zambia national governance baseline survey...

Zambia National Governance Baseline

Survey Report

Methodology and Main Findings(Workshop Presentation)

October 26, 2004

Purpose and Main Objective

Purpose: To evaluate public services and service providers

Main Objective: To generate information that would be used by the citizens and government of Zambia.

Main Objective (cont.)

The information described in the Report would be used to: • Design and implement public sector

reforms;• Enhance good governance;• Fight corruption; and • Improve the quality of public services

Specific Objectives:

• To assess the quality and adequacy of public services;

• To assess the integrity of public service providers;

• To establish the extent of corruption among public officials;

• To evaluate current anti-corruption strategies;

Specific Objectives (Cont.)

• To identify key problems facing the public;• To get the public’s view of institutional

reforms; and• To identify weak and strong public

institutions in terms of governance.

MethodologySource of Data and Survey

Instrument• The Report is based on primary data;• Data collected from three field surveys

conducted in all provinces of Zambia;• Structured questionnaires used as data

collection instruments.

Pre-Test Survey

• Pre-test survey conducted in rural and urban settings to ascertain:ØStructure and language of questionsØDuration of interviewsØExtent of cooperation from respondents

• Instrument revised in light of pre-test findings

Main Survey

Three categories of respondents were interviewed:§ Households§ Public Officials§ Business Enterprises

Questionnaire details

• Different questionnaire were used for each category of respondents

• Most questions were close-ended• Some questions repeated in all three

types of questionnaires to facilitate comparison across respondents

Sample Distribution

• Total sample size: 3,000§Households: 1,500§Public Officials 1,000§Businesses 500

Household SurveyHousehold Sample Distribution• Heads of households targeted for interviews• 50 SEAs - Standard Enumeration Areas -

selected• Households allocated to provinces, and

rural/urban areas, on basis of sample-proportion-to-size method - 2000 census population figures used to assign weights.

Household sample distribution

• Rural stratum: 870• Urban stratum: 630• Household sample selection:

– Households in selected SEAs listed– Random sample drawn

Public officials sample

• 2000 GRZ Establishment Register and ZRA Staff List used as sampling frames

• Sample grouped in three categories:• Policy makers• Programme managers• Support staff• Sample allocated to headquarters, province,

and district, using sample proportion to size procedure

Business sample

• Managers targeted for interview• List of Businesses in SEAs selected for

household interviews compiled from CSO Register of establishments

• Businesses on list stratified by International Standard Industrial Classification, and by size

• Sample randomly selected

Few Key Findings

Corruption: one of the most important

challengesKey problems in Zambia

(% of respondents reporting that these are very serious problems)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Infraestructure/Qualityof roads

Corruption in the publicsector

Safety concerns / crime

High cost of living

Households Managers Public Officials

Types of corruption in Zambia

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

percentage of users that were asked for a bribe to obtain publicservices

percentage of managers that were asked to pay a bribe whilerequesting licenses and permits

purchasing of positions (% of public officials reporting it is veryfrequent)

percentage of users that were asked to pay a bribe while tryingto obtain a public service

public funds misappropriation (% of public officials reporting it isvery frequent)

% of respondents who reported that type of corruption

Quality of Public Services

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Zambia National Commercial Bank

Postal Services

Electricity

Telephone

Company Registration

Social Securiy

Public education services

Police excluding traffic police

Councils

Public health services

Traffic Police

Pensions

% of respondents reporting high qualityManagers Households

Quality of public services across provinces (as reported by households)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Central

Copperbelt

Eastern

Luapula

Lusaka

Northern

North-Western

Southern

Western

Central

Copperbelt

Eastern

Luapula

Lusaka

Northern

North-Western

Southern

Western

% of households reporting high quality

Postal Services

Traffic Police

Quality of public services across provinces (as reported by managers)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Central

Copperbelt

Eateren

Luapula

Lusaka

Northern

North-Western

Southern

Western

Central

Copperbelt

Eastern

Luapula

Lusaka

Northern

North-Western

Southern

Western

Public Health Services

Zambia National Commercial Bank

% of managers reporting high quality

Note: No manager in the North-Western province reported high quality of public health services. The same is true for the Western province in the case of the Zambia National Commercial Bank

Honesty and institutions

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Church/Religious body

Public news media

Post office

NGO

Zambia Telecommunications Company (ZAMTEL)

Zambia Electricity Supply Corportation (ZESCO)

Immigration Department

Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning (Budget Office)

Cabinet

Road Traffic Commission

Police

Traffic Police

% of repondents reporting the institution to be honestHoseholds Business Public Officials

Public Officials’ views on decision making

0% 1 0 % 2 0 % 30% 40% 5 0 % 6 0 % 7 0 % 8 0 % 9 0 % 100%

High Courts

ZAMPOST (Posta l Sev ices)

Ministry of Labour and Social Securi ty

Nat ional Assembly

Ministry of Home Affairs

Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development

Zambia Revenue Author i ty (ZRA)

Municipal government

Ministry of Education

Ministry of Tourism , Environment and Natural Resources

Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry

Zambia Electr ic i ty Supply Corportat ion (ZESCO)

Nat ional Housing Authori ty (NHA)

Permanent Human Rights Commiss ion

Ministry of Agriculture, and Cooperatives

Off ice of the President - Provinces

Police

Judiciary

Ministry of Community Development and Social Services

Magistrate Courts

Off ice of the President – Publ ic Service Management Divis ion

Ministry of Health

Traffic Police

Zambia Telecommunicat ions Company (ZAMTEL)

Censorsh ip Board of Zambia

Ministry of Finance and National Planning

Ministry of Works and Supply

Defence forces

Off ice of the President – Cabinet Off ice

% of public officials reporting that an excessive number of administrative steps are required for carrying out procedures

Bribes are not exclusive for national enterprises…

Bribes for type of activity: Comparing domestic and foreign enterprises

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Request for licenses and permits

Public service procedure

Pursue legal proceedings in the judicial branch

Obtain contracts with state institutions

Update on fiscal situation

% of managers reporting that bribes are very frequentDomestic Foreign

Corruption affects differently Urban and Rural areas (as reported by managers)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

RuralUrban

To obtain licenses and permits

To speed up legal proceedings in the judicial branch

To obtain basic public services

To update/revise tax status

To obtain contracts with state institutions

% of managers reporting that bribes are very frequent…

Corruption affects differently Urban and Rural areas (as reported by households)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

RuralUrban

To obtain licenses and permits

To speed up legal proceedings in the judicial branch

To obtain basic public services

To update/revise tax status

% of households reporting that bribes are very frequent…

Practice of Purchasing Jobs, (as reported by public officials)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Min. of Finance and National Planning

Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)

Min. of Health

Min. of Education

Min. of Works and Supply

Min. of Mines and Minerals Development

Traffic Police

Zambia Telecommunications Company -ZAMTEL

Zambia Postal Services- ZAMPOST

Municipal government

Off.of the President – Public Service Management Division

Judiciary

superiors collegues at the same level subordinates

% of public officials reporting purchase of jobs is a very common practice among...

Frequency of bribes (as reported by households)

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)- Vat Division

Zambia Telecommunications Company -ZAMTEL.


Water and Sewerage Company


Zambia Electricity Suplly Corporation-ZESCO

ZRA Taxes Division


Councils

Lands Department

Pensions

Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)- Customs Division

Passport office

Judges/Courts officials

National Registration office

Traffic police


Note: The frequency was calculated for those users who contacted the agency seeking attention

Frequency of bribes (as reported by managers)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Zambia Postal Services

Tender Board

Zambia Telecommunications Company -ZAMTEL.

Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)- Vat Division

Water and Sewerage Company


ZRA Taxes Division

Zambia Electricity Suplly Corporation-ZESCO


Pensions


Councils

Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)- Customs Division

Judges/Courts officials

National Registration office

Passport office


Lands Department

Traffic police

Note: The frequency was calculated for those users who contacted the agency seeking attention

Corruption increases inequality, 1

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

Bri

bes

as %

of h

ouse

hold

in

com

e

Wholecountry

Low Middle High

Percentage of household income paid as bribes to obtain public services, by household income status (as reported by households)

By household income

Note: figures are calculated out of those users who contacted the agency, and they are weighted by income level

Corruption increases inequality, 2

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

Bri

bes

as %

of r

even

ue

Wholecountry

Small Medium Large

Percentage of firms revenue paid as bribes to obtain public services, by firms size (as reported by firms)

By firms sizeNote: figures are calculated out of those firms who contacted the agency, and they are weighted by revenues

Corruption while doing business with the Government

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

CountryAverage

Small Medium Large

When doing business with the government, average % of the invoice that firms forfeit to receive its payment from the government (as reported by managers)

By size of firmNote: Figures are calculated for those managers reporting that their firm have made sales to the government over the last three years

Corruption imposes barriers to access basic social services

Cost of corruption: discouraged users by service

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

National Registration Office

Police Excluding traffic Police


Councils

Water & Sewerage

Traffic Police

Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)- Taxes Division

Proportion of head households reporting that they decide to not conduct procedures with these institutions because they couldn’t pay the unofficial costs

Justice is particularly affected by corruption

Bribes to pursue Legal Proceedings

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

households

business

public officials

% of respondents reporting that most times/always bribes are paid to pursue legal proceedings

Inaccessibility of the Justice System

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

% of households/firms that felt the need to use the court

system but decided not to

Households Businesses

Utilization of Court System (as reported by households and managers)

Undue Influence on the Judiciarypercentage of households reporting that the Judiciary is...

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

central

copperbelt

eastern

luapula

lusaka

northern

north-western

southern

western

central

copperbelt

eastern

luapula

lusaka

northern

north-western

southern

western

Manipulated by Economic Interests

Dependent on Government

Performance of the Judiciary(as reported by managers)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Less corrupt than the government

Very fair

Deserves confidence

Laws apply equally to the rich and the poor

Independent of the government

Independent of economic pressures

% of managers who agree that the Judicial sector in Zambia is...

Obstacles to using courts in Zambia (as reported by households and firms)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

% o

f res

pond

ents

agr

eein

g th

at

the

obst

acle

is v

ery

impo

rtan

t

Small Medium Large lowincome

middleincome

highincome

Too long the process

Court decisionsinfluenced by corruption

Gratifications

Businesses Households

Time Spent Dealing with the Bureaucracy

Institution where firms spent more time dealing with bureaucracy

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%

Zambia RevenueAuthority (ZRA)

Zambia ElectricitySupply

Corportation(ZESCO)

Councils Public HealthServices

Police

% of firms reporting that the greatest amount of time was spent in this institution

Willingness to pay to eliminate corruption (as reported by managers)

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

All Small Medium Large

Additional taxes that firms would be willing to pay to eliminate corruption

By size of firm

Public Officials’ support to public sector reforms

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Establishing a living wage for public employees

Establishing personnel management system where compensationand promotions are based on performance

Administrative decentralization of the state

Greater oversight of government functions by the general publicand civil society

Regular declaration of assets of public officials

Reduction in governemtn worforce, if it allows an increase insalary and benefits for remaining government workers

Privatization of public services

Against In favor% of public officials who are..

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