© 2009 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. students who are deaf or hard of hearing chapter 8
TRANSCRIPT
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Students Who are Deaf or Students Who are Deaf or Hard of HearingHard of Hearing
Chapter 8Chapter 8
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What are the Terms used to What are the Terms used to Describe Hearing Problems?Describe Hearing Problems?
Deaf Deaf - refers to members of the Deaf community and Deaf - refers to members of the Deaf community and Deaf culture culture
Deaf with a small “d” Deaf with a small “d” - refers to people who have significant - refers to people who have significant hearing loss, but are not identified as members of the Deaf hearing loss, but are not identified as members of the Deaf community and culture community and culture
Hard of Hearing Hard of Hearing - refers to those with mild to severe hearing - refers to those with mild to severe hearing losses who probably use speech for communication, will need losses who probably use speech for communication, will need educational and technological support, and may or may not educational and technological support, and may or may not identify with the Deaf culture identify with the Deaf culture
Hearing Impairment Hearing Impairment - a medical condition which leads to - a medical condition which leads to hearing loss – also term used in IDEA 04hearing loss – also term used in IDEA 04
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What is the History of What is the History of Hearing Impairments?Hearing Impairments?
Denied legal and human rights as well as education and social Denied legal and human rights as well as education and social interactioninteraction
1500-1600’s - Spanish began teaching deaf individuals to 1500-1600’s - Spanish began teaching deaf individuals to communicate.communicate.
1700s - First free public schools for deaf individuals began in 1700s - First free public schools for deaf individuals began in France.France.
1864 - A. Lincoln authorizes the National Deaf-Mutes College 1864 - A. Lincoln authorizes the National Deaf-Mutes College to grant degrees; the institution later becomes Gallaudet to grant degrees; the institution later becomes Gallaudet University.University.
Late 1800s - Oralist movementLate 1800s - Oralist movement 2020thth Century – Advocacy for protection of individual rights Century – Advocacy for protection of individual rights
and access to inclusion in schools and communitiesand access to inclusion in schools and communities
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What are the Clinical Definitions of What are the Clinical Definitions of Deaf and Hard of Hearing?Deaf and Hard of Hearing?
Based on type and degree of hearing lossBased on type and degree of hearing loss Decibels (dB) - measures intensity or loudness Decibels (dB) - measures intensity or loudness
of soundsof sounds Frequency (Hz) - measures the cycle of sounds Frequency (Hz) - measures the cycle of sounds
per secondper second Human hearing is between 20 - 20,000 Hz Human hearing is between 20 - 20,000 Hz
Most speech occurs between 300-6000 HzMost speech occurs between 300-6000 Hz
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear The Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear (Figure 8.1)(Figure 8.1)
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hearing Loss Expressed in Decibels Hearing Loss Expressed in Decibels (Table 8.1)(Table 8.1)
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What are the Types of Hearing Loss?What are the Types of Hearing Loss?
SensorineuralSensorineural Caused by auditory nerve damageCaused by auditory nerve damage
ConductiveConductive Caused with transmission of soundsCaused with transmission of sounds
Mixed hearing lossMixed hearing loss Both conductive and sensorineural Both conductive and sensorineural
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What are the Degrees of What are the Degrees of Hearing Loss?Hearing Loss?
Mild to moderate hearing lossMild to moderate hearing loss = 26 dB -70 dB loss = 26 dB -70 dB loss is considered is considered hard of hearinghard of hearing. .
Severe to Profound Hearing LossSevere to Profound Hearing Loss = loss greater = loss greater than 70 dB. than 70 dB.
Separation of Separation of deafdeaf individuals from those who are individuals from those who are hard of hearing = 90 dB or greater loss. hard of hearing = 90 dB or greater loss.
How one is able to use residual hearing is important How one is able to use residual hearing is important in addition to degree of hearing loss.in addition to degree of hearing loss.
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What are the Terms used to What are the Terms used to Described Age of Onset?Described Age of Onset?
CongenitalCongenital: Hearing loss at birth: Hearing loss at birth AdventitiousAdventitious: Hearing loss acquired after : Hearing loss acquired after
birthbirth Pre-lingualPre-lingual: Hearing loss prior to : Hearing loss prior to
development of speech and languagedevelopment of speech and language Post-lingualPost-lingual: Hearing loss after the : Hearing loss after the
development of speech and languagedevelopment of speech and language
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What is the IDEA 04 Definition?What is the IDEA 04 Definition?
DeafnessDeafness means a hearing impairment that is so severe means a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without information through hearing, with or without amplification, that adversely affects a child’s amplification, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. educational performance.
Hearing impairmentHearing impairment means an impairment in hearing, means an impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance but that is not affects a child’s educational performance but that is not included under the definition of deafness.included under the definition of deafness.
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What is the Prevalence of Deafness What is the Prevalence of Deafness and Hard of Hearing?and Hard of Hearing?
.11% of all school-age children in special .11% of all school-age children in special education education
Just over 1 in every 1,000, ages 6-21 years Just over 1 in every 1,000, ages 6-21 years
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What are Some Possible Causes of What are Some Possible Causes of Deafness and Hard of Hearing?Deafness and Hard of Hearing?
Not always identifiableNot always identifiable Excessive noiseExcessive noise Conductive hearing lossConductive hearing loss
Abnormality in the pinna or bones in the ear drumAbnormality in the pinna or bones in the ear drum BlockageBlockage Perforated eardrumPerforated eardrum Otitis mediaOtitis media
Sensorineural Hearing LossSensorineural Hearing Loss Genetic causes including Usher Syndrome, Pendred Syndrome, Genetic causes including Usher Syndrome, Pendred Syndrome,
Waardenburg SyndromeWaardenburg Syndrome Environmental causes including rubella, virusesEnvironmental causes including rubella, viruses
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What are Some Possible Characteristics of What are Some Possible Characteristics of Deaf Students or those Who are Deaf Students or those Who are
Hard of Hearing?Hard of Hearing? (continued on the next slide)(continued on the next slide)
Cultural CharacteristicsCultural Characteristics The Deaf community is a distinct culture.The Deaf community is a distinct culture. Uses ASL as a primary means of communicationUses ASL as a primary means of communication Identify themselves as part of the Deaf communityIdentify themselves as part of the Deaf community
Intellectual CharacteristicsIntellectual Characteristics No significant differences in perception , learning, and No significant differences in perception , learning, and
memory between hearing children and those who are memory between hearing children and those who are deafdeaf
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What are Some Possible Characteristics What are Some Possible Characteristics of Deaf Students or those Who are Hard of Deaf Students or those Who are Hard
of Hearing? of Hearing? (continued on the next slide)(continued on the next slide)
Academic CharacteristicsAcademic Characteristics Achievement scores are lower than for hearing peers, Achievement scores are lower than for hearing peers,
but assessment issues may affect these scores.but assessment issues may affect these scores. Reading comprehensionReading comprehension Written language Written language Mathematics Mathematics Speech and language Speech and language
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What are Some Possible Characteristics What are Some Possible Characteristics of Deaf Students or those Who are Hard of Deaf Students or those Who are Hard
of Hearing? of Hearing? (continued)(continued)
Speech and Language CharacteristicsSpeech and Language Characteristics Spoken language may be delayed.Spoken language may be delayed. Can attain intelligible and age-appropriate speechCan attain intelligible and age-appropriate speech May have language delaysMay have language delays ASL may be the child’s natural language and may best ASL may be the child’s natural language and may best
prepare child for later learning of English language skillsprepare child for later learning of English language skills Social/Emotional CharacteristicsSocial/Emotional Characteristics
Social-emotional skill developmentSocial-emotional skill development
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How are Students Who are Deaf or How are Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing Identified?Hard of Hearing Identified?
Typically identified by medical professionalsTypically identified by medical professionals Audiometric evaluationAudiometric evaluation Speech receptionSpeech reception Speech discriminationSpeech discrimination Hearing loss must adversely affect educational Hearing loss must adversely affect educational
performance for IDEA 04 services.performance for IDEA 04 services.
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What Do I Teach Students Who are What Do I Teach Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing?Deaf or Hard of Hearing?
Focus on effective communicationFocus on effective communication Social interactionSocial interaction LiteracyLiteracy
Provide authentic experiencesProvide authentic experiences Read aloud or do signed readingRead aloud or do signed reading Teach vocabulary and comprehensionTeach vocabulary and comprehension Use miscue analysisUse miscue analysis
ScienceScience MathMath Deaf StudiesDeaf Studies Transition preparationTransition preparation
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
How Do I Teach Students Who are How Do I Teach Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing?Deaf or Hard of Hearing?
OralismOralism Speech or lip-readingSpeech or lip-reading Bilingual-biculturalismBilingual-biculturalism ASLASL FingerspellingFingerspelling Signed Exact EnglishSigned Exact English Cued SpeechCued Speech Total CommunicationTotal Communication
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What are Considerations for the What are Considerations for the Instructional Environment?Instructional Environment?
Identify LRE for each studentIdentify LRE for each student Based on communication, language, academic and Based on communication, language, academic and
social needssocial needs General education classroomGeneral education classroom Special classes or schoolsSpecial classes or schools
Use visuals and large-size materials.Use visuals and large-size materials. Post transition times, rules, and menusPost transition times, rules, and menus Use graphic organizersUse graphic organizers
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What Types of Instructional What Types of Instructional Technology Can Be Used?Technology Can Be Used?
Hearing aidsHearing aids FM (or Loop) systemsFM (or Loop) systems Cochlear implantsCochlear implants Closed CaptioningClosed Captioning Telecommunication Relay SystemTelecommunication Relay System Fax machinesFax machines Instant messaging and emailInstant messaging and email
Taylor/Smiley/Richards, Exceptional Students © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What Are Some Special Considerations What Are Some Special Considerations for the General Education Teacher?for the General Education Teacher?
Utilize early interventionUtilize early intervention Utilize parent/family involvementUtilize parent/family involvement Teach self-determination and self-advocacyTeach self-determination and self-advocacy Promote socialization through extracurricular Promote socialization through extracurricular
activities and social skillsactivities and social skills CollaborateCollaborate Teach strategiesTeach strategies Set realistic expectationsSet realistic expectations