zero emission cities – what can electric vehicles deliver? andrew whittles - steve carroll cenex...
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Zero emission cities – what can electric vehicles deliver?
Andrew Whittles - Steve CarrollCenex
September 2009
Care4Air – Clearer Futures ConferenceSheffield, 17th September 2009
Zero emission citiesIntroduction
• Introduction to Cenex
• Analysis and statistics on electric vehicle suitability
• Road mapping future electric vehicle (EV) technology
• Government supported EV incentives and initiatives
• EV laboratory and real world performance
• EV CO2 emissions
• DFT consultation feedback on point of purchase EV subsidy
Zero emission citiesIntroduction to Cenex
• Formed in 2005 by industry members in response to a BERR request for a Centre of Excellence for Low Carbon and Fuel Cell Technologies to address twin challenges:– Need to cut carbon emissions from road
transport – Need to maintain UK competitiveness
during the transition to a low carbon economy
• Not an R&D Centre of Excellence• Cenex – supporting (the UK supply
chain) by brokering technology demonstration and public procurement projects
• Managing the multiple Low Carbon Vehicle Programmes
• Provide Low Carbon Vehicle consultancy services
• A carbon reduction strategy for transport to meet the overall Climate Change Act target of 80% reduction in CO2 by 2050
Source – DFT Low carbon transport: A greener future 2009
Zero emission citiesDFT Low Carbon Transport : A Greener Future
• Road travel accounts for 92% of the transport sector’s greenhouse gas emissions. 58% of emissions provided by passenger cars
• Transport accounts for 21% of UK CO2 emissions
Source – DFT Low carbon transport: A greener future 2009
Zero emission citiesDFT Low Carbon Transport : A Greener Future
• A carbon reduction strategy for transport to meet the overall Climate Change Act target of 80% reduction in CO2 by 2050
• 77% of passenger car emissions are produced by journeys under 50 miles
• 88% of passenger car emissions are produced by journeys under 100 miles
Zero emission citiesNAIGT road map
Source – An independent report on the future of the Automotive industry NAIGT
• Test bed UK - Government lead initiative to form collaborative environment to make the UK
world leading destination to develop, demonstrate, manufacture and use ultra low carbon vehicles. ~ £400 million committed to electrification of transport
• The joined-cities plan - Working with a nine cities (Glasgow, Newcastle, Sunderland, Middlesbrough,
Birmingham, Coventry, Milton Keynes, Oxford, London) and their Distribution Network Operators to deliver network of recharging infrastructure, additional outcome will be ETI infrastructure planning toolkit to inform decision making.
• Ultra-low carbon cars (DFT) - £250 million for (£2 – 5k) point of purchase price reductions on price of EV
an PHEV due 2011• Plugged in places - £20 million seed funding to initiate a variety of charging initiatives' to
determine the pros cons and success of varied methods (slow charge, fast charging, inductive charging...)
• Low Carbon Vehicle Public Procurement Programme - Cenex are delivering a £20 million procurement programme introducing electric
and hybrid vans to public sector organisations during 2010 (Smiths, Allied, Modec and Ashwoods)
Zero emission citiesA selection of current and planned EV / PHEV incentives
• Transportation emissions - transferring emissions from cities to power stations - decarbonisation of electricity production through grid
through nuclear, renewables, carbon capture and storage to fossil fuelled power stations
- common clean-up equipment for air quality emissions
Zero emission citiesJoined-up thinking – reducing transport emissions
- the development of smart metering systems which are able to automatically select charging times and tariffs
- local network upgrading
- Vehicle-to-grid. Power stored in vehicle batteries could be sold to electricity grid. Management regime required to ensure acceptable charge depletion. Payment would need to cover additional cycling battery costs
• Further work required to support increased electricity demand
• smart ed, support of pre-commercial trial 100 vehicles, 4 with Cenex
• Brushless PM machine (limited to 20kW)
• 12kWh high-temp ‘Zebra’ battery
• Mitsubishi i-MiEV, demonstration introduction to the UK
• Brushless PM machine (47kW)
• 16kWh ‘Lithium-ion’ battery
Zero emission citiesCenex vehicle trials
• ECE Regulation 101 (NEDC cycle) test gave 114 km range
• On the Artemis Urban cycle the vehicle achieved 114.68 km, and 105.66 km on the Artemis Road cycle.
• All cycles showed approximately linear state of charge (SOC) decline against time.
Zero emission citiesCenex – smart ed laboratory range testing
• Typical urban duty ~19km• 6.6kW mean motoring
power, 1kW regen.• ~24% SoC consumed
0
2
4
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8
10
12
0
0.5
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1.5
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%S
OC
/10
kWh
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SOC and Energy input vs time
Charging kWh SOC %/10
Charging
Sustaining
Full study - 32 drivers (5 regular), 6 months, >3000km
Zero emission citiesCenex – smart ed operational characteristics
Low utilisation = high equivalent CO2 emissions & high running costs
High utilisation gives good performance e.g. 12 hour overnight charge requires daily mileage of >48km to achieve <100g CO2/km
Zero emission citiesCenex – smart ed CO2 and cost/km
i MiEV CO2 & cost /km,
Lack of measurement resolution on short trips.False gradient?
Averages 115gCO2e/km (2009) 92gCO2e/km (2019)
Cost effective i MiEV 1.5 – 5.6p/km Std ICE 7 – 8 p/km
Zero emission citiesCenex – smart ed CO2 and cost/km
• UK EV registrations currently low. But, CO2 policy plans suggest a rapid expansion
• Official statistics show today’s EVs can cover approx 77% of passenger car journeys, future EVs and PHEVs can cover 100% of passenger car journeys
• EVs offer zero tailpipe emissions• Electricity grid decarbonisation and smarting can deliver total low carbon
vehicle solution• smart ed - stable range (114 km) in laboratory - real world variance (~ 50 –
80 km)
• smart ed - real life equivCO2 emissions and running cost are highly dependent on utilisation and carbon intensity of the electricity grid
• Mitsubishi i-MiEV - equivCO2 savings and significant cost savings, again decarbonised electricity helps
Zero emission citiesConclusions and further information
• Cenex / Arup electrification of transport study
• www.cenex.co.uk Consultancy- Electrification study
• Electric drive vehicle deployment in the UK (smart and i-MiEV)
• www.cenex.co.uk Projects– smart
Ultra-low carbon cars:Next steps on delivering the £250 million consumer incentive programme for electric and plug-in hybrid cars
Sheffield Care 4 Air consultation exercise
• ‘Ultra-Low Carbon Vehicles in the UK’ April 09- DfT/BIS vision document - Office for Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV) - £400m Govt measures to accelerate
transition to ULCV- Position UK as global leaders in development, demonstration, manufacture and use
Eg. TSB Low Carbon Vehicle Innovation Platform DfT Low Carbon Vehicle Public Procurement Programme
• Key measure to support early consumer market for electric and plug-in hybrid cars
• £250 million• £230m for point of purchase price reductions- £2000 to £5000- Scheduled to start 2011
• £20 million to help deliver charging points
• Further £10 million supplement through Strategic Investment Fund
• “Plugged in Places” Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Framework
The Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Grant Programme provides funding for the installation of re-charging or re-fuelling systems to facilitate the uptake of low emission vehicles in the UK. The IGP is funded by the Department for Transport and is managed by Cenex – the UK Centre of Excellence for Low Carbon and Fuel Cell Technologies. A total of £1 million has been made available for projects.
The Programme will run initially until 31st March 2011 and applicants can apply for a grant up to 50% of the eligible cost, payable on completion of the project or following the delivery of key phases of large projects. All projects will be assessed against five key criteria by an independent programme board. The IGP is a window-based application process, and funding bids should be submitted by the following deadlines:
Plugged in Places:• 3 to 6 regions or cities to become frontrunners in trialling and adoption of EV infrastructure
• Plans co-ordinated with arrival and use of EV• Facilitate early market plus learning benefits• Consortia made up of LAs, RDAs, private sect.• Open access framework to foster co-operation• Funding available from April 2010• Slow starters not excluded
Plugged in Places:• Funding criteria fall under 5 broad headings- Building the local market- Implementing technology (innovation)- Consortia Funding- Integration of re-charging facilities- Information sharing
• Regional & local stakeholders invited to briefing in Autumn
• Bids submitted by end of year• State aid!
Question 1: When available, would you consider buying an EV?
a) As your primary vehicleb) As a second vehiclec) Not at all
Question 2: What would influence your decision to buy an EV? (please rank in order)
a) Price of vehicleb) Running costc) Choice of available vehiclesd) Availability of re-charging
infrastructuree) Vehicle reliability & performancef) Emission benefits
Question 3: Would a £2k to £5k consumer incentive affect your decision to buy an EV?
a) Yesb) Noc) Depends on vehicle cost/level of
grant
Question 4: If funding was available to subsidise the purchase of EV/PHEV, what would be the best way to use the funding?
a) Reimbursement after vehicle paymentb) Upfront vehicle voucherc) Dealership discounts, where dealer
does paperworkd) Provide competitive support to
industry eg. directly to manufacturers, lease, hire and fleet management companies
Question 5: Would your organisation seriously consider joining a consortia to bid for Plugged in Places funding?
a) Yesb) Noc) Need more information
f) Name/type of organisation
Question 6: What are the key barriers to bidding to join Plugged in Places? (choose 3 most important)
a) Availability of consortia fundingb) Ability to work in partnershipc) Resistance to technologyd) Higher emission reduction
prioritiese) Timescales for biddingf) Other (please state)
Question 7: Are you or your organisation currently considering an application for funding through the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Grant Programme for re-charging facilities?
a) Yesb) No
f) Name of organisation/individual
…….questions and comments?
Consultation responses to:
By end September 2009
