Carbon Compounds

Section 2.3

Carbon Compounds

Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates

Monomer:Monosaccharide

Made up of:Carbon, Hydrogen,

Oxygen (H:O in 2:1 ratio)

Lipids

Monomer: Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen,

Oxygen(H:O not in 2:1 ratio)

Proteins

Monomer: Amino Acid

Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Nucleic Acids

Monomer: Nucleotide

1) 5 Carbon sugar, 2) phosphate group 3)nitrogenous base

Made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen,

Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

All compounds are either ORGANIC, containing carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen, or INORGANIC.

The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.

Organic Compounds

Carbon has FOUR valence electronso Needs eight electrons to be stable

Carbon readily forms four covalent bonds with other atoms, including carbon

Carbon Bonding:

Carbon Bonding Carbon can form straight chains, branched

chains, or ringso Leading to a great variety of organic

compounds

Single Bond Sharing 2 electrons A single line

Double Bond Sharing 4 electrons Two parallel lines

Triple Bond Sharing 6 electrons Three parallel lines

Carbon Bonding

In many carbon compounds, the molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules known as MONOMERS.

Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as POLYMERS. o Large polymers are also called MACROMOLECULESo The process of reacting monomer molecules together in a

chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks - POLYMERIZATION

Large Carbon Molecules:

WATER is the most important inorganic compound in the body and it participates in two biological reactions:o Hydrolysis o Dehydration Synthesis

Biological Reactions

Breaking down polymers by adding a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down polymers by adding a water molecule.

C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Hydrolysis

Build up large molecules by releasing a molecule of water.

Dehydration Synthesis

Build up large molecules by releasing a molecule of water.

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O

Dehydration Synthesis

The four main classes of organic compounds essential to all living things are made from CARBON, HYDROGEN, and OXYGEN atoms, but in different ratios giving them different properties.

Molecules of Life

Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with H to O in a 2:1 ratio

Monosaccharides are a single sugar - MONOMER

Source of energy Can be in straight or ring form -ose ending for sugars

Carbohydrates:

Glucose (C6H12O6) Ribose (C5H10O5)

Glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms = ISOMERSo Molecular formula = C6H12O6 (hexoses)

C5H10O5 (pentoses)

Carbohydrates:

Type of Sugar

Name of Sugar Description of Sugar

Pentose ribose Found in RNA

Pentose deoxyribose Found in DNA

Hexose glucose In blood; cell’s main energy source

Hexose fructose In fruit; sweetest of monomers

Hexose galactose In milk

Carbohydrates:

Disaccharides are double sugars Two monosaccharides condense to form

disaccharideso Formed by dehydration synthesiso Molecular formula = C12H22O11

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

A disaccharide is produced by joining 2 monosaccharide (single sugar) units.

In this animation, 2 glucose molecules are combined using a condensation reaction, with the removal of water.

Glucose molecules joining to form a disaccharideCondensation of Monosaccharides

Name of Disaccharide

2 single sugars that join to form the

disaccharide Description of Sugar

Sucrose Glucose + Fructose Table Sugar

Lactose Glucose + Galactose

In milk

Maltose Glucose + Glucose In malt

Common Disaccharides

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides many sugars: General formula – (C6H10O5)n plus H2O (n = #

monomers) Formed by dehydration synthesis Long chains of glucose molecules

Name of Polysaccharid

eDescription of Sugar

Glycogen(animal starch)

• Animal polysaccharide - stores excess sugar

• Stored in liver and muscles • Muscle contraction & movement• Broken down into glucose and

released into blood for quick energy

Starch• Plant polysaccharide• Stores excess sugar

Cellulose

• Gives plants strength and rigidity• Major component of wood and paper

• Component of cell wall

Carbohydrates:

Elements – carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (NOT a 2:1 H:O ratio)

Do not dissolve in water Lipids contain a large number of C-H bonds which store

more energy than C-O bonds in carbohydrates Monomers: glycerol and fatty acid

Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Waxes

Fatty Acids:o Fatty acids are unbranched C-chains (12-28 C) with

a carboxyl group (acid) at one end• The carboxyl end is POLAR and attracted to water –

HYDROPHILIC• The hydrocarbon end is NONPOLAR and does not interact with

water – HYDROPHOBIC

Lipids:

Fatty Acid

General Structure

Saturated (single bonds)

Unsaturated (double bonds)

Three major roles of lipids in living organisms:o Lipids can be used to store energyo Lipids are important parts of biological membraneso Lipids are waterproof coverings

Lipids:

Saturated Fatty Acids

• Carbon atoms with 4 atoms covalently bonded

• All single bonds

• High melting points• Solid @ room temperature• Ex.) animal fat, shortening

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

• Carbon not bonded to the maximum # of atoms

• There are double bond(s)• polyunsaturated

• Liquid @ room temperature• Primarily in plants• Energy storage in animals

Saturated & Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids:

Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes) are formed by a glycerol molecule bonding to fatty acid(s) o formed by dehydration synthesis

Lipids

Dehydration Synthesis:

Three fatty acids attached to glycerol

Triglycerides

Formation of a Triglyceride

Two fatty acids joined to a glycerol Makes up cell membrane - PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

Phospholipids

Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Monomer: AMINO ACID (20 different kinds) Each amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded

to 4 other atoms or functional groups

Proteins

Proteins Bond that joins amino acids (protein) = PEPTIDE

BOND

Formation of a peptide bond

amino acid 1 amino acid 2 dipeptide water

Peptide bond

Formation of a peptide bond

Proteins

1. Control the rate of reactions2. Regulate cell processes3. Form important cellular structures4. Transport substances into or out of cells5. Help to fight disease

Functions of Proteins

Enzyme + Substrate = ES complex EP complex = Enzyme + product(s)

Enzymes and Substrates:

Enzymes (Proteins)

Protein that has lost its active conformation, or shape

Denaturing caused by:o Temperatureo Solute (salt) Concentrationo pH

Denaturing Proteins:

Large, complex organic compounds that store information in cells, using a system of four compounds to store hereditary information, arranged in a certain order as a code for genetic instructions of the cell.

Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Monomer: Nucleotide1. Phosphate group (Phosphoric Acid)2. 5-carbon (pentose) sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose)3. Nitrogenous Base

Nucleic Acids

Nitrogenous Bases There are FOUR Nitrogen bases

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides combine, in DNA to form a double

helix, and in RNA a single helix The sides of the ladder are made up of the phosphate group and the sugar and the rungs of the ladder are nitrogen bases Examples of Nucleic Acids:

1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Nucleic Acids and Dehydration Synthesis