: by masresha yimer : to unctad itc...black cumin, white cumin /bishops weed (‘nech azmud’)/,...

: By Masresha Yimer

: To UNCTAD ITC

November 2010

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Table of Contents

1. Introduction 2. Spices: Definition 3. Brief Review of the Spices sub sector of Ethiopia

3.1 Ethiopia: General Country Profile 3.2 Ethiopia: About Spices

4. Production of Spices in Ethiopia 5. Consumption information on Spices 6. Producers of spices 7. Production Processes 8. Major constraints in the spices production and marketing in Ethiopia 9. Investment Incentive 10. Supply chain of spices in Ethiopia 11. Analysis of Ethiopian Foreign Trade in Spices

11.1 Ethiopian Spices Export in relation to Total Export: 1997/98-2009/10 11.2 Ethiopia’s Export of Spices by Commodity (summary)

11.3 Ethiopia’s Export of Spices by Destination 11.4 Details of Spices Export of Ethiopia by specific type of Spices

11.4.1 CUMIN

Black & White Cumin 11.4.2 GINGER

Ginger: Dry and Wet 11.4.3 TURMERIC 11.4.4 PEPPER 11.4.5 BASIL 11.4.6 CARDAMOM 11.4.7 CINNAMON 11.4.8 CLOVES 11.4.9 CORIANDER 11.4.10 FENUGREEK 11.4.11 HEIL 11.4 12 LIPPYA 11.4.13 MUSTARD SEED 11.4.14 Other Spices, not elsewhere specified (n.e.s.) 11.4.15 RUE 11.4.16 SAFFRON 11.4.17 SAVORY 11.4.18 SPICE MIXTURES 11.4.19 THYME 11.4.20 LONG PEPPER 11.4.21 OLEORESINS

10.5 ETHIOPIA’s SPICES IMPORT Vs EXPORT 10.5.1 Total Export of Spices from Ethiopia: 2005-09 10.5.2 Total Import of Spices from Ethiopia: 2005-09 10.5.3 Import of Spices by type of Commodity 10.5.4 Import coverage of export in Spices: 2005-09 (%)

10.6 The Global Dimension of Spices Trade: Major Trading Partners and World

10.6.1 SUDAN

10.6.2 INDIA 10.6.3 YEMEN

10.7 DETAILED TRADE STATISTICS OF Existing and potential trade: SUDAN, INDIA AND YEMEN MARKETS

10.7.1 Existing and potential trade between Sudan and Ethiopia 10.7.2 Existing and potential trade between India and Ethiopia 10.7.3 Existing and potential trade between Yemen and Ethiopia 10.7.4 TOTAL EXPORT OF SPICES BY SUDAN, INDIA AND YEMEN

10.7.4.1 List of products exported by Sudan 10.7.4.2 List of products exported by India 10.7.4.3 List of products exported by Yemen

10.8 WORLD IMPORT AND EXPORT OF SPICES – TOTAL / 3 digits/ 10.8.1 WORLD IMPORT OF SPICES: 10.8.2 WORLD EXPORT OF SPICES:

10.9 WORLD IMPORT AND EXPORT OF SPICES – TOTAL / 6 digits/ 10.9.1 DETAILED WORLD IMPORT OF SPICES AND SIX DIGIT 10.9.2 DETAILED WORLD EXPORT OF SPICES AND SIX DIGIT

1. Introduction

The Government of Ethiopia proclaimed a market oriented economic policy in 1992, and development strategy based on agricultural development led industrialization /ADLI/.

Besides, an industrial development strategy has been prepared with the aim to focus on agro processing, textile and garments, leather and leather products, sugar and other sectors.

Ethiopia is now completing its five year development plan of PASDEP I, Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty/. The government has recently launched the its new five year national development plan – the Growth and Transformation Plan /GTP/ that puts emphasis, among others, on agricultural, agro processing and manufacturing sector development.

Thus, being the Center of Origin and Biodiversity, and by capitalizing on the global and domestic opportunities for the favourable development of the spices sub sector, there is a need to tap the agro ecological and opportunities for production varied and diverse spices to the economic benefit of small holder farmers, investors, and the country at large in terms of use of better agricultural practices and in coordination with production of other crops in the farm plots, and production of spices of good quality and processed /value added products/ for home and export market. Transforming the existing traditional farming practice, low value addition and weak domestic to export marketing activities will enhance the contribution of the spices sub sector both at the farm household and commercial farms level and also a the national level through increased employment and income generation, foreign exchange earnings and domestic and export market expansion and development.

2. Spices: Definition

Spices are essential oils that give foods and beverages flavor, aroma and sometimes color.

The term spice refers to any dried plant product used primarily for seasoning, be it the seed, leaves, bark or flowers. They can be marketed whole, ground to a powder or in the form of essential oils and oleoresins. Many spices are also used for other purposes. Plants such as turmeric (Curcuma longa) are increasingly in demand for natural therapies, while others such as peppers (Capsicum spp.) serve as substitutes for chemical dyes or pesticides. [Pepping up production, CTA, articles]

Another definition indicates: A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark or vegetative substance used in nutritionally insignificant quantities as a food additive for the purpose of flavoring, and sometimes as a preservative by killing or preventing the growth of harmful bacteria.

Many of these substances are also used for other purposes, such as medicine, religious rituals, cosmetics, perfumery or eating as vegetables. For example, turmeric is also used as a preservative; licorice as a medicine; garlic as a vegetable and nutmeg as a recreational drug. In some cases they are referred to by different terms. [http://www.kit.nl/smartsite.shtml?ch=FAB&id=50827]

http://www.kit.nl/smartsite.shtml?ch=FAB&id=50827

3. Brief Review of the Spices sub sector of Ethiopia

3.1 Ethiopia: General Country Profile

Ethiopia is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti and Somalia in the East; Eritrea to the North; the Sudan to the West and Kenya to the South.

The Official name of the country is Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia /FDRE/. It is a federal republic consisting of 9 states and two city administrations, namely, Addis Ababa /the Capital City of Ethiopia/ and Dire Dawa. It is a landlocked country with a total area of 1.14 million square kilometer, of which 66% is suitable for agriculture and with 3.7 million hectare being suitable for irrigated agriculture.

The total population of Ethiopia is about 79.4 million (2008/09), with about 83.3% living in rural areas of the country; and with a natural population growth rate of 2.7% per annum. On macro economic indicators, in 2008/09, the share of agriculture, industry and service sectors in total GDP /Gross Domestic Product/ is indicated to be 43.2%, 13.0% and 45.1% respectively. [National Bank of Ethiopia-NBE]

Ethiopia has diversified climate (covering 18 major agro-ecological zones and 62 sub zones) suitable for growing over 146 types of crops. Ethiopia has a temperate climate in the highlands, hot climate in the lowlands, with temperature ranging from 10-30 o C, and rain fall ranging from 200-2000mm per year. The altitude ranges from 148 meters below sea level at Dallol Depression in the East to 4,620 meters above sea level on Mount Ras Dashen in the North.

The country has a huge and diversified fauna, floral and other natural resources, such as water (with nine major rivers and 12 major lakes), and livestock resources (about 40 million heads of cattle, 25 heads of sheep, 23.4 million heads of goats, and 2.3 million heads of camels), and 38.8 million poultry.

3.2 Ethiopia: About Spices

The use and cultivation of spices goes back to the beginnings of history. They are commonly obtained from flowering plants.

Owing to its varied topography and climate, Ethiopia is home to different plants species that grow on its highlands and rift valley. Out of the 6,000 species of vascular plants that grow in Ethiopia, 12 percent are endemic. [SOURCE: The Reporter English Newspaper on the title: Book exploring Ethiopian spices launched, SATURDAY, 10 OCTOBER 2009; By Yelibenwork Ayele]

Ethiopia is a homeland for many spices, such as korarima (Aframonum Korarima), long pepper, Black cumin, white cumin /Bishops weed (‘Nech azmud’)/, coriander and ginger.

As a result, the history of spice use in Ethiopia is an ancient one and spices have always been and remain as basic food items in the diet of the Ethiopian people. [Ethiopian Investment Agency]

For instance, hot pepper (berebere) of Ethiopia is a must for the traditional and most staple food 'wot' in many parts of the country. In relation to this, the preparation of pepper flour also involves use of mix of different type of spices.

4. Production of Spices in Ethiopia

Statistics on the production of spices is very difficult to come by in Ethiopia as the commodities are not part of the national agricultural crop survey, except for pepper and chilies. Earlier study by the Ethiopian Export Promotion Agency of the ministry of trade and industry (2003) indicated total production of spices in the three major producing regions of SNNP, Oromia and Amhara Regions was 89,300 tons; with SNNP /Southern Nations and Nationalities and Peoples/, Amhara and Oromia regions accounting for 64%, 25% and 11% of total production of spices in the country. /See Table 1 below/.

Table 1: Area and Production of Spices in Major Producing Regions in Ethiopia

(Area in hectare, Volume in quintals*)

S/N

o.

Commo

dity

Major Producing Regions

TOTAL

NATIONAL

SNNP OROMIA AMHARA

Area Product

ion

Area Product

ion

Area Product

ion

Area Product

ion

1 Ginger

3,250.

50

374,210.

00

120.59

3,154.00

3,371.9

0

- 6,742.9

9

377,364.

00

2 Pepper

6,951.

00

85,718.0

0

7,638.0

5

66,736.0

0

49,298.

05

148,524.

00

73,887.

10

300,978.

00

3 Fenugree

k

64.43 140.65

3,900.9

2

18,125.3

0

9,209.3

5

40,606.0

0

13,174.

70

58,871.9

5

4 Cardamo

m

4,574.

50

55,927.0

0

42.45 325.50

4,616.3

5

-

9,233.3

0

56,252.5

0

5 Cumins

162.0

0

597.00

2,437.

26

8,805.0

0

11,073.

26

32,610.

00

13,672.

52

42,012.

00

6 Turmeric

483.0

0

39,460.0

0

18.10 160.30 501.10

-

1,002.2

0

39,620.3

0

7 Black

pepper

754.0

0

14,991.0

0

- - 754.00

-

1,508.0

0

14,991.0

0

8 Coriande

r

6.00 36.00 465.00

2,336.00

471.00

-

942.00

2,372.00

9 Chilies 58.00 264.00 - - 58.00

-

116.00

264.00

10 Sage 41.30 21.03 - - 41.30

-

82.60

21.03

11 Cinnamo

n

1.20 0.35 - - 1.20

-

2.40

0.35

12 Others

152.0

0

243.00 5.00 - 157.00

-

314.00

243.00

Total

6,497.

93

571,608.

03

14,627.

37

99,642.1

0

79,552.

51

221,740.

00

120,677

.81

892,990.

13

Share of

total

Area

(%) 21.96 12.12 65.92 100%

Share of

total

Producti

on (%)

64.0 11.2 24.8 100%

* 1 quintal=100 KG, or 0.1 ton

Source: Ethiopian Export Promotion Agency /Ministry of Trade and Industry (Survey of the

three major spice producing Regions)

Recent information from MoARD /Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development/ indicates: For the last four years the average land coverage by spices has been 122,700ha and the production reached 244,000 ton/ annum. The seed spices potentials area are Amhara and Oromiya regions while for the low land spices dominantly produced and potential in SNNP and Gambella regions; In general the total potential for low land spices is estimated to be 200,000ha. [Agricultural Investment Potential of Ethiopia, MOARD, March 2010]

5. Consumption Information of Spices :

The House Hold Income, Consumption And Expenditure Survey -HHICES (2005) of CSA, shows that, at the national level on average, spices has a 1.79% share of total house hold expenditure with major spice expenditure going to pepper whole and flour, followed by ginger, fenugreek, and then cinnamon, chilies, long pepper and mixed spices. The share of household expenditure for rural Ethiopia was higher at 1.87%, while the share for Urban Ethiopia was 1.46%.

The survey result (CSA) shows, spices has 1.08% and 1.11% share of total net and gross calorie per capita per day. The net calorie per capita per day for rural and urban is 9.69% and 1.63% respectively, while the gross calorie per capita per day is 0.99% for rural and 1.94% for urban Ethiopia.

6. Producers of Spices a) Small Holder Farmers: Despite being the homeland of many spices varieties, the production of spices in Ethiopia remains predominantly a small holder production activity. Small holder farmers carry out the production of spices largely as mixed production with other food and/or cash crops. b) Commercial Farms: Following the market oriented economic policy of the country /1992/, new commercial investment activities in spices are taking place, though still at a very low level. Since 1992-May 2010, there are a total of 163 spices farming investment projects in the country, of which only 15 projects are registered as operational (of which 4 are located in Oromia, 3 in SNNP, and 1 in Tigray Regions); while 7 are at the implementation and rest 141 projects at the pre implementation phase, which indicates the minimal participation of the private investors in modern commercial spices production in the country. [Ethiopian Investment Agency- EIA]

c) Spices Processing Establishments:

Ethiopian Spice Extraction Plant:

There are only two spices processing factories, namely the Ethiopian Spice Extraction Factory, a

public enterprise privatized very recently that pioneered the commercial industrial scale spice

extraction. The factory was established in 1971 primarily to extract oleoresin paprika from red

pepper grown in the Southern part of Ethiopia. Formerly, the entire product was exported to the

United States and also Western Europe, mainly in the then West Germany and Spain. Available

information indicates, the factory has a processing capacity of about 180 tons per year and is

capable of processing ginger from locally grown ginger root, capsicum oleoresin from red pepper,

and turmeric. However, over 85% of its business is for paprika.

This factory is also engaged in the preparation, packing and selling of spices (such as pepper flour)

to consumers.

As of September 2008, this only public spice extraction factory has been privatized.

Kassk Spices and Herbs Extraction PLC:

The privately owned spice extraction plant in Ethiopia is Kassk Spices and Herbs Extraction PLC.

This factory was built in Addis Ababa in 1997 and has a processing capacity of about 120 tons per

annum. All of the extracted spice is exported for food coloring, flavoring, etc. to Europe mainly

Germany, Spain and Italy. This privately owned factory has been foreclosed later on and hence is

no more operational.

Old machinery in use, and above all shortage of raw materials /the spices/ of required quantity and

quality, are indicated to be major causes for under capacity utilization in the factories.

Micro, small and medium /SME/ spices processing and marketing businesses:

There is an increasing trend in micro, SME purchase, processing, preparations and selling of spices products for use by household and other consumers. The relatively bigger ones and few have milling facilities while by and large such businesses do the spices purchase, preparations and final packaging and selling, while purchasing the services of pepper and other spices milling units.

Home Preparation and Use of Spices: This has remained a crucial aspect of spices preparation and consumption activity in Ethiopia, where household buy the different spices and spices mixtures from spice markets and do cleaning, further drying and processing, and do final milling at milling facilities and use the final spice (s) products for home (own) consumption.

7. Production Processes:

The spices supply process in Ethiopia involves a number of activities, that include: input supply, seed/variety selection, seed bed and transfer plot preparations, seed multiplication, land preparation, sowing/planting production, farm crop protection, weed and pest protection, harvesting, thrashing, semi/full drying and use of appropriate methods of drying, cleaning from foreign matters/ admixture, proper packing and use of appropriate type of packing material, collection/bulking of the harvested spices, supplying, wholesaling, grinding/processing at milling facilities and also factories (including oleoresin preparations), retailing, and domestic consumption, and exporting to overseas markets.

8. Major constraints in the spices production and marketing in Ethiopia

The major constraints facing the spices sub sector of Ethiopia cover pre production, production, processing and marketing stages.

a) Production Stage:

o Low yield varieties in use, and lack of HYV, o need for improved spice agricultural research in existing and new and locally

adaptable varieties that offer opportunities for increased yield, and meet home and export market demands.

Poor quality of final output marketed

Weak role of private commercial investors in spices production

irregular supply and variable quality of spices produced from forest and agricultural landscape,

improve domestication of forest spices, and also contribute to up keeping afforestation and environmental protection,

Lack of proper post harvest handling practices, and problems of the marketing system in use resulting in significant post harvest wastage/spillage and product quality deterioration,

Weak business linkage among stakeholders in the chain including farmers, traders, processors, and meso level support institutions and macro level regulatory and enforcement institutions,

Lack of use of appropriate modern technologies in farm management, drying, storage, etc …

Lack of appropriate spices development strategic interventions

b) Marketing Stage:

Keeping spices in store for long in expectation of higher prices,

Adulteration of inferior varieties with better ones for marketing,

Poor quality of spices traded due to highly traditional pre and post harvest handling

practices,

adding water to increase weight and also colour/appearance,

increasing role and importance of unlicensed brokers in the trading of spices in the

market,

weak marketing system not incentivizing production and marketing based on

enforceable quality standards,

lack of value addition in terms of major agro processing activities in spices,

weak organizational capacity of cooperatives/unions,

Price volatility due to changes in demand and supply in local and overseas markets,

Lack of organized market information service to the different actors in the spices farm to

market chain,

Weak market research and promotion in potential overseas markets for natural and

processed spices products.

9. Investment Incentive To encourage private investment, the Ethiopian Government has developed a package of incentives under Regulations No.84/2003 for investors engaged in new enterprises and expansions, across a range of sectors. These incentives are available both to foreign and domestic investors and the said Regulations doesn’t discriminate between a foreign and domestic investor or between foreign investors of different nationalities. The type of incentives that are available both to foreign and domestic investors are the following:

9.1 Customs Duty Exemption

A 100 percent exemption from the payment of import customs duty and other taxes levied on imports is granted to investment capital goods and construction materials necessary for the establishment of a new enterprise or for the expansion or upgrading of an existing enterprise as well as spare parts worth up to 15 percent of the value of the imported capital goods;

Investment capital goods imported without the payment of import customs duties and other taxes levied on imports may be transferred to investors enjoying similar privileges;

Exemptions from customs duties or other taxes levied on imports are granted for raw materials and packing materials necessary for the production of export goods. Taxes and duties paid on raw materials and packaging materials are drawn back at the time of

exports of finished products. The voucher system and bonded manufacturing warehouse facilities are also in place.

All goods and services destined for export are exempted from any export and other taxes levied on exports.

9.2 Income Tax Exemption

Any income derived from an approved new manufacturing, agro-industrial or agricultural investment is exempted from the payment of income tax ranging from 2-8 years depending up on the area of investment, the volume of export and the location in which the investment is undertaken.

Income derived from an expansion or upgrading of an existing manufacturing, agro-industrial or agricultural enterprise is exempted from income tax for a period of two years if it exports at least 50% of its products and increases, in value, its production by 25%.

9.3 Loss Carry forward

Business enterprises that suffer losses during the tax holiday period can carry forward such losses for half of the income tax exemption period, after the expiry of such period.

9.4. Remittance of Funds

Foreign investors are entitled to make the following remittances out of Ethiopia in convertible

foreign currency at the prevailing rate of exchange on the date of remittance:

Profits and dividends accruing from investment;

Principal and interest payment on external loans;

Payments related to a technology transfer agreement;

Proceeds from the sale or liquidation of an enterprise;

Proceeds from the transfer of shares or of partial ownership of an enterprise to a domestic investor;

Expatriate employees may remit, in convertible foreign currency, unspent salaries and other payments accruing from their employment in hard currency.

9.5. Investment Guarantee and Protection

In Ethiopia both the Constitution and the investment Code protect private property. Ethiopia is also a member of MIGA, which issues guarantees against non-commercial risks to enterprises that invest in signatory Countries. Besides, the Country has signed bilateral investment promotion and protection treaties with a number of Countries and is also in the process of signing such treaties with a number other Countries. [Source: Ethiopian Investment Agency]

10. Supply chain of spices in Ethiopia The spices market chain of activities involves production, collection, drying, storage, processing,

transporting, and marketing and selling activities.

The market actors/participants in the spices market in Ethiopia involves:

The small holder farm households /the predominant production system for spices in Ethiopia/, and also their cooperatives/unions, and limited emerging cases of commercial farming, selling to local and regional traders in the nearest towns. They sell the spices in a wet/fresh stage (in most cases), or after drying, depending upon their cash need, interest and experience in spice drying processes. And marginally cooperatives/unions,

small to big Local Collectors and regional traders (buyers) /including small local shops in growing areas, engaged in purchasing and bulking from farmers and their cooperatives/unions/. They sell their spices purchases to local wholesalers after making a sort of processing (drying), and also sell directly to consumers

the Local traders/buyers in turn may do further drying of the spices, do bulking operation till it reaches the level to be transported using trucks, 50-90 quintals (1quintal=100kg or 0.1ton) and above, to transport and selling to traders in central/terminal markets in major urban areas,

there are national level wholesales of spices in terminal markets, who do further bulking mainly from regional traders/buyers and mainly engage in selling to processors /that ground, mix with other spices/, exporters, or other local wholesalers and retailers, including to those regions that do not grow or do not have adequate supply of spices,

o the millers: village and spice market center milling houses who, for

instance, do pepper milling for customers or do own milling and sell the flour to different traders, and consumers,

micro and small and medium /SME/ spice processors:

table spice producers and traders, such as Selam , Etsub, Abyssinia, Abeba, etc …, and also the ESEF who cater to households and also institutional consumers/buyers (such as hotels, hospitals, educational institutions, military camps, …); and

the fast increasing number of micro and SME spice processing, packing and retailing businesses in major urban centers, mainly catering to households.

o cleaning and processing facilities, o spices factor(ies), Ethiopian Spices Extraction Factory (engaged in

oleoresin extraction and export, and also pepper flour production and selling to consumers), and

o Retail chain: supermarkets, retail village shops, …/, o Exporters who buy from regional traders/buyers, and also from wholesalers in

terminal markets. The exporters are not as such specialized in export of spices alone, and are also engaged in export of such commodities, as pulses and oil crops.

o Consumers:

Household consumers /significant majority of who buy in smaller volumes, and above, and --- large are the household with few percentage shared with table spices processors and traders, such as Selam , Etsub, Abyssinia, Abeba, ESEF and numerous micro to SME spices processing and retailing businesses in urban areas, …

Institutional consumers, such as hotels, restaurants, military camps, academic institutions, hospitals, …., who are known to buy large volume

of spices mainly pepper (including other spices used for pepper milling ) and others for consumption need of large number of employees in camps, students, inpatients, …/. There are also brokers involved at different stages in the supply chain during the purchase and selling processes from farm to terminal markets.

Besides, brokers and commission agents are also involved in the market channel of spices

purchase and selling in Ethiopia.

11. Analysis of Ethiopian Foreign Trade in Spices

11.1 Ethiopian Spices Export in relation to Total Export: 1997/98-2009/10 *

Quantity in Tons

Table 2: Total Spices Export of Ethiopia in relation to Total Exports

Value in 000's USD

1997/98

1998/99

1999/2000

2000/01

2001/02

2002/0

3 2003/04

2004/0

5

2005/0

6

2006/0

7

2007/0

8

2008/0

9

2009/1

0

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Q

ua

nt

it

y

R

e

v

e

n

u

e

Q

u

a

n

ti

t

y

Re

ven

ue

Q

u

a

n

ti

t

y

R

e

v

e

n

u

e

Q

u

a

n

ti

t

y

R

e

v

e

n

u

e

Q

u

a

n

ti

t

y

R

e

v

e

n

u

e

Q

u

a

n

ti

t

y

R

e

v

e

n

u

e

Q

u

a

n

ti

t

y

R

e

v

e

n

u

e

Q

u

a

n

ti

t

y

R

e

v

e

n

u

e

Spice

2,017

1,774

2,688

3,079

3,285

3,499

2,697

3,764

3,168

3,731

4,

34

8

4,

4

0

0

1

0

,

1

7

0

6,8

45

1

5

,

6

8

5

1

1,

3

3

0

8

,

5

0

9

8,

6

6

1

1

3

,

0

6

5

1

0,

2

1

9

1

4

,

7

7

3

1

1,

6

0

3

1

5

,

4

5

5

1

1,

1

6

0

1

5

,

5

9

4

1

8,

5

6

8

Total

598,430

456,194

464,632

447,976

436,210

4

8

2,

7

0

0

596

,52

1

8

1

9,

0

2

6

1,

0

0

8,

5

6

8

1,

1

8

5,

0

8

3

1,

4

8

1,

4

2

1

1,

4

5

0,

1

6

1

1,

9

9

9,

5

4

2

Share

of

total

expor

t

earni

ng (%)

0

.

3

0

.

7

0

.

8

0

.

8

0

.

9

0.

9 1.1

1.

4

0.

9

0.

9

0.

8

0.

8

0.

9

Source: Ministry of Trade and Industry /MoTI/

* Ethiopian Fiscal/Budget Year falls between two consecutive Gregorian Calendar Year and is also lags by 7 years compared to Gregorian

calendar, e.g 1990 EFY, is last six months of 1997 and first six months of 1998; thus 1990 EFY is 1997/98 Gregorian calendar year), and spans

from July to June.

The share of spices export in total export earnings of Ethiopia has in general remained negligible. That is,

except for the year 2003/04 and 2004/05 in which the share of spices exports in total export earnings

was 1.1 and 1.4 % respectively, the share of spice export has in general remained less than 1% of total

export earnings. /See Table 1 above/.

Figure 1: value and volume of Ethiopia’s Spice Export: 1997/98-2009/10

Despite this, export of spices has in general been showing increasing trend in volume and value terms.

/See Figure 1 above/. During the period 1997/98-2009/10, the cumulative average growth rate of 25.6%

and 25.3% in volume and value terms respectively, as shown below.

Description CAGR * (1990-2002 EFY)

Volume of Spices Export 25.6%

Value of Spices Export 25.3%

* CAGR: Cumulative Average Growth Rate

10.2 Ethiopia’s Export of Spices by Commodity (summary)

Analysis of Ethiopia’s export of spices for the recently completed 2009/10 shows that ginger, turmeric

and cumin are the leading export commodities with an export earning share of 64.9%, 15.4% and 8.4%

respectively. This is followed by cardamom, fenugreek and pepper and other spices exports.

This also holds true for volume of export of spices, except for Fenugreek, which has higher share of

volume of exports (3.8%) than pepper (0.86%) and cardamom (0.75%). See Tables 3.1-3.3 and Figure 2

below.

Table 3.1: Ethiopia's Total Spices Export by Commodity: 2009/10

Volume in Tons and Value in '000 USD

Type

2002

Share of Volume, % Share of Value, % Top Ranking Volume Fob Value

Ginger 10270 11999 66.22 64.93 1

Cumin Seed 801 1555 5.16 8.41 3

Coriander 316 204 2.04 1.10

Turmeric 2932 2840 18.91 15.37 2

Pepper 133 486 0.86 2.63 6

Garlic 0.00 0.00

Cinnamon 1 1 0.00 0.01

Saffron 0.00 0.00

Fenu Greek 588 508 3.79 2.75 5

White Pepper 0.00 0.00

Chilli 0.00 0.00

Besil 69 60 0.44 0.33

Cardamom 116 567 0.75 3.07 4

Mustard seeds 9 7 0.06 0.04

Others 273 254 1.76 1.37

Total 15508 18481 100.00 100.00

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD)


Type of Spices

2002 Share of Volume, % Share of Value, % Top Ranking Volume Fob Value

Ginger 10270 11999 66.22 64.93 1

Turmeric 2932 2840 18.91 15.37 2

Cumin Seed 801 1555 5.16 8.41 3

Cardamom 116 567 0.75 3.07 4

Fenu Greek 588 508 3.79 2.75 5

Pepper 133 486 0.86 2.63 6

Others 667 526 4 3

Computed from Table 3.1 above


Type of Spices Value share (%)

Ginger 64.93

Turmeric 15.37

Cumin Seed 8.41

Cardamom 3.07

Fenu Greek 2.75

Pepper 2.63

others 3.00

Taken from Table 3.2 above

Figure 2:

E thiopia's E xport of S pic es by type of C ommodity /s hare

of value of s pic es export, %/2002 E F Y2002 E F Y: (2009/10)

G inger

65%

Turmeric

15%

C ummin S eed

8%

C ardamom

3%

F enu G reek

3%

P epper

3%

others

3%

11.3 Ethiopia’s Export of Spices by Destination

Looking at the export of spices by destination, in 2009/10, Sudan is the leading importer of spices from

Ethiopia (with a 38.4% share of value of total spices export from Ethiopia), followed by India (10.4%),

and Yemen (8.6%). Other important importers of spices from Ethiopia are: UAE (8.3%), Saudi Arabia

(6.7%), Morocco (5.8%), while Singapore and Jordan has a share of 3.2% and 3.1% respectively.

This also holds true for volume of export of spices, except for Morocco that registered a higher share of

volume of export /7.3%/ than Saudi Arabia /5.5%/. See Table 4.1-4.3 and Figure 3 below

Table 4.1: Ethiopia's Total Spices Export by Destination: 2009/10

Destination Volume in Kg Value in USD Share of Volume, % Share of Value, % Top Ranking

Algeria 74,940.00 144,450.00

0.48 0.78

Australia 10,710.00 39,091.20

0.07 0.21

Austria 38.00 228.00

0.00 0.00

Bahrain 110.00 198.00

0.00 0.00

Belgium 362.00 1,721.48

0.00 0.01

Canada 8,790.00 30,956.55

0.06 0.17

China 141,100.00 156,100.00

0.91 0.84

Djibouti 316,141.00 248,296.46

2.04 1.34

Egypt 123,500.00 150,590.00

0.80 0.81

Finland 50.00 250.00

0.00 0.00

Germany 100.00 335.12

0.00 0.00

Hong Kong 50,000.00 33,500.00

0.32 0.18

India 1,489,794.00 1,929,669.99

9.61 10.44 2

Indonesia 269,000.00 535,780.00

1.73 2.90

Israel 53,466.20 184,375.14

0.34 1.00

Italy 369.40 1,416.59

0.00 0.01

Jordan 389,545.00 573,962.00

2.51 3.11 8

Kenya 407,960.00 189,528.00

2.63 1.03

Kuwait 100,117.00 77,313.80

0.65 0.42

Malaysia 85,000.00 148,188.93

0.55 0.80

Malta 10.00 100.00

0.00 0.00

Morocco 1,121,568.00 1,066,110.14

7.23 5.77 6

Netherlands 48,144.00 36,984.31

0.31 0.20

Newzealand 800.00 2,720.00

0.01 0.01

Norway 267.00 1,303.00

0.00 0.01

Pakistan 201,075.00 218,208.75

1.30 1.18

Saudi Arabia 848,735.50 1,230,027.41

5.47 6.66 5

Singapore 472,000.00 583,863.00

3.04 3.16 7

South Africa 213,056.00 226,126.00

1.37 1.22

Sudan 6,229,157.00 7,091,003.25

40.17 38.37 1

Sweden 2,675.00 11,853.25

0.02 0.06

Switzerland 275.00 646.30

0.00 0.00

Turkey 24,000.00 30,600.00

0.15 0.17

UAE 1,296,684.00 1,535,482.03

8.36 8.31 4

UK 39,884.84 56,014.07

0.26 0.30

Tanzania 140.00 380.25

0.00 0.00

USA 155,245.50 351,779.27

1.00 1.90

Yemen 1,333,372.50 1,592,120.99

8.60 8.61 3

Total 15,517,621.94 18,509,289.28 100.00 100.00

Table 4.2 Top Eight Destination Countries: In terms of value of export 2009/10

Destination Volume in Kg Value in USD

Share of Volume, %

Share of Value, %

Top Ranking

sudan 6,229,157.00

7,091,003.25

40.17 38.37 1

india 1,489,794.00

1,929,669.99

9.61 10.44 2

yemen 1,333,372.50

1,592,120.99

8.60 8.61 3

UAE 1,296,684.00

1,535,482.03

8.36 8.31 4

saudi arabia

848,735.50

1,230,027.41

5.47 6.66 5

morocco 1,121,568.00

1,066,110.14

7.23 5.77 6

singapore 472,000.00

583,863.00

3.04 3.16 7

jordan 389,545.00

573,962.00

2.51 3.11 8

others 2,336,765.94 2,907,050.47 15.01 15.57

Table 4.3

Destination Value share (%)

sudan 38.37

india 10.44

yemen 8.61

UAE 8.31

saudi arabia 6.66

morocco 5.77

singapore 3.16

jordan 3.11

others 15.57

Figure 3:

E thiopia's T otal E xport of S pic es by Des tination /s hare of

value of s pic es export, %/2002 E F Y: 2009/10

s udan

38%

india

10%yemen

9%

UAE

8%

s audi arabia

7%

morocc o

6%

s ingapore

3%

jordan

3%

others

16%

11.4 Details of Spices Export of Ethiopia by specific type of Spices

Ethiopia produces various types of spices. However, the utilization of the sub sector’s potential for

generation of export earnings from natural as well as agro processed products has remained very

small.

The details of the volume and value of export of spices from Ethiopia for the period 2005/06-

2009/10, is presented in the Table 5 below.

Table 5: The Volume and Value Percentage Distribution of Spice Export by Type: 2005/06-2009/2010

Volume in Tons and Value in '000 USD

No Type

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

Volume

Fob

Value Volume

Fob

Value Volume

Fob

Value Volume

Fob

Value Volume

Fob

Value

1 Ginger 6565 7092 9188 6680 10547 6292 10610 6036 10270 11999

2 Cumin Seed 554 571 1096 1463 1715 2887 1127 1888 801 1555

3 Coriander 265 116 884 711 323 191 431 417 316 204

4 Turmeric 306 268 617 365 776 394 897 536 2932 2840

5 Pepper 168 220 358 821 110 374 234 633 133 486

6 Garlic 224 97 131 60

7 Cinnamon 129 200 1 1

8 Saffron 0 0 78 27 36 15 52 30

9 Fenu Greek 239 115 49 24 192 202 1171 839 588 508

10 White Pepper 26 27

11 Chilli 10 27 20 8 583 356

12 Besil 0 0 11 9 12 11 7 8 69 60

13 Cardamom 6 9 0 0 49 188 31 93 116 567

14 Mustard seeds 187 25 2 1 9 7

Others 218 1351 454 335 318 258 297 289 273 254

Total 8555 9867 13040 10730 14265 10837 15441 11128 15508 18481

Besides, the average volume and value of export of spices is presented in the Table 6 below for the

period 2005/06-2009/10. Accordingly, the major spices exported from Ethiopia are ginger, cumin seed,

turmeric and pepper. The four major export spices, i.e., ginger, cumin, turmeric and pepper registered

higher share both in volume and value terms.

In terms of volume, the export of ginger accounted for the lion share of 71% of total spice export for the

period 2005/06-2009/10, followed by turmeric (8.3%), and cumin (7.9%). However, fenugreek and

coriander, that showed higher export volume share of total spice export (i.e., 3.4 and 3.3% respectively)

higher than that of pepper (1.5%),

In value terms, ginger claimed a higher share of 62% of total spice export, followed by cumin seed

(13.7%), turmeric (7.2%) and pepper (4%).

Table 6: Average export volume and value for the period 2005-06-2009/10

Type Volume

Fob

Value

%

share

in

volume

terms

%

share

in

value

terms

Ginger 9,435.87 7,619.77

70.62

62.41

Cumin Seed 1,058.49 1,672.92

7.92

13.70

Turmeric 1,105.71 880.53

8.28

7.21

Pepper 200.64 506.74

1.50

4.15

Others 312.06 497.53

2.34

4.08

Fenu Greek 447.74 337.53

3.35

2.76

Coriander 443.77 327.83

3.32

2.69

Cardamom 40.45 171.69

0.30 1.41

Chilli 122.61 78.27

0.92

0.64

Cinnamon 25.82 40.34

0.19

0.33

Garlic 70.92 31.34

0.53

0.26

Besil 19.77 17.62

0.15

0.14

Saffron 32.99 14.37

0.25

0.12

Mustard seeds 39.56 6.65

0.30

0.05

White Pepper 5.20 5.44

0.04

0.04

Total 13,361.62 12,208.6

100.00 100

11.4.1 CUMIN

Cumin is one of the spices export commodities of Ethiopia. In 2009/10, export of cumin was 801 MT

valued at 1.55 million USD. The countries of major destination with their share of total value of cumin

export are Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and Sudan with a share of 33.8%, 28.7%, and 22.7 % respectively.

Destination Volume in

Kg Value in USD % share of

Value

Sudan 187066 352814.1977 22.7

Algeria 45000 93449.99961 6.0

Djibouti 5000 9000 0.6

Egypt 15000 31139.99969 2.0

India 5630 12949.99963 0.8

Indonesia 254000 525279.9997 33.8

Israel 2800 3699.999607 0.2

Pakistan 2000 1900 0.1

Saudi Arabia 230076.5 445899.8995 28.7

UAE 23940 35909.99991 2.3

USA 116 560.0997877 0.0

Yemen 30000 42449.99961 2.7

TOTAL 800628.5 1555054.195 100.0

Black Vs White Cumin:-

Based on the trade statistics descriptive information, white cumin is a negligible export with a share of

2.4% in volume and 0.98% in value terms of total cumin export from Ethiopia in 2009/10.

Cumin Volume in Kg

Value in USD

black cumin

781,292.50

1,539,859.00

white cumin

19,336.00

15,195.20

Total

800,628.50

1,555,054.19

Share of white cumin (%) 2.42 0.97

11.4.2 GINGER

The top three destinations of Ginger export from Ethiopia are Sudan, with a lions share of 47%,

followed by India, UAE, Morocco, and Yemen with a share of 13%, 8.8%, 7.5%, and 7% respectively.


Kg Value in

USD % share of

Value

canada 22 16.99930807 0.00

china 141100 156100 1.30

djibouti 209784 167800.7964 1.40

egypt 24000 21600 0.18

hongkong 50000 33500 0.28

india 1198164 1557485.993 12.98

jordan 12000 8760 0.07

kenya 359860 168397.9991 1.40

morocco 841568 896436.9974 7.47

netherlands 48000 36623.9994 0.31

pakistan 98600 84399.9997 0.70

saudi arabia 449696.5 491169.9944 4.09

singapore 350000 510250 4.25

south africa 186504 198925.9989 1.66

sudan 4772787 5701838.322 47.52

turkey 24000 30600 0.26

uae 830744 1058247.031 8.82

uk 36000 41759.99954 0.35

yemen 637317.5 835564.9974 6.96

Total 10270147 11999479.13 100.00

Ginger: Dry and Wet

Ginger Volume in Kg Value in USD

dry ginger 10,267,067.00

11,996,955.63

wet ginger 3,080.00

2,523.50

Share of fresh ginger % 0.03 0.02

Based on the available export trade statistics descriptive information, in 2009/10, export of ginger is

predominantly dry ginger, though there is some export of wet or fresh ginger, with a total ginger export

value and volume share of less than 1%.

11.4.3 TURMERIC

The major end markets for Ethiopia’s export of turmeric, with their share of value of turmeric export,

are: Yemen (20%), UAE (14.6%), Sudan (13.4%), India (11.8%), and Jordan (10.6%).


Kg Value in

USD % share of

Value

algeria 29940 51000 1.8

australia 3906 11799.9992 0.4

canada 3780 5106.997718 0.2

djibouti 12473 5197.562466 0.2

egypt 84500 97850 3.4

india 274000 333924.9987 11.8

indonesia 15000 10500 0.4

israel 200 100 0.0

jordan 317000 302014.9993 10.6

kenya 30500 11449.99961 0.4

kuwait 15 44.99984106 0.0

malysia 85000 148188.9323 5.2

morocco 280000 169673.1408 6.0

newzealand 800 2719.999841 0.1

pakistan 95000 128349.9993 4.5

saudi arabia 122000 117420 4.1

south africa 23952 16800 0.6

sudan 544800 379299.9989 13.4

sweden 1463 6614.749066 0.2

uae 401000 413444.9998 14.6

uk 220 638.9992127 0.0

usa 76131 53825 1.9

yemen 530500 573854.9978 20.2

Total 2932180 2839820.374 100.0

11.4.4 PEPPER

USA is the leading importer of Ethiopia’s Pepper accounting for a lions share of 51.9 % of total value of

pepper export from Ethiopia. Israel, Australia, Canada and Djibouti are the other importers having a

share of 13.8%, 4.9%, 4.3% and 3.9% respectively.


Kg Value in

USD % share of

Value

australia 6241 23921.19827 4.9

austria 38 227.9999703 0.0

bahrain 30 149.9996306 0.0

belgium 215 733.5990229 0.2

canada 3353 20693.4978 4.3

djibouti 8580 18939.99725 3.9

finland 50 249.9996053 0.1

germany 100 335.1193415 0.1

israel 18650 67070.99935 13.8

italy 369.4 1416.592721 0.3

kuwait 102 268.7998835 0.1

malta 10 100 0.0

netherlands 144 360.3097112 0.1

norway 267 1302.998742 0.3

saudi arabia 21158.5 66689.11705 13.7

south africa 2600 10400 2.1

sudan 25 50 0.0

sweden 1212 5238.498958 1.1

switerland 255 616.2988226 0.1

uk 3405.84 13023.13544 2.7

tanzania 140 380.2497162 0.1

usa 65974.5 252146.2634 51.9

yemen 455 1379.999128 0.3

Total 133375.24 485694.6738 100.0

11.4.5 BASIL:

Export of Basil is mainly destined to Sudan with 91.4% share of total export value of basil from

Ethiopia, and the rest of export going to Israel (7.4%), and USA (1.2%).

Destination Volume in Kg

Value in USD

% share of Value

Israel 2,000.00 4,425.00 7.4 United States 1,130.00 746.00 1.2

Sudan 65,656.00 54,991.20 91.4

Total 68,786.00 60,162.20 100.0

11.4.6 CARDAMOM:

The leading Cardamom importer is Jordan with an 44% share of value of cardamom export,

followed by Saudi Arabia (18.5%), Israel (14.1%) and Yemen (9.8%).

Destination Volume in Kg Value in USD % share of Value

australia 550 3315.99943 0.6

belgium 77 511.1847783 0.1

cananada 380 2193.998967 0.4

india 12000 25308.99942 4.5

israel 14553.7 79907.39804 14.1

jordan 37550 249389.9994 44.0

s arabia 23800 105140.9992 18.5

sudan 7001 24503.49959 4.3

uk 65 221.4992824 0.0

us 3310 21280.23826 3.8

yemen 17000 55489.99953 9.8

Total 116286.7 567263.8159 100.0

11.4.7 CINNAMON Cinnamon export is wholly destined to the USA.

Destination Volume in Kg Value in USD % share of Value

USA 600 1300 100%

11.4.8 CLOVES Similar to Cinnamon, export of Cloves is wholly destined to the USA.


Value in USD

% share of Value

USA 363.50 4604.85 100%

11.4.9 CORIANDER Coriander is mainly exported to Singapore and Yemen, with a share of value of coriander export of 36% and 30% respectively. This is followed by UAE (14%) and Djibouti (12%).


% share of Value

djibouti 47,075.00

24,039.55

12

kenya 17,600.00

9,680.00

5

pakistan 5,475.00

3,558.75

2

singapore 122,000.00

73,613.00

36

sudna 4,890.00

3,702.00

2

uae 41,000.00

27,880.00

14

yemen 78,300.00

61,401.00

30

Total 316,340.00

203,874.30

100

11.4.10 FENUGREEK Sudan is the leading importer of Fenugreek having a share of value of export of 98.2%.


% share of Value

bahrain 80.00

48.00 0.0

canada 150.00

107.50 0.0

djibouti 7,935.00

4,406.86 0.9

sudan 98.2

575,000.00 498,650.85

usa 1,023.00

1,699.00 0.3

yemen 4,000.00

2,670.00 0.5

Total 588,188.00

507,582.20 100.0

11.4.11 HEIL

Export of Heil is wholly destined to the USA.


Value in USD

% share of Value

United States 420.00 5,320.60 100

11.4 12 LIPPYA

Similar to Heil, export of Lippya is wholly destined to the USA.


% share of Value

United States 270.00 3,420.38 100

11.4.13 MUSTARD SEED

Sudan imported all the mustard seed exported from Ethiopia.


% share of Value

Sudan 9,000.00 7,290.00 100

11.4.14 Other Spices, not elsewhere specified (n.e.s.)

Sudan imported 47% of other spices (n.e.s.) followed by Israel (21%) and USA (20%) of total value of

other spices export from Ethiopia.


% share of Value

canada 1,105.00

2,837.56

3.43

djibouti 294.00

161.70

0.20

israel 7,722.77

17,251.75

20.88

s arabia 2,004.00

3,707.40

4.49

sudan 46,470.00

38,413.69

46.49

switerland 20.00

30.00

0.04

uk 194.00

370.44

0.45

usa 5,776.00

16,420.76

19.87

yemen 6,000.00

3,430.00

4.15

Total 69,585.77

82,623.29

100.00

11.4.15 RUE The major importing countries for Rue exported from Ethiopia with their share of value of Rue export

are: Sudan (67%), Israel (23.3%), and USA (9.7%).


% share of Value

Israel 500.00 250.00

1.87

Israel 200.00 120.00

0.90

Israel 1,000.00 500.00

3.74

Israel 990.00 495.00

3.70

United States

200.00

1,300.00

9.71

Israel 1,000.00

1,500.00

11.21

Israel 500.00 250.00

1.87

Sudan 2,562.00

8,967.00

67.01

Total

6,952.00

13,382.00

100.00

11.4.16 SAFFRON

Kuwait is the leading importer of Saffron with a 99.8% share of value of Saffron export from Ethiopia,

with marginal export made to the USA (0.2%).


% share of Value

Kuwait 100,000.00 77,000.00 99.8 United States 100.00 125.92 0.2

Total 100,100.00 77,125.92 100.0

11.4.17 SAVORY Djibouti and Jordan are the two countries importing Savory with 57.6% and 42.4% share of value of total Savory export from Ethiopia.


% share of Value

Djibouti 25,000.00 18,750.00 57.6

Jordan 22,995.00 13,797.00 42.4

Total 47,995.00 32,547.00 100.0

11.4.18 SPICE MIXTURES Ethiopia also exports different mix of spices. The leading importer of these spices mixes is the USA , with a 71.4% share of value of spices mixtures exported from Ethiopia, followed by Belgium (25.7%) and Australia (2.9%).


% share of Value

Australia 13.00 54.00 2.91 United States 615.00 1,322.50 71.36

Belgium 70.00 476.70 25.72

Total 698.00 1,853.20 100.00

11.4.19 THYME Ethiopia’s export of Thyme is destined wholly to Yemen.


% share of Value

Yemen

24,800.00

9,880.00 100.00

11.4.20 LONG PEPPER

One of the spices produced and exported from Ethiopia is Long Pepper, also called a climber plant.

Sudan is the leading importer of Long Pepper with a 58% share of value of Long Pepper export from

Ethiopia, followed by Israel (25%) and Yemen (17%).


% share of Value

Israel 3,349.73 8,805.00 25.0

Yemen 5,000.00 6,000.00 17.0

Sudan 13,900.00 20,482.50 58.0

Total 22,249.73 35,287.50 100.0

11.4.21 OLEORESINS

As briefly elaborated earlier in the chapter on Producers of Spices /Chapter 6/, currently there is only

one spice extraction factory engaged in oleoresin production, with factory level spice processing in

Ethiopia having major production input supply and production facility/technology problems.

Ethiopia’s Export of oleoresins

Volume in tons, value in ‘000 USD

Exports of Oleoresins by processing factory: ESEF and KASSK

Volume in tons, value in ‘000 USD

Source: Export Potential of Ethiopian Oleoresins, CBI (January 2005)

As elaborated in the above two tables, Paprika oleoresin is the principal export product. However, capsicum oleoresin, turmeric oleoresin and ginger oleoresin are exported in small quantities, with major export destinations being Germany, Spain and Japan.

Recent trade statistics shows that export is small 10 tons valued at 69,000 USD in 20007/08 and just 2

tons valued at 4,000 USD in the subsequent year of 2008/09.

Year Volume in Tons Value ('000

USD)

2007/08 10

69

2008/09 2

4

Source: Ministry of Trade and Industry /MOTI/, Export Trade Statistics

10.5 ETHIOPIA’s SPICES IMPORT Vs EXPORT

10.5.1 Total Export of Spices from Ethiopia: 2005-09

Average growth rate

(%)

Year Volume in

tons Value in '000

ETB Volume Value

2005 9,478.79 84,661.67

- -

2006 7,050.85 59,743.82 -25.6 -29.4

2007 13,629.44 99,328.20 93.3 66.3

2008 14,355.94 106,727.49 5.3 7.4

2009 15,690.55 140,681.82 9.3 31.8

Avg. 2005-09 12,041.11 98,228.60

Cumulative Average Growth Rate 20.6% 19.0%

Source: computed from Ethiopian Revenue and Customs Authority data

10.5.2 Total Import of Spices from Ethiopia: 2005-09

Average growth rate

(%)

Year Volume in

tons Value in '000

ETB Volume Value

2005

862.60

7,716.57 - -

2006

1,106.24

9,838.39 28.2 27.5

2007

1,225.19

11,444.12 10.8 16.3

2008

1,905.25

18,671.16 55.5 63.2

2009

1,534.29

18,076.96 -19.5 -3.2

Avg. 2005-09

1,326.72

13,149.44

Cumulative Average Growth Rate 18.8 % 25.9 %

Source: computed from Ethiopian Revenue and Customs Authority data

As shown in export and import of spices tables for the period 2005-09, there has been a steady increase

in both import as well as exports of spices in volume terms; while in value terms the increase has been

more dramatic.

Accordingly, volume of export has increased from 9,479 tons in 2005 to 15,691 tons in 2009, while value

of export rose from 84.7 million USD in 2005 to 141 million USD in 2009.

The cumulative average growth rate shows export growth rate of 20.6% and 19% in volume and value

terms respectively, for the period 2005-09.

Similarly, review of the customs statistics for imports shows import of spices increased from 863 tons in

2005 to 1534 tons in 2009, while the value of import of spices increased from 7.7 million USD in 2005 to

18.1 million USD in 2009, with a cumulative average growth rate in volume and value terms of 18.8%

and 26% respectively.

10.5.3 Import of Spices by type of Commodity

Further analysis of the type of spices imported in to Ethiopia shows that, in 2009, the major imported spice is Cinnamon with 36.6% share of value of imported spices. This is followed by Cloves, Cumin, dried pepper, pepper crushed, ground, and cardamom, with a share of 36.6%, 16.55%, 12.4%, 12.1%, 7.9%, and 5.77% respectively. The major origin of imports of these spices into Ethiopia is found out to be mainly UAE (United Arab Emirates). Import of Spices by Type of Commodity: 2009

Description of Spices Imported Volume in

Tons Value in '000 ETB % Share of

Volume % Share of

Value

Fruits of genus capsicum or pimenta,

dried, crushed or ground 2.06 54.05 0.13 0.30

ginger 2.69 71.30 0.18 0.39

other spices n.e.s 19.04 354.33 1.24 1.96

saffron 0.01 48.21 0.00 0.27

Seeds of anise or badian 2.65 45.00 0.17 0.25

Seeds of caraway 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00

coriander 0.05 4.30 0.00 0.02

Seeds of fennel; juniper berries 0.05 0.25 0.00 0.00

spices mixtures 1.52 36.01 0.10 0.20

turmeric 2.00 27.16 0.13 0.15

vanila 8.92 391.60 0.58 2.17

nutmag 32.31 522.94 2.11 2.89

cinnamon 625.32 6,615.30 40.76 36.60

cloves 316.00 2,992.38 20.60 16.55

cumin 141.07 2,241.54 9.19 12.40

cardamom 65.74 1,042.78 4.28 5.77

dried pepper 215.14 2,194.25 14.02 12.14

pepper crushed, ground 99.72 1,435.44 6.50 7.94

Total 1,534.29 18,076.96 100.00 100.00

10.5.4 Import coverage of export in Spices: 2005-09 (%)

Looking at the share of imports as percent of export of spices, for the period 2005-09, import of spices

has a share of 11.4% and 13.5% of the volume and value of spices exports respectively.

Year Volume share %

Value Share %

2005 9.10 9.11

2006 15.69 16.47

2007 8.99 11.52

2008 13.27 17.49

2009 9.78 12.85

Avg. 2005-09: %

11.37 13.49

10.6 The Global Dimension of Spices Trade: Major Trading Partners

and World

The foregoing analysis of the end markets of Ethiopian Spices shows that the top three major

destination countries are Sudan, India and Yemen. Accordingly, these three destination markets are

selected and further analyzed using ITC’s Market Analysis Tool (Trade Map). The following tables

provide analytical tables on these Ethiopian spices end markets. All import values indicated in the

tables is in thousands USD.

10.6.1 SUDAN:

SUDAN: TOTAL IMPORT OF SPICES

Code Product label Imported value in 2005

Imported value in 2006




910 Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry 575 1,612 743 5,176

906 Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers 1,737 1,788 1,981 2,107

908 Nutmeg, mace and cardamons 2,498 3,233 2,547 874

904 Pepper, peppers and capsicum 1,130 1,697 1,000 769

909

Seeds of anise, badian,fennel,coriander, cumin, etc. 25 164 161 668

902 Tea 36,293 34,292 1,683 271

907 Cloves 359 381 91 250

905 Vanilla 75 41 7

SUDAN IMPORT OF: Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry

Exporters Imported value in

2004

Imported value in

2005

Imported value in

2006

Imported value in

2007

Imported value in

2008

World 45 575 1,612 743

Ethiopia 0 0 1,538 601

United Arab Emirates 4 17 7 66

Saudi Arabia 0 21 12 36

China 4 38 27 21

Germany 11 0 0 18

Egypt 0 3 0 2

South Africa 0 0 0 1

Finland 0 0 15 0

Indonesia 0 0 2 0

Italy 0 472 0 0

Pakistan 0 1 1 0

India 24 5 9 0

Viet Nam 0 17 0 0

Syrian Arab Republic 0 0 1 0

The above table shows that Ethiopia is the leading supplier of Ginger to the Sudanese market, with

opportunity to expand the market and also diversify into added value products in this market.

SUDAN IMPORT OF: Seeds of anise, badian,fennel,coriander, cumin, etc.


2004

Imported value in

2005

Imported value in

2006

Imported value in

2007

Imported value in

2008

World 2 25 164 161

Guatemala 0 0 0 79

Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 63

Lebanon 0 0 0 6

South Africa 0 0 0 6

Egypt 0 0 26 6

China 0 15 1 0

Ethiopia 0 0 72 0

Germany 0 0 2 0

India 1 9 0 0

Syrian Arab Republic 0 0 16 0

United Arab Emirates 1 1 47 0

As can be seen from the above table, Ethiopia is not a major supplier of Seeds of anise, badian, fennel, coriander, cumin, etc., with Guatemala, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, South Africa, Egypt and China as important supplies to Sudan, indicating opportunity t o raise the marginal importance of Ethiopia as supplier in this market.

10.6.2 INDIA

INDIA TOTAL IMPORT OF SPICES

Code Product label Imported value in

2005

Imported value in

2006

Imported value in

2007

Imported value in

2008

Imported value in

2009

904 Pepper, peppers and capsicum 28,622 33,771 38,169 49,537 47,124

907 Cloves 43,200 39,929 39,426 42,801 36,517

910

Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry 17,716 14,992 21,566 23,073 25,008

909

Seeds of anise, badian,fennel,coriander, cumin, etc. 17,692 12,692 17,308 17,032 23,103

906 Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers 7,970 12,182 10,592 14,533 19,149

908 Nutmeg, mace and cardamons 20,167 10,703 16,331 31,333 19,109

905 Vanilla 23 45 120 151 217

INDIA IMPORT OF: Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry


2005

Imported value in

2006

Imported value in

2007

Imported value in

2008

Imported value in

2009

World 17,716 14,992 21,566 23,073 25,008

Nepal 3,910 5,029 9,765 8,628 7,747

United Arab Emirates 98 55 539 1,093 3,648

Myanmar 301 560 450 768 2,739

Pakistan 670 114 1,389 524 1,941

Ethiopia 1,443 65 23 1,840 1,594

Nigeria 5,117 1,987 3,101 2,559 1,393

Indonesia 1,393 1,076 489 371 1,389

Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1,748 953 2,251 1,904 1,280

Viet Nam 1,619 3,452 1,952 1,033 1,201

China 1,038 869 855 3,431 1,108

Germany 7 14 76 79 179

France 0 5 0 0 138

Singapore 34 99 51 0 131

Spain 29 54 128 380 130

Djibouti 0 0 0 0 58

United States of America 9 197 35 32 55

Morocco 30 32 29 116 48

Belgium 135 170 0 15 35

Turkey 17 42 0 1 35

Egypt 0 1 43 9 35

Syrian Arab Republic 0 0 0 0 29

Malaysia 0 0 0 4 23

Area Nes 0 12 4 104 21

Canada 0 6 0 0 10

As shown in the above table, Nepal, UAE, Myanmar and Pakistan are leading suppliers of Ginger, saffron,

turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry to India, indicating opportunity to tap the Indian market

opportunity, by meeting/fulfilling the supply and also other end market requirements in the Indian

market.

10.6.3 YEMEN

YEMEN - TOTAL IMPORT OF SPICES

Code Product label Imported value in

2005

Imported value in

2006

Imported value in

2007

Imported value in

2008

Imported value in

2009

910


909



906 Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers 572 656 1,053 672 977

907 Cloves 239 292 511 355 731

908 Nutmeg, mace and cardamons 326 439 574 443 438

905 Vanilla 0 2 1 1 9

YEMEN IMPORT OF: Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry


2005

Imported value in

2006

Imported value in

2007

Imported value in

2008

Imported value in

2009

World 2,948 4,088 6,414 6,804 8,462

China 326 1,245 2,104 3,257 3,734

India 1,493 1,576 2,742 2,399 3,051

Ethiopia 853 711 987 792 875

Myanmar 0 0 98 0 171


Area Nes 9 20 29 13 156

Egypt 14 54 49 24 69

Thailand 41 48 63 0 66

Singapore 47 37 48 89 35

France 0 0 0 0 26

Saudi Arabia 5 30 24 30 22


Pakistan 11 92 32 77 16

Djibouti 11 0 46 0 10

Malaysia 6 0 0 12 9

Viet Nam 0 0 15 65 9

Ship stores and bunkers 0 0 0 0 8

Indonesia 15 0 0 1 5

Chile 0 0 0 0 3

Jordan 0 4 2 4 3

United Arab Emirates 3 53 6 6 3

Sudan 26 5 0 0 2

Turkey 6 23 9 0 2

Armenia 0 0 0 0 1

As can be observed from the above table, Yemen imports its lions share of Ginger,saffron,turmeric,

thyme, bay leaves & curry from China and India. Ethiopia has a third but far lower position (compared

to China and India) as supplier of this product category, indicating opportunity to expand the market

position through increased product supply, processing, quality and other market requirements of the

Yemen end market.

YEMEN IMPORT OF: Seeds of anise, badian,fennel,coriander, cumin, etc.


2005

Imported value in

2006

Imported value in

2007

Imported value in

2008

Imported value in

2009

World 1,461 1,687 2,061 2,857 3,798

India 327 340 640 2,209 2,711


Ethiopia 140 110 184 91 248

China 87 13 82 325 170

Turkey 0 37 0 0 74

Area Nes 27 24 40 0 61

Iran (Islamic Republic of) 299 268 427 73 60

Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 20

Viet Nam 0 0 0 3 10


Egypt 9 50 55 2 6

Pakistan 5 5 9 26 3


Sudan 0 0 0 0 1

Somalia 8 0 0 0 0

Afghanistan 0 38 59 0 0

Eritrea 0 2 0 0 0

Indonesia 3 0 0 0 0

Kenya 0 7 0 0 0

Singapore 0 7 0 0 0

Sweden 6 0 0 0 0

United Republic of Tanzania 0 0 0 11 0


As depicted in the above table, Ethiopia has as third position but with very low value share compared to

the leading suppliers of Seeds of anise, badian, fennel, coriander, cumin, etc. to the Yemen market,

namely, India, followed by Syria, indicating opportunity for market expansion by meeting/fulfilling the

supply and also other end market requirements in the Yemen market.

YEMEN IMPORT OF: Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers


2005

Imported value in

2006

Imported value in

2007

Imported value in

2008

Imported value in

2009

World 572 656 1,053 672 977

China 297 432 782 540 739

Viet Nam 20 23 171 97 186

Area Nes 21 0 0 0 37

India 68 97 23 8 9


Cayman Islands 0 5 0 0 0

Comoros 0 18 0 0 0

Ethiopia 8 0 0 0 0


Kenya 0 4 0 0 0

Pakistan 0 0 10 0 0


Sweden 0 0 2 0 0


United Republic of Tanzania 25 0 0 0 0

Ethiopia has a very negligible role in the export of Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers in the Yemen

market, with the key suppliers being China, Vietname, India and Indonesia, thus indicating opportunity

to expand its export in this market.

YEMEN IMPORT OF: Nutmeg, mace and cardamons


2005

Imported value in

2006

Imported value in

2007

Imported value in

2008

Imported value in

2009

World 326 439 574 443 438

Guatemala 109 169 226 196 169


India 20 18 33 34 89

Sri Lanka 6 34 21 14 35

Area Nes 0 5 2 4 22



China 33 2 1 2 1

Mexico 0 0 0 0 1


Somalia 0 0 0 0 0

Argentina 0 0 2 0 0

Denmark 12 0 0 0 0

Ethiopia 6 0 2 13 0


Italy 0 2 0 0 0

Kenya 0 0 0 5 0

Malaysia 2 0 0 0 0

Pakistan 34 9 0 0 0

Viet Nam 0 1 0 3 0


Ethiopia as a marginal importance in the export of Nutmeg, mace and cardamons in the Yemenis

market, indicating the need to expand and tap the opportunity in this proximate market. Major

suppliers of the product to the Yemenis market are: Guatemala, USA, India, and Sri Lanka.

10.7 DETAILED TRADE STATISTICS OF Existing and potential trade: SUDAN, INDIA AND YEMEN

MARKETS

10.7.1 Existing and potential trade between Sudan and Ethiopia

a) Product: 0910 Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry

Product

code

Product

label

Sudan's imports from Ethiopia

Ethiopia's exports to world

Sudan's imports from world

Indicative potential trade

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Potential in 2007

Potential in 2008

Potential in 2009

91010 Ginger 601

6,313

6,237

6,599

609 3,52

9 8

91030

Turmeric (curcuma) 0 379 361 962 3 13 3

91091

Mixtures of two/more of the prods of different headgs to this chapter 0 7 2 33 23 49 2

91099 Spices nes 0 709

1,105

1,112 107 911 107

b) Product : 0909 Seeds of anise, badian,fennel,coriander, cumin, etc.

Product

code

Product

label

Sudan's imports from Ethiopia


Sudan's imports from world


Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Potential in 2007

Potential in 2008

Potential in 2009

90910

Anise or badian seeds 0

0 54 0

18 18

90920

Coriander seeds 0 219 252 341 0 3 0

90930 Cumin seeds 0

2,366

2,115

1,991 133 666 133

90950

Fennel or juniper seeds 0 9

10.7.2 Existing and potential trade between India and Ethiopia

a) Product : 0910 Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry

Product

code

Product

label

India's imports from Ethiopia


India's imports from world


Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Potential in 2007

Potential in 2008

Potential in 2009

91010 Ginger 23 1,83

4 1,520

6,313

6,237

6,599

13,110

16,036

11,528 6,290 4,403 5,079

91030

Turmeric (curcuma) 0 6 74 379 361 962

3,528

2,003

5,508 379 355 888

91040

Thyme and bay leaves 0 0 0 348 224 0

91050 Curry 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

91091

Mixtures of two/more of the prods of different headgs to this chapter 0 0 0 7 2 33 56 194 292 7 2 33

91099 Spices nes 0 0 0 709

1,105

1,112

1,650

1,463

2,697 709 1,105 1,112

91020 Saffron 0 0 0 12 18 133 2,87

3 3,15

2 4,98

2 12 18 133

10.7.3 Existing and potential trade between Yemen and Ethiopia

a) Product : 0910 Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry

Product

code

Product

label

Yemen's imports from Ethiopia


Yemen's imports from world


Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Potential in 2007

Potential in 2008

Potential in 2009

91010 Ginger 787 554 604

6,313

6,237

6,599

3,194

3,980

4,570 2,407 3,426 3,966

91030

Turmeric (curcuma) 111 167 207 379 361 962 449 600 574 268 194 367

91099 Spices nes 89 70 64 709

1,105

1,112

2,642

2,145

3,252 620 1,035 1,048

91020 Saffron 0 0 0 12 18 133 11 15 17 11 15 17

91040

Thyme and bay leaves 0 1 0 4 7 0

91050 Curry 0 0 0 3 0 0 18 0 0 3 0 0

91091

Mixtures of two/more of the prods of different headgs to this chapter 0 0 0 7 2 33 96 57 48 7 2 33

b) Product : 0909 Seeds of anise, badian,fennel,coriander, cumin, etc.

Product

code

Product

label





Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Potential in 2007

Potential in 2008

Potential in 2009

90920

Coriander seeds 179 90 248

219 252 341

426 696 1,01

9 40 162 93

90930 Cumin seeds 0 2 0

2,366

2,115

1,991

1,495

1,987

2,676 1,495 1,985 1,991

90940

Caraway seeds 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

90950

Fennel or juniper seeds 0 0 0 108 167 83

90910

Anise or badian seeds 4 0 0 0 54 0 31 7 18 7 0

c) Product : 0906 Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers

Product

code

Product label





Value in

200

Value in

200

Value in

200

Value in

200

Value in

200

Value in

200

Value in

200

Value in

200

Value in

200

Potential in 2007

Potential in 2008

Potential in 2009

7 8 9

7 8 9 7 8 9

90610

Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers neither crushed nor ground 0 0 0

0 0 0

708 369 0 0 0 0

90611

Cinnamon Cinnamomum eylanicum Blume (excl. crushed and ground) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 175 0 0 0

90619

Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers (excl. cinnamon Cinnamomum eylanicu 0 0 0 0 112 172 0 0 244 0 0 172

90620

Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers crushed or ground 0 0 0 0 0 0 345 303 558 0 0 0

d) Product : 0908 Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms

Product

code

Product

label





Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Value in

2007

Value in

2008

Value in

2009

Potential in 2007

Potential in 2008

Potential in 2009

90810 Nutmeg 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 56 114 0 0 0

90820 Mace 0 0 0 1 6 1

90830 Cardamoms 2 13 0 93 211 137 506 381 322 91 198 137

10.7.4 TOTAL EXPORT OF SPICES BY SUDAN, INDIA AND YEMEN

10.7.4.1 List of products exported by Sudan

Code Product label Exported value in

2005

Exported value in

2006

Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

910

Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry 0 0 5 57

909

Seeds of anise, badian,fennel,coriander, cumin, etc. 0 0 104 3

906 Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers 0 0 0

10.7.4.2 List of products exported by India


2005

Exported value in

2006

Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009


910


909



905 Vanilla 1,824 4,491 4,856 9,247 6,649

906 Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers 505 874 1,785 1,914 1,972

907 Cloves 457 338 412 474 1,775

903 Maté 196 19 12 22 86

10.7.4.3 List of products exported by Yemen


2005

Exported value in

2006

Exported value in

2007

Exported value in

2008

Exported value in

2009

910

Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry 100 102 258 378 674

909

Seeds of anise, badian,fennel,coriander, cumin, etc. 52 18 108 254 133

904 Pepper, peppers and capsicum 98 143 276 631 66

908 Nutmeg, mace and cardamons 0 2 0 12 6

906 Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers 9 72 12 11 0

10.8 WORLD IMPORT AND EXPORT OF SPICES – TOTAL / 3 digits/

10.8.1 WORLD IMPORT OF SPICES:

Product code

Product label

Imported value in 2005,

US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand

904 Pepper, peppers and capsicum 1,199,051 1,355,737 1,899,647 2,165,550 1,881,892

910

Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry 973,432 992,667 1,141,994 1,420,096 1,439,819


909



907 Cloves 120,288 119,980 131,720 146,556 168,665

905 Vanilla 128,023 122,798 125,870 134,499 122,040

10.8.2 WORLD EXPORT OF SPICES:

Product code

Product label

Exported value in 2005,

US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand

904 Pepper, peppers and capsicum 1,139,648 1,358,176 1,930,957 2,150,581 1,865,205

910

Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry 980,293 975,613 1,070,229 1,567,220 1,414,227


909



907 Cloves 127,343 143,314 161,911 154,698 176,628

905 Vanilla 120,848 115,500 124,650 128,335 125,757

10.9 WORLD IMPORT AND EXPORT OF SPICES – TOTAL / 6 digits/

10.9.1 DETAILED WORLD IMPORT OF SPICES AND SIX DIGIT

Product code

Product label


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand

90420

Fruits of the genus Capsicum or Pimenta, dried, crushed or ground 655,624 677,708 894,791 1,012,524 947,167

90411

Pepper of the genus Piper,ex cubeb pepper,neither crushd nor ground 427,712 530,981 797,664 915,195 682,442

91099 Spices nes 234,676 248,289 429,764 499,934 446,363

91010 Ginger 317,307 262,204 295,834 391,274 388,518

90830 Cardamoms 131,385 114,489 163,712 244,601 258,954

91091

Mixtures of two/more of the prods of different headgs to this chapter 172,558 193,253 222,721 243,493 236,696

91020 Saffron 75,971 66,715 110,097 185,641 222,991

90412

Pepper of the genus Piper, except cubeb pepper, crushed or ground 115,688 128,250 207,152 237,814 209,972

90930 Cumin seeds 121,628 154,339 227,155 277,787 182,845

90700

Cloves (whole fruit, cloves and stems) 120,286 113,327 131,717 146,554 158,093

90500 Vanilla beans 128,010 122,708 125,851 134,493 121,644

90810 Nutmeg 101,504 85,960 109,364 124,201 119,963

90920 Coriander seeds 54,736 57,127 86,558 132,162 105,699

90611

Cinnamon Cinnamomum eylanicum Blume (excl. crushed and ground) 42,580 123,003 103,333

91030 Turmeric (curcuma) 54,150 52,362 60,332 87,357 91,256

90619

Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers (excl. cinnamon Cinnamomum eylanicu 37,315 38,988 59,657

90910 Anise or badian seeds 40,003 35,231 34,473 46,514 48,206

90950 Fennel or juniper seeds 30,870 36,458 44,189 47,440 45,570

90620

Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers crushed or ground 26,679 31,766 36,781 39,837 37,142

90940 Caraway seeds 15,955 18,194 22,336 31,438 35,474

90820 Mace 22,827 24,369 24,701 26,780 28,751

90610

Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers neither crushed nor ground 123,603 143,469 79,150 19,370 3,993

91040 Thyme and bay leaves 62,094 69,519 6,270 4,275 682

91050 Curry 56,196 60,554 16,106 7,372 453

10.9.2 DETAILED WORLD EXPORT OF SPICES AND SIX DIGIT

Product code

Product label


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand


US Dollar

thousand

90420

Fruits of the genus Capsicum or Pimenta, dried, crushed or ground 608,724 635,409 867,752 960,242 916,942

90411

Pepper of the genus Piper,ex cubeb pepper,neither crushd nor ground 425,439 602,727 870,410 962,274 707,758

91099 Spices nes 237,201 260,281 423,731 470,108 422,824

91010 Ginger 323,811 247,368 264,425 578,563 406,416

90830 Cardamoms 115,671 111,931 186,673 289,365 381,625

91091

Mixtures of two/more of the prods of different headgs to this chapter 144,163 158,766 188,394 229,337 235,381

91020 Saffron 127,258 121,676 112,949 196,017 223,345

90412

Pepper of the genus Piper, except cubeb pepper, crushed or ground 105,488 111,669 192,794 228,060 204,459

90930 Cumin seeds 117,298 256,392 362,863 290,598 201,925

90700

Cloves (whole fruit, cloves and stems) 127,343 137,232 161,911 154,698 170,128

90500 Vanilla beans 120,847 115,300 124,650 128,335 125,518

90920 Coriander seeds 52,883 62,330 97,528 143,028 114,852

90810 Nutmeg 84,153 87,322 98,826 104,273 108,927

91030 Turmeric (curcuma) 53,830 54,546 56,839 81,287 100,051

90611

Cinnamon Cinnamomum eylanicum Blume (excl. crushed and ground) 9,175 102,231 89,214

90619

Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers (excl. cinnamon Cinnamomum eylanicu 40,646 32,500 55,350

90910 Anise or badian seeds 31,042 43,145 56,459 48,508 52,123

90950 Fennel or juniper seeds 30,297 37,638 46,031 46,237 45,004

90620

Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers crushed or ground 17,206 24,475 37,216 43,153 41,024

90940 Caraway seeds 15,729 16,742 21,790 31,554 34,645

90820 Mace 38,825 36,071 29,154 26,830 31,693

90610

Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers neither crushed nor ground 122,970 144,130 115,213 25,746 20,071

91040 Thyme and bay leaves 62,421 77,760 8,295 7,715 4,133

91050 Curry 31,574 37,462 15,524 4,181 277

The End: PP 54 of 54

: by masresha yimer : to unctad itc...black cumin, white cumin /bishops weed (‘nech azmud’)/,...

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