l7 deaf & hard of hearing
TRANSCRIPT
Deaf & Hard of Hearing
Ching-fen Hsu
2013/10/25
Lecture 7
A Given Gift • The process of hearing is remarkable
• Being able to hear
• Turn sounds into meaning
• With hearing learning is possible
• About thoughts, ideas, feelings of others
• By listening to others
• Through exchanging knowledge expanded,
ideas shared, emotion expressed,
workplaces/social settings functioned
Dorothy Brett • Born in noble British family
• Partially deaf entire life
• Slade Art College in London
• Bloomsbury Group member
• Horizon broadened by Virginia
Woolf & John Maynard Keynes
• 1924 followed D.H. Lawrence to
new Mexico
• Remained staying in US
Historical Context • 1520-1584 Pedro Ponce de Leon: Spanish monk, 1st
teacher of Deaf students---successful teaching Deaf to
read/write/speak
• 1600s William Holder & John Wallis instituted
educational programs in England for Deaf---writing &
manual communication teaching method
• 1700s school for Deaf established: Henry Baker in
England & Thomas Braidwood in Edinburgh & Abbe
Charles Michel de l’Epee in France & Samuel Heinicke
in Germany & Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet in US (with
Laurent Clerc)
• 1817 1st Deaf school in Hartford in Connecticut (manual
communication, Martha’s vineyard children there)
Debate on Teaching Method • Laurent Clerc (Deaf Frenchman): father of Deaf
education in US
• Hundred years’ war: oral communication vs.
manual communication teaching method debate
• Edward Gallaudet: strongly supported manual
approach & separate center schools
• Alexander Graham Bell: sign language foster
segregation/ legislation should ban two Deaf
persons married each other/ Deaf should not teach
• Advances in battery design make great impact on
their lives of hearing loss
• World War II battery-operated hearing aid possible
Challenges for Hearing Loss • Several groups could be divided:
(1)Mild to moderate hearing loss people profit from hearing aids
= not qualify to receive SE
= does assistive devices fully compensate disabilities?
(2)Using oral language in learning & communication
(3)Using sign language
= separate from hearing society
= ASL becomes a debate
(4)Colorful sign language life
Gallaudet University & Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center
• Dr. Mason Cogswell & Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet were neighbors in Connecticut
• Mason sent Thomas to Europe for learning SE of Deaf
• 1856 Amos Kendall donated estate for elementary school of Deaf
• I King Jordan: president of university
• Pioneers in Deaf culture/community movement
• National centers: host social activities, sporting events, competitions
• http://clerccenter.gallaudet.edu
Defined Terminologies
Process of Hearing
Structure of Human Ears • Pinna: outer structure of the ear
• Eardrum: vibrates with presence of sound waves & stimulates the ossicles of middle ear
• Ossicles: three tiny bones in middle ear for passing info to cochlea
• Eustachian tube: equalize pressure on both sides of eardrum
• Cochlea: structure for containing hearing organs
• Hair cells: part of cochlea for responding to different frequencies of sounds & producing electrochemical signals sent on to brain
• Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs): low level of sound produced when hair cells vibrates in inner ear
Conductive Hearing Loss • one type of hearing impairment
• blockage/damage to outer/middle ear
• prevent sound waves from traveling to inner ear
• cause mild to moderate hearing disability
• temporary experience in our lives (airplane)
• 20% elementary students & 80% children bet
kindergarten & fifth grade
• able to be corrected with hearing aids & surgery
& medical techniques (cleanup ear infection)
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
• Hearing impairment due to damage to inner ear/auditory nerve
• Nerve deafness
• Difficult to correct
• Patients can hear different frequencies at different intensity levels
• Their hearing losses are not flat/even
• Less common type in young children
Age of Onset • Congenital hearing loss: at/before birth
• Acquired hearing loss: after birth
• Onset vs. oral language development
(1) Prelingually deaf: become deaf before they learn to speak & understand language
born deaf/lose hearing during infancy
95% children & youth (1:10 one deaf parent)
severely influence communication & learning
mainly learn sign language
(2) Postlingually deaf: profound hearing loss after speech development/ able to have oral communication ability
Degree of Hearing Loss • Mild (21-40dB): only soft speech/sound at a
distance difficult to hear
• Moderate (41-55dB): typical conversational
speech is hard to follow
• Moderately severe (56-70dB): only loud speech
can be heard
• Severe (71-90dB): even loud speech is hard to
understand
• Profound (91dB+): considered “deaf” assistive
listening devices needed
• Residual hearing
Causes (1) Heredity/genetics: most common cause of deafness in
children, congenital/ sensorineural
(2) Meningitis: 2nd most common cause, CNS disease,
affect meninges (coverings for brain/spinal cord),
mostly come from bacterial infections, postnatal
deafness, acquired profound sensorineural hearing
loss
(3) Otitis media: middle ear infection, fluid accumulation
behind eardrum, corrected with antibiotics, frequency &
duration of infection matter, permanent conductive
hearing loss, damaged eardrum, mild to moderate
hearing loss, hearing aids work
(4) Noise: >105dB/ hour is unsafe (rock concert 125dB)
Prevalence • Hearing loss is associated with age
• > 65y have hearing problem
• 1:3 in 65y population
• 25% use hearing aids
• 1:1000 babies is profoundly deaf
• 2-3:1000 hearing loss
• Number underestimated for hearing loss
could be a characteristic of other
syndrome (DS)
Prevention • Avoid German measles
• Major cause of deafness in newborns
• 1972 accounted for 11%
• 1998 1% for immunizations
• Avoid dangerous E over 85 dB
• Wear earplugs
Decibel Levels of Noise in US E
Hearing Aid • Amplification of sounds in E
• Most commonly used device
• From hearing trumpet to today’s hearing aid
• Eliminate need for SE
• Profit from general education classes
(1) Behind the ear (BTE)
(2) In the ear (ITE)
(3) In the canal (ITC)
(4) Completely in the canal (CIC)
• Digital hearing aids:
reduce background noise/ amplify sounds according to
individuals’ hearing profiles
• Disposables for keeping clean/preventing damaged
Hearing Aid Photo
Cochlear Implant
FM Transmission Device • Frequency modulated
• Overcome distance & noise problem
• wireless microphones clipped to shirt & receivers small enough attached to hearing aids
• Background noise reduced
• Greater freedom for teachers/ students
Audio Loop • Listening device directs sound from the
source directly to listener’s ear through
specially designed hearing aid/ earphone
• Used in lecture/ concert hall
• Sound travels through radio waves/ wire
connection
• Inexpensive
• Easy to install in rooms up to 100 seats
• Wire picks up audio signal from amplifier
& transmit to electrical current with a
magnetic field within the area encircled
by the wire
• User receivers convert the magnetic
energy back into sound
What’s on the Horizon? • Blue Cross Insurance Company reimburses implanted
hearing aids surgery
• Middle-ear bones vibrate & transmit sound into inner ear
• 85% improvement in hearing
• Do not amplify distracting background noise
• Animals can regenerate hair cells automatically & regain hearing ability
• Humans cannot
• 80% hearing loss results from damaged hair cells in inner ear
• Regenerating hair cells is possible in humans, but the challenging is the number of cells
Auditory Assessment • pure sounds generated by
audiometer
• Sound waves of specific frequencies
at combinations of Hertz (Hz) &
decibels (dB) & pitch & loudness
• Separate testing for L & R ear
• Audiogram: a grid/ graph
• Scores below 0dB has hearing loss
• Air conduction audiometer method
• Bone conduction audiometer method
• Travis’s hearing
diagram
• Conductive hearing
loss
• Mild range of 40 dB
• Bone conduction test
closes to 0 dB
• A hearing aid is
needed
• Heather’s
audiogram
• Sensorineural
hearing loss
• 30 dB hearing
loss
• Mild hearing
loss with a
hearing aid on
• Speech banana:
speech sounds
range
Early Intervention • Early intervention is very important at four aspects:
(1)Early identification allows children to be fitted with
hearing aids (4 weeks old)/ cochlea implants (1y)
(2)Early intervention (>6 months) pays off in reading
achievement & speech abilities in later years
(3)Preschool programs help develop language
(4)Early intervention programs help families better
understand & meet special needs
• Deaf children with deaf parents develop well at
reading > Deaf children with hearing parents
• Sign language becomes their native language
Communication First • Dina The Deaf Dinosaur
• Importance of learning ASL
• Note culture differences & family experiences
• Early identification & early intervention must go hand in hand
Tips for Classroom Management
• Place Ss as close to the speaker as possible
• Face Ss when talking
• Reduce background noise as much as possible
• Do not stand with direct light behind you
• For class discussions, make sure Ss know who is
about to speak & ensure seeing faces in talking
• In discussions, arrange Ss’ chairs in a circle
Review Objectives After this course, you should be able to….
• Explain variables that must be considered when planning instruction for students with hearing problems
• List and explain the major causes of hearing loss
• Describe and justify universal hearing screening of newborns
• Discuss the concept of Deaf culture, list examples or signs of Deaf culture, and describe its importance to the Deaf
• List the major types of assistive technology specifically designed for people with hearing problems, and provide examples for each
Hands Are Bridges
Questions?