معماري اسلامي1

Middle Ages: Byzantine & Islamic Middle Ages: Byzantine & Islamic (Saracenic) Civilizations(Saracenic) Civilizations

The Byzantine CivilizationThe Byzantine Civilization

The Byzantine civilization was The Byzantine civilization was founded by Emperor Constantine founded by Emperor Constantine when he established a “New Rome” when he established a “New Rome” at Byzantium (Constantinople).at Byzantium (Constantinople).

The Byzantine civilizationThe Byzantine civilization

The Byzantines excelled in trade & The Byzantines excelled in trade & banking practices; textile production banking practices; textile production (including silk); gun powder; mosaics, (including silk); gun powder; mosaics, woodcarvings & tapestries.woodcarvings & tapestries.

The empire lasted until 1453.The empire lasted until 1453.

Islamic ReligionIslamic Religion

The Islamic Religion & Civilization The Islamic Religion & Civilization was founded by Muhammad who was was founded by Muhammad who was born in 570 AD at Mecca. born in 570 AD at Mecca.

Mecca had already been a religious Mecca had already been a religious and trading center for Bedouin tribes and trading center for Bedouin tribes of Saudi Arabia. of Saudi Arabia.

Islamic ReligionIslamic Religion

Bedouins before Muhammad believed in Bedouins before Muhammad believed in many gods that were housed in the Kaaba many gods that were housed in the Kaaba black stone shrine.black stone shrine.

Muslim Mosque in MeccaMuslim Mosque in Mecca

Kaaba, sacred shrine to Allah in Kaaba, sacred shrine to Allah in MeccaMecca

D144KaabaD144Kaaba

Islam “Submission to God”Islam “Submission to God” Muhammad was orphaned as a child Muhammad was orphaned as a child

and raised by his uncle who was a and raised by his uncle who was a merchant. merchant.

On one of his many trading trips to On one of his many trading trips to Palestine, Muhammad met Khadija, a Palestine, Muhammad met Khadija, a wealthy merchant widow.wealthy merchant widow.

On these trips he became acquainted On these trips he became acquainted with Judaism and Christianity. with Judaism and Christianity.

He eventually received revelations He eventually received revelations which constitute the Islamic religion.which constitute the Islamic religion.

Islam “Submission to God”Islam “Submission to God”

Beliefs include: One God - Allah; A Beliefs include: One God - Allah; A last judgment; hell & paradise.last judgment; hell & paradise.

Obligations include: Prayer; Obligations include: Prayer; almsgiving; Kindness to orphans & almsgiving; Kindness to orphans & widows.widows.

Islam “Submission to God”Islam “Submission to God”

Recommended practices include . . . Recommended practices include . . . A pilgrimage to Mecca A pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)(Hajj) once in a once in a

lifetime (if possible).lifetime (if possible). Forbidden practices include drinking Forbidden practices include drinking

alcohol, & gambling.alcohol, & gambling.

Mosque in MedinaMosque in Medina In 619 Muhammad fled In 619 Muhammad fled

to Medina because his to Medina because his teachings were not teachings were not accepted in Mecca.accepted in Mecca.

In 629, after converting In 629, after converting the people of Medina the people of Medina to Islam, Muhammad to Islam, Muhammad led them in the led them in the conquest of Mecca.conquest of Mecca.

HajjHajj

Muslims performing Muslims performing the the Hajj Hajj (a pilgrimage (a pilgrimage to Mecca). to Mecca). The simple white The simple white garments symbolize garments symbolize the equality of the equality of believers.believers.

Muslim PilgrimageMuslim Pilgrimage

Muslims in MeccaMuslims in Mecca

Muslims at PrayerMuslims at Prayer

Muslim obligations: AlmsgivingMuslim obligations: Almsgiving

KoranKoran

The The KoranKoran is Islam’s “Holy Book.” is Islam’s “Holy Book.” It was written after the death of It was written after the death of

Muhammad.Muhammad. It is believed to contain the word of God.It is believed to contain the word of God. The definitive version of the Koran was The definitive version of the Koran was

established in 652 A.D.established in 652 A.D.

KoranKoran

Islam’s Holy BookIslam’s Holy Book

Caligraphy became Caligraphy became a highly developed a highly developed art form.art form.

CaliphCaliph

Caliph or “Deputy” refers to the Islamic Caliph or “Deputy” refers to the Islamic rulers after the death of Muhammad.rulers after the death of Muhammad.

The next four caliphs expanded the The next four caliphs expanded the kingdom still further.kingdom still further.

Caliphs have both religious & civil Caliphs have both religious & civil authority.authority.

JihadJihad

““Jihad” among extremists refers to “Holy Jihad” among extremists refers to “Holy Wars” against the infidels or of Territorial Wars” against the infidels or of Territorial expansion. expansion.

Among moderates, Jihad refers to Among moderates, Jihad refers to

“Defense” of one’s faith; and or an “inner “Defense” of one’s faith; and or an “inner struggle” to rid oneself of evil and submit to struggle” to rid oneself of evil and submit to Allah.Allah.

Eras of Islamic CivilizationEras of Islamic Civilization

570-632: Muhammad-Founder570-632: Muhammad-Founder

632-661: First four Caliphs: - 632-661: First four Caliphs: - Expansion in MideastExpansion in Mideast

661-750: Ommayad Dynasty- 661-750: Ommayad Dynasty- Expansion in N.Africa & SpainExpansion in N.Africa & Spain

Eras of Islamic Civilization cont.Eras of Islamic Civilization cont.

750-1000s: Abbasid Dynasty, Golden Age 750-1000s: Abbasid Dynasty, Golden Age at Baghdadat Baghdad

1000s-1400s: Seljuks &Mongols1000s-1400s: Seljuks &Mongols

1453-WW I: Ottoman Empire; & 1453-WW I: Ottoman Empire; & FragmentationFragmentation

D162Muslim Exp.MapD162Muslim Exp.Map

Historic Contributions of the Historic Contributions of the Islamic CivilizationsIslamic Civilizations

RhazesRhazes: Medical expert of the : Medical expert of the Abbasid Dynasty who studied optics; Abbasid Dynasty who studied optics; Caesarian operations and more.Caesarian operations and more.


• AvicennaAvicenna: A Muslim scholar of the : A Muslim scholar of the Abbasid Dynasty who excelled in both Abbasid Dynasty who excelled in both Medicine and PhilosophyMedicine and Philosophy


AveorresAveorres: Philosopher of the Abbasid : Philosopher of the Abbasid Dynasty who tried to harmonize Dynasty who tried to harmonize Islamc faith with Aristotelian logic.Islamc faith with Aristotelian logic.

AstrolabeAstrolabe

Used for astronomy & for Used for astronomy & for navigation. navigation.

It is believed that the It is believed that the Muslim al-Fazari Muslim al-Fazari (d.777A.D.) was the first (d.777A.D.) was the first scientist in the MidEast to scientist in the MidEast to make an astrolabe, make an astrolabe, following the arrival of an following the arrival of an Indian mission to Indian mission to Baghdad.Baghdad.

Muslim MedicineMuslim Medicine

Muslim physicians Muslim physicians were active in the were active in the advancement of advancement of surgical techniques, surgical techniques, and were among the and were among the first to use narcotic first to use narcotic and sedative drugs in and sedative drugs in operations.operations.

Omar KhyyamOmar Khyyam

Of the Abbasid Dynasty was the Of the Abbasid Dynasty was the author of the author of the RubaiyatRubaiyat and the and the Book Book of 1001 Nightsof 1001 Nights..

Harun Al Rashid (800s)Harun Al Rashid (800s)

An esteemed ruler of the Abbasid An esteemed ruler of the Abbasid Dynasty who exchanged gifts, and Dynasty who exchanged gifts, and established friendly relations with established friendly relations with Charlemagne (ruler of the greatest Charlemagne (ruler of the greatest Christian Kingdom in Europe at that Christian Kingdom in Europe at that time).time).

162MMap162MMap

Cordoba, SpainCordoba, Spain

From 756 - 1031, From 756 - 1031, Cordoba was a Cordoba was a political and political and cultural center for cultural center for the Muslims. the Muslims.

Muslim Art & ArchitectureMuslim Art & Architecture

The Muslim religion The Muslim religion prohibited the picturing of prohibited the picturing of human and natural forms.human and natural forms.

Muslim art was thus Muslim art was thus channeled into artistic channeled into artistic displays of great displays of great geometric complexity and geometric complexity and abstract ornamentation. abstract ornamentation.

Muslim Art & ArchitectureMuslim Art & Architecture

This Muslim This Muslim mosque in Seville, mosque in Seville, was built in 1172.was built in 1172.

It was converted to It was converted to a Chrisitan a Chrisitan Cathedral in 1248.Cathedral in 1248.

Muslim architectureMuslim architecture

F320Ottoman MapF320Ottoman Map

EndEndMiddle Ages: Byzantine &Middle Ages: Byzantine &

Islamic (Saracenic)CivilizationsIslamic (Saracenic)Civilizations

Middle Ages: RussiaMiddle Ages: Russia

RussiaRussia

Russian civilization was slower to develop Russian civilization was slower to develop and less creative than some of the other and less creative than some of the other European and Asian civilizations studied in European and Asian civilizations studied in History 151. A general outlined of Russia’s History 151. A general outlined of Russia’s evolution is as follows:evolution is as follows:

500s, tribal slavic people.500s, tribal slavic people. 800s, besieged by Swedes & other 800s, besieged by Swedes & other

Norsemen.Norsemen.

RussiaRussia

1000s, Byzantine influences: Hagia 1000s, Byzantine influences: Hagia Sophia Cathedral & Greek alphabet. Sophia Cathedral & Greek alphabet.

1200s, Mongol influences.1200s, Mongol influences. 1400s, Tsars: Ivan the Great & Ivan 1400s, Tsars: Ivan the Great & Ivan

the Terriblethe Terrible 1600s, Romanov dynasty until 1917.1600s, Romanov dynasty until 1917.

RussiaRussia

1917-1990s Communism1917-1990s Communism

1990s - present: Democracy & 1990s - present: Democracy & capitalism emerging.capitalism emerging.

EndEnd

Middle Ages: Byzantine, Middle Ages: Byzantine, Islamic and Russian Islamic and Russian

civilizationscivilizations

معماري اسلامي1

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