SEMESTER COURSE PLAN (RPS)

Course Subject: Cinematography

Code/Credits

: ISK4128/3(2-1)

Prerequisite

: Basics of Broadcasting

Course Coordinator: Widya Pujarama, S.I.Kom., M.Communication

Lecturers Team: M. Irawan Saputra, S.I.Kom., M.I.Kom

Arif Budi Prasetya, M.I.Kom

Course Description : Cinematography could be considered as the craft of story telling [where] Good films rely on the talents, collaboration, and effort of a team of individuals commited to telling a good (Martin, 2005). This course is part of complementary academic experience in producing cinematic audiovisual products, which discuss about basics of cinematography, such as: film sctructure and scripting, shooting, setting, editing, directing, costume and make up artists, history of cinema, acting, lighting and technologies of cinematography.

Course Objectives:

1. Students will have critical thinking skills in exploring film as an art form and a medium of communication

2. Students will learn how to professionally and creatively work in team while producing a cinematographic commodity: a documentary film.

3. Students will learn how to communicate in film production professionaly, especially in developing and implementing short movie production management, location survey, budgeting, and film making reporting.

Assessment:

1. Quiz

= 25%

2. Practice (Peer assessment)

= 30%

3. Midterm assessment (presentation)= 20%

4. Final assessment (film and report)

= 25%

Expected Learning Outcome

Expected learning outcome

Quiz

Peer assessment

Mid-Term Assessment

Final Report and film product (Final assessment)

Competence

Critical Thinking

Communication Skill

.

Team work

Compulsary References

Arnheim, Rudolf. 1957. Film as Art. University of California Press

Bernard, S. C. 2007. Documentary storytelling: Making stronger and more dramatic nonfiction films 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Focal Press.

Bordwell, D., & Thompson, K. 2008. Film art: An introduction 8th edn. Boston. McGrawhill.

Brown, B. 2012. Cinematography theory and practice: Imagemaking for cinematographers and directors 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Browne, S. E. High definition postproduction: Editing and delivering HD video. Amsterdam: Focal Press.

Gaut, B. 2010. A philosophy of cinematic art. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Hicks, J. 2007. Defining documentary film. London: IB Tauris & Co.

McLane, B. A. 2012. A new history of documentary film 2nd. London: Continuum

Monaco, P. 2010. A history of American Movies: A film-by-film look at the art, craft, and business of cinema. Lanham: The scarecrow Press.

Nichols, B. 2010. Introduction to documentary 2nd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Rabiger, M. Directing: Film techniques and aesthetics 4th ed. Amsterdam: Focal Press.

Ricciardelli, L. 2015. American documentary filmmaking in the digital age: Depiction of war in burns, moore, and morris. New York: Routledge.

Rosenthal, A. 2002. Writing, directing, and producing documentary film and videos 3rd ed. USA: Southern Illinois University Press.

Thompson, R., & Bowen, C. 2009. Grammar of the shot 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Focal press.

Additional References

Fred Wibowo. 1997. Dasar-Dasar Produksi Program Televisi. Jakarta : PT Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.

Ribber, Fossard. 2005. Writing and producing for television and film. New Delhi: Sage Publication

SEMESTER COURSE PLAN (RPS)

Course Subject: Cinematography

Code/Credits

: ISK4128/3(2-1)

Week

Course Material

Lesson Form

Expected Learning Outcome

Assessment Criteria (Indicator)

1

1

Class contract

Introduction to Cinematography

Film structure

Film formats (Brown)

Assessment explanation and marking system

Seminar and Reading course

Students have ability in defining cinematography and film structure, and also could identify class/assessment design and week per week subjects.

-

-

2

Cinematography in context 1:

- Film form (Bordwell & Thompson)

- Film style (Bordwell & Thompson)

- Film genre (Bordwell & Thompson)

-Monacos Hollywood three Era

Seminar and discussion

Students should have ability in understanding cinema and Hollywood film history as major commercial film.

-

-

3

Cinematography in context 2:

-McLanes Documentary film history

- Rosenthals Three phases of film production

- Class project exegesis (creating an film using inductive method by dividing class members into three different group: preproduction, production, and postproduction)

Group discussion

Students should have ability in understanding documentary and three phases of film production.

Students could plan film documentary production creatively and are oriented to organising final assessement

4

Gauts Film as communication

- Understanding cinema

- Cinema as an art

- Three models of cinematic narrators

- The role of medium

- Introducing cinema verite

- Introducing direct cinema

- Manipulating time (Bernard)

Seminar and discussion

Students could identify film in communication science context

5

Developing documentary

- Defining Documentary (Bernard)

- What makes a film a documentary.

- cine-eye (Hicks)

- Modes of documentary films (Nichols)

- Griersonian documentary tradition: Realist documentary (Ricciardelli)

- The subjectiveobjective dichotomy of Michael Moore (Ricciardelli)

- Progress report: making a documentary (film theme planning)

Discussion

Students are able to identify documentary film approach.

Students could present their ideas for upcoming film production

6

- The conceptual tools of cinematography (Brown)

- Cinematic shooting methods (Brown)

- Camera movement (Brown)

- Risk assessment and safety report

- Location survey

Seminar and discussion

Students have abilities to explain film structure.

Students could manage risk and safety aspects on production process

Students could identify important elements in shooting location decision

7

Mid term assessment

Theme selection, logics of film production planning, presentation technique, uniqueness and story appeal

25%

8

Cinematic writing

- Rabigers artistic identity and drama

- Story design: character-driven vs plot-driven, synopsis, outline, treatment (Bernard)

- Film elements of structure: shot, scene, sequence, act, inciting incident, point of attack, backstory,

- Script format

Seminar and Project Based Learning (PjBL)

Students could identify differences between preproduction phase in drama and documentary film production

9

Cinematic visual language

- Rabigers film language and human perception

- Screen directing and angles (Rabiger)

- shooting technique

- language of the lense (Brown)

- composition (Brown, Thompson & Bowen)

Tutorial and Praktikum

Students understand ideal shooting technique and utilize concepts of taking perfect moving pictures.

10

Lighting and elements of light in visual arts

- Lighting basics (Brown)

- Lighting source (Brown)

- On talking exposure (Brown)

- Color in cinema (Brown)

- Types of light (Rabiger)

Case Study

Students understand and have ability to utilize ideal lighting technique

11

Picture composition analysis

Quiz

20%

12

Cinematic work production

-Rabigers Production

-Sound sheet

- progress report

Project Based Learning (PjBL)

Students well prepared to present and produce their designed documentary film.

13

Cinematographic work production

- Rabigers Postproduction

- Writing narration and voice over (Bernard)

Project Based Learning (PjBL)

Students could implement qood sound quality production

14

Cinematographic work production: Editing

- Introducing framerate (Browne)

Project Based Learning (PjBL)

Students could implement ideal editing practice

15

Review, screening and project evaluation

Peer assessment

Project Based Learning (PjBL)

Students could critize their own work.

Students cound professionally assess their team work performance during production phases

Film quality

Discipline, professonality, and commitmenton team work.

20%

16

Final Assessment: Production Report and Film submission

Quality of cinematic work, informative poster and trailler

35%

Project Description

Students will produce documentary/docudrama on college life focusing on their cinematography class, following autobiography making approaches. The production process will be held in following order:

1. Mid-term assessment Proposal Presentation

Week: 8

On the first meeting, lecturer will notify students steps on Final assessment process: Max 30 minutes Documentary/docudrama Short Film making (recording personal experiences by inductive technique). In week 3, students are starting to plan their Spine of the story/film theme, and also starting to work according to job division. In week 4, students will discuss and assemble their proposed work plan in small group.

In week 7 (pre Midterm, students will present their proposed film plot based on available stock shot or available talents as well as storyline/Spine approved by the small group. Marking elements include clarity of film concept, unique theme /title, clear story line, and rational Spine. The group whose story considered as the best concept will get 10 point for Practice mark (max poin 25).

No

Marking Criteria

Score Max

(20%)

1.

Theme (clear, precise, solid) and rational argumentation of the chosen theme

5

2.

Plot and proposal logic

5

3.

Uniqueness and theme attraction

5

4.

Presentation technique (audience involvement, clarity, profesionalism, punctuation)

5

Total

20

2. Final assessment: Film and Filmmaking Final Report (including Progress report)

Week: 8, 9, 12, 15, 16

Students are working according to their determined work division (preproduction team, production team, and postproduction team) during the semester. Pre production team is responsible in scripting, titling, and makng poster of the film. Production team is in control of filming, stock shot collection, sound effect collection, recording and trailler making. Post production team is accountable for whole editing process (excluding trailler) based on directions from the director and coordinator of each team. All individuals should have clear job description. No one suppose to work in different teams at the same time.

Produced Film should be screened in week 15 while lecturer is giving feedback for each team. On screening, students should provide trailler of the movie and the rough cut (you are not expected to present finalised film. You can submit unrenderred film, but at least it should be compiled neatly on your editing software (you dont have to render the file).

Production process should be reported on final assessment deadline to be submitted on Final Assessment time (UAS). The outline consist of:

Background of the story

Objective;

Film audience targetting;

Background of titling and chosen storyline;

Problems occured during the production phases;

Schedule/timeline of production process;

Production team structure;

Storyboard, and;

Budgeting (do not forget to give necessary attachments).

The movie (on mp4 format), alongside with poster and trailler are collected in week 16, based on Faculty Schedule for UAS. Students are oblidged to be punctuate (maximum 30minutes late from the published schedule). Failing to do so, the lecturer will not give you any mark (or zero mark). If there were any technical problems, you should submit the damaged file on time, and then the class cordinator could confirm the occured hurdles to the lecturer and then submit the correct file.

NOTE: FINAL REPORT SHOULD BE SUBMITTED IN WEEK 16 NOT 15.

No

Marking Criteria

Score Max

(25%)

Consultation and final report

1.

Students participation in progress report

5

2.

Report logic and academic writing

5

Film product

1.

Creativity and film originality

8

2.

Film poster and trailer

3

3.

Cinematic elements

10

Total

25

3. Peer Assessment (Practice)

Week: 15

Activities on this course mostly done by team work, therefore, students professionality and commitment as individuals should be assessed regarding to their personal performance in team work. Marking indicators on peer assessment are: discipline, professionality, contribution to team work, and communication skills. Weigh of the score from peer assessment is 20% of 100%. The form will be distributed and assessed in week 15.

4. Quiz

Week: 12 (Picture composition analysis)

In week 12, a maximum 10 minutes film will be played via projector, and students are required to assess its cinematic elements: plot, composition, lighting, screen directing and angle. 100 minutes will be given to students for writing 500 words film critiques based on theoretical concepts given in previous meetings.

Marking System

Component

Percentage

Final assessment (progress report + Final report + FILM on MP4, poster, trailler)

25

Midterm assessment (presentation of proposed film concept)

20

Praktikum (peer asessment)

30

Quiz

25

Consultation with lecturer

Consider the hard work to be done on this class, and other classes you registered in, I am still expecting your best performance in class. Should you think that you need to privately consult your work with me, please come to me after class or come to my desk.

Communication with lecturer

I prefer text rather than a phone call delivered to me. But you could call me on an emergency times, or if I have not replied your text messages more than 5 hours. DO NOT RESEND SAME TEXT MESSAGE TO YOUR LECTURER BECAUSE IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE RUDE). If you are sick and unable coming to class as scheduled, you could text me or your class cordinator prior to class (at least 15 minutes before class), then you should give your letter to the academic affairs officer the next day. Remember you are talking to your lecturer on the text, do not send any informal text

Additional Information

Group Assessment Objectivity

Considering half of the assessment in the class is a group assessment, you deserve to ask for peer evaluation form if you feel that your group workload lacks of balance. Each member of the group should fill in peer group assessment form to assess their group mates and themselves and attach the forms in separate envelope submitted with your assignment.

Plagiarism and Fraudulence

To avoid fraudulence/ plagiarism you are asked to attach anti-plagiarism cover for every assessment submitted. By signing the cover (attached) you have agreed the risk and consequences if you commit plagiarism.

To understand what is plagiarism and how to avoid, please open http://komunikasi.ub.ac.id/download-form/ APA referencing system. For group work, you are responsible not only for your own work, but your group work.

Assignment Consultation

Consultation is important to make sure that you do your work as expected. Please refer to lecturers schedule for consultation hours.

Communication with Lecturers

Use edmodo or text me if you have any problem to discuss. Use proper etiquette for email and text. I do not accept text message for absence in class.

Attendance and Final Score Complaint

Your attendance is your own responsibility with academic department. You are expected to present minimum 12 meetings. There is no score upgrading/ assignment addition if you fail the requirement.

Final mark complain / clarification is accepted maximum one week after your score is published.

Lecture Material and Announcement

All of the lecture material is uploaded on the weekly basis at EDMODO virtual class. Class captain should invite class members at the Edmodo account. All of the course profile (SAP/RPKPS), assignment information, cover, and assessment is uploaded at EDMODO.

You are responsible personally to become member of the group (do not rely on your class mates). My material is published for our internal interest. You do not have rights to re-publish it elsewhere without permission.

Punctuality

Lateness tolerance is 20 minutes. If you are late more than 20 minutes 3 times, you are not allowed to join the class.

My expectation of you

Come on time (20 minutes tolerance)

Turn mobile phones off

Behave properly in academic setting

If you miss a class, it is up to you to put aside additional time to cover the content you have missed.

If you miss a class write a letter. I do not accept SMS for your absenteeism. If you are late in giving letter, give it to academic in 3 days max (not to me). I am not responsible for any absenteeism consequences.

Seminar slides (including guest lectures) will be available on EDMODO, as well as copies of recommended readings.

Be willing to answer questions and participate when invited you have lots to contribute

I expect you read material/ cases/ examples prior to class

Lateness limit is 20 minutes, except for prior permission.

Your expectation of me

Be on time (20 mins limit), if i have unexpected important thing to do, Ill let you know via class cordinator

Give you relevant material according to course profile (SAP/RPKPS)

Give you feedbacks

Give mark transparency

FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES

Department of Communication Science

Assignment Cover Sheet

Communication

Section 1 To be completed by individual student or group leader

Student number:

Course Code:

Student Name:

Course Name:

Word Count:

Lecturer:

Due Date:

Assignment Title:

Extension Granted: Yes/No

Approval Attached: Yes/No

I /We hereby declare

that this is my/our own original work, and that no part of this assignment has been copied from any other source or person except where due acknowledgement is made

no part of the work has been previously submitted for assessment in this or any other institution

if at anytime it is proved that I/we have given a false statement, I/we are ready to accept the consequences

Signature: _______________________________ Date: _________________

Please be advised that your work may be submitted through plagiarism detection

software.

Section 2 To be completed by all group members

Student Attendance

List Number

Student Name

Student Number

Signature (read the declaration above)

Please ensure that

All pages are securely bound

The assignment is submitted without plastic cover or folder

You have to kept a copy of the work

Peer / Self Evaluation Form

Cinematography/ ISK 4128

The purpose of this form is to assess a group members contribution to the group effort. You only need to complete this form if there is perceived inequity issues within the group. The results of this form may alter an individuals marks for this assessment.

There are various dimensions along which group members may have contributed to the group. These include their attendance at group meetings, their level of preparedness for group meetings, the quality of their contributions to group discussions, whether they delivered what they promised to the group in a timely manner, and their ability to work towards consensus. Please be as objective as possible, taking behaviours rather than personal style into consideration.

Please use the criteria below to assess each member of your group, including yourself for planning, organising, and actuating the communication project chosen at the beginning of semester!

1. Accepted group decisions without ill feelings.

2. Had enthusiasm for the project and for the work they were assigned to do.

3. Helped the group to function as a team.

4. Performed the work they were assigned to do efficiently and competently.

5. Fulfilled their role but was flexible within the crew structure to perform

other tasks as required.

6. Suggested ideas without negative argument.

7. Understood what was required and got on with the job.

8. Was actively involved in decision making.

9. Always turned up on time.

10. Was honest, reliable and dependable.

11. Was involved in organising the group and ensuring things got done in a

timely manner.

12. Was punctual to all group meetings and shoots, and always responded to

phone messages and emails.

13. Worked harmoniously with other group members and did their fair share of

the work.

Please use the following scale as a guide to assess each member of your group,

including yourself.

* Successfully achieved in all 13 criteria areas 25 points

* Successfully achieved in 10 to 12 criteria areas 20 points

* Successfully achieved in 7 to 9 criteria areas 15 points

* Successfully achieved in 4 to 6 criteria areas 10 points

* Successfully achieved in 3 or less criteria areas 0 points

* Was a hindrance to the group - 5 points

The scores given by all the members of the group will be averaged to compute an average peer evaluation score for each student. Once completed, attach this form to your assignment in enclosed envelopes (The number of the sheet will correspond to the number of your group members). Incomplete forms will not be processed.

Team: ___________________

Name of Student

Student Number

Criteria (write the number here, not the total number)

Score

Your Name / Student Number: Self Evaluation

Further Comments if any:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Date:

Dear.... (subject)

GROUP PROJECT INFORMATION SHEET

I am pleased that you agree to be part of our project in relation to intercultural experiences that you have undergone. This assignment is a part of a requirement to pass Cinematography Class (ISK4128). This form is used to explain about our project.

The purpose of the project is to produce a maximum 30 minutes documentary film.

Your participation in this project is voluntary and you can withdraw at any moment if you do not want to involve in the project. All of the information collected by students are confidential and will not be used outside this assignment. Should you agree to participate, as we hope you will, I will require your signature to the accompanying consent form thereby confirming agreement and conditions on participation.

Best regards,

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Assignment Assessment Criteria

Film proposal presentation

(Print and Submit with your paper Draft)

Filled by students

Title

:

Member of groups:

Attendance list number

COMPULSORY

Name

Students Number

Filled by Lecturer

No

Assessment Criteria

Maximum Score

(%)

Students Score

1

Theme (clear, precise, solid) and rational argumentation of the chosen theme

10

2

Film Plot and proposal logic

5

3

Uniqueness and theme attraction

5

4

Presentation technique (audience involvement, clarity, profesionalism, punctuation)

5

Total

25%

Feedback from Lecturers

Plagiarisme (penjiplakan) bisa diartikan sebagai pencurian sebagian atau seluruh karya cipta, intelektualitas, pemikiran, ide, gagasan, kalimat, atau tulisan orang lain. Dalam dunia akademik, plagiarisme adalah kejahatan terbesar dan terendah. Jika anda tertangkap melakukan plagiarisme atau penjiplakan, anda harus siap menerima konsekuensi yang berlaku, dari pemberian nilai 0 untuk tugas anda, tidak lulus mata kuliah, hingga pencopotan/penggagalan gelar akademik jika kasus yang anda lakukan besar.

Plagiarisme bisa dilakukan secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja. Keduanya tetap mendapatkan hukuman yang sama. Beberapa penyebab plagiarisme antara lain:

1. Asal copy paste atau mencontoh sebagian atau seluruh tulisan orang lain (baik dalam bentuk buku, artikel, penelitian, skripsi, dsb) TANPA merujuk penulis aslinya.

2. Mengambil sebagian atau seluruh tugas, penelitian, artikel, atau karya tulis apapun milik orang lain (entah diakui atau tidak) dari sumber manapun (internet, komputer teman, koran, majalah dsb) untuk dikumpulkan dan diakui sebagai milik anda.

3. Mengambil sebagian atau semua tulisan milik orang lain (dari berbagai sumber bisa internet, buku, skripsi) dan sebagainya persis sama dan TANPA di rujuk.

4. Mengambil sebagian atau semua tulisan milik orang lain (dari berbagai sumber bisa internet, buku, skripsi) dan sebagainya dan dimodifikasi tetapi TANPA di rujuk.

5. Tidak mencantumkan sumber / daftar pustaka dalam tulisan/tugas anda.

6. Menggunakan tugas yang sudah anda kumpulkan atau dikumpulkan teman anda untuk mata kuliah lain, TANPA diakui jika sebagian atau seluruh tugas anda pernah dikumpulkan sebelumnya (WALAUPUN TULISAN ANDA SENDIRI).

7. Rujukan di dalam teks dan di daftar pustaka TIDAK SAMA.

Untuk menghindari plagiasi, beberapa hal bisa dilakukan:

1. Jika itu memang bukan ide anda (ide penulis buku, teori milik orang lain, tulisan dan karya orang lain) anda harus mengakuinya dengan menulis rujukan dengan benar (lihat contoh saya).

2. Usahakan untuk memparafrase hasil bacaan anda, tetapi tetap tulis rujukan jika itu memang bukan pemikiran anda asli. Perbanyak sumber rujukan. Hindari merujuk ide satu orang terlalu banyak (misal 3 paragraf hanya dari buku X)

3. Gunakan teori/data/argumen/berita dsb orang lain yang sudah dirujuk untuk memperkuat argumen anda/ mendukung opini anda.

4. Selalu merujuk / mereferensi dengan benar. Catat dimana anda mendapatkan sumber anda.

5. Jika ingin copy paste sebuah ide, gagasan, teori persis sama dengan tulisan aslinya, gunakan kutipan langsung dengan tanda petik () lalu di rujuk/ di referensi dan dicantumkan di daftar pustaka. Jika lebih dari dua baris, maka gunakan spasi single paragraf masuk.

6. Cara penulisan sumber/ merujuk bisa bermacam-macam, tergantung gaya yang anda pakai. Gaya internasional umumnya adalah APA, Harvard, MLA, Chicago, dsb. Apapun gaya yang anda pakai anda harus konsisten. Kelas saya memakai gaya APA (lihat contoh di bawah).

Negosiasi Vs Argumentasi dan Persuasi

Fitri H Oktaviani

Banyak pihak merasa bingung dengan perbedaan argumentasi dan negosiasi, karena keduanya merupakan proses komunikasi untuk mendapatkan hasil yang dikehendaki. Secara umum, negosiasi dibedakan dengan argumentasi karena argumentasi berkaitan dengan opini dan pendapat yang berkonflik (berbeda) sedangkan negosiasi berkaitan dengan perbedaan kepentingan (interest) atau tujuan / goals (Provis, 2004). Terkait dengan ini, Walton (dalam Provis, 2004) menggaris bawahi perbedaan antara dialog negosiasi dan dialog persuasi. Seperti yang dikemukakannya:

In contrast to persuasion dialogue, negotiation is a form of interest-based bargaining where the goal is to get the best deal. . . . The goal here is not to show that a proposition is true or right, based on evidence, as it is in a critical discussion (1990: 412413).

Maksudnya, negosiasi merupakan proses tawar menawar (bargaining) berdasarkan kepentingan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan deal atau persetujuan terbaik. Hal ini berbeda dengan persuasi atau argumentasi yang bertujuan untuk menetapkan siapa yang benar atau salah berdasarkan bukti, seperti dalam diskusi kritis. Walaupun demikian, Provis (2004) berargumen bahwa ada kalanya perbedaan ini menjadi tidak jelas, terutama ketika kita berbicara mengenai framing pada kasus-kasus tertentu yang menuntut persetujuan dan penerimaan publik.

Oleh karena itu, esay ini akan membahas lebih jauh perbedaan antara argumentasi dan negosiasi beserta contohnya, dan peranan komunikasi di dalamnya.

DAN SETERUSNYA......INGAT

ESAY = ARGUMENTASI ANDA DIDUKUNG SUMBER (Bukan summary/ringkasan teori atau kejadian)

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Provis, C. (2004). Negotiation, Persuasion, and Argument. Argumentation, 18, 95-112.

Walton, D. N. (1990). What is reasoning? What is an argument. The Journal of Philosophy, 87 (8), 339-419.

ILUSTRASI PLAGIARISME

Tulisan diatas bebas dari plagiasi. Bagaimanakah plagiasi bisa terjadi? Sebagai ilustrasi, saya akan memberikan contoh dengan beberapa skenario.

Satu paragraf dibawah ini saya ambil dari buku Ilmu Komunikasi: Suatu Pengantar milik Deddy Mulyana (2011) halaman 46.

Kata komunikasi atau communicaton dalam bahasa Inggris berasal dari kata latin communis yang berarti sama, communico, communicatio, atau communicare yang berarti membuat sama (to make common). Istilah pertama (communis) paling sering disebut sebagai asal kata komunikasi, yang merupakan akar dari kata-kata latin lainnya yang mirip. Komunikasi menyarankan bahwa suatu pikiran, suatu makna, atau suatu pesan dianut secara sama. Akan tetapi definisi-definisi kontemporer menyatakan bahwa komunikasi merujuk pada cara berbagi hal-hal tersebut, seperti dalam kalimat Kita berbagi pikiran, Kita mendiskusikan makna, dan Kita mengirimkan pesan.

Skenario: mahasiswa diminta untuk membuat esay mengenai pentingnya komunikasi dalam berorganisasi.

CONTOH PLAGIASI

Mahasiswa 1

Kata komunikasi atau communicaton dalam bahasa Inggris berasal dari kata latin communis yang berarti sama, communico, communicatio, atau communicare yang berarti membuat sama (to make common). Istilah pertama (communis) paling sering disebut sebagai asal kata komunikasi, yang merupakan akar dari kata-kata latin lainnya yang mirip. Komunikasi menyarankan bahwa suatu pikiran, suatu makna, atau suatu pesan dianut secara sama. Akan tetapi definisi-definisi kontemporer menyatakan bahwa komunikasi merujuk pada cara berbagi hal-hal tersebut, seperti dalam kalimat Kita berbagi pikiran, Kita mendiskusikan makna, dan Kita mengirimkan pesan.

Mahasiswa 2

Komunikasi sangat penting dalam kehidupan berorganisasi. Kita mengetahui bahwa kata komunikasi atau communicaton dalam bahasa Inggris berasal dari kata latin communis yang berarti sama. Istilah communis biasanya disebut sebagai asal kata komunikasi, yang merupakan akar dari kata-kata komunikasi lainnya. Maka dari itu, manajer tidak bisa mengelakkan peran komunikasi dalam organisasi.

Mahasiswa 3

Menurut Mulyana (2011) Komunikasi menyarankan bahwa suatu pikiran, suatu makna, atau suatu pesan dianut secara sama. Kata komunikasi atau communicaton dalam bahasa Inggris berasal dari kata latin communis yang berarti sama, communico, communicatio, atau communicare yang berarti membuat sama (to make common). Istilah pertama (communis) paling sering disebut sebagai asal kata komunikasi, yang merupakan akar dari kata-kata latin lainnya yang mirip. Akan tetapi definisi-definisi kontemporer menyatakan bahwa komunikasi merujuk pada cara berbagi hal-hal tersebut, seperti dalam kalimat Kita berbagi pikiran, Kita mendiskusikan makna, dan Kita mengirimkan pesan.

Bagaimana merujuk yang benar? CONTOH

Mahasiswa 4

Komunikasi merupakan hal yang sangat signifikan bagi jalannya sebuah organisasi. Definisi kontemporer komunikasi menyatakan bahwa komunikasi merupakan tindakan berbagi pikiran, makna, ide, atau gagasan (Mulyana, 2011). Oleh karena itu, dalam sebuah organisasi pertukaran makna antara anggota organisasi menjadi inti dari komunikasi organisasi itu sendiri. Sesuai dengan pendapat Chenney, Christensen, Zorn & Ganesh (2004: 8) yang menyatakan bahwa komunikasi organisasi adalah the creation of meanings within an organisation, maka anggota organisasi saling bergantung satu sama lain dalam memaknai kehidupan organisasinya. Hal ini terjadi melalui proses komunikasi.

CONTOH PLAGIASI LAINNYA

Skenario: di kelas lain, mahasiswa diminta menulis esay tentang motivasi. Salah satu tulisannya:

Mahasiswa AB

Suatu faktor utama yang menunjukkan atau mencerminkan vitalitas kerja adalah reaksi seseorang terhadap seberapa jauh harapannya telah dipenuhi oleh organisasi dimana ia bekerja. Hellriegel, Slocum, dan Woodman (1986:531) menyatakan bahwa kelelahan diantara para pegawai professional berhubungan dengan mempunyai harapan yang tidak realistic mengenai pekerjaan mereka dan kemampuan mereka untuk mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan, berdasarkan situasi tempat mereka berada. Niniger (1970) menemukan bahwa tingkat kepuasan pegawai yang harapannya terpenuhi secara signifikansi lebih tinggi daripada mereka yang harapannya tidak terpenuhi.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Pace, Wayne & Don F. Faules. (2002). Komunikasi Organisasi: Strategi Meningkatkan Kinerja Perusahaan. Ed. Deddy Mulyana. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya

Blues, R. (2012), Teknik-teknik Negosiasi, Alamat web: ,file:///D:/Communication%20Departement/MODUL%20BUKU/persuasi%20negosiasi/teknik%20negosiasi/10%20Teknik%20Negosiasi%20%C2%AB%20Ryan%20Blues%20Berbagi%20%5E_%5E.htm, diakses tgl. 5 Juni 20

Daftar Pustaka

Argenti, P. A. (2009). Corporate communications. Boston: McGraw Hill-Irwin.

Ashkanasy, N. M. (2004). Leadership in the Asian century: Lessons from GLOBE. International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 5(3), 150163.

Faizal, E. B. (2011, 5 July). More jobs 'does not mean' decent work, The Jakarta Post. Diakses dari http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/07/more-jobs'does-not-mean'-decent-work.html.

Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Mulyana, D. (2011). Ilmu komunikasi: Suatu pengantar. Bandung: Rosda.

McKenna, B. & Rooney, D. (2008). Wise leadership and the capacity for ontological acuity. Management Communication Quarterly, 21(4), 537546.

OECD. (2008). Improving labour outcome. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Tambunan, D. B. (2008). The professional phenomena of family business. Makalah dipresentasikan dalam ISB Asian Invitational Conference on Family Business, Indian School of Business, Gachibowli.

Tasci, A. D. A., & Gartner, W. C. (2009). A practical framework for destination branding. Dalam L. A. Cai, W. C. Gartner & A. M. Munar (Eds.), Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice (Vol. 1, hal 149-158). London: Emerald group publishing.

Panduan selengkapnya lihat di lembaran APA

Usahakan tidak merujuk blog dan wikipedia. Anda bisa membacanya sebagai pengetahuan dasar, tetapi jangan digunakan untuk rujukan ilmiah. Kecuali, kajian anda mengenai blog atau itu sendiri.

Baris ke 1-4 merupakan ide pokok esay saya. Saya tidak mengambil ide orang lain (tidak perlu rujukan)

Baris ke 4 7, saya memparafrase ide milik Provis dalam artikel jurnal, jadi harus dirujuk.

Bagian ini, saya copy paste dari pendapat Walton dalam artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh Provis, jadi saya harus rujuk dengan kutipan langsung dan nomer halaman

Lihat bagaimana saya memanfaatkan sumber pustaka (yang dirujuk) untuk memperkuat argumen/opini saya diatas.

Disini, saya mengambil pelajaran dari pendapat yang ditulis orang lain. (pemikiran saya sendiri, jadi tidak perlu dirujuk).

Saya menuliskan tujuan dari esay saya. Agar pembaca tahu apa inti dari esay saya. dan isi dari tulisan saya selanjutnya.

Semua rujukan yang ada di dalam teks harus di tulis dalam DAFTAR PUSTAKA.

Tulisan asli Deddy Mulyana dalam buku Ilmu Komunikasi

Plagiarisme total karena Sekedar copy paste tanpa dirujuk dan tanpa di parafrase

Plagiarisme total karena walaupun di modifikasi/ di paraphrase, mahasiswa 2 tidak mencantumkan sumber/ tidak merujuk untuk kalimat yang diambilnya dari Deddy Mulyana

Plagiarisme total karena walaupun mencantumkan sumber dan kalimat diputar2/ bolak balik,Mahasiswa 3 menggunakan seluruh paragraf Mulyana tanpa diparafrase dan dirujuk dengan salah

Menggunakan sumber lain, untuk memperkaya tulisan & menghindari plagiasi.

Menulis kutipan langsung dengan benar

Memasukkan argumentasi dan pemahaman mahasiswa 4 sendiri

Menggunakan ide dari Deddy Mulyana, tetapi di parafrase dan dirujuk

Kalimat pertama berisi ide penulis sendiri

Perhatikan kutipan yang ada di dalam teks ini:

Hellriegel, Slocum, dan Woodman (1986:531)

Niniger (1970)

Daftar pustaka/ referensi isinya tidak sama dengan referensi dalam teks

buku

Jurnal: yang miring nama jurnalnya

Alfabetikal (urut abjad)

Artikel dar koran online

buku

Jurnal

Laporan/ report

Makalah

Buku editan / edited book