© 2011 pearson education, inc. chapter 10: notes: where did agriculture originate? notebooks :...

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 10: Notes:Where did Agriculture originate?

Notebooks :

Agriculture:


In your book answer? How does geography influence the agricultural landscape of a

region?

Market in Tunisia • Spice Market


How does geography affect the growth of civilizations?


Where Did Agriculture Originate?

• Origins of agriculture– Agriculture = deliberate modification of

Earth’s surface through the cultivation of plants and/or rearing of animals

– Cultivate = “to care for”– Crop = any plant cultivated by people


How does this depict Subsistence Farming?



• Origins of agriculture– Hunter-gatherers

• Perhaps 250,000 remaining today

– Invention of agriculture• When it began = unclear• Diffused from many hearths


Which regions did Crop Hearths Originate ? Why?

Figure 10-2


Animal Hearths

Figure 10-3


How did the introduction of Dogs assist hunter gatherers?


How did the domestication of animals assist in the rise of villages?



• Commercial and subsistence agriculture– Subsistence = produced mainly for the

farm family’s survival• Most common in LDCs

– Commercial = produced mainly for sale off the farm

• Most common in MDCs


Importance of Agriculture

– All humans depend on agriculture for food– Urban-industrial societies depend on the base of

food surplus generated by farmers and herders– Without agriculture there could be no cities,

universities, factories, or offices– Today agriculture remains the most important

economic activity in the world– Agriculture employs 45 percent of the working

population– In some parts of Asia and Africa, over 80 percent

of the labor force is engaged in agriculture


How does Climate affect Agriculture?

Figure 10-4



• Commercial and subsistence agriculture– Five characteristics distinguish

commercial from subsistence agriculture• Purpose of farming: Why do people farm? • Percentage of farmers in the labor force• Use of machinery : Types of machinery • Farm size:• Relationship of farming to other businesses

Examples :


Agricultural Revolutions

• Agriculture has passed through a series of revolutionary changes– Not everywhere at the same time– Some places still largely unaffected– Transition from predominantly subsistence

activity to predominantly capital-intensive, market-oriented commercial agriculture

• Three distinct revolutions


Agriculture

• How does agriculture influence society?

• Notes: First Agricultural Revolution

• Film Clip Early River Valleys : Agriculture Rise of Civilizations

• Second Agricultural Revolution

• Pair Activity: 1826 Von Thunen’s Model Free Response Practice


First Agricultural RevolutionNeolithic Revolution

• ~12,000 year ago• Replaced hunting and gathering• Involved plant and animal

domestication• Emergence of seed agriculture (wheat,

rice, millet, )• Use of the plow• Use of draft ( oxen) animals

• Modest population increase and outmigration

• Film Clip


Advantages Disadvantagesof the Neolithic Period

Crops provide a reliable

Food sourcePopulation growsSocieties become ComplexTrade increasesDivision of laborSpecialized workers

Crop Failure due to

Weather or pestsCauses FamineFloods, fire or

raidersCould destroy the

villageDisease spreads

easilyWhen people live Together.


Second Agricultural Revolution• Late Middle Ages• Occurred in tandem ( together) with

Industrial Revolution• End of feudal landholding system• Enclosure of individually owned fields• Emergence of urban industrial markets

• Modification of subsistence farming practices• Crop rotation Three Field System • Use of natural and semi-processed fertilizers• New tools and equipment Plough, Large rake to

turn soil to seed, pruning knives

• Dramatic increase in crop and livestock yields


Importance of Access to Markets • Transportation technology linking farm and urban commercial food

market Von Thunen An estate owner in Northern Germany, • Commercial farmer considers which crops to cultivate• Which animals to raise based on market location.• Farmer compares two costs : cost of land versus cost of

transportation.• Specific crops grown in different rings around the city• Market orientated and milk producers located in first ring outside

the city. Why are these products closest? • Expensive to deliver, reach city quickly perishable• 2nd ring : Wood lots, timber, closeness is important because of its

weight : fuel, construction • Third ring Various rotated crops and for pasture( meadowland) • Outermost ring used for grazing of animals


Things to consider about VonThunen’s Model

the soil and climate are consistent throughout the land

The land is flat and has not mountainsTransportation assumed to be a straight

line to the marketCity is located centrally within an isolated stated :self sufficient no external influences

and no interaction with the outside


Von Thunen’s Model Free Response Practice


Practice Complete the Free Response with the person next to you

• While a formal essay is NOT necessary it is NOT enough to answer a question by merely listing facts. Illustrate your answers with substantive geographic examples where appropriate, be sure to number each of your answers including Individual parts

• Sentence Starter for A

• A.The underlying principles of Von Thunen’s model include the factor

• B

• C


AssignmentsPlease :TAKE OUT YOUR NOTEBOOKS

• Von Thunen;s Free Response= Total 3 points Complete B C today • 3/20 Chapter 10 vocabulary terms on page 340 in your vocabulary book/ paper Give

examples/ apply areas, countries, where applicable in 1-2 sentences• Conflict Research Paper Due date 3/31• Library Date Wednesday 3/26 • Team work on project/power point half band 3/27 • 3/31 Using your research paper Three Response Questions based on YOUR

Specific Area • Peer Critique due You are only responsible for your chosen topics and resolution. • 4/1 and 4/2 your presentations depicting your conflict area 8- 10 slides per group • Indicate region, area, maps, your topics ( economic, social, religious, political) • If you choose to remit your paper by 3/19 Research paper will be graded and added to 4 th

marking period• 4/3 Chapter 11: Define the terms AND give examples of the terms on page 369 Page

370 Question 4 Print a map Draw a large triangle on a map of Russia with one point near Moscow one point in the Ural Mountains and one point in Central Asia. Label/ Indicate the principal asset of the three regions at each side of the triangle . How do the distributions of markets, resources and surplus labor vary within Russia? 1-1/2 page paper double spaced. ** Discuss Resources, Surplus and labor ***

• PLEASE NOTE GRADES ARE CUMULATIVE 6th marking period indicated on your official transcript


Where are most Agricultural Workers located?

Figure 10-5


How do Humans adapt to their environment ?


Third Agricultural Revolution• Origins in North America• Industrialization of agriculture

– Mechanization • Replacement of human labor with machines

– Chemical farming• Use of synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides

– Food manufacturing• Addition of economic value through processing, canning,

refining, packaging

• Green Revolution higher yield seeds , fertilizers – Plant breeding

• Biotechnology– Genetic manipulation GMO ( genetically

modified organism


Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties?

• Strategies to increase food supply– Expanding agricultural land

• Desertification: Desert is expanding

– Increasing productivity • The green revolution

– Identifying new food sources• Cultivating oceans, developing higher-protein

cereals, and improving tastiness, sweetness of foods Ex soybean

– Increasing trade


Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs?

• Shifting cultivation– Most prevalent in low-latitude, A-type/ dry

climates– Two features:

• Land is cleared by slashing and burning debris– Slash-and-burn agriculture

• Land is tended for only a few years at a time

– Types of crops grown vary regionally– Traditionally, land is not owned individually


Shifting Cultivation ¼ of the world’s land area Slashing and burning the vegetation.



• Plantation farming– Found in Latin America, Africa, and Asia– Products are grown in LDCs but typically

are sold to MDCs/ fruits, vegetables – Plantations specialize in one or two cash

crops• Important crops = coffee, sugarcane, cotton,

rubber, and tobacco

– A large labor force is usually needed in sparsely settled regions



• Pastoral nomadism (herding domesticated animals)– Found primarily in arid and semiarid B-type semi arid

climates / steppe farming Animals are seldom eaten Ex Llamas in South America

• The size of the herd indicates power and prestige– Type of animal depends on the region

• For example, camels are favored in North Africa and Southwest Asia

– Transhumance practiced by some pastoral nomads/seasonal pastures are fixed ex: Sheep/Yak herding in Mongolia



• Intensive subsistence– Found in areas with high population and

agricultural densities• Especially in East, South, and Southeast Asia • To maximize production, little to no land is

wasted/ rice paddy's.

– Intensive with wet rice dominant


Von Thunen’s Model Free Response Practice Complete B and C



• Challenges for commercial farmers– Access to markets is important

• The von Thünen model (1826)– The choice of crop to grow is related to the proximity to

the market

Figure 10-24


• A) The underlying principles of Von Thunen’s model include the factor of cost of transportation depending on the distance the agricultural activity is located from the market center.

• In Figure X truck farming is shown with specialty crops such as fruit are being sold,. This activity in Figure X would most likely be located and surround the larger urban area. This would be necessary to be close to market due to it being a perishable item.

• In figure Y commercial farming of grain crops are shown in a wide open area. This activity would most likely be located further away in comparison to the activity shown in X which would be closer to an urban area and Y in a rural open area

•


B. Activity X would be located close to a city because of several reasons related to the model. One reason is that the produce grown spoils quickly and is easily damaged so ti must be located nearby to market and customers. Also it is cheaper to transport the food when the farming is located close by, Also specialty crops are intensively cultivated. are not usually extensively grown so not as much land needs to be bought and cultivated. Therefore it is cheaper to locate nearby urban centers** Specialty crops are defined as fruits

and vegetables, tree nuts, dried fruits,


• C)one factor of agriculture land use patterns that is different today is that we have more access to transportation networks, such as railroads, large trucks, and planes that makes it easier and less expensive to send produce to many different locations. Refrigeration and better packing technologies make it possible to send produce to further distances.


What type of Agriculture is produced MDC’s?


Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs?

• Mixed crop and livestock farming– Most land = devoted to crops– Most profits = derive from the livestock

• Dairy farming– Regional distribution: the milkshed– Two primary challenges

• Labor-intensive• Expense of winter feed


Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs?• Mixed crop and livestock farming

– Most land = devoted to crops– Most profits = derive from the livestock

• Dairy farming– Regional distribution: the milkshed ring

proximity close to the surrounding city so milk does not spoil

– Two primary challenges• Labor-intensive• Expense of winter feed


Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs?• Grain farming

– The largest commercial producer of grain = the United States

• Livestock ranching– Practiced in marginal environments Argentina,

Australia, Western US, Spain and Portugal – Meat Processing industry United States

• Mediterranean agriculture– Based on horticulture ( gardening, cultivation )

• Commercial gardening and fruit farming– Truck farms


The Jungle A View of Industrial America

Industrial Revolution of the 1800’s had a dramatic effect on economic

and social life around the globe, The economies shifted from agriculture to

manufacturing from rural areas to cities


Food Incorporated • As you view the film bullet point the gist • ( main ideas)• Paper due 4/7 Food Incorporated : At least a

one page essay ( single spaced) What should an individual/ or government or collective action be taken to improve our food system?

• Choose a topic to discuss, slaughtering of animals, fast food demand, deaths from contaminated food, misleading labels, GMO patents,

• USE YOUR AP HUMAN GEO TERMS


Area of Farmland Per Tractor

Figure 10-6


Rice Production

Figure 10-12


Corn (Maize) Production

Figure 10-15


Milk Production

Figure 10-17


Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs?

• Grain farming– The largest commercial producer of grain = the

United States

• Livestock ranching– Practiced in marginal environments

• Mediterranean agriculture– Based on horticulture

• Commercial gardening and fruit farming– Truck farms


Wheat Production

Figure 10-19


Meat Production

Figure 10-21



• Challenges for commercial farmers– Access to markets is important

• The von Thünen model (1826)– The choice of crop to grow is related to the proximity to

the market

Figure 10-24



• Challenges for commercial farmers– Overproduction

• Agricultural efficiencies have resulted in overproduction

• Demand has remained relatively constant– As a consequence, incomes for farmers are low

– Sustainable agriculture• Sensitive land management• Integrated crop and livestock



• Challenges for subsistence farmers– Population growth– International trade– Drug crops


Drug Trade

Figure 10-27


Agricultural Land and Population

Figure 10-28


Grain Imports and Exports

Figure 10-32


The End.

Up next: Industry


Application of Von Thunen’s Agricultural Land –Use Model

Free Response

© 2011 pearson education, inc. chapter 10: notes: where did agriculture originate? notebooks :...

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world agriculture

importance of agriculture

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climate affect agriculture