrane Module (10Nm3/h)

- Lab.-scaled Membrane Separation

System

Future plan (present ~ 2012)

- Multi-channel Zeolite Membrane (2009)

- Monolithic Zeolite Membrane (2010)

- 100 Nm3/h pilot plant (2012)

[10Nm3/h System]

[10Nm3/h Module]

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2.6 Oxy-fuel Combustion

CO2 capture tech. of combustion process by

the elimination of atmospheric nitrogen

CO2 recycle used for the control of

extra-high temperature of pure oxygen flame

Major applications:

Coal-fired power plant, Steel industry

KIER’s results:

Oxy-coal(PC) burner development (0.1MW-class)

CO2 capture: purity>95vol% (max. 98%), 3.2TonCO2/day

NOx emission < 60 mg/MJ

Future plan of KIER’s project

Oxy-coal boiler development

CO2 capture demonstration in oxy-coal boiler

by 2012 (0.5MW, 16TonCO2/day)

KIER’s oxy-coal combustion facility

KIER’s oxy-coal swirl burner:primary oxygendirect injectionthrough multi-nozzle

Fuel

N2

Air

Oxygen

O2

CO2

CO2

H2OHeatEx.

Condenser

Fossil fuel + oxygen → CO2 + H2O

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50kW chemical looping combustor

2.7 Chemical-Looping Combustor

• Continuous operation of 50kWth CLC

• CH4 conversion >99.7%

• CO2 purity >98 vol%

• NOx < 10 ppm

• Expected power generation efficiency: 53%

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2.8 Pre-combustion capture

• IGCC with CCS

• CO2 capture cost $10/tCO2

• Commercialization: 2030

Pre-combustion captureH2 membrane

Membrane reactor for WGS rx

CO2 storage

H2

power generation

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Development Schedule

2009 2012

Demonstration (20~30MW)

Commercialization

(100~1000 MW)

CCS application for New power plant

20502020

Bench scale

0.03MW post-comb. capture

0.1MW oxy-fuel burner

Pilot plant

1 MW post-comb. capture

0.5 MW oxy-fuel boiler

2017

CCS for EOR

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Thank you for your attention