chromatography and mass spectrometry. No large differences in the emissions from pellets from different manufacturers were observed. The major primary semi-volatile compounds released during flaming burning were 2-methoxyphenols from lignin. The methoxyphenols are of interest due to their antioxidant effect, which may counteract health hazards of aromatic hydrocarbons. Glowing combustion released the carcinogenic benzene as the predominant aromatic compound. However, the benzene emissions were lower than from flaming burning. To relate the results from the laboratory burnings to emissions from pellet burners and pellet stoves, chimney emissions were determined for different burning equipments. The pellet burner emitted benzene as the major aromatic compound, whereas the stove and boiler emitted phenolic antioxidants together with benzene. As the demand for pellets increases, different biomass wastes will be considered as raw materials. Ecological aspects and pollution hazards indicate that wood pellets should be used primarily for residential heating, whereas controlled large-scale combustion should be pre- ferred for pellets made of most other types of biomass waste.

05/01276 Energy and environment of residential buildings in China. Some significant environmental issues in high-rise residential building design in urban areas Niu, J. Energy and Buildings, 2004, 36, (12), 1259-1263. In most of the major cities in Asian countries, residential buildings are characterized by being high rise and high density. Under these circumstances, achieving a comfortable and healthy indoor environ- ment with minimized energy consumption becomes a very challenging engineering and societal issue. While the wide use of air-conditioning helped to improve thermal comfort, health problems associated with poor indoor air qualities have appeared more frequently. The increased energy consumption is also a great concern in view of its impact on the energy economics of the region. Drawn from some of the onsite measurements and survey, and also the author 's personal observation, some of the key issues are discussed in this paper.

05/01277 Ethical networks or networking ethics: a qualitative case study Lindfelt, L.-L. Progress in Industrial Ecology - An International Journal, 2004, 1, (4), 411-431. In recent years there has been a discernible increase in the use of principles centred on corporate social responsibility and/or ethics in the business market. However, there exists some confusion regarding why this is carried out and the actual value of proclaiming the sustainability of a company. It is anticipated that firms strategically position themselves both in the marketplace and among their stakeholders by the official writing down and marketing of such principles in a code. The use of ethics codes within an industrial Finnish business network is investigated.

05•01278 Flows of nitrogen and phosphorus in Finland-the forest industry and use of wood fuels Antikainen, R. et al. Journal o f Cleaner Production, 2004, 12, (8 10), 919 934. In this paper, the authors present the flows of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Finnish forest industry and wood fuel consumption in 1995-1999. The input of nitrogen in wood to the industry was 27300 tonnes per year and the input of phosphorus 3180 tonnes per year, on average. Despite the small amount of bark compared to wood material, the nutrient richness of the bark makes it an important factor for the flows. Furthermore, the chemicals used in the forest industrial processes play an important role: total input of N in various chemicals was approximately 19100 tonnes and that of P 4500 tonnes, respectively. Although the Finnish forest industry has several features typical for industrial ecosystems, it can be argued that it constitutes an open cycle of nitrogen and phosphorus.

05•01279 Impact of modern deepwater drilling and testing fluids on geochemical evaluations Wenger, L. M. et al. Organic Geochemistry, 2004, 35, ( l l 12), 1527 1536. Evaluation of petroleum-fluid properties, hydrocarbon shows, and source-rock characteristics requires new tools to properly recognize and correct for drilling and test-induced contamination, which is increasingly common in modern deepwater field operations. Oil exploration, development, and now production, are more frequently conducted in deeper-water environments where the challenges faced by drilling and operations can severely impact the evaluation of oil and rock geochemistry and fluid properties. Poorly consolidated sediments, swelling clay minerals, and responses to evolving environmental regulations regarding offshore disposal of drill cuttings have resulted in the widespread use of enhanced mineral oil or synthetic-based muds. Also, water-based drilling fluids used in some deepwater operations contain additives that may impact fluid and rock geochemistry. For example, asphalt-based shale stabilizers are added to aid well-bore competency and prevent sticking drill pipe, and polyalkylated glycols

15 Environment (pollution, health protection, safety)

are added to depress freezing temperatures and prevent the formation of gas hydrates in the drilling mud. Because these and other additives are often a significant component of water-based muds, they may affect the geochemical signature of fluids and rocks and alter fluid properties. Highly saline brines are another important source of contamination as they are used in completion fluids, water-wet muds, and are emulsified in oil-wet muds. Brine components impact metal contents of petroleum-fluid tests and complicate the determination of formation- water compositions. Despite potential problems introduced by these additives, successful strategies can be devised to accurately access key geochemical and engineering parameters.

05/01280 Indoor air environment of residential buildings in Dalian, China Zhao, Y. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2004, 36, (12), 1235-1239. In recent years, more and more people have started to recognize the importance of indoor air environment. In order to obtain the comprehensive knowledge about the indoor environment situation and find out the main source of indoor air pollution, 550 residents living in different buildings/apartments were subjected to a question- naire survey and field measurements were conducted in 30 of these buildings/apartments in Dalian from January to February 2002. From the questionnaire survey and field measurements, it was found that many residential buildings had good outdoor surroundings. Dust and automobile emissions are main sources of outdoor air pollution. Though air tightness of these buildings is fairly good, outdoor air quality still has great impact on indoor air environment. The most serious indoor air pollutant is formaldehyde which is mainly caused by decoration.

05/01281 Induced innovations and climate change policy Jakeman, G. et aI. Energy Economics, 2004, 26, (6), 937-960. This paper assesses the potential macroeeonomic impacts of the Kyoto Protocol, given the recent negotiated developments. In addition, given the attempts in the literature to model endogenous technical change in general equilibrium models, a new methodology for incorporating the induced innovations hypothesis into a general equilibrium model is described and implemented. In line with previous work, it is found that incorporation of the hypothesis reduces abatement costs.

05/01282 Industry lobbying and the political economy of GHG trade in the European Union Markussen, P. and Svendsen, G. T. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (2), 245- 255. The European Union (EU) has committed itself to meet an 8% greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target level following the Kyoto agreement. In September 2003 the EU member states agreed on the Directive for establishing a scheme for GHG emission allowance trading within the European Union. This directive is the outcome of a policy process started by the EU Commission and its Green Paper from March 2000. The main industrial stakeholders all had the opportunity to comment on the Green Paper and this paper analyses from their positions how far they are winners or losers compared to the final directive proposal. Comparing the initial Green Paper proposal (before lobbyism) to the final directive (after lobbyism) gave a unique possibility for measuring the effect of lobbyism. It was found that the dominant interest groups indeed influenced the final design of an EU GHG market. This industrial rent-seeking most prominently leads to a grand-fathered permit allocation rule like the one found in the US tradeable permit systems.

05/01283 Introduction and overview [to EMF 19 Alternative technology strategies for climate change policy] Weyant, J. P. Energy Economics, 2004, 26, (4), 501-515. This introductory paper gives the motivation for the EMF 19 study on technology and climate change policy, an overview of the design of the study, some aggregate model comparison results, and a brief introduc- tion to the rest of this volume. The description of the study design includes the models, regions, and scenarios included in the study. The model comparison results focus on aggregate projections of economic growth, energy use, carbon emissions, fuel choice, and carbon taxes required to control carbon emissions.

05/01284 Multi-agent-based anticipatory control for enhancing the safety and performance of Generation-IV nuclear power plants during long-term semi-autonomous operation Uhrig, R. E. and Tsoukalas, L. H. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2003, 43, (1 4), 113-120. The use of multi-agents and anticipatory control to improve the performance and safety of nuclear power plants is discussed. The propose program seeks to advance and test via simulation a new control approach for the long-term semiautonomous and economically competitive operation of Generation-IV nuclear power plants. The approach exploits a simple but potentially powerful idea: in order to

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