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1910.184 Angle of loadmeasured from184-5; providethe vertical ma Basket hitch under the loadon the hook o Braided wire ropes. Bridle wire rowith the top en Cable laid enendless by joione or more m Cable laid grmade from onformed by han Cable laid roparound a fiber Cable laid ropfrom a cable lone or more m Choker hitchpassing undereye on the oth Coating is anor to a sling co Cross rod is complete fabr Designated memployer's reduties. Equivalent enwhich, by poscan perform wthe person or Fabric (metalconsisting of a Female handsuch dimensioallowing the u(See Fig. N-18 Handle is a te(See Fig. N-18 Handle eye isto accept a ho Hitch is a slinobject or load Link is a sing Male handle

(a) Scope. applies to slings usepment for the movecovered by this pa

rom alloy steel chair rope (conventiona (nylon, polyester,

(b) Definitio

ding is the inclinatiom the horizontal or ed that an angle of ay be considered a

is a sling configurad and has both endr a single master li

rope is a wire rope

ope sling is a slingnds gathered in a f

ndless sling-mechning the ends of a

metallic fittings.

rommet-hand tuckne length of rope wrnd tucking the ends

pe is a wire rope cor or wire rope core.

pe sling-mechaniaid rope with eyes

metal sleeves over

h is a sling configurar the load and throuher end of the sling

elastomer or otheomponent to impar

a wire used to join ric. (See Fig. N-184

means selected or apresentative as bei

ntity is a person orsession of equipme

with equal competeorganization with w

l mesh) is the flexia series of transver

dle (choker) is a haon as to permit passe of a metal mesh84-1.)

erminal fitting to wh84-1.)

s an opening in a hook, shackle or othe

g configuration wh, either directly to it

le ring of a chain.

(triangle) is a hand

ed in conjunction wement of material bart. The types of slinin, wire rope, metaal three strand consand polypropylene

ons.

on of a leg or brancvertical plane as sloading of five deg

a vertical angle of lo

ation whereby the sds, end attachmentsnk.

e formed by plaiting

g composed of multfitting that goes ove

hanical joint is a wisingle length of ca

ked is an endless wrapped six times ars of the rope inside

omposed of six wir

cal joint is a wire rfabricated by pressthe rope junction.

ation with one end ugh an end attachm.

r suitable material art desirable propert

spirals of metal me4-2.)

assigned by the eming qualified to perf

r organization (incluent, technical knownce the same repawhich it is equated.

ble portion of a merse coils and cross

andle with a handlessage of a male hanh sling in a choker

hich metal mesh fab

andle of a metal mer lifting device. (Se

ereby the sling is fat or around it.

dle with a handle e

with other material by hoisting, in ngs covered are l mesh, natural or struction), and ).

ch of a sling shown in Fig. N-grees or less from oading.

sling is passed s, eyes or handles

g component wire

tiple wire rope legs er the lifting hook.

ire rope sling madeble laid rope with

wire rope sling round a core

e the six wraps.

re ropes wrapped

rope sling made sing or swaging

of the sling ment, handle or

applied to a sling ies.

esh to form a

mployer or the form specific

uding an employer)wledge and skills, airs and tests as

etal mesh sling rods.

e eye and a slot of ndle thereby hitch.

bric is attached.

esh sling shaped ee Fig. N-184-1.)

astened to an

ye.

e

)

Mastean inteN-184- Mastesupposling. ( Mechasteel li

Mal

Handle E

er coupling link is ermediate link to jo-3.)

er link or gatheringrt all members (leg(See Fig. N-184-3.

anical coupling linink used to attach m

Bea

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M

Sling Hook

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Chain

Co

Master Cou

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an alloy steel weldin alloy steel chain

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Overall Length

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aring point to Bearin

Sling Width

Fig N‐184‐1Metal Mesh S

Cross Rod

welded or to cross rods

Fig N‐184‐2Metal Mesh Const

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oupling Link upling Link

ter Link

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Fig N‐18Major Compo

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84‐3 onents of a in Sling

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used to e rope

sed el chain.

Female Handle

FIGURE N-184-1 METAL MESH SLING (TYPICAL) (For Figure N-184-1) FIGURE N-184-2 METAL MESH CONSTRUCTION (For Figure N-184-2) FIGURE N-184-3 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A QUADRUPLE SLING (For Figure N-184-3) Proof load is the load applied in performance of a proof test. Proof test is a nondestructive tension test performed by the sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity to verify construction and workmanship of a sling. Rated capacity or working load limit is the maximum working load permitted by the provisions of this section. Reach is the effective length of an alloy steel chain sling measured from the top bearing surface of the upper terminal component to the bottom bearing surface of the lower terminal component. Selvage edge is the finished edge of synthetic webbing designed to prevent unraveling. Sling is an assembly which connects the load to the material handling equipment. Sling manufacturer is a person or organization that assembles sling components into their final form for sale to users. Spiral is a single transverse coil that is the basic element from which metal mesh is fabricated. (See Fig. N-184-2.) Strand laid endless sling-mechanical joint is a wire rope sling made endless from one length of rope with the ends joined by one or more metallic fittings. Strand laid grommet-hand tucked is an endless wire rope sling made from one length of strand wrapped six times around a core formed by hand tucking the ends of the strand inside the six wraps. Strand laid rope is a wire rope made with strands (usually six or eight) wrapped around a fiber core, wire strand core, or independent wire rope core (IWRC). Vertical hitch is a method of supporting a load by a single, vertical part or leg of the sling. (See Fig. N-184-4.)

1910.184(c) Safe operating practices. Whenever any sling is used, the following practices shall be observed: 1910.184(c)(1) Slings that are damaged or defective shall not be used. 1910.184(c)(2) Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices. 1910.184(c)(3) Sling legs shall not be kinked. 1910.184(c)(4) Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their rated capacities. 1910.184(c)(5) Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loads balanced to prevent slippage. 1910.184(c)(6) Slings shall be securely attached to their loads. 1910.184(c)(7) Slings shall be padded or protected from the sharp edges of their loads. 1910.184(c)(8) Suspended loads shall be kept clear of all obstructions. 1910.184(c)(9) All employees shall be kept clear of loads about to be lifted and of suspended loads. 1910.184(c)(10) Hands or fingers shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the sling is being tightened around the load. 1910.184(c)(11) Shock loading is prohibited.

1910.184(c)(12) A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling. 1910.184(c)(13) Employers must not load a sling in excess of its recommended safe working load as prescribed by the sling manufacturer on the identification markings permanently affixed to the sling. 1910.184(c)(14) Employers must not use slings without affixed and legible identification markings.

1910.184(d) Inspections. Each day before being used, the sling and all fastenings and attachments shall be inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by the employer. Additional inspections shall be performed during sling use, where service conditions warrant. Damaged or defective slings shall be immediately removed from service.

1910.184(e) Alloy steel chain slings. 1910.184(e)(1) Sling identification. Alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently affixed durable identification stating size, grade, rated capacity, and reach. 1910.184(e)(2) Attachments. 1910.184(e)(2)(i) Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear shaped links, welded or mechanical coupling links or other attachments shall have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the alloy steel chain with which they are used or the sling shall not be used in excess of the rated capacity of the weakest component. 1910.184(e)(2)(ii) Makeshift links or fasteners formed from bolts or rods, or other such attachments, shall not be used. 1910.184(e)(3) Inspections. 1910.184(e)(3)(i) In addition to the inspection required by paragraph (d) of this section, a thorough periodic inspection of alloy steel chain slings in use shall be made on a regular basis, to be determined on the basis of (A) frequency of sling use; (B) severity of service conditions; (C) nature of lifts being made; and (D) experience gained on the service life of slings used in similar circumstances. Such inspections shall in no event be at intervals greater than once every 12 months. 1910.184(e)(3)(ii) The employer shall make and maintain a record of the most recent month in which each alloy steel chain sling was thoroughly inspected, and shall make such record available for examination. 1910.184(e)(3)(iii) The thorough inspection of alloy steel chain slings shall be performed by a competent person designated by the employer, and shall include a thorough inspection for wear, defective welds, deformation and increase in length. Where such defects or deterioration are present, the sling shall be immediately removed from service. 1910.184(e)(4) Proof testing. The employer shall ensure that before use, each new, repaired, or reconditioned alloy steel chain sling, including all welded components in the sling assembly, shall be proof tested by the sling manufacturer or equivalent entity, in accordance with paragraph 5.2 of the American Society of Testing and Materials Specification A391-65, which is incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6 (ANSI G61.1-1968). The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test and shall make it available for examination. 1910.184(e)(5) [Reserved] 1910.184(e)(6) Safe operating temperatures. Employers must permanently remove an alloy steel-chain slings from service if it is heated above 1000 degrees F. When exposed to service temperatures in excess of 600 degrees F, employers must reduce the maximum working-load limits permitted by the chain manufacturer in accordance with the chain or sling manufacturer's recommendations.

1910.184(e) Alloy steel chain slings. cont. 1910.184(e)(7) Repairing and reconditioning alloy steel chain slings. 1910.184(e)(7)(i) Worn or damaged alloy steel chain slings or attachments shall not be used until repaired. When welding or heat testing is performed, slings shall not be used unless repaired, reconditioned and proof tested by the sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity. 1910.184(e)(7)(ii) Mechanical coupling links or low carbon steel repair links shall not be used to repair broken lengths of chain. 1910.184(e)(8) Effect of wear. If the chain size at any point of the link is less than that stated in Table N-184-1, the employer must remove the chain from service. 1910.184(e)(9) Deformed attachments 1910.184(e)(9)(i) Alloy steel chain slings with cracked or deformed master links, coupling links or other components shall be removed from service.

TABLE N-184-1. - MINIMUM ALLOWABLE CHAIN SIZE AT ANY POINT OF LINK

Chain Size, Inches Minimum allowable chain size,

inches ¼ 13/64 3/8 19/64 ½ 25/64 5/8 31/64 ¾ 19/32 7/8 45/64 1 13/16

1 1/8 29/32 1 ¼ 1 1 3/8 1 3/32 1 ½ 1 3/16 1 3/4 1 13/32

1910.184(e)(9)(ii) Slings shall be removed from service if hooks are cracked, have been opened more than 15 percent of the normal throat opening measured at the narrowest point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the plane of the unbent hook.

1910.184(f) Wire-rope sling -- 1910.184(f)(1) Sling use. Employers must use only wire-rope slings that have permanently affixed and legible identification markings as prescribed by the manufacturer, and that indicate the recommended safe working load for the type(s) of hitch(es) used, the angle upon which it is based, and the number of legs if more than one. 1910.184(f)(2) Minimum sling lengths. 1910.184(f)(2)(i) Cable laid and 6x19 and 6x37 slings shall have a minimum clear length of wire rope 10 times the component rope diameter between splices, sleeves or end fittings. 1910.184(f)(2)(ii) Braided slings shall have a minimum clear length of wire rope 40 times the component rope diameter between the loops or end fittings. 1910.184(f)(2)(iii) Cable laid grommets, strand laid grommets and endless slings shall have a minimum circumferential length of 96 times their body diameter. 1910.184(f)(3) Safe operating temperatures .Fiber core wire rope slings of all grades shall be permanently removed from service if they are exposed to temperatures in excess of 200 deg. F. When nonfiber core wire rope slings of any grade are used at temperatures above 400 deg. F or below minus 60 deg. F, recommendations of the sling manufacturer regarding use at that temperature shall be followed.

1910.184(f)(4) End attachments. 1910.184(f)(4)(i) Welding of end attachments, except covers to thimbles, shall be performed prior to the assembly of the sling. 1910.184(f)(4)(ii) All welded end attachments shall not be used unless proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity at twice their rated capacity prior to initial use. The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test, and make it available for examination. 1910.184(f)(5) Removal from service. Wire rope slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present: 1910.184(f)(5)(i) Ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay, or five broken wires in one strand in one rope lay. 1910.184(f)(5)(ii) Wear or scraping of one-third the original diameter of outside individual wires. 1910.184(f)(5)(iii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any other damage resulting in distortion of the wire rope structure. 1910.184(f)(5)(iv) Evidence of heat damage. 1910.184(f)(5)(v) End attachments that are cracked, deformed or worn. 1910.184(f)(5)(vi) Hooks that have been opened more than 15 percent of the normal throat opening measured at the narrowest point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the plane of the unbent hook. 1910.184(f)(5)(vii) Corrosion of the rope or end attachments.

1910.184(g) Metal mesh slings -- 1910.184(g)(1) Sling marking. Each metal mesh sling shall have permanently affixed to it a durable marking that states the rated capacity for vertical basket hitch and choker hitch loadings. 1910.184(g)(2) Handles. Handles shall have a rated capacity at least equal to the metal fabric and exhibit no deformation after proof testing. 1910.184(g)(3) Attachments of handles to fabric. The fabric and handles shall be joined so that: 1910.184(g)(3)(i) The rated capacity of the sling is not reduced. 1910.184(g)(3)(ii) The load is evenly distributed across the width of the fabric. 1910.184(g)(3)(iii) Sharp edges will not damage the fabric. 1910.184(g)(4) Sling coatings. Coatings which diminish the rated capacity of a sling shall not be applied. 1910.184(g)(5) Sling testing. All new and repaired metal mesh slings, including handles, shall not be used unless proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity at a minimum of 1 1/2 times their rated capacity. Elastomer impregnated slings shall be proof tested before coating. 1910.184(g)(6) [Reserved] 1910.184(g)(7) Safe operating temperatures. Metal mesh slings which are not impregnated with elastomers may be used in a temperature range from minus 20 deg. F to plus 550 deg. F without decreasing the working load limit. Metal mesh slings impregnated with polyvinyl chloride or neoprene may be used only in a temperature range from zero degrees to plus 200 deg. F. For operations outside these temperature ranges or for metal mesh slings impregnated with other materials, the sling manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed.

1910.184 1910.184(g)1910.184(g)(8Metal mesh slrepaired by a 1910.184(g)(8Once repaireda written recorepairs and thRecords of re1910.184(g)Metal mesh slof the followin1910.184(g)(9A broken weld1910.184(g)(9Reduction in wcent due to co1910.184(g)(9Lack of flexibi1910.184(g)(9Distortion of thincreased mo1910.184(g)(9Distortion of emore than 10 1910.184(g)(9A 15 percent rany point arou1910.184(g)(9Distortion of e

1910.184slings – 1910.184(h)Employers mupermanently arated capacitywhich it is basmore than one1910.184(h)(1Fiber rope slinfiber rope shacapacities pre1910.184(h)(1Fiber rope slinthe minimums1910.184(h)(1Slings not inclwith the manu

(g) Metal me

)(8) Repairs. 8)(i) lings which are repmetal mesh sling m

8)(ii) d, each sling shall brd maintained, to in

he person or organipairs shall be made)(9) Removal frolings shall be immeg conditions are pr

9)(i) d or broken brazed 9)(ii) wire diameter of 25orrosion. 9)(iii) lity due to distortion9)(iv) he female handle sre than 10 per cent9)(v) either handle so tha

per cent. 9)(vi) reduction of the oriund the handle eye9)(vii) either handle out of

(h) Natural a

)(1) Sling use. ust use natural andaffixed and legible iy for the type(s) of hsed, type of fiber me. 1)(i) ngs made from conall not be used with escribed in Tables N1)(ii) ngs shall have a dias specified in Figs. 1)(iii) luded in these table

ufacturer's recomm

esh slings – c

paired shall not be umanufacturer or an

be permanently mandicate the date anzation that performe available for examom service. ediately removed frresent:

joint along the slin

5 per cent due to ab

n of the fabric.

so that the depth oft.

at the width of the e

ginal cross sectione.

its plane.

and synthetic

d synthetic fiber-ropidentification marhitch(es) used and aterial, and the num

nventional three straloads in excess of

N-184-16 through N

ameter of curvatureN-184-4 and N-184

es shall be used onendations.

cont.

used unless equivalent entity.

arked or tagged, or d nature of the

med the repairs. mination.

rom service if any

g edge.

brasion or 15 per

f the slot is

eye is decreased

al area of metal at

c fiber-rope

pe slings that have rkings stating the the angle upon

mber of legs if

and construction the rated

N-184-19.

e meeting at least 4-5.

nly in accordance

FIGUR

FIG

Note: FFigureSee F

RE N-184-4 Basic

GURE N-184-5 Bas

For vertical angles e N- 184-4 “Basic Figure N-184-4 fo

c Sling Configurat

sic Sling Configur

FIGURE N‐184‐5

of 50 or less, referSling Configuratioor explanation of

ions with Vertical

rations with Angle

r to ons with Vertical f symbols

Legs

ed Legs

Legs”.

1910.184slings – c 1910.184(h)(2Natural and symay be used 180 deg. F witoutside this temanufacturer' 1910.184(h)(3Spliced fiber rspliced in accin accordancemanufacturer:1910.184(h)(3In manila ropeand short splicside of the spl1910.184(h)(3In synthetic fibtucks, and shoon each side o1910.184(h)(3Strand end tarope immediafiber rope andinch in diametbeyond the lalarger, the tailWhere a projeshall be tapertwo additionalsix rope diame1910.184(h)(3Fiber rope slineye splices eq1910.184(h)(3Knots shall no1910.184(h)(3Clamps not desplicing. 1910.184(h)(3For all eye spincluded angleeye is placed 1910.184(h)(4End attachmeattachments in 1910.184(h)Natural and syfrom service if1910.184(h)(5Abnormal wea1910.184(h)(5Powdered fibe1910.184(h)(5Broken or cut 1910.184(h)(5Variations in t1910.184(h)(5Discoloration 1910.184(h)(5Distortion of h 1910.184(h)Only fiber roprepaired or re

(h) Natural acont.

2) Safe operatinynthetic fiber rope sin a temperature rathout decreasing th

emperature range as recommendation

3) Splicing. rope slings shall noordance with the fo

e with any additiona: 3)(i) e, eye splices shall ces shall consist oflice center line. 3)(ii) ber rope, eye spliceort splices shall conof the center line. 3)(iii) ils shall not be trimtely adjacent to the

d both eye and shorter, the tail shall prost full tuck. For fibe shall project at lea

ecting tail interferesed and spliced into tucks (which will reeters beyond the la3)(iv) ngs shall have a miqual to 10 times the3)(v) ot be used in lieu of3)(vi) esigned specifically

3)(vii) lices, the eye shall e of not greater thaover the load or su

4) ents. Fiber rope slinn contact with the r

)(5) Removal froynthetic fiber rope sf any of the followin5)(i) ar. 5)(ii) er between strands5)(iii) fibers.

5)(iv) the size or roundne5)(v) or rotting.

5)(vi) hardware in the slin

)(6) Repairs. e slings made fromconditioned fiber ro

and synthetic

g temperaturesslings, except for wange from minus 20he working load limand for wet frozen sns shall be followed

ot be used unless thollowing minimum ral recommendation

consist of at least f at least six full tuc

es shall consist of ansist of at least eig

med flush with the e full tucks. This aprt splices. For fiber oject at least six roer rope one inch in ast six inches beyons with the use of theo the body of the roequire a tail length ast full tuck).

inimum clear lengthe rope diameter.

f splices.

y for fiber ropes sha

be of such size to an 60 degrees at thupport.

ngs shall not be userope have sharp ed

om service. slings shall be immng conditions are p

s.

ess of strands.

g.

m new rope shall beope slings is prohib

c fiber-rope

s. wet frozen slings, 0 deg. F to plus

mit. For operations slings, the sling .

hey have been requirements and s of the

three full tucks, cks, three on each

at least four full ht full tucks, four

surface of the pplies to all types of

rope under one pe diameters diameter and nd the last full tucke sling, the tail pe using at least of approximately

h of rope between

all not be used for

provide an e splice when the

ed if end dges or projections

mediately removed resent:

e used. Use of bited.

f

.

.

1910 1910.Each seach ty 1910.Syntheselvag 1910. Fitting1910.1Of a m1910.1Free o 1910.formaattach an evethe ful 1910.[Rese 1910.When be tak1910.1Nylon mists o1910.1Polyesfumes1910.1Web svapors FIGUR

0.184(i) Synth

.184(i)(1) Sling isling shall be marktype of hitch and ty

.184(i)(2) Webbietic webbing shall bge edges shall not b

.184(i)(3) Fittinggs shall be: 184(i)(3)(i)

minimum breaking s184(i)(3)(ii) of all sharp edges th

.184(i)(4) Attachation of eyes. St end fittings to web

en pattern and contl breaking strength

.184(i)(5) erved]

.184(i)(6) Envirosynthetic web sling

ken: 184(i)(6)(i) web slings shall noor liquids of acids o184(i)(6)(ii) ster and polypropyl, vapors, sprays, m184(i)(6)(iii) slings with aluminums, sprays, mists or

RE N-184-6 Basic

thetic web sli

identification. ed or coded to sho

ype of synthetic web

ing. be of uniform thicknbe split from the we

gs.

strength equal to th

hat could in any wa

hment of end fittitching shall be the

bbing and to form etain a sufficient num

h of the sling.

onmental conditgs are used, the fo

ot be used where fuor phenolics are pre

lene web slings shamists or liquids of ca

m fittings shall not liquids of caustics a

c Synthetic Web S

ings --

ow the rated capacib material.

ness and width andebbing's width.

hat of the sling; and

ay damage the web

ttings to webbine only method usedeyes. The thread shmber of stitches to

tions. llowing precautions

umes, vapors, spraesent.

all not be used wheaustics are present

be used where fumare present.

Sling Construction

ities for

d

d

bbing.

ng and d to hall be in develop

s shall

ays,

ere t.

mes,

ns

1910.184(i)(7) Safe operating temperatures. Synthetic web slings of polyester and nylon shall not be used at temperatures in excess of 180 deg. F. Polypropylene web slings shall not be used at temperatures in excess of 200 deg. F. 1910.184(i)(8) Repairs. 1910.184(i)(8)(i) Synthetic web slings which are repaired shall not be used unless repaired by a sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity. 1910.184(i)(8)(ii) Each repaired sling shall be proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity to twice the rated capacity prior to its return to service. The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test and make it available for examination. 1910.184(i)(8)(iii) Slings, including webbing and fittings, which have been repaired in a temporary manner shall not be used. 1910.184(i)(9) Removal from service. Synthetic web slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present: 1910.184(i)(9)(i) Acid or caustic burns; 1910.184(i)(9)(ii) Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface; 1910.184(i)(9)(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts; 1910.184(i)(9)(iv) Broken or worn stitches; or 1910.184(i)(9)(v) Distortion of fittings. [40 FR 27369, June 27, 1975, as amended at 40 FR 31598, July 28, 1975; 41 FR 13353, Mar. 30, 1976; 58 FR 35309, June 30, 1993; 61 FR 9227, March 7, 1996; 76 FR 36607, June 8, 2011]

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Standard Interpretations - Table of Contents

• Standard Number: 1910.184(i)(9); 1910.184(i)(8)

March 29, 1982

I. Mike Gross, Manager Safety/Fire Protection Bell Helicopter Textron P.O. Box 482 Fortworth, Texas 76101

Dear Mr. Gross:

This is in response to your letter of February 23, 1982, which provided additional information to support your original request of September 14, 1981 for a clarification of the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.184(i)(9)(iii) and (iv).

As you were informed in my letter of November 19, 1981, 29 CFR 1910.184(i)(9)(iii) and (iv) are enforced to ensure that synthetic web slings damaged so as to reduce their load carry capability, are immediately removed from service.

As your letter of February 23rd points out some synthetic web slings are designed with external jacket yarns which protect the internal load carrying yarns. Such slings may be continued in use with some of the outer yarns parted as long as such use is in accord with the manufacturer's recommendations.

If we may be of further assistance, please contact me.

Sincerely,

Patrick R. Tyson Director, Federal Compliance and State Programs

November 19, 1981

I. Mike Gross, Manager Safety/Fire Protection Bell Helicopter Textron P.O. Box 482 Forth Worth, Texas 76101

Dear Mr. Gross,

This is in response to your letter of September 14, 1981, requesting a clarification of 29 CFR 1910.184(i)(9), synthetic web slings, "removal from service". Your letter addressed to the Fort Worth Area Office was forwarded to this office for reply.

29 CFR 1910.184(i)(9)(iii) and (iv) are enforced to ensure that damaged synthetic web slings are immediately removed form service. Slings with burned fibers, melting or charring of the sling surface, snags, punctures, tears or cuts, broken or worn stitches, or distortion of fittings, have experienced some degradation of their ability to handle a load. Since the extent of reduction of load carrying capability cannot be easily quantified, continued

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usage of a damaged sling can cause employee injury either by immediate failure or continued reduction of the ability of the sling to handle a load. However, synthetic web slings may possibly be repaired by a sling manufacturer or an equivalent entity and returned to service in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.184(i)(8)(ii).

For information, on August 30, 1973, OSHA published in the Federal Register a proposed standard for industrial slings. This agency received over 60 written comments concerning the proposed standard. Each of the comments was carefully reviewed and the proposed standard was modified, as warranted, and published in the Federal Register on June 27, 1975, as a final rule. Both the proposed and final standard for slings were based largely upon the requirements in the American National Standards Institute, (ANSI) B-30.9-1971.

If we may be of further assistance please call or write.

Sincerely,

Patrick R. Tyson Acting Director, Federal Compliance and State Programs


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• Standard Number: 1910.184(e)

May 12, 1983

The use of other than alloy steel chain is not prohibited specifically in 29 CFR 1910.184, but only alloy steel chain is recommended by chain manufacturers for overhead hoisting. Proof coil and high test chain is used for purposes where failure of the chain would not endanger human life or result in serious damage to property or equipment. Proof coil and high test chains should only be used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

MEMORANDUM FOR:

JAMES J. CONCANNON Director Office of Variance Determination

THRU: DONALD A. SHAY Director Office of Compliance Programming

FROM: JOHN K. BARTO Chief Division of Occupational Safety Programming

SUBJECT: Evaluation of Variance Application #1686, which Contains Eastern Airlines Request to Allow the Continued Use of the Proof Coil and High Test Chain Slings Under Certain Procedures




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• Standard Number: 1910.184(d); 1905.11

February 5, 1992 Mr. J. R. Pizzano Project Manager, Reactor Services Project Newport News Shipbuilding 4101 Washington Avenue Newport News, Virginia 23607 Dear Mr. Pizzano: This correspondence is in response to your letter dated June 18, 1991, which requested an interpretation of the standards addressing the required frequency of periodic wire rope inspections for lifting equipment. Please excuse our delay in responding to your inquiry. The interpretation requested in your letter involves further determination as to whether following the current ANSI standards for lifting equipment wire rope inspections would: 1) constitute a de minimis violation, or 2) be in complete compliance with 29 CFR 1910 standards. As was explained previously in Mr. Sauger's letter of March 21, 1990, when an employer is not in complete compliance with a provision of an OSHA standard but is following a currently accepted industry standard which provides equivalent employee safety, such violation of the OSHA standard would be considered de minimis. Based on our understanding of the facts as presented, we consider your procedures which follow the current ANSI standards pertaining to the periodic inspection of wire rope on lifting devices, to be a de minimis violation of the applicable OSHA standards pertaining to the monthly inspections of such rope. The incorporation of national consensus standards into the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is allowed by the Administrative Procedure Act, on the condition that the incorporation is approved by the Director of the Federal Register, and that the material is made reasonably available to the persons affected. The standard which governs incorporation by reference, 29 CFR 1910.6, was amended in February 1984 to clarify that only mandatory provisions of standards incorporated by reference are adopted as OSHA standards. Although revisions and amendments to a national consensus standard are allowed prior to adoption as federal regulations, once a national consensus standard is adopted, including any revisions and amendments, the CFR cannot be further changed without compliance with the rulemaking process. Therefore, as subsequent versions of the national consensus standard are updated, they do not automatically supersede the version which was adopted as a federal regulation. Should it be desired, you may apply for a permanent variance in order to allow you to use the current ANSI standards. Please refer to Section 1905.11 of the attached copy of 29 CFR 1905 for the criteria to complete an application for a permanent variance. A permanent variance can be obtained through the submission of a valid request requiring an alternate method, system, procedure, etc., which is as safe and healthful as the requirements of the standard from which the variance is sought. We hope that we have responded fully to your concerns. Your interest in occupational safety and health is appreciated. Sincerely, Patricia K. Clark Director Directorate of Compliance Programs




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• Standard Number: 1910.181(a)(29); 1910.181(j)(2); 1910.184(c)(6); 1917.45; 1918.66; 1918.81; 1926.753

January 10, 2006 Mr. Craig McCandless Ashley Sling, Inc. 100 Great S.W. Parkway Atlanta, GA 30336 Dear Mr. McCandless: This is in response to your letter of August 16, 2005, requesting clarification of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for safety latches on hoisting hooks. You indicated in your letter that the requirements for latches on hooks were only stated in the OSHA standard at 29 CFR 1910.181, Derricks, and you found no such mention in §1910.184, which contains requirements for Slings. Your paraphrased question and our response are provided below. Question: Does OSHA require the use of latches on hooks on slings? Response: Whether OSHA requires a safety latch on a sling hook depends on the activity for which the sling is being used. You are correct that although the standard for slings provides that "[s]lings shall be securely attached to their loads," the section does not explicitly require that the hook be equipped with a safety latch (29 CFR §1910.184(c)(6)). Use of a hook with a safety latch would, of course, be one way of securely attaching a sling to its load. As you also noted, OSHA's standard for derricks does include an explicit requirement for latch type hooks: "Hooks shall meet the manufacturer's recommendations... [and] [s]afety latch type hooks shall be used wherever possible." (29 CFR §1910.181(j)(2)(i) and 1910.181(j)(2)(ii)). The standard defines "safety hook" as "a hook with a latch to prevent slings or load from accidentally slipping off the hook." (29 CFR §1910.181(a)(29)). We would also call your attention to the following provisions in OSHA's maritime and construction standards: 29 CFR Part 1917, Marine Terminals, at 29 CFR §1917.45(e)(2) ("Crane hooks shall be latched or otherwise secured to prevent accidental load disengagement."); 29 CFR Part 1918, Safety and Health Regulations for Longshoring, at 29 CFR §1918.66(e)(2) ("Crane hooks shall be latched or otherwise secured to prevent accidental load disengagement."), and at §1918.81(b) ("Cargo handling bridles, such as pallet bridles, which are to remain attached to the hoisting gear while hoisting successive drafts, shall be attached by shackles, or other positive means shall be taken to prevent them from being accidentally disengaged from the cargo hook."); and 29 CFR Part 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction, at 29 CFR §1926.753(d)(2)(ii) (in specified situations, "Hooks with self-closing safety latches or their equivalent shall be used to prevent components from slipping out of the hook..."). The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 also contemplates that, in the absence of a specific OSHA standard addressing a hazard, employers are required, by the statute's "General Duty Clause" (Section 5(a)(1)), to protect employees from serious recognized hazards. OSHA often considers the provisions of industry consensus standards, such as those published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) or the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), when evaluating whether a hazard is "recognized" and whether there is a feasible means of abating that hazard. One such provision that OSHA would consider is Section 2-1.14.5, Hooks, of ASME 30.2-2001, Overhead and Gantry Cranes: "Latch-equipped hooks shall be used unless the application makes the use of the latch impractical or unnecessary." Thank you for your interest in occupational safety and health. OSHA requirements are set by statute, standards, and regulations. Our interpretation letters explain these requirements and how they apply to particular circumstances, but they cannot create additional employer obligations. This letter constitutes OSHA's interpretation of the requirements discussed. Note that our enforcement guidance may be affected by changes to OSHA rules. Also, from time to time we update our guidance in response to new information. To keep apprised of such developments, you can consult OSHA's website at www.osha.gov. If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact the Office of General Industry Enforcement at (202) 693-1850. Sincerely, Richard E. Fairfax, Director Directorate of Enforcement Programs

This letter constitutes OSHA's interpretation only of the requirements discussed and may not be applicable to any situation not delineated within the original correspondence.



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Directives - Table of Contents

• Record Type: Instruction• Directive Number: CPL 02-01-014• Old Directive Number: CPL 2-1.14B• Title: 29 CFR 1910.184(e)(4), Alloy Steel Chain Slings Proof Testing• Information Date: 10/01/1981• Standard Number: 1910.184(e)(4)

OSHA Instruction CPL 2-1.14B October 1, 1981 Office of Compliance Programming

SUBJECT: 29 CFR 1910.184(e)(4), Alloy Steel Chain Slings, Proof Testing.

A. Purpose. This instruction provides guidelines for uniform enforcement of 29 CFR 1910.184(e)(4) as it pertains to proof testing of alloy steel chain slings, fittings, coupling links, and other component parts.

B. Scope. This instruction applies OSHA-wide.

C. Cancellation. OSHA Instruction CPL 2-1.14A, November 14, 1980, is canceled.

D. Action. OSHA Regional Administrators/Area Directors shall ensure that the enforcement or 29 CFR 1910.184 (e)(4) is consistent with the guidelines in F. of this instruction

E. Federal Program Change. This instruction describes a Federal program change which affects State programs. Each Regional Administrator shall:

1. Ensure that this change is forwarded to each State designee.

2. Explain the technical content of the change to the State designee as requested.

3. Ensure that the State designees are asked to acknowledge receipt of this Federal program change in writing, within 30 days of notification, to the Regional Administrator. This acknowledgment should include a description either of the State's plan to implement the change or of the reasons why the change should not apply to that State.

4. Review policies, instructions and guidelines issued by the State to determine that this change has been communicated to State program personnel. Routine monitoring activities (accompanied inspections and case file reviews) shall also be used to determine if this change has been implemented in actual performance

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OSHA INSTRUCTION CPL 2-1.14B OCT 1 1981 OFFICE OF COMPLIANCE PROGRAMMING

F. Guidelines.

1. When an alloy steel chain sling is assembled with components that require welding in assembly, the completed sling must be proof tested by the sling manufacturer or equivalent entity, before the sling is used.

2. When an alloy steel chain sling is made up of welded components which were individually proof tested, and no further welding is required to assemble the sling, the assembled chain sling does not have to be proof tested. The sling manufacturer or equal entity assembling the sling shall attach a tag identification with appropriate information, and furnish an appropriate certificate to the purchaser or his representative which indicates the rated capacity.

3. Proof testing is not required when the sling is made up of components not requiring welding to



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assemble. The capacity of the sling shall be no greater than the rated capacity of the weakest component.

G. Background OSHA has received letters from manufacturers of alloy steel chain and components requesting that a clarification of 29 CFR 1910.184(e)(4) be issued to the field pertaining to proof testing. Manufacturers of forged components comply with the following criteria:

1. The quality of forged components is confirmed by tensile and hardness tests that will verify material and heat treatment. A check analysis made from the drillings of the material will verify the chemical composition of the material.

2. Production quantities of the forging component are subjected to a rigid Visual inspection and additional quality control procedures include magnetic particle and hardness testing.

3. Ultimate strength of material tests are made with the destructive testing performed on the basis of a statistical sampling procedure proven over the years.

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OSHA INSTRUCTION CPL 2-1.14B OCT 1 1981 OFFICE OF COMPLIANCE PROGRAMMING

4. The nondestructive testing such as magnetic particle inspection and hardness tests may be performed on the basis of 100-percent of the lot, or again, may be performed on the basis of a sampling technique.

5. The forged components used in alloy steel chain slings are similar and in most instances identical to, if not the same as the forged components used on wire rope slings, which do not require proof testing. The rated capacity for wire slings, like alloy steel chain slings, is limited to the rated capacity of its weakest component.

Thorne G. Auchter Assistant Secretary

DISTRIBUTION: National,Regional and Area Offices Compliance Officers State Designees NIOSH Regional Program Directors

Directives - Table of Contents

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©2011 Columbus McKinnon Corporation www.cmworks.com

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the employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test and shall make it available for...

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