PROJECT WORK ON POULTRY PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

Submitted by – Sachin Sharma

Student of HICAST, 5th Semester

Section – B, Roll.no – 68

Submitted to – Dr Sunil Sapkota

- Department of Agriculture and

Veterinary science, HICAST

Table of contents

1……………………………………………… Acknowledgement

2………………………………………………Introduction

3………………………………………………Objectives

4……………………………………………...Main work

5………………………………………………Result and Discussion

6……………………………………………..Conclusion

7……………………………………………..References

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Dr Sunil Sapkota, who gave me the opportunity to conduct the project work on poultry production and management on Integrated Research Farm of HICAST, Badegaun Lalitpur. I would like to express my gratitude towards all of the HICAST members, my classmates and all those individuals who directly or indirectly helped me to conduct this project work. Their help means lot to me.

- Sachin Sharma

Introduction

Nepal is an Agricultural country where majority (about 80%) of people depends on Agriculture for their livelihood development. Agricultural sector contributes about 33.7% GDP in which 3.5% is contributed by poultry production. Poultry production is one of the fast growing sector in Nepal with two distinct patterns of poultry production; Intensive and scavenging. Scavenging sector is widely prevalent in the rural areas and nearly 45% of poultry production comprises of Native flock and 55% of poultry production comprises of Commercial poultry. Due to the growing high demand of meat and egg, in urban areas commercial poultry production is growing at the rate of nearly three times more in recent years. Poultry meat and egg have great nutritional importance. They are the cheap and important source of proteins, Vitamins, minerals and other trace elements for humans. However, there are some of constraints of poultry production such as new emerging Disease and Viruses, proper housing facility, lack of genetic improvement, low technical efficiency, Availability of feed etc, but there are still huge possibility or scope in poultry production to meet the growing demand for meat and egg and for the easy and efficient generation of income in Nepal. Commercially, there are two types of poultry production in Nepal; Broilers that are mainly reared for meat production purpose and Layers that are mainly reared for egg production purpose.

Factors that should be considered for Production and Management of poultry;

Housing system; - site selection -

~ There should be good drainage facility. Sandy loam is desired. The elevation should be higher

than surroundings. Surrounding should be safe, clean and peaceful.

~ The house should be such that the floor is well exposed to sunlight.

~ Protection from wind, predator, rain, hail etc.

~ Market and other infrastructures like road, electricity, water sources, school, and bank should

be near.

~ Availability of cheap labor.

Broilers need to be housed in a clean, moist free dry environment. The site for production is critical and it should be high and if possible, floor of pen should be at least 6 inch from above ground level. In case of deep litter poultry production system, floor requirement depends upon the type of poultry. For example, In case of commercial Broilers it should be 1 square feet/bird/chick (0.3-0.4 sq feet/chick). In case of Layers, it should be 1.5 square feet/bird/chick. In case of parents, floor should be 2 sq feet/bird.

Bedding material is an important as it keeps chicks warm in winter season and protects from high moisture, reduce the availability of toxic pathogens, Methane and ammonia. Bedding material can be Husk, sawdust, straw etc. Newspaper can be placed above the bedding material. Bedding material should be enough thick, in case of summer 2 inch thick bedding material is good. In case of winter it should be 3-4 inch in thickness.

Light management and ventilation for better air circulation is critical factors for better productivity. Suffocating environment inside poultry house isn’t desirable and ventilation should be two way for better allowance and passage of air. Similarly, there should be sufficient sunlight should be present for better development of checks and to check the growth of moulds. The ratio of light from poorly lighted corner to brightly lighted corner shouldn’t be more than 1:3.

Brooding – Brooding is the process of management of chicks till the age of 28 day. Normally it takes 5 month to mature a hen to be able to give egg and takes 24 hours to give egg. There are two types of heat management practices; Open house and close house. In open house, air circulation is largely free and unimpeded. While in close house which is mainly practiced for large number of poultry or high intensities, in which system equipped with ventilation system sufficient air exchange takes place and accelerated air movement over the bird’s bodies. The normal temperature of poultry house should be 107 degree F. The general required temperatures are given as follows;

Day old Temperature

0-7 95 F

8-14 90 F

15-21 85 F

22-28 80 F

Before arriving of chicks, cleaning and disinfecting of poultry house, Spreading of litter materials and newspaper. Form a circle of about 5 feet diameter with brooder gourd which can hold about 200 to 250 chicks. Heat source, feeder and waterer should be arranged inside brooder gourd. First and second day of arrival of chicks, provide electrolytes and vitamins in drinking water to overcome stress. 24 hrs lightening program can be adopted during 0-8 days of age.

Feederer and waterer should be provided 1/50 chicks and it should be increased in summer season. Electric bulb should be provided for light as well as brooding management. 60 watt bulbs suspended 6 inch above the floor are generally provided for 200-250 chicks for brooding

mgmt at initial period. The minimum floor space requirement for brooder house should be 3-4 inch/chick. However, not more than 500 chick should be place under one brooder.

Feeding management;

Feeding system in poultry is generally two types; Mash feeding and Pellet feeding. Mash feed is less processed chicken food, not ground all up and spit out of some machines into little pellet, usually produced by local mills. Uniform size of particles of mash feed is essential (710 milli microns). It’s usually preferred by adult birds, because they prefer large amount of feed and their digestive system quickly ingest it.

Pellet feed is a type of feed in which the mash feed is converted into dense, free flowing pellets or capsules, in a process that involves moisture and heat injection and mechanical pressure. Normally, they are cooked and made into small pieces. Pellet feed can be beneficial for small chicks as they provide higher feed density, no feed ingredient separation, improved growth and feed conversion ratio. Generally, maize is widely used as poultry feed. However, the moisture percentage more than 11% in maize feed shouldn’t be given to poultry.

Normally, 1 kg feed and 2 liter water is given in winter season and 1 kg feed and 2.3-2.5 liter water in summer season. Poultry requires 2800-3200 kcal energy depending upon Age, Growth and Development.

The crude protein required in feed for poultry on the basis of its growth stage as follows –

Feed CP required

Pre-starter (1 to 10 days old chick) 22%

Starter (11-27 days old chick) 21-22%

Grower (28-38 days old chick) 21%

Finisher (38 days above) 20%

-The Broiler Breed Cobb-500, in Average can attain following weight –

In 20 days 500 gram

In 30 days 1 kg

In 40 days 2 kg

Between 40-45 days 2.5 kg, in general.

Feeder - Generally two types of poultry feeder is used; Linear/Longitudinal and Tube/Circular feeder. Four feeder are usually provided for 200-250 chicks up to 7 days of age, and additional feeder (3-4/100 birds) are provided. In case of farm under deep litter system, feeder space requirements is 1 inch per bird for 0-4 weeks 2-2.5 inch per bird for 3-6 weeks.

Waterer - Different types of waterer are is use viz., plate and jar, water bawl, linear or channel type, Deep water pan with guard grill, pipeline with nipples etc. 4 waterer are usually provided for 250-300 chicks up to 7 days of age, and then additional waterer (3-4/100 birds) is provided.

Waterer space requirements is 1 inch per bird for 0-4 weeks old and 2 inch per bird for 5 weeks onward. 4 baby check drinkers are sufficient for 250-300 chicks.

Feed stuffs - Generally, 10-15 feed ingredients are mixed together to prepare commercial feed stuffs. Poultry feed ingredients can be classified as, Energy rich, Protein rich, Vitamins and minerals rich, non nutritive feed additives. Energy rich feed ingredients are maize grain, jowar grain, millets, oats, wheat, wheat barn, broken rice, rice bran, molasses etc. Protein rich feed ingredients can be further classified as Vegetable and Animal protein source. For example, Ground nut cake, oil seed cake, cotton seed cake, soybean cake etc are from vegetables and fish meal, meat meal, blood meal etc are common animal protein sources.

Common mineral sources are common salt, oyster shell (37.4% ca), limestone, bone meal, dicalcium phosphate etc. Feed additives in the presence of small amount in feed, lead to increase in the nutrient quality of feed. They are, Antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline etc), coccidiostat, antioxidant ( vit E), antifungals, anti stress, enzymes etc.

Feed requirement for layer chicken

Total feed requirement is 47.5 kg/bird up to 72 weeks.

Chick feed (0-8 weeks) - 2 kg. Grower feed (9-20 weeks) – 5.5 kg. Layer feed (21-72 weeks) – 40 kg @ 10 g/bird/day.

Feed requirement for Broiler chicken

Total feed requirement up to 6 weeks of Age is 3.8 kg/bird. Approximate weekly feed requirement for broiler chicken is given as follows –

Age in week Feed consumption in gram

1 1502 300

3 5004 8505 9506 1050

Total in 6 weeks 3800

Broiler starter feed (0-4 weeks) – 1.8 kg and Broiler finisher feed (5-6 weeks) – 2 kg.

Health management; Diseases and viruses are the serious problem in poultry production. Early diagnosis of disease and line of treatment are very difficult in case of poultry as in many cases symptoms are overlapping. Various aspects of prevention and control of poultry diseases are as follows –

~ Cleaning and disinfection of surrounding areas, poultry shed, equipments etc is essential. Poultry house should be cleaned daily. Poultry equipments such as feeder, waterer, electric bulbs should be frequently cleaned. Disinfection of poultry house and equipments on periodical basis. Different types of disinfectants used, are phenyl, lime, formalin, copper sulfate, potassium permanganate, caustic soda etc.

5% phenyl solution, to wash floor and dip the shoe. 4-7 kg of lime for disinfect floor, litter and carcass. 40 % solution of formaldehyde gas as a fumigant for brooder and hatchery along with potassium permanganate. 20 % bleaching powder solution for disinfecting equipments and floor. 2 % caustic soda solution for feeder, waterer, metallic fittings, brooder floor disinfection, etc can be used for clean and disinfect in poultry house.

~ Adequate floor space, good ventilation facility, good management of Relative humidity and temperature inside poultry house etc are essential component of poultry house. Bedding materials should be regularly checked and wet, dirty litters should be removed frequently. The infrastructure construction of poultry house should be eco friendly to that area.

~ Poultry birds should be properly fed as per based on age, type, and production of birds. Nutrient requirement on different stages should be fulfilled and feeding ingredients should have sufficient nutrients to provide their body requirements. Nutritional diseases due to lack of nutrition such as vitamins and minerals are critical. So that, feed should contain all essential nutrients and feed should be free from other microbial contamination such as salmonella, Mycoplasma, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus, etc. Feed stuffs shouldn’t be stored more than one and half month especially when there is high humidity to prevent it from fungal growth. Feed

ingredients may have toxic substances included such as, gossypol, trypsin inhibitor, alfatoxin etc so that feed should be tested or evaluated before giving to birds.

~ poultry birds are very sensitive. Any kind of shock and stress may result in death, such as lightening sound, loud horn of vehicles etc. so that selection of site is very important. Furthermore, overcrowding, improper debeaking, sudden change in feed, irregular feeding schedule, improper handling etc should be avoided.

~ There should be provision of disposal of dead birds, waste of poultry house, dressing waste, hatchery waste to prevent spread of disease. Foot bath with disinfectants should be available before entering and exit in poultry house for visitors, in order to prevent introduction of harmful organisms for both poultry and humans.

Vaccination Vaccine is the protective and preventive biological product which contains processed organism of same disease, capable of producing disease in mild form producing antibodies to set up immunity against disease.

The main purposes of vaccination is to protect the bird from deadly diseases that have no

effective treatment, To prevent epidemics of highly fetal diseases in poultry those are difficult

to diagnose, To minimize risk by producing immunity in time to prevent outbreaks and to

prevent heavy losses in the form of high morbidity, mortality and lowered productive

performance by building up resistance in birds.

On the basis of status of organism in vaccine, they are of 3 types; live, Attenuated and

killed/inactivated vaccine. On the basis of route or method of administration, vaccines are 8

types; Intraocular (I/0), Intranasal (I/N), Subcutaneous (S/C), Intradermal (I/D), cloacal,

Drinking water and Aerosol route.

Vaccination schedule for Commercial Broiler

S.No. Days Vaccine Strain Dose Route

1 1 Marek’s disease HVT 126 0.1 ml S/C

2 5-7 Ranikhet disease F1 or R2B 1 drop I/O or I/N

3 10 Leetchy - 0.25ml S/C or I/M

4 12-13 Gumbaro (IBD) Intermediate plus 1 drop I/O or I/N

5 18-19 Gumbaro (IBD) Intermediate 1 drop I/O or I/N

6 25-27 Ranikhet Lasota 1 drop D/W, SMP

Vaccination schedule in layers

S.No. Days Vaccine Strain Dose Route

1 1 Marek’s disease HVT 126 0.1 ml S/C

2 5-7 Ranikhet disease F1 or R2B 1 drop I/O or I/N

3 10 Leetchy - 0.25ml S/C or I/M

4 12-13 Gumbaro (IBD) Intermediate plus 1 drop I/O or I/N

5 18-19 Gumbaro (IBD) Intermediate 1 drop I/O or I/N

6 25-27 Ranikhet Lasota 1 drop D/W SMP

7 30 IBD Intermediate D/W SMP

8 42 Fowl pox Wingweb

9 7 wks ND Lasota D/W SMP

10 9-10wks ND R2B 0.5ml I\M

11 13wks Fowl pox Wingweb

12 14wks IB IBH120 D/W SMP

13 16wks IB + ND 0.5ml I\M

14 25-26wks IB + ND D/W SMP

Objectives

The main objective of this project work is to provide knowledge on the different production and management aspects of poultry. And provide a basic practical project report on the poultry production and management, performed on the integrated Research Farm of HICAST, with addressing the various work done there between two months of poultry production, in general.

Main work

Background

Integrated Research farm of HICAST, is situated on Badegaun, Lalitpur Nepal. Most of the collage practicals and experiments are done there. It takes approximately one hour to reach there by collage bus. The farm has various facilities including water availability, electricity, road and market, manpower etc. The site is suitable for most of the crop production and livestock rearing, including poultry. For the small scale poultry production for practical purpose, the farm has a small building suitable for deep litter system. The floor is made up of concrete. walls are created by wires and concrete. Roof is stable and there is sufficient exchange of air between house and outside environment takes place. Electric light bulbs are available for providing light inside house during night. Floor is high enough from soil surface so that there is little chance of water logging problem inside poultry house. Commercial feeds are available in nearby market and local feed ingredients can be found in farm. For supervision, farm members and farm labours are present. The overall condition of farm and site, for poultry production is suitable.

Methodology

Day 073/2/17, we headed towards the Integrated Research Farm of HICAST from collage bus. It took approximately one hour to reach there. First day of our project work was to observe the site and situation there for poultry production. Furthermore, we cleaned the poultry house properly with the help of sweeper and water. Surrounding wall was covered with plastic to prevent direct sunlight, however little space in all sides left for ventilation and optimum light passage. We disinfected the whole poultry house with lime and also cleaned the surrounding areas of poultry house.

After some day, bedding material (Husk, Rice straw, Newspaper etc) was provided. 200 Broiler chickens were placed in that house. Three waterer and feeder was provided. The house was cleaned frequently and disinfected. Commercial formulated feed was mostly provided, around 80 kg feed was taken from market at the day 073/2/18. Two chickens were found dead at the day 073/2/22 and 073/2/26 in a farm.

Day 073/2/24, we visited the farm for first vaccination schedule which was around after 1 week of arrival of chicks. At that time we gave one drop live vaccine against new castle and infectious bronchitis diseases, in the eye of the chicken.

The second vaccination was followed at the 10 days of chickens. Day 073/2/27, we gave second vaccine, Inclusion Bodies Hepatitis (killed vaccine) 0.2 ml, at the epidermis and

hypodermis body (S/C) of chickens. Day 073/2/31, third vaccination was given to the chickens (IBH Vaccine), 2 drop/eye.

Day 073/2/30, - 5 Bora feed, 073/2/31, - 3 Bora feed, 073/3/22, - 4 Bora feed were imported from market for poultry. Between days, 073/2/32 to 073/3/29, twenty five chicks were found dead in the farm. The various medicines adopted to reduce mortality were enron-v 500 ml, sharkofrrol-p 450 gram, Virbac 500 ml, Dimoxan-ws 100 gram.

Day,073/04/29, final farm visit was done. Where we discussed about total expenses and obtained result of poultry farming. The weight of individual chicken was also taken. About 27 chickens were died in the farm. And about 156 chickens were already sold to the market and remaining 17 chickens were found in poultry house during our final visit. The list of weight of these chickens given as follows –

1026 g + 1217 g+ 1563g + 1435 g+ 1877.5 g+ 1385 g+ 1265 g + 832g+ 1048 g+ 1517 g+ 1245 g+ 1515 g+ 1040 g+ 1366g + 1575 g+ 1870 g+ 1043 g = 22819.5 gram.

297.6 kg total weight of 157 live chickens + 22.819 kg weight of left 17 chickens = 320.419 kg total weight of live chickens, was found.

The overall expense summery of Poultry

Expense in medicine = Rs 4000 + Rs 1500 (vaccination)

Feed total – 14 sacs * 2900 = Rs 40,600

Chick – 200 * 70 = Rs 14000

Bedding material = 10 Bora * 120 =Rs 1200

Gast regulator = Rs 1800

Transportation cost = Rs 1400

Total cost = Rs 64,500

Result and Discussion

In this way, this project work on poultry production and management guides the general steps of overall process for small scale poultry production and estimation on the expenses on the production and management of poultry. However, some of the data are missing such as reason of death of twenty seven chickens, income generated from selling one hundred

fifty six (in general) chickens, and information on other management practices due to several reasons, so that clear economic analysis of poultry production is seems to be incomplete in this project work report. However, this project work helps to guide the basic and essential steps needed for the better poultry production and management.

Poultry is a emerging and quick income generating business in Nepal. Poultry production and management in a scientific and systemic way helps to maximize the poultry farm profit and minimize the risks related to health, waste of inputs and other managerial factors so that increases the overall poultry farm efficiency.

Conclusion

Hence, the project work on poultry production and management is completed. The idea on poultry production and management aspects are addressed through this project work. In this way, small scale poultry production in deep litter system can be conducted in a scientific and systemic way.

References

~ Manual on Avian production and management

~ www.isuagcentre.com/BroilerProject

~ www.thepoultrysite.com

~ www.asiafarming.com

~ www.merckvetmanual.com/