sazogadoebis kvlevis centri

Zalaufleba da sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi

statiebis krebuli

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2009

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krebuli gamocemulia Jan Joresis fondis xelSewyobiT (safrangeTi) mTavari redaqtori: marina musxeliSvili sazogadoebis kvlevis centri

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2009 Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge ISBN 978-9941-12-894-3

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sarCevi

1. gia JorJoliani, marina musxeliSvili, gela banZelaZe politikuri sistema saqarTveloSi...................................................... 7 2. marina musxeliSvili sazogadoebis dabruneba................................................................................... 27 3. daviT melua adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenloba sxvadasxva politikur sistemebSi........................................................................................ 67 4. Zalauflebis dayofa, rogorc eTnikuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis gza (statia momzadebulia xatia nadaraias mier) ........................................................................................ 86 5. mamuka biWaSvili samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi ......................................... 99 6. elguja meqvabiSvili mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba rogorc saSualo klasis formirebis umniSvnelovanesi piroba . 112 7. zaza SaTiriSvili nacionaluri identoba da nacionaluri narativebi ......... 123 8. nana sumbaZeQ qalaqi da sofeli: mosaxleobis Rirebulebebi da politikuri simpaTiebi...................................................................................... 137 9. ioseb arCvaZe saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobisa da socialur-ekonomikuri stratifikaciis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb ...................................................................................................... 155

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winasityvaoba

2009 wlis gazafxulze sazogadoebis kvlevis cen-trma Jan Joresis fondis daxmarebiT moawyo ramdenime se-minari saerTo saTauriT "politikuri sistema - risken viswrafoT? SesaZloa Tu ara mivaRwioT efeqtur demok-ratias institucionaluri garemos ganaxlebis gziT?". am seminarebSi monawileoba miiRes sxvadasxva dargis specia-listebma da politikosebma. maT ganixiles politikuri sistemis transformaciis mimarTulebebi farTo socialu-ri konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. mocemuli krebuli asa-xavs seminarebis monawileTa naazrevs rogorc Tavad sis-temis, aseve im konteqstis Sesaxeb, romelSiac is moqme-debs, da romelTanac is uSualod Tu gaSualedebulad kavSirSi imyofeba.

pirveli narkvevi `politikuri sistema saqarTve-loSi~ aRwers Zalauflebis im konfiguracias, romelic saqarTveloSi dReisTvis aris Camoyalibebuli. saxelmwi-fo mmarTveloba dRes xasiaTdeba Zalauflebis Zlieri centralizaciiTa da koncentraciiT, partia-saxelmwifos sabWouri tradiciis maxinji SerwymiT maJoritarul er-Tpartiul mmarTvelobasTan da politikuri partiebis zogadi sisustiT. meore narkvevi, "sazogadoebis dabrune-ba" (marina musxeliSvili) am centralizacias ukavSirebs transformaciis ganvlili periodisa da demokratizaciis calmxriv, neoliberalur xasiaTs. narkvevis mizania al-ternatiuli gzebis Zieba - aseT alternativad avtoris azriT evropuli gamocdilebis gaziareba warmoadgens. Semdegi narkvevi, "adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenlo-

ba sxvadasxva politikur sistemebSi" (daviT melua) exe-ba konkretulad erT politikur instituts, adgilobriv mmarTvelobas. narkvevSi mocemulia adgilobrivi mmarTve-lobis evropuli gamocdilebis mimoxilva da am Suqze ga-analizebulia saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari problemebi. politikuri sistemisadmi miZRvnili narkvevebidan meoTxe "Zalauflebis dayofa rogorc eTnikuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis gza" (sapublikaciod momzadebulia xatia na-daraias mier) eZRvneba eTnikuri konfliqtebis dareguli-rebis Temas. gansxvavebiT wina narkvevebisgan, is gansxvav-deba imiT, rom evropul gamocdilebas, kerZod, Zalauf-

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lebis gaziarebis princips kritikulad udgeba, da kon-fliqtebis daregulirebis meqanizmad naklebad gamosade-gad miiCnevs.

Semdegi ori narkvevi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, anu

Sualeduri donis institutebs exeba: arasamTavrobo or-ganizaciebs, ("samoqalaqo sazogadoeba", mamuka biWaSvili) da mcire da saSualo mewarmeobas rogorc saSualo fe-nis arsebobis erTerT winapirobas. ("mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba rogorc saSualo klasis formi-rebis umniSvnelovanesi piroba", elguja meqvabiSvili). erTic da meorec asaxaven im institutebis sisustes (an, SesaZloa, praqtikul ganuviTareblobas), romlebic sasi-cocxloa demokratiis funqcionirebisTvis. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas rogorc Cans ar Svelis li-beralur yaidaze mowyobili arasamTavrobo organizacie-bis Seqmna; amis magaliTia meore statiaSi dasmuli prob-lema: saSualo klasis interesebis daucveloba, romelic mcire da saSualo biznesis savalalo mdgomareobiT ga-moixateba. orive es movlena urTierTkavSirSia da evro-puli tradiciisgan metad Sorsaa.

narkvevSi "nacionaluri identoba da nacionaluri narativebi" (zaza SaTiriSvili) avtori aanalizebs naci-onaluri identobis formirebis Taviseburebebs (araseku-laruli nacionalizmi) da miiCnevs, rom politikuri sis-temis demokratizacias nacionaluri narativebis tran-sformaciac sWirdeba.

bolo ori narkvevi, "qalaqi da sofeli: mosaxleo-bis Rirebulebebi da politikuri simpaTiebi" (nana subaZe) da "saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobisa da socia-lur-ekonomikuri stratifikaciis zogierTi aspeqtis Se-saxeb" (ioseb arCvaZe) SesaZloa yvelaze arsebiT sakiTxs exeba - Tavad sazogadoebis mimarTebas politikasTan. statiebi statistikur maCveneblebze dayrdnobiT, obieq-turi da subieqturi indikatorebis gamoyenebiT, aanalize-ben mosaxleobaSi arsebul socio-ekonomikur da politi-kur dayofebs. vinaidan politikuri mowyoba didwilad damokidebulia imaze Tu ramdenad erTgvarovania Tu mra-valferovania mosaxleoba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom politi-kurad arsebiTi dayofa, romelic pirveli narkvevis Sede-

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gebidan momdinareobs, aris dayofa qalaqsa da sofels Soris. mosalodnelia, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis Sexe-dulebebi imaze, Tu romeli sistemaa sasurveli, gansxvav-debodes regionebis Sexedulebisgan. Tumca mosaxleobis udides nawils aqvs saerTo maxasiaTebelic - es aris si-Raribe. siRaribes ki SesaZloa moyvebodes winaaRmdegob-rivi Sedegebi - an gamZafrebuli brZola politikuri da socio-ekonomikuri uflebebis mosapoveblad, an piriqiT, avtoritaruli mmarTveloba. erTaderTi, rasac is namdvi-lad ver uwyobs xels aris stabilurad moqmedi demokra-tiuli institutebi.

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gia JorJoliani marina musxeliSvili

gela banZelaZe

saqarTvelo: Zalauflebis struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi

marqsi Tavis droze amtkicebda, rom sazogadoebaSi

arsebuli mwarmoebluri urTierTobebis bazisi gansaz-Rvravs qveynis politikur zednaSens da rom ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ganapirobeben politikur Sexedulebebsac. maqs veberi ki sapirispirod, Tvlida, rom kulturuli Rirebulebebi ayalibeben ekonomikuri urTierTobebis logikas. Tanamedrove mkvlevari, ronald ingleharti, ey-rdnoba ra farTo sociologiur monacemebs, amtkicebs, rom marqsic da veberic erTdroulad marTlebic arian da, amave dros, kidevac scdebian. politikuri, kulturu-li da ekonomikuri ganzomilebebi zemoqmedebas axdenen erTmaneTze, viTardebian paralelurad da ayalibeben gar-kveul urTierTdakavSirebul modelebs, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynebsa da civilizaciebSi sxvadasxvanairia.

saqarTvelos politikuri sistema Sedgeba mTeli ri-gi urTierTdakavSirebuli maxasiaTeblebisagan, rolebic ganisazRvrebian da, amave dros, gansazRvraven sazogadoe-bis socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli parametrebis bunebas. es urTierTdakavSirebuli maxasiaTeblebi isto-riulad Camoyalibdnen da yalibdebian, damokidebulni arian ganvlil gzaze da im SemTxvevaSic ki Zalzed nela icvlebian, Tuki erT-erTi parametri mkveTrad Seicvleba. arsobrivi cvlilebebi TandaTanobiT xdeba TaobaTa cvlasa da sistemis yvela maxasiaTeblis urTierTdakav-Sirebul transformaciasTan erTad.

miuxedavad amisa cvlilebebi mainc xdeba da yvela parametri ama Tu im mimarTulebiT ganicdis evolucias. mniSvnelovania imis codna Tu ra mimarTulebiT icvlebi-an isini da ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs am cvlilebebs.

saqarTvelom bolo 15-20 wlis manZilze ramodenime politikuri reJimi gamoicvala, Seicvala konstituciuri mowyobac, qveyanam gadaitana samoqalaqo omebi da dakarga kontroli teritoriis nawilze. miuxedavad amisa, saqar-

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Tvelos politikuri sistema xasiaTdeba iseTi TvisebebiT, romlebic am drois manZilze ucvlelad rCebodnen da TviTganaxlebis Zalas avlendnen. saqarTveloSi Zalauf-leba koncentrirebuli, centralizebuli da personifi-cirebulia. qveynis prezidents akisria sruli da praqti-kulad erTpirovnuli pasuxismgebloba yvela miRebul po-litikur gadawyvetilebasa da saxelmwifo aparatis fun-qcionirebaze. kompetenciaTa teritoriuli danawileba TiTqmis sruliad ar arsebobs, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-loba ganuviTarebelia, regionebi sustia da centralur xelisuflebazea damokidebuli. prezidenti srulad akon-trolebs xelisuflebas. prezidents, mTavrobasa da par-laments Soris Zalauflebis danawileba sustadaa gamok-veTili da pirveli piris mier parlamentze an mTavroba-ze kontrolis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi sistemuri krizisi iwyeba. sasamarTlo xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia damoukideb-loba da ver axerxebs centraluri xelisuflebis Sekave-basa da kanonis uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofas. politikaSi monawileobas mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri dividendebi mo-aqvs. ekonomikuri saqmianobac Zlier aris damokidebuli xelisuflebasTan klientelistur kavSirebze da mniSvne-lovanwilad korufciuli meqanizmebiT funqcionirebs. am-gvar konfiguraciaSi Zalaufleba didwilad xelisufle-bis partiis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, romelic mkacrad centralizebulia da administraciul resurss eyrdnoba. amave dros, xelisuflebis partia iSleba xelisuflebi-dan wasvlis SemTxvevaSi. partiebi da prezidentebi xeli-suflebidan opoziciaSi ar gadadian, aramed saerTod to-veben politikur arenas da kargaven legitimacias. Tavad xelisuflebis cvlilebac radikaluri-revoluciuri gziT xdeba. amave dros, Zalauflebis erT centrSi kon-centrirebis miuxedavad sazogadoeba inarCunebs SesaZ-leblobas opoziciuri ganwyobebisa da moZraobebis avto-nomiurad SemuSavebisa, romlebic saprotesto aqciebsa da, drodadro, arapopularuli reJimebis cvlilebas iw-vevs. arsebobs mravali opoziciuri partia da politiku-ri aqtori, romlebic xelisuflebis revoluciuri (sis-temuri, radikaluri) oponentebi arian. polarizebuli po-litikuri pluralizmis pirobebSi opoziciuri partiebi praqtikulad ar monawileoben politikuri gadawyvetile-

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bebis miRebaSi, aramed sakuTar Zalisxmevas arsebuli re-Jimis Secvlisken mimarTaven. komprometirebuli politi-kuri aqtorebis marginalizaciis paralelurad Cndebian axali politikosebi da partiebi, romelTa dRegrZelo-bac mTlianadaa damokidebuli maT opoziciaSi yofnaze. opoziciuri partiebis garda, amgvarive rols TamaSoben masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebic. am organizaciaTa dafinansebis wyaroebi xelisuflebisagan damoukidebelia (biznesi, saerTaSori-so sazogadoeba). sazogadoeba, Tumca ki inarCunebs arapo-pularuli xelisuflebis Secvlis potencials, praqtiku-lad ar monawileobs politikis, strategiebis formireba-Si, uflebebisa da interesebis dacvaSi da a.S. politiku-ri da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi (partiebi, arasam-Tavroboebi) aqtivistTa mcire wres moicaven. sazogadoeb-rivi problemebis gadawyvetaze pasuxismgebloba TiTqmis mTlianad centralur xelisuflebas ekisreba. politiku-ri diskursi vertikaluria. am diskursis horizontaluri Semadgeneli gamoukveTavia. qveynis ganviTarebis kursi didwilad sagareo faqtorebzea damokidebuli. iqidan ga-momdinare, rom politikuri reformebi igegmeba da xorci-eldeba am gare faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini nakle-bad asaxaven sazogadoebis mdgomareobas, rac politikuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxvagvar strategiebs Soris konkuren-ciis warmoqmnis saSualebas ar iZleva. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola warmoadgens `TavisTavad Rirebulebas~ da ar asaxavs interesebis, Sexedulebebisa da programuli prio-ritetebis gansxvavebulobas, rac sazogadoebis bazisur problemebs gadauwyvetels tovebs.

Zalauflebis centralizacia saqarTveloSi Zalauflebis teritoriuli danawile-

ba sustia. qveynis prezidenti Zalauflebis piramidis sa-TaveSi dgas, romelic mmarTvelobis yvelaze dabal done-ebamde eSveba.

1995 wlis konstitucia, gadauwyveteli teritoriu-li konfliqtebis gamo, Riad tovebda qveynis teritori-ul-administraciuli mowyobis sakiTxebs, da mxolod zo-

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gadi debulebebiT Semoifargleboda, ramdenadac miiCneo-da, rom es sakiTxebi afxazeTis, cxinvalis regionis da aWaris statusis gansazRvrasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. samo-mavlod igegmeboda orpalatiani parlamentis Seqmna da saqarTvelos raionebis nacvlad (daaxloebiT 80) regione-bad dayofa (daaxloebiT 10 erTeuli). regionebis marTvis uzrunvelsayofad droebiT saSualebad prezidentis rwmunebulebi iqcnen. vardebis revoluciisa da aWaris movlenebis Semdeg prezidentis rwmunebulis instituti SenarCunda, teritorialuri mowyobisa da qveynis decen-tralizaciis sakiTxi ki kvlav gadadebulia.

ufro dinamiurad mimdinareobda TviTmmarTvelobiTi da warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis transformireba da ganviTareba. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba 1998 wels da-inerga, ramac garkveulwilad adgilebze sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gaaqtiureba ufro gamoiwvia da adgilobriv demokratiisaTvis Seqmna safuZveli. Tumca, mTlianobaSi, man, ramodenime mizezis gamo, efeqturad ver imuSava. ad-gilobrivi xelisuflebis funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro ekonomikuri fundamenti im periodSi ar Seqmnila. kompe-tenciaTa decentralizacias ukiduresad susti iyo da mas Tan ar axlda realizaciisa da kontrolis saWiro meqanizmebi. kanoni adgilobrivi arCevnebis Sesaxeb, rome-lic partiul warmomadgenlobas efuZneboda, adgilebze arsebul siRaribesTan erTad, mmarTvelobis organoTa Zlier politizirebasa da, Sesabamisad maT xelisuflebis partiisadmi daqvemdebareba-damokidebulebas uwyobda xels.

miuxedavad imisa, rom, 1998 da 2002 wlebis adgilob-rivma arCevnebma aCvena, rom opoziciur partiebi adgilob-riv doneze ufro advilad axerxeben warmomadgenlobis miRwevas vidre centralur doneze, adgilobrivi mmarTve-lobiTi organoebi mainc mudam advilad kontroldebod-nen da imarTebodnen centraluri xelisuflebis mier, mi-Tumetes, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobebi daniS-vniTi rCeboda.

vardebis revoluciis Semdeg adgilobrivi mmarTve-lobis axali sistema iqna SemoRebuli (2005 wlis refor-miT), romelmac wina periodis mcire monapovrebic ki Sea-susta. mravalricxovani, mcirezomiani da ufro Znelad

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kontrolirebadi organoebis nacvlad Seiqmna msxvili er-Teulebi raionebis doneze. am erTeulebs formalurad TviTmmarTvelobiTi hqvia, Tumca realurad damoukidebe-li funqcionirebis saSualeba ara aqvT. prezidentis re-gionuli rwmunebulebi, romlebsac kanoniT ara aqvT rai-onebis mmarTvelobis ufleba, realurad floben gadaw-yvetilebaTa srul Zalauflebas e.w. TviTmmarTvel orga-noebTan mimarTebaSi.

politikuri sistemis centralizaciis tendencias Semdegi faqtoric aZlierebs:

demokratiuli centralizmis principi, romelic jer kidev leninma menSevikebTan gamarTuli diskusiis dros Camoayaliba, adgilobriv sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebaTa partiis centraluri organos mier miRebas gulisxmobs (magaliTad saarCevno olqSi deputatobis kandidaturis wamoyeneba). adgilobriv organoebs mxolod iniciativisa da winadadebis wamoyenebis ufleba rCebaT. es principi, romelic partia-saxelmwifos sabWoTa politikur siste-maSi mtkiced iyo gamjdari, postsabWoTa saqarTveloSic Zalauflebisa da mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis ZiriTad principad gvevlineba. es Tandayolili inercia vlindeba rogorc centrsa da adgilebze mmarTvelTa da marTulTa molodinebisa da motivaciebis zogad mentalobaSi, aseve orive doneze xelisuflebis Camoyalibebisa da urTier-TmimarTebis instituciur regulirebaSic. Zalauflebis koncentraciis tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac aRmasru-lebeli xelisuflebis udao prioritets warmoadgens, adgilobriv xelisuflebas ara adgilobrivi warmomadgen-lobiTi organo axorcielebs (romlis kompetenciebic bundovania da finansuri resursebic uaRresad mokrZale-bulia), aramed misi zemdgomi organo. regionuli mmarTve-lobis reformis dablokva xelisuflebis mxridan swo-red am mizezis gamo moxda - vinaidan konstituciiT pre-zidents uSualod ara aqvs aRmasrulebeli funqcia, mas urCevnia araformalurad uxelmZRvanelos Tavisive daniS-nul rwmunebulebs regionebSi, vidre dauqvemdebaros isi-ni ministrTa kabinets, rogorc uzenaes aRmasrulebel organos.

susti ekonomika regionebis centrze damokidebule-bas ganapirobebs. sabWoTa industriuli ekonomikis degra-

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daciam mkveTrad Seamcira ekonomikuri aqtivoba da, Sesa-bamisad, ekonomikis moculobac. tradiciulad industriu-li qalaqebi: rusTavi, quTaisi, zestafoni, WiaTura, ag-reTve msubuqi mrewvelobisa da agraruli gadamamuSavebe-li centrebi, kargaven ra Cveul Tvisebas, ver axerxeben ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. agrarul regio-nebSi gavrcelda naturaluri meurneobebis Tanamedrove tipi, romelic ara produqciis warmoebazea orientirebu-li, aramed TviTmoxmarebaze.

susti ekonomika ase Tu ise mniSvnelovani adgilob-rivi elitebis Seqmnis saSualebas ar iZleva, romlebic adgilobrivi sazogadoebis reprezentacias SeZlebdnen da centridan mosul politikur Tu biznes-figurebs kon-kurencias gauwevdnen. maJoritar olqebSi arCeul depu-tatTa umravlesoba cxovrobs da muSaobs TbilisSi da ara Sesabamis olqebSi. adgilobriv elitebs gansakuTre-biT Zlieri dartyma miayena deindustrializaciam, ro-melmac inJiner-teqnikuri inteligencia funqciisa da sta-tusis gareSe datova da maTi Tanamedrove `TeTr sayelo-ianebad~ transformaciis Sansi TiTqmis mospo.

arsebuli ekonomikuri (romelic umuSevrobis Zal-zed maRal dones iwvevs) da politikuri (adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi da saxelmwifo organoebis umniSvneloba) situacia Sromisunarian mosaxleobas, gansakuTrebiT ki axalgazrdobas, migraciisken ubiZgebs. maTi nawili saz-RvargareT midis, sxvebi ki dedaqalaq Tbilisis umuSevar-Ta rigebs avseben (an naklebad prestiJuli profesiiT mu-Saoben). ekonomikis ganuviTarebulobisa da socialur _ politikuri cxovrebis marginalizaciisgan gamowveuli migracia centrisken (Tbilisisken) kidev ufro aZlierebs adgilobrivi Temebis sisustes da adgilobrivi ekonomi-kuri, kulturuli da politikuri potencialis zrdas TiTqmis gamoricxavs. yovelive es kidev ufro amZafrebs isedac Zlier tendencias centralizaciisaken.

globalizaciis procesi centralizaciis process uwyobs xels. misi gamowvevebi (enobrivi, informaciuli, teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri, komunikaciuri da a.S.) Sesaba-misi resursebisa da qselebis xelmisawvdomobas moiT-xovs. es xelmisawvdomoba ki gacilebiT advilad realiz-deba centrSi vidre regionebSi (umetesoba SemTxvevebSi

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raionebSi yovelive es absoluturad miuwvdomelia). amave dros, globalizaciis gamowvevebTan gasamklaveblad re-sursebisa da Zalisxmevis gaerTianebaa saWiro rac aseve pozitiurad miesadageba centralizaciis tendencias.

saxelmwifos daSlis SiSi _ teritoriaTa eTnikuri araerTgvarovneba aseve aZlierebs Zalauflebis centra-lizaciis tendencias. decentralizacia, gacnobierebu-lad an gaucnobiereblad, asocirdeba avtonomizmisa da separatizmis tendenciebTan. rogorc afxazeTi da cxinva-lis regioni, aseve amJamad araaqtiuri magram potenciu-rad separatistul regionebad mosazrebuli somxebiTa da azerbaijanelebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebis arseboba, xels uwyobs amgvar Sexedulebebs. iTvleba, rom, teritoriebis avtonomiurobis gazrda da adgilob-rivi xelisuflebebisa da institutebis kompetenciaTa Se-sabamisi gafarToveba aucileblad gaaZlierebs separatis-tul ganwyobebs, imdenad ramdenadac mravaleTnikur mo-saxleobaSi politikuri erTobis arasakmarisi konsoli-direbulobis pirobebSi eTnikuri identobis mniSvneloba moqalaqeobrivs aRemateba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom yve-la regionTan mimarTebaSi damokidebuleba msgavsi unda iyos, institucionaluri mowyobisadmi universalisturi midgoma eTnikurad mxolod qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli regionebisadmic msgavs midgomas ganapirobebs.

saxelmwifoebriobis gare safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli ganwyobebic agreTve aZlierebs centralizaci-as. sazogadoebrivi azri miiCnevs, rom es modeli gacile-biT ufro efeqturia gare safrTxeTa asacileblad vidre decentralizebuli mmarTvelobiTi sistema. iTvleba, rom decentralizaciis SemTxvevaSi arakeTilmosurne gare Za-lebi ufro advilad SeZleben calkeuli regionebis mi-marT sakuTari interesebisa da gegmebis ganxorcielebas. amis magaliTad ara marto afxazeTi da cxinvalis regio-ni ganixileba, aramed aslan abaSiZis reJimis droindeli aWarac. sazogadoebriv mentalobaSi mudmivi da permanen-tuli sagareo mtris xatis dafuZneba, ayalibebs naciona-listuri erTobis ideas. am xedviT axali da susti sa-xelmwifo mxolod erTiani, sayovelTao ZalisxmeviT SeZ-lebs mtris mogeriebas, romelsac centralizebuli po-

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litikuri neba marTavs. sagareo safrTxeebis mogeriebas erTianoba esaWiroeba.

ideologia, romliTac xelisufleba sakuTari Zala-uflebis legitimacias axdens agreTve xels uwyobs cen-tralizacias. demokratia gagebulia ara rogorc orien-tirebisa da normebis sistema, romlebic sazogadoebriv cxovrebas ganapirobeben da sazogadoebriv-politikuri diskursisa da qcevebis mimarTulebas gansazRvraven. igi sazogadoebisagan `gare~ fenomenad rCeba da xelisufle-bis legitimacias ara am sazogadoebis meSveobiT axdens, aramed sxva wyaroebiT, rogorebic SesaZloa iyos `prog-resuli saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~, `demokratiuli Za-lebi~ an `WeSmariti mecnieruli Teoriebi~ (iseve rogorc sabWoTa dros mecnierul komunizmis Teoria), `mowinave dasavleTi~ da a.S. aSkaraa, rom demokratiis amgvari for-ma mxolod centralizebul politikur sistemaSi SeiZle-ba efeqturad funqcionirebdes da mxolod vertikalurad _ zemodan qvemoT.

ras SeuZlia Seasustos centralizaciis tendencia? mniSvnelovani (magram ara gadamwyveti) roli SeiZ-

leba Seasrulos evropuli struqturebis mier Sesabamis-ma dawolam. aseve uaRresad mniSvnelovania decentrali-zaciis mimarT sazogadoebrivi ganwyobebic. postsabWoTa gamocdilebis 20 weli gviCvenebs, rom arsebuli centra-lizebuli politikuri sistema araefeqturia da adgileb-ze arsebuli problemebis gadawyveta ar SeuZlia. decen-tralizebuli modeli ki (Tu maRalganviTarebuli demok-ratiuli qveynebis WeSmariti gamocdileba mis sasargeb-lod sakmarisi argumenti araa), saqarTveloSi jer gamo-ucdelia da arc misi araefeqturobis mtkicebis safuZve-li arsebobs.

Zalauflebis koncentracia demokratiuli centralizmis sabWoTa tradicia ara

marto Zalauflebis centralizaciis tendencias gana-pirobebs, aramed mis koncentraciasac. orive es tendencia erTmaneTs asazrdoebs.

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Zalauflebis koncentraciaSi mis mTlianobas da ga-nuyoflobas vgulisxmobT. esaa xelisuflebis tradiciu-lad danawilebuli Stoebis (samarTlebriv saxelmwifoeb-Si) erTianoba (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli, sasamar-Tlo), romelSic aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas wamyvani adgili uWiravs. xelisuflebis msgavs mowyobas SeiZleba arakonstituciuric vuwodoT ramdenadac konstituciu-rad swored Zalauflebis danawilebis da Zalauflebis gaziarebis tradiciuli principebi iTvleba. am pirobebSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia centraluri xelisuflebis sxvadasxva institutebs Soris horizontaluri urTier-Tdamokidebulebis uzrunvelyofa. Zalaufleba erTiania rogorc vertikalur (centralizacia) aseve horizonta-lur (koncentracia) ganzomilebebSi.

Zalauflebis koncentracias axali postsabWoTa arakonstitucionalizmic uwyobs xels, romelic, ara mar-to zemoT aRniSnuli araformaluri wesebis xarjze ar-sebobs, aramed rigi formaluri wesebis xelSewyobiTac.

pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos saprezidento mmarTve-loba. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia, marTalia SezRudvisa da wonasworobis principebze iyo agebuli, qveynis prezidents mainc zedmetad did uflebamosilebas aniWebda. prezidenti erTdroulad iTvleboda saxelmwi-fos meTauradac da mTavrobis xelmZRvaneladac. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg konstituciaSi Setanilma Sesworebeb-ma kidev ufro gaaZliera (da daakanona) isedac Zlieri prezidentis Zalaufleba. premierministris Tanamdebobis SemoRebam mTavrobis sasargeblod prezidentis Zalauf-lebis Semcireba ar gamoiwvia, aramed prezidentis insti-tuti kidev ufro mtkice gaxada politikuri da socia-lur-ekonomikuri gamowvevebis winaSe, radgan SesaZleb-loba misca prezidents warumatebeli politikis SemTxve-vaSi pasuxismgebloba Tavidan aecilebina. parlamentis daTxovnis uflebis prezidentisTvis miniWebiT, parlamen-tis roli kidev ufro Semcirda da prezidentis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentracias Seewyo xeli.

parlamentis sisuste, romelsac didwilad saprezi-dento mmarTvelobis xasiaTi ganapirobebs. prezidentis partiis arCevnebSi gamarjvebisa da umravlesobis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, rasac didwilad administraciuli resursi

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da damkvidrebuli saarCevno praqtika ganapirobebs, par-lamenti srulad iTqvifeba erTian, koncentrirebul sap-rezidento mmarTvelobiT vertikalSi. saqarTvelos sami-ve prezidents (gamsaxurdia, SevardnaZe, saakaSvili) par-lamentSi umravlesoba gaaCnda, romlebsac, qcevis zemoT aRwerili modelis gamo, ~morCilebs~ uwodebdnen.

nawilobriv sabWoTa modelze damokidebulebis, na-wilobriv ki axladSeqmnili formaluri da araformalu-ri wesebis gamo, saqarTveloSi xelisuflebas, praqtiku-lad, mxolod prezidenti ganasaxierebs. parlamenti aRiq-meba rogorc damorCilebuli, arawarmomadgenlobiTi da araavtonomiuri subieqti, sasamarTlo xelisufleba ki rogorc administraciis nawili (rogorc magaliTad sami-nistro da a.S.).

Zalauflebis legitimacia xdeba ara warmomadgenlo-bisa da monawileobis (demokratiuli legitimacia), ara-med misi funqcionirebis efeqturobis niadagze. legitima-ciis msgavsi saSualeba xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis koncentracias iwvevs, romlis erTaderTi amocanac, for-maluri instituciuri wesebisa da procedurebis ignori-rebiT, efeqturi Sedegebis miRwevaa. pasuxismgebloba da uflebamosileba erTmaneTs emTxveva da prezidentis fi-guraSi gamovlindeba. es ukanaskneli, Sesabamisad, poli-tikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meqanizmebis sakuTar xelSi koncentrirebas axdens, romelTa nawilic forma-lurad ar Sedis mis kompetenciaSi. msgavsi situacia axa-siaTebda samive prezidents.

Tuki msgavs politikur sistemaSi Zalauflebis kon-centracia sustdeba, mcirdeba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis (an miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis) efeqturobac da, Sesaba-misad, mcirdeba Zalauflebis legitimurobac. rodesac araefeqturoba kritikul zRvars aRwevs, legitimuroba uaRresad sustdeba da aralegitimuri xelisuflebisadmi daumorCilebloba sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis misa-Rebi xdeba: Tuki xelisufleba aralegitimuria, mis wina-aRmdeg aralegitimuri wesebiT brZolac daSvebulia.

postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi Zalauflebis koncentra-cias is faqtoric uwyobs xels, rom ar arsebobs avtono-miuri da profesionaluri saxelmwifo biurokratia. amas, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs rogorc istoriuli tradicia,

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aseve postsabWoTa araformaluri wesrigi da saxelmwifo aparatis politizirebuloba. principi `gamarjvebuli iRebs yvelafers~ gulisxmobs, rom xelisuflebaSi mosu-li partia Zireulad cvlis saxelmwifo aparats da Tavi-si erTguli politikuri aqtivis rekrutirebas axdens. klientilizmi kidev ufro amcirebs biurokratiis avto-nomiurobas. araavtonomiuri biurokratia ki upasuxismgeb-loa, mTlianadaa damokidebuli politikur xelmZRvane-lobaze da araa motivirebuli damoukidebeli gadawyveti-lebebis miRebisTvis. Sedegad iqmneba viTareba, rom sxva-dasxva donis gadawyvetilebebi politikuri xelmZRvane-lobis Seusabamod maRal doneze miiReba. es xdeba ara marto vertikalur, aramed horizontalur ganzomilebeb-Sic. vertikaluri RerZis gaTvaliswinebiT ki iqmneba ara-demokratiuli sistemebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli piramida.

Zalauflebis koncentraciis Serbileba Semdeg ten-denciebs xelewifebaT:

xelisuflebaSi myof sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris Za-lauflebisaTvis brZolas koncentraciis Sesusteba SeuZ-lia. sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris dapirispireba yvela Sem-TxvevaSi amcirebs xelisuflebis funqcionirebis efeqtu-robas da garkveul etapze SesaZloa mTlianad reJimis Sesusteba gamoiwvios. Tumca bolo wlebis saqarTvelos gamocdilebam aCvena, rom dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi fraqcionerebi toveben xelisuflebas da gadadian gare opoziciuri dapirispirebis reJimSi, xolo xelisuflebis SigniT darCenis SemTxvevaSi, maT mainc ar gaaCniaT berke-tebi raTa Tavisi interesebi ganaxorcielon. es miuTi-Tebs imaze, rom demokratizaciis istoriulad gamocdili gza - elitebis paqti TamaSis wesebis dacvis Taobaze sa-qarTveloSi ver xorcieldeba.

opoziciis gaZliereba da gaaqtiureba uzrunvel-yofs pluralisturi poziciebis gaZlierebas da oficia-luri ideologiis delegitimacias. Tumca arsebul dele-gitimacias SeiZleba moyvebodes ara reJimis Sesusteba, aramed misi gadasvla mmarTvelobis ufro Zalismier me-Todebze.

koncentraciis tendenciis SesustebaSi mniSvnelova-ni rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia evrostruqturebis mxridan dawolas (realuri TviTmmarTvelobis SemoReba, Tavisu-

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fali sasamarTlo da a.S.). Tumca am dawolas realuri Sedegebis motana mxolod Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi da politikuri mxardaWeris pirobebSi SeuZlia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi formalur wesebSi garkveuli cvlilebebi Se-saZloa advilad adaptirdnen dominirebad araformalur wesrigTan.

erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba saqarTvelos prezidenti qveynis ganviTarebis Ziri-

Tadi kursis simbolod da garantad miiCneva. misi piradi da politikuri Tvisebebi am kursTan identificirdeba. amas uzrunvelyofs gabatonebuli ideologiac. sxvadas-xva reJimebisas es ideologia sxvadasxvaa. sabWoTa kavSi-ris dros, komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis generaluri mdivnis pirovnebis msgavsi identificireba qveynis komunisturi ganviTarebis perspeqtivasTan ganpi-robebuli iyo im legendiT, rom man yvelaze ukeT icoda mecnieruli komunizmis Teoria da amitom SeuZlebeli iyo araswori politika gaetarebina. Semdgom, erovnul-gamaTa-visuflebelma moZraobam erovnuli identobisa da damou-kideblobis ideologia aRadgina; zviad gamsaxurdia dRemde bevrisTvis WeSmaritad qarTul identobasa da patriotizmTan asocirdeba. iTvleba rom misma garemocvam iTamaSa uaryofiTi roli, aZlevdnen ra mas cud rCevebs. SevardnaZe ganasaxierebda pragmatulobasa da racionalu-robas, stabilurobis SenarCunebas, damnaSaveobis winaaR-mdeg brZolas. mas ramodenime weli dasWirda, rom erTpi-rovnuli mmarTveli gamxdariyo. rodesac misi partia orad gaiyo da zurab Jvanias jgufmac garkveul wil Za-lauflebaze gamoTqva pretenzia (parlamentis kontrolis paralelurad), amas mmarTvelobis erTpirovnuli xasiaTi ar Seucvlia, magram gaarTula yovelgvari gadawyvetile-bebis miReba. vardebis revoluciis Semdgom xelisufleba-Si triumvirati movida, romlebic reformebis, demokrati-isa da dasavleTTan daaxloebis mimarTulebas ganasaxie-rebdnen. Tumca mmarTvelobis pirvelive TveebSi Zalauf-leba prezidentis xelSi aRmoCnda koncentrirebuli.

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erTi gabatonebuli ideologiis legitimacia moiT-xovs, rom swori gadawyvetilebebi erT centrSi miiRebo-des. politikuri gadawyvetilebebi aucileblad unda iyos `swori~ magram ara ori an ufro meti politikurad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis kompromisis Sedegi. es prezi-dents aTavisuflebs misi oponentebis Sexedulebebis gaT-valiswinebis aucileblobisagan. prezidenti, garkveul wilad, iTvleba im kursis ganxorcielebis eqspertad, ra-Sic mTeli sazogadoeba Tanabradaa dainteresebuli. am kursis ganviTarebisa da misi prioritetebis Sesaxeb Sexe-dulebebis SesaZlo konfliqti aralegitimuria, radganac subieqtur sawyisebs efuZneba da ara `teqnokratiulad~ miRebuli gadawyvetilebas. amitomac, opoziciasTan kon-sultaciebi mxolod sisusted SeiZleba CaiTvalos da ara gonierebad. oponentebi saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi umniS-vneloni arian, uares SemTxvevaSi ki ubralod xels uS-lian winsvlas.

xelisuflebis partia lideris avtoritets emorCi-leba. wamyvani figurebi piradi politikuri erTgulebis principiT ganisazRvrebian. demokratiuli centralizmis principi sabWoTa droidan moyolebuli narCundeba. finan-sebi, romelTa generirebac formalurTan erTad mniSvne-lovanwilad araformaluri gzebiTac xdeba, centralize-bulia da maTze kontroli erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis aucilebel komponents warmoadgens. partiasa da saxel-mwifo aparatSi Tanamdebobebis, iseve rogorc saarCevno siaSi adgilebis ganawileba umaRlesi xelisuflebis do-neze wydeba.

sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis interesebsa da gan-sxvavebulobaze sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erTiani stra-tegiis upiratesobis aRiareba erTpirovnul mmarTvelo-bas uwyobs xels. sistemis mkacri maJoritaruli xasiaTi, romelSic konkretuli calkeuli interesebi politiku-rad aralegitimuria, aseve dakavSirebuli kanonSemoqmede-biTi saqmianobis TaviseburebebTanac. kanonis arsi gulis-xmobs ganviTarebis imgvar gzas, romelic sazogadoebis-Tvis garegania. moqalaqe kanonis obieqtia da ara subieq-ti. kanonis amgvari gageba mTlianobaSi tradiciuli kia, magram dResdReobiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, protestebs warmoSobs.

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mmarTvelobis ufro kolegialuri da konsensualu-ri stili SesaZloa warmoiSvas sxvadasxva politikur jgufebs Soris konkurenciis institucionalizaciisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas ufro meti pluralizmis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi. xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom aq ar igulisxmeba ganxeTqileba mmarTvel partiaSi. amgvari ganxeTqilebis SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs konfliqtis ga-dawyvetis instituciuri meqanizmi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi prezidents SeuZlia daSalos parlamenti. molaparakebe-bisa da kompromisebis meqanizmebi uaRresad sustia. kon-fliqtis gadawyvetis institucionalizebuli meqanizmebis Seqmnis erT-erT gzad SeiZleba miviCnioT saparlamento mmarTvelobaze gadasvla. mmarTvelobis erTpirovnulobis Semcirebas aseve SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos saxelmwifo apa-ratis ganviTarebam da profesionalizaciam. saxelmwifo aparatma, misi politizirebulobisa da politikur mmar-TvelobasTan mibmulobis Sesustebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZ-loa sazogadoebriv ZalebTan korporativistuli kavSire-bi Seqmnas, romlebiT manipulirebac ufro Zneli iqneba.

opoziciuri partiebic, miuxedavad maTi ideologiu-ri mimarTulebebisa, ZiriTadad erTpirovnuli mmarTve-lobis igive principze arian agebulni. SegviZlia warmo-vidginoT, rom erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba arc preziden-tis gadarCevis SemTxvevaSi Sesustdeba. opoziciur parti-aTa mkacrad centralizebuli koaliciis mosvla xeli-suflebaSi mmarTvelobas mxolod araefeqturs gaxdis - nacvlad amisa, unda SenarCundes partiebis mravalferov-neba da imavdroulad es mravalferovneba daeyrdnos kon-kretul socialur jgufebTan mibmas.

xelisuflebis partia, romelic Zalauflebis dakargvisTanave iSleba

centralizebuli, koncentrirebuli da erTpirovnu-

li mmarTvelobis erT-erTi mTavari uzrunvelmyofeli faqtoria xelisuflebis partia. mmarTveli partiis meSve-obiT xorcieldeba saxelisuflebo resursebis kontro-li. iseve rogorc sabWoTa mmarTvelobis dros, partia ganasaxierebs mTlianad saxelmwifos. amave dros, verc

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erTma aseTma partiam (romlebic odesme yofilan xeli-suflebaSi) ver SeZlo xelisuflebidan wasvlis Semdeg ganegrZo arseboba. isini an saerTod qrebodnen, an margi-nalur gaerTianebebad iqceodnen, romlebsac sazogadoe-bis mxridan susti legitimaciac ki ar rCebodaT.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg komunistebi saqar-Tvelos umaRlesi sabWodan gandevnes. maT sazogadoebis TvalSi marginaluri, Zvelmoduri da antierovnuli po-litikuri Zalis imiji SeiZines, romelic axal realo-bebs ar Seesabameboda da safrTxes uqmnida ~yvelaze Zvirfas~ radac maSin damoukidebloba iTvleboda. komu-nisturi partiis nangrevebze sxva warmonaqmnebi Camoya-libdnen, romlebic aseve ver gascildnen marginalur do-nes.

TiTqmis igive daemarTa mogvianebiT pirveli prezi-dentis zviad gamsaxurdias momxreTa gaerTianebas. isini, vinc verasodes ver Seeguen axal mmarTvelobas saerTod politikis miRma darCnen. isini vinc ase Tu ise daTanxmda politikaSi monawileobaze 1995 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg parlamentSi ver moxvdnen. am Zalebis nawilma vardebis revoluciis dros garkveuli reanimireba moaxdina, rac 1991 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialebisTvis revanSs ukav-Sirdeboda. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom zviad gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis dRemokleoba nawilobriv imiTac iyo ganpi-robebuli, rom `mrgvalma magidam~ ver moaswro srulfa-sovan xelisuflebis partiad gardaqmna.

`mrgvali magidisagan~ gansxvavebiT, prezident Sevar-dnaZis partia `moqalaqeTa kavSiri~ Seiqmna Tavidanve ro-gorc xelisuflebis partia. am partiis warmomadgenlebi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi flobdnen saxelmwifo Zala-uflebis yvela meqanizms da Sesabamisad yvela resurss akontrolebdnen, raTa gaemyarebinaT partia. misi daSla daiwyo maSin, rodesac dadga dro SevardnaZis Semdeg xe-lisuflebaSi darCenisTvis brZolisa. bevrma misgan droe-biT gamoyofilma nawilma SeZlo da kvlav moeqca revo-luciuri talRis saTaveebSi. SevardnaZis politikuri scenidan wasvlis Semdeg `moqalaqeTa kavSiris~ narCenebi ukve veRar SeZlebda arsebobis raime saxiT gagrZelebas, Tumca dacemis revoluciurma formam kidev ufro gaamZaf-ra viTareba. partia ubralod politikuri scenidan ki ar

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wavida, aramed iqna gandevnili, rogorc yvelaferi im cu-dis gansaxiereba, romelic `arasodes ar unda ganmeor-des~.

`nacionaluri moZraoba~ funqcionalurad aseve xe-lisuflebis partias warmoadgens da am TvalsazrisiT arafriT ar gansxvavdeba winamorbedebisagan. `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg, umokles droSi saxelmwifo apara-tis moxeleni axali, partiuli kadrebiT iqnen Canacvle-bulni. amgvarad, qarTuli politikuri sistemis garkveu-li stabilurobis gaTvaliswinebiT (Camoyalibebuli tra-diciebis ganmeorebadoba, raoden defeqturebic ar unda iyvnen isini), arsebobs didi albaToba imisa, rom `nacio-naluri moZraoba~ gadarCevis an Zalauflebis raime sxva gziT dakargvis SemTxvevaSi, aseTive fatalur beds ver gaeqceva.

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom yvela reJimis pirobebSi xelisuflebis partiebis warmoSobisa da maTi Zalaufle-bis gareSe arasicocxlisunarianobis mizezi aris Tavad am politikuri Zalebis, iseve rogorc mTlianad politi-kuri sistemis buneba. amgvarad, logikuria vivaraudoT, rom maTi arsisa da maxasiaTeblebis analiziT, aseve maTi funqcionirebis modelis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cven im mizez-Ta gaanalizebasac SevZlebT, romelTa gamoc isini jer iqmnebian, Semdeg ki Zalauflebis dakargvisTanave wyveten arsebobas.

`partia saxelmwifo~ sabWoTa tradiciaa. sabWoTa konstituciis meeqvse muxli partiis wamyvan da ganmsaz-Rvrel funqcias amyarebda. partia aucilebeli iyo sa-xelmwifos samarTavad yvela doneze (da ara marto ga-dawyvetilebaTa miRebis mxolod politikuri kursis gan-sazRvris doneze, rogorc es konstituciur demokratieb-Sia). saxelmwifo aparatTan misi stabiluri Tanaarseboba ganapirobebda saxelmwifos stabilurobasac. amgvar par-tias ar gaaCnda funqcia, romlis ganxorcielebac SesaZ-lebeli iqneboda xelisuflebaSi ar yofnis (magaliTad opoziciaSi yofnis) SemTxvevaSi.

gasagebia, rom mravalpartiulobaze gadasvlasa da saxelmwifos partiisagan gamijvnas amgvari instituciuri mowyoba unda Seecvala (garkveulwilad Secvala kidec). Tumca, rogorc SemorCenili, aseve axladSeqmnili mTeli

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rigi faqtorebi gansazRvraven xelisuflebis partiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTebis im Taviseburebebs, rom-lebzec zemoT vsaubrobdiT.

saxelmwifoze gadajaWvuli partia legitimaciis ra-ime wyaros unda flobdes romelic mis subieqturobasa da droebiTobas gamoricxavda. xelisuflebis partias ar aqvs politikuri ideologia. is gamoxatavs xalxis nebas da warmoadgens mis avangards. xolo isini ki vinc mis wi-naaRmdeg arian, Sesabamisad, xalxis mtrebia da ara poli-tikurad legitimuri metoqeebi. is, rom yoveli axali re-Jimi saqarTveloSi axerxebs da sakuTar Tavs swored am-gvarad warmoaCens, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sistemis sxva TvisebebTanac. magaliTad esaa xelisuflebis arCev-nebis nacvlad gadatrialebis gziT Secvla, saerTo-sayo-velTao interesebis kerZo ekonomikur interesebze maRla dayeneba, ekonomikis sisuste da a.S. xalxis neba ki amave dros ucvleli araa, igi icvleba reJimidan reJimamde da zogjer erTi reJimis drosac.

Tavis mxriv, partiasTan gadajaWvuli saxelmwifo aseve flobs legitimaciis specifiur formas, riTac mniSvnelovanwilad `umravlesobis nebaze~ dafuZnebuli saxelmwifos sabWoTa tradicias imeorebs da ar efuZneba konstitucionalizmis principebs. mimdinare politikisa-gan gamijnulad rom ifunqcioniros, samarTlebriv sa-xelmwifos respublikuri legitimacia unda gaaCndes (yve-las neba da ara mxolod umravlesobisa) da ara demokra-tiuli (legitimacia xmaTa umravlesobiT). legitimaciis es principi jer kidev gamsaxurdias dros iqna darRveu-li, rodesac saqarTvelos damoukideblobis legitimizi-reba referendumis (mosaxleobis umetesobis xmebis) meSve-obiT moxda da ara sayovelTao TanxmobiT, ramac Sesa-Zloa xeli Seuwyo teritoriis nawilze jer kontrolis Sesustebas, xolo Semdeg konfliqtebis safuZvlis gaZli-erebas. `vardebis revoluciam~ da mis Semdgom ganxorcie-lebulma konstituciurma cvlilebebma kidev ufro gaaZ-liera maJoritarizmis principi konstitucionalizmis ki-dev ufro SesustebiT.

eWvs ar iwvevs, rom partia saxelmwifos (xelisuf-lebis partiis) funqcionireba formalurad demokratiu-li mowyobis pirobebSi araformaluri institutebis gaZ-

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lierebas, garkveul korufciasa da kanonTa darRvevas mo-iTxovs, rogoricaa, magaliTad arCevnebis sasurveli Se-degebis uzrunvelyofa da xelisuflebaSi misi funqcio-nalurobis uzrunvelyofa (partiuli disciplinis meSveo-biT mmarTvelobis yvela doneze zegavlena). politikuri korufcia xelisuflebis partiis arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilia. es moicavs partiuli xazinis Sesavseb finansur korufciasac. `demokratiuli vardebis revoluciis~ Sem-deg daSoreba xelisuflebis partiasa da saxelmwifos Soris kidev ufro Semcirda.

amgvarad xelisuflebis partias daSlisa da gaqro-bis tendencia aqvs da saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi misgan mxo-lod calkeuli gamoyofili fraqciebi rCeba (mmarTveli partiisgan droulad gamoyofa garkveuli resursebis Se-narCunebisa da Secdomebze pasuxismgeblobaTa moxsnis efeqturi saSualebaa). sainteresoa Tu rogoria opozici-uri partiis is Tvisebebi, rac ganapirobebs an xels uS-lis maT xelisuflebis partiad gardaqmnas.

saqarTveloSi partiebs socialuri fundamenti praq-tikulad ar gaaCniaT. Sesabamisad farTodaa gavrcelebu-li socialuri da ekonomikuri populizmi da oportuniz-mi. maTi platformebi, romlebTan SesabamisobaSic gansaz-Rvravdnen konkretul politikasa da yoveldRiur moqme-debebs, ar TamaSobs rols ZalauflebisTvis vertikalur brZolaSi. swored amitomac partiebis ideologiuri pri-oritetebi aramkafioa, praqtikulad ganusazRvrelia da Zalian advilia maTi erTmaneTSi areva. winasaarCevno kam-paniis an sxva politikuri debatebis dros, imgvari par-tiebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan wilad Zalauflebis mopo-vebis mizniT garkveul pirTa gaerTianebebs warmoadgenen da ara sazogadoebis ufro farTo fenebis interesebis gamomxatvelebs, sakuTari prioritetebis gansazRvrisas problemis gadawyvetis ama Tu im meqanizmis popularulo-bis maCvenebels eyrdnobian. amave dros isini ar ganmarta-ven Tu rogor unda moxdes am miznebis miRweva, aramed ubralod amboben imas rac yvelas surs. Sedegad, yvelani saubroben erTi da igives, amomrCevels ki imis sjera, vinc sxvaze ukeT moaxdens oponentebis diskreditirebas. memarjvene da memarcxene ideologiebad dayofa uaRresad sustia an absoluturad mniSvnelobas moklebulia. sakma-

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od xSirad partiebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs memarjvene-ebs an liberalebs uwodeben, mkveTrad memarcxene da so-cialuri ideebiT manipulireben. xSirad erTi partiis sxvadasxva lozungebi erTmaneTTan modis winaaRmdegoba-Si.

amgvari viTarebis ganmapirobebel erT-erT faqtors warmoadgens Tavad sazogadoebac. Tumca mxolod sazoga-doebis dadanaSauleba pasiurobasa da homogenurobaSi, romlis gamocdaa, rom politikuri partiebis ideologiu-robis done Zalian dabalia da Sesabamisad warmomadgen-lobiTi da stabiluri politikuri partiebi ar iqmneba, ar iqneboda marTali. Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis amgvari homogenuri xasiaTic garkveuli obieqturi faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba. aseTebia magaliTad: ekonomikuri proble-mebi da cxovrebis dabali done, romlis gamoc sazogado-ebas politikaze aqtiuri zegavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia. mizanSewonili iqneba am problemas ufro masStaburad Tu SevxedavT da ganvixilavT mas rogorc socialur, aseve politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul kriziss (sazoga-doebaSi potenciurad arsebuli dayofebis Taobaze ix. amave krebulis statiebi).

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, partiebsa da sazogadoebas Soris interesebze da Rirebulebebze dayrdnobili rep-rezentaciuli urTierTkavSiris ararseboba qarTuli praqtikis defeqturi xasiaTis erT-erT umTavres mizezs warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom am subieqtebs Soris urTierTkavSirisa da urTier-Tdamokidebulebis gaRrmaveba garkveulwilad gamoaswo-rebs viTarebas da WeSmaritad reprezentatuli politiku-ri partiebis Seqmnas Seuwyobs xels, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, demokratiuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi institute-bia. es agreTve damokidebulia, raime saxis politikisadmi mkveTrad gamoxatuli da stabiluri mikuTvnebulobebis gareSe, protestul da optimistur diapazonSi sazogado-ebrivi ganwyobebis meryeobis Semcirebazec.

saqarTveloSi jer ar yofila precedenti, rom xe-lisuflebaSi mosuliyo partia, romelsac politikuri cxovrebis mravalwliani tradicia eqneboda. arc erTi zemoT aRwerili partia ar mosula xelisuflebaSi meore an mesame cdiT (magaliTad arCevnebis meSveobiT). Zalauf-

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leba yovelTvis iseTi partiis xelT aRmoCndeboda xol-me, romelic an sul mcire xniT adre Seiqmna (`mrgvali magida~ da `nacionaluri moZraoba~), an saerTodac xeli-suflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg Camoyalibda (`moqalaqeTa kav-Siri~). amgvarad, xelisuflebis partiebs saqarTveloSi arasodes ar dasWirvebiaT TavianTi reprezentatuli xasi-aTisa da sazogadoebasTan kavSirebis gaZliereba. rode-sac ki isini amgvar aucileblobas awydebodnen (Zalauf-lebis dakargvis Semdeg), aRmoCndeboda rom maTTvis amis gakeTeba ukve Zalian gviania da SeuZlebeli iyo (zemoT aRweril mizezTa gamo).

Sesabamisad, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom partiebis mier xelisuflebis miRma yofnis gamocdilebis dagrove-bam SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos sazogadoebasTan maT urTier-TkavSirsa da urTierTdamokidebulebas. es xels Seuwyobs maT moaxdinon partiis mtkiced struqturireba da daiWi-ron mkveTrad gamokveTili adgili ideologiur speqtrSi. amgvari perspeqtiva ZiriTadad opoziciur partiebs exeba, vinaidan xelisuflebis partiisaTvis amgvari moqmedebis stimuli kvlav ar arsebobs.

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marina musxeliSvili

sazogadoebis dabruneba

Sesavali saqarTvelom gamoiara post-sabWoTa transformaciis

20-wliani periodi. imedebi da Canafiqrebi diadi iyo, mag-ram maTi aRsruleba Sorsaa sawyisi molodinisgan. Tumca ki cxovreba radikalurad gadasxvaferda, saboloo jamSi am periodma ar moitana is, rac mis suliskveTebas amoZra-vebda - arc demokratia, arc suvereniteti, arc teritori-uli mTlianoba da arc masobrivi keTildReoba. darCa mxolod imedi, rom viTarebis Secvla mainc SesaZlebe-lia, da am cvlilebaze samsjelod iwereba es statia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Sedegebi srulad miRweuli ar aris, ganvlili periodi damTavrebulia, xolo axali ten-denciebi sxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarebaze miuTiTeben. dawyebuli etapis Tvisobrivi gansxvavebuloba ganpirobe-bulia ara marto sakuTriv saqarTvelos Sida viTarebiTa da agvistos omis SedegebiT, aramed globaluri cvlile-bebiTac. demokratizaciis mesame talRa, romlis logi-kas miyveboda saqarTvelos bolo aTwleulebis politi-kuri transformacia, dasrulebulia1. amaSi igulisxmeba ara marto is, rom msoflioSi demokratizaciis winsvlas ukusvlis tendencia Warbobs; pirvel rigSi aq igulisxme-ba is, rom sakuTari potenciali amowura im ideologiur-ma muxtma, romelic am talRis strategiul mamoZrave-bels warmoadgenda. dRes sakmaod naTelia, rom im meTo-debisa da midgomebis gamoyenebiT, rac bolo 20 wlis gan-mavlobaSi dominirebda - ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel msoflioSi - Seqmnili realobis gamosworeba ver moxerxdeba. saWiroa inovacia, ganvlili gamocdilebis ga-daazreba, prioritetebis gadaxaliseba. amaze ara marto msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi metyvelebs, swored amgva-ri gzavnilebi jer kidev krizisis dawyebamde iyo barak

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 Carothers. 2007.

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obamas leqsikonSi, ramac mas esoden didi popularoba moutana msoflioSi.

risi bralia is usasrulo da damRleli politiku-ri brZolebi, romlebic qveyanaSi ukve 20 welia grZelde-ba, da romlebic efeqturi da demokratiuli politikuri sistemis agebiT vera da ver damTavrda? am kiTxvaze ori gansxvavebuli pasuxi gaicema xolme - erTni miiCneven, rom es politikuri kulturis bralia, anu martivad rom vTqvaT, ar vvargivarT, xalxian-prezidentebianad, im kargi institu-tebis asamuSaveblad, romlebsac demokratia hqvia. sxvebs miaCnia, rom didi nawili Cveni warumateblobisa ganpirobe-bulia swored rom Seusabamo institutebis agebis mcdelo-bebiT, da rom swori institucionaluri inJineriiT viTare-bis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia. am statiaSi Cven vecdebiT meore logias mivyveT. pirvel rigSi vaCvenebT, rom im kon-teqstSi, rasac saqarTvelo hqvia, im institucionalur mo-dels, romlis agebasac vcdilobT, ara aqvs wonasworobis wertili. anu Tuki Zveleburad gavagrZeleT, gvaqvs ori arasaxarbielo perspeqtiva - erTi aris demokratiisgan sa-bolood daSoreba da mezobel post-sabWoTa qveynebTan mim-sgavseba, xolo meore - meti Tavisufleba da uflebebi, vid-re gvaqvs amJamad, magram efeqturi da stabiluri mmarTve-lobis miRwevis gareSe. imisaTvis, rom ganviTarebis axali institucionaluri mimarTuleba avirCioT, rac savsebiT Se-saZlebelia, saWiroa axlidan vifiqroT da vimsjeloT ima-ze, Tu ra gvWirdeba da saiT mivdivarT, vinaidan Tuki da-vakvirdebiT, ganvlili periodis movlenebi TiTqmis maTema-tikuri sizustiT momdinareobs im Taviseburebebidan, rom-lebic institucionalur garemos axasiaTebs.

sabWoTa wyobam Camoayaliba saxelmwifo, romelsac warmarTavda ara moqalaqeTa neba, aramed mmarTvelTa garkveuli wris goni. demokratiuli gardaqmnebis gan-vlilma periodma adamianTa nebas legitimacia SesZina, da mmarTvelobaSi misi monawileobis Teoriuli SesaZleb-loba daakanona. gansxvavebiT am orisgan, Semdgomi perio-di unda mieZRvnes mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebeli mesame komponentis - sindisis da moralis politikur amoqmede-bas. am mesame komponentis institucionaluri legitimaci-iT Seikvreba qveynis politikuri transformaciis sruli wre. es ar niSnavs imas, rom mesame periodis bolos sa-

29

qarTvelo gaxdeba aucileblobiT sruliad demokratiu-li qveyana, aramed mxolod imas, rom qveyana gaxdeba po-litikuri erToba, romelsac ZaluZs sakuTari momavali Tavad warmarTos, romelic iyenebs politikuri cxovre-bisTvis aucilebel yvela mTavar komponents - codnas, ne-bas da morals.

mocemuli statia Sedgeba ramdenime qveTavisgan. pir-vel qveTavSi mokled moxazulia ganvlili periodis mTa-vari problema - neoliberaluri paradigmis dominantiT warmarTul gardaqmnebSi koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis si-sustis problema. meore qveTavi axdens mocemuli proble-mis modelirebas TamaSTa Teoriis terminebSi, da erTma-neTs upirispirebs nulovanjamovan da aranulovanjamovan politikur urTierTqmedebas, rogorc politikuri siste-mis maformirebel konkurentul da kooperirebaze agebul struqturul elementebs. mesame Tavi paralels avlebs am struqturul elementebsa da arsebuli dasavluri demok-ratiebis or tips Soris -maJoritarul (anglo-saqsuri) da konsesur (zogjer proporciulad wodebuli, konti-nenturi evropa) demokratiebTan. meoTxe Tavi ubrundeba vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ganvlili gamocdilebis analizs da xsnis am periodis logikas ra-cionaluri Tvalsawieridan. da bolos, mexuTe TavSi gaa-nalizebulia politikuri sistemis Semdgomi konsesualu-ri ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba.

1. gardaqmnebis pirveli faza, liberaluri

proeqti ZiriTadi debuleba, romelsac eyrdnoba mocemuli

statia, aris is, rom demokratizaciis ganvlili ciklis calmxrivoba da nakluloba ganpirobebulia im neolibe-raluri paradigmaluri xedviT da im warmodgenebis xasi-aTiT, romelic jer kidev civi omis periodSi Camoyalib-da. am warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa sistema eyrdnobo-da koleqtivistur ideologias, rac mkveTrad ganasxvaveb-da mas dasavluri liberaluri demokratiebisgan. koleq-tivizmis Canacvleba individualizmiT da individualiz-mis mier legitimirebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri in-

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stitutebiT amdenad warmoadgenda yofili totalitaru-li saxelmwifos demokratizaciis "liberalur proeqts".2 am proeqtis ganxorcieleba politikis sferoSi institu-cionalurad gamoixateboda piradi uflebebisa da Tavi-suflebebis damkvidrebaSi, politikuri pluralizmis daSvebaSi, mravalpartiulobaSi da konkurentuli poli-tikuri Sejibris SemoRebaSi, romelic Tavisufal arCev-nebs sistemis qvakuTxedad aqcevda. mokled, individua-lizmi da SejibrebiToba iyo is Rirebulebebi, romleb-sac wamyvani roli unda Seesrulebina transformaciis praqtikulad yvela mimarTulebis - demokratizaciis, sa-bazro ekonomikis, vesternizaciisa da sxva mxriv. rac Se-exeba koleqtiur Rirebulebebs, maT an ganixilavdnen ro-gorc individualuri Rirebulebebis martiv nakrebs (ag-regats), an rogorc ukve (Warbad) arsebuls, da, amgvarad, xelisSemSlels ganviTarebis axali gezis warmatebis-Tvis.

dRemde bevri avtoris TvalSi, demokratiis ganviTa-rebis xelisSemSlel faqtors warmoadgens sazogadoebis koleqtivizmi, romelic ganapirobebs politikur upasu-xismgeblobas, konformizms, da, Tanac momdinareobs tra-diciuli Rirebulebebis siZlierisgan. ". . . individua-lizmica da `mrevluri koleqtivizmic~ SeiZleba ganvixi-loT erTi mxriv demokratiul-liberaluri, xolo meore mxriv – fundamentalistur-nacionalisturi paradigmebis WrilSi" -es citata farTod gavrcelebul azrs gamoxa-tavs3. demokratiul-liberaluri gardaqmna, am xedvis Ta-naxmad, ukavSirdeba individualizms, individualizmi da-savlurobas, da orive erTad upirispirdeba koleqti-vizms, romelic Zirs uTxris demokratiis ganviTarebas.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2 saWiroa ganvasxvaoT "koleqtivizmi" da "individualizmi" koleqtiuri da individualuri Rirebulebebisgan zogadad. koleqtivizmi aris poli-tikuri tradicia, romelic upiratesobas aniWebs ama Tu im jgufis miz-nebs pirad miznebTan SedarebiT, xolo individualizmi, piriqiT, pirad miznebs ufro maRla ayenebs koleqtiurebze. amdenad is, rom liberalu-ri politikuri tradicia individualisturia, ar niSnavs am tradiciis mier koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis uaryofas. respublikanizmi, sapirispi-rod, koleqtiur miznebs aniWebs upiratesobas, magram amasTanave indivi-dualur interesebsac aRiarebs. 3 gaga niJaraZe, http://itv.ge/?p=20301.

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mocemuli xedva arasrulfasovania rogorc Teoriu-li, aseve empiriuli Tvalsawieridan. jer erTi, libera-luri demokratiebi ubralod ver arseboben koleqtiviz-mis gareSe. Tavad politika xom koleqtiuri Rirebulebe-bisa da miznebis miRwevis xelovnebaa. da swored maSin xdeba sasicocxlo, rodesac es koleqtiuri miznebi ver miiRweva individualuri swrafvebis ubralo SejamebiT (agregirebiT)4. Tuki koleqtiuri miznebis gulisTvis ar xdeba zogjer mainc piradi miznebis ukan gadaweva, poli-tikuri sazogadoeba ver iqmneba. SesaZlebelia, amgvari xedvebis avtorebs ufro zusti terminologia rom gamoe-yenebinaT, isini realobasTan ufro axlos aRmoCeniliy-vnen. savaraudod, talkot parsonsis iseTi modeluri

cvladebi (pattern variables),5 rogorebicaa partikulariz-mi da universalizmi, ufro karg SesabamisobaSia im ideeb-Tan, romelTa gadmocema am avtorebs surT, vidre indivi-dualizmi da koleqtivizmi.

rodesac amgvar terminologias sabWoTa disidentebi iyenebdnen, is iyo adeqvaturi, vinaidan maSin maT ar SeeZ-loT politikuri miznebis dasaxva. es terminologia See-sabameboda maT swrafvas ar yofiliyvnen valdebuli gae-ziarebinaT saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli ideologia da cxovrebis wesi, anu saxelmwifo koleqtivizmis norme-bi. demokratiis mSeneblobis gzaze damdgar damoukide-bel saqarTveloSi koleqtivizmis dagmobam sul sxva xa-siaTi SeiZina. koleqtivizmi awi ara saxelmwifosTan, ara-med sazogadoebasTan gaxda asocirebuli. amgvari asoci-reba ki aZlevs "prodasavlur individualistebs" mora-lur gamarTlebas maSin, rodesac isini arademokratiu-lad iqcevian da sazogadoebas ara demokratiis sayrde-nad, aramed mis xelisSemSlel faqtorad miiCneven.

empiriulad mocemuli xedvis mcdaroba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom 80-iani wlebis sabWoTa sazogadoebebi praqti-kulad ar xasiaTdeboda raime koleqtiuri normebis arse-bobiT, rac dRemde saTanadod ar aris gaazrebuli. sab-WoTa oficialuri ideologia ki iyo koleqtivisturi, magram mas aranairad ar Seuqmnia koleqtivisturi sazoga-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4 Elster, 2007. 5 Parsons, 2001.

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doeba, romelic sajaro koleqtiuri normebiT iqneboda Sekruli. piriqiT, totalitarul reJims gamovlili sab-WoTa sazogadoebebi xasiaTdeboda Zlieri atomizebiTa da anomiiT. am sazogadoebas aklda ara marto individua-lizmi, aramed koleqtivizmic, xolo orives erTad Zlie-

ri konformizmi da statizmi (state-ze, saxelmwifoze mTe-li pasuxismgeblobis gadabareba) anacvlebda. konformiz-mi arademokratiuli da araTavisufali saxelmwifos mi-marT aramc da aramc ar SeiZleba SegveSalos koleqti-vizmSi, romelic sazogadoebis, da ara saxelmwifos siZ-lieris maxasiaTebelia. korufciis maRali done, romelic post-sabWoTa sazogadoebebs mosdevs, ukavSirdeba swored rom koleqtivizmis naklebobas, da ara mis siZlieres.

nawili mainc gaugebrobisa, romelic individualiz-misa da koleqtivizmis Sesaxeb diskursebs axasiaTebs, momdinareobs terminologiuri aRrevebisgan. koleqtiviz-mi rogorc Cans, xSirad asocirebulia mis arademokrati-ul (partikularistul) formebTan, rodesac umravleso-bis nebis aRsruleba xdeba pirovnebis/umciresobis ganad-gurebis xarjze. amgvari koleqtivizmis uaryofa praqtika-Si xSirad gadadis sapirispiro ubedurebis damkvidrebaSi - umravlesobis uflebebis SezRudvaSi da umciresobis diqtaturis damyarebaSi. amis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebe-lia, Tuki gavixsenebT, rom koleqtivizmisa da individua-lizmis ganmartebebi maT ararevoluciur interpretire-bebSi gulisxmoben mxolod upiratesobebis miniWebas erT-erTi Rirebulebisadmi, da ara meoris srul uaryofas da ukugdebas. postsabWoTa sazogadoebebis problema mdgoma-reobs ara imaSi, rom koleqtiuri miznebi da Rirebulebe-bi dominireben pirovnulze, an piriqiT, aramed imaSi, rom koleqtiur da individualur Rirebulebebs Soris arse-bobs Rrma ufskruli, romelic maT polarizebas warmoq-mnis. piradi miznebis miRwevisken swrafva angrevs koleq-tiur interesebs, xolo koleqtiuri miznebis win wamoweva ewinaaRmdegeba individebis interesebs. individualizmis gaigivebam demokratiasTan xolo koleqtivizmis sabWour memkvidreobasTan am problemis Sesustebas ki ar Seuwyo xeli, aramed mis gaRrmavebas. demokratias sWirdeba ro-gorc erTi, aseve meore. rac ufro metad ebrZvis indivi-

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dualizmi koleqtivizms, miT ufro metad uwyobs xels in-dividebis atomizebas da sazogadoebis dasustebas.

SemdgomSi am gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad Cven Tavs avaridebT individualizmze da koleqtivizmze sau-bars, sanacvlod vilaparakebT individualur (pirovnul) da koleqtiur miznebze da Rirebulebebze da maTi miRwe-vis strategiebze. konkurencia, Sejibri iqneba ganxiluli im viTarebis aRwerad, rodesac pirovneba iswrafvis miaR-wios pirvel rigSi sakuTar mizans, xolo sxvebi mas ain-teresebs imdenad, ramdenadac am miznis miRwevas xels uw-yoben Tu ewinaaRmdegebian. kooperacia, erToblivi qmedeba aRwers im viTarebas, rodesac adamianTa jgufi cdilobs miaRwios saerTo mizans, romelic yvelasTvis (TiToeuli-saTvis) misaRebi da sasurveli iqneba. pirveli viTarebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens vaWrobis Sedegad miRweuli kompromisi, rodesac TiToeuli mxare aRwevs sasurvelis nawils, im winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac mas meore mxare uwevs. meore viTarebis nairsaxeobas war-moadgens nawilobrivi konsesusi, rodesac saerTo mizani ver moicavs yvela pirovnul mizans da pirovnul mizneb-ze orientirebuli qmedebebis nawili izRudeba. rogorc pirveli, aseve meore modeli, amdenad, zRudavs pirovne-bis arCevanis Tavisuflebas imiT, rom mas sxva adamianebis sazogadoebaSi uwevs moqmedeba da amdenad maTTvis anga-riSis gaweva, magram es sxvadasxva Rirebulebebis safuZ-velze xdeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi metia egoisturi swraf-vebi, xolo meoreSi Warbobs altruistuli ganwyobebi.

Tuki am kuTxiT SevxedavT, davinaxavT, rom garkveu-li gagebiT is politikuri da ekonomikuri konkurencia, romlebsac amkvidrebs liberaluri proeqti, ki ar ewina-aRmdegeba im warmodgenebs politikaze, romelic sabWou-robidan momdinareobs, aramed maT ganamtkicebs. erTic da meorec konfliqts da dapirispirebas ixilavs (dialeqti-kuri) ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalad. gansxvaveba mxo-lod imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi mizani miRweulia rodesac oponenti ganadgurebulia, xolo meo-reSi ganadgureba miznad ar isaxeba, sakmarisia ubralo upiratesobis miRweva. amdenad gansxvaveba konkurenciis samarTliani wesebis dacvaSia, rasac liberalizmi gar-kveulwilad ixilavs eqsternaliad, anu arapolitikur da

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araekonomikur sarCulad, romelSiac moTavsebulia kon-kurencia. es proeqti verafers ambobs imaze, Tu rogor unda warmoiqmnas es normebi, Tuki ar arsebobs maTi dam-kvidrebis aranairi racionaluri politikuri logika. si-namdvileSi isini konkurenciis gziT arc warmoiqmneba, rogorc amas ganvlili gamocdileba aCvenebs, xolo Se-jibris is monawile, romelsac amis SesaZlebloba eZle-va, warmatebiT irgebs rogorc moTamaSis, aseve msajulis funqciebs, rac sabWoTa warsulis ganmeorebasa da rein-karnacias ufro waagavs, vidre liberaluri demokratiis damkvidrebas.

aseve unda iTqvas, rom liberalizmi dasavlur tra-diciaSi arasdros yofila mxolod da mxolod egoistu-ri kerZo sferos triumfi saerTo, koleqtiuri Rirebu-lebebis sapirispirod. liberalizmi, sxva dasavlur tra-diciebTan erTad, rogorebicaa humanizmi, romantizmi Tu respublikanizmi6, yovelTvis qmnida da qmnis saerTo Ri-rebulebebsac, romlebic uzrunvelyofen saxelmwifos, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da ekonomikuri instituciona-luri wesrigis legitimacias. magram dasavleTis istori-uli ganviTarebis es aspeqti sakmaod daCrdila bolo aT-wleulebis dominanturma neoliberalurma paradigmam, romlis erT-erTi wamyvani adeptis, margaret tetCeris ganTqmuli gamonaTqvami, "ar arsebobs iseTi cneba rogo-ricaa sazogadoeba, arseboben mxolod individebi"7 zus-tad gamoxatavs am periodis meinstrims. gulubryvilo warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom Tavisufali individebi av-tomaturad warmoqmnian saerTo Rirebulebebs individua-luri Rirebulebebis ubralo agregirebiT ar Seesabameba arc logikasa da arc istoriul gamocdilebas, magram es faqti uyuradRebod iqna darCenili didi xnis ganmavlo-baSi.

Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo koleqtiuri normebis arsebobis TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda vidre ruseTi, vinaidan aq meti iyo araformaluri (metwilad Crdilovani) socialuri ka-pitali da solidarobis normebi. magram es susti socia-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6 O'Donnell, 1998. 7 ix. "tetCerizmi" wignSi Tansey, 1995

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luri kapitali ki ar gaZlierda, aramed Sesustda Sem-dgom periodSi, rodesac saxelmwifo damoukideblobam da mozvavebulma aqcentma individualizaciaze adre arsebu-li erToblivi qcevis normebi Searyia. araformaluri so-cialuri qselebi Sesustda, samagierod mZlavrad ifeTqa nacionalizmma, faSizmma, saxelmwifo ideologiis nairna-iri formebis Ziebam, ramac saboloo jamSi TviT "dasav-leTi" da "nato" aqcia saxelmwifo ideologiis msgavs sloganebad, yovel SemTxvevaSi, statizmis garkveul nair-saxeobad.

urTierTxelSemwyobi individualuri da koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis damkvidreba arc ise advilia. post-sabWo-Ta Tavisuflebebis ucabedad da moulodnelad miRebam moitana is, rom koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis damkvidreba ufro Zneli aRmoCnda, vidre individualurebis. "naCuqari" Tavisuflebis neoliberaluri proeqti pirvel xanebSi ufro adviladac ki xorcieldeboda atomizirebul sazo-gadoebaSi. erTmaneTTan sustad SekavSirebuli individebi, romlebsac wyuriaT Tavisufleba da warmateba, swrafad irgeben mis racionalistur logikas, romelic maT egois-tur moqmedebas amarTlebs da gasaqans aZlevs. gacilebiT ufro Znelia amgvar sazogadoebaSi daamkvidro koleqtiu-ri Rirebulebebi, iseTebi, rogorebicaa morali, eTika, we-siereba, ndoba, solidaroba da sxva, rac pirovnebisgan garkveul pasuxismgeblobasa da sazogadoebis winaSe an-gariSvaldebulebas moiTxovs.

liberaluri proeqti TavisTavad ver amkvidrebs ko-leqtiur Rirebulebebs, xolo mis gareSe ver ganviTarde-ba kerZo sferos avtonomia. am proeqtis warumateblobis aRiareba, amdenad, ar niSnavs liberalizmis uaryofas, aramed uaris Tqmas misi neoliberaluri versiis determi-nistul erTganzomilebian xasiaTze. organzomilebian sibrtyeSi ganviTarebis veqtoris gadatana ar ayenebs arc koleqtiuri da arc individualuri Rirebulebebis domi-naciisTvis brZolis saWiroebas, aramed maT Soris mimar-Tebebis gzebis Ziebas.

SesaZloa es yovelive sxva, ufro gasagebi termino-logiiTac aRweriliyo, vinaidan qarTul sajaro diskur-sSi liberaluri proeqti aRmoCnda translirebuli sxva terminologiaSi, is xSirad arasworad gagebulia saga-

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reo urTierTobebis WrilSi. iyo liberali niSnavs iyo prodasavluri da piriqiT. garkveulwilad am aRrevis mi-zezi isic aris, rom is swored is proeqtia, romelic, gansxvavebiT transformaciis sxva, ufro endogenuri kom-ponentebisgan, SesaZloa gare aqtorebis mxardaWeriT da/an globalizaciis gavleniT viTardebodes. misgan gan-sxvavebiT koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis damkvidreba sazoga-doebas mxolod Signidan da TavisTavad SeuZlia, da ama-Si is sakuTar TavTan garkveul ganmartoebas saWiroebs.

2. politika da sazogadoeba: vinc wesebs arRvevs,

ar veTamaSebiT individualur da koleqtiur miznebsa da Rirebule-

bebs Soris arsebuli institucionaluri mimarTebebi po-litikuri sazogadoebis struqturul sawyisebs ayalibe-ben. am TavSi Cven vecdebiT movaxdinoT am struqturuli elementebis martivi modelireba, raTa Tavi avaciloT po-litikis Teoriis siRrmeebSi wasvlas. msjelobas TamaSTa Teoriis WrilSi gadaviyvanT. sakvanZo cnebebad konkuren-tul da kooperaciul TamaSebs gamoviyenebT. es modelebi mkiTxvels SeuZlia Tamamad gaaigivos individualuri an koleqtiuri miznebis miRwevaze mimarTul strategiebad, an, ufro martivad, ifiqros maTze rogorc konkurenciaze da kooperirebaze politikaSi. ufro siRrmiseulad SeiZ-leboda laparaki imaze, rom dasavlur demokratias qmnis ramdenime politikuri tradiciis erToblioba, maT Soris istoriulad liberalizmi da respublikanizmi wamyvan rols TamaSobda. orive TamaSTa Teoriis modelebiT Se-iZleba warmovaCinoT, Tumca Cven am Temas mocemuli sta-tiis farglebSi Semdgom ar ganvavrcobT. amis sanacvlod mogvianebiT ufro met yuradRebas davuTmobT am modele-bis misadagebas sxvadasxva tipis demokratiebis sakonsti-tucio modelebis Taviseburebebs.

pirvel modelSi wamyvan rols konkurencia Tama-Sobs. warmoidgineT safexburTo moedani, romelzedac ori gundi ejibreba erTmaneTs gamarjvebis mosapoveblad. jamurad orive gundis mogeba-wagebebis jami nolia, is rac erTma gundma moigo, meorem unda waagos. TamaSis we-

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sebi TamaSis dawyebamde dadgenilia, da gundebi am dadge-nil wesebs unda asrulebdnen, TamaSis procesSi wesebis Secvla maT kompetenciaSi ar Sedis. wesebis sakontro-leblad arseboben msajebi, romlebsac miukerZoebloba da neitraloba moeTxovebaT, da garda amisa TamaSs akvir-deba mayurebelTa stadioni, romelic uSualod TamaSSi ar monawileobs. gare damkvirveblis (damkvirveblebis) ar-seboba am modelSi aucilebelia, da arsebiTi. gamarjveba moTamaSeTa mTavar racionalur mizans warmoadgens, xo-lo siamovneba, romelsac Rebuloben mayureblebi TamaSis yurebisgan, anu sargebeli am sportisgan, maTTvis mxo-lod gverdiTi produqtia, da ara TavisTavadi Rirebule-ba.

politikis es nulovanjamovani modeli konkurencias aTavsebs politikuri qmedebis SuagulSi da mkafiod as-xvavebs erTmaneTisgan moTamaSeebs (politikur partiebs, politikur elitas, fexburTelebis eqvivalenti) da samo-qalaqo sazogadoebas, romelic mayurebelia da TamaSis Semfasebelia ufro, vidre monawile. am modelSi politi-kuri partia moTamaSea, xolo moqalaqe - mayurebeli, da politika ufro elitebis saqmea, vidre sazogadoebisa. politika, romelsac gamarjvebuli partia gaatarebs, uf-ro am Sejibris gverdiTi produqtia, vidre TviTmizani SejibrSi monawile moTamaSeTaTvis.

amgvari elitisturi sanaxaobrivi politika sakmaod misaRebia post-sabWoTa individebisTvis, romlebic tradi-ciulad naklebad iReben pasuxismgeblobas politikur ga-dawyvetilebebze da ufro garedan urCevniaT mas daakvir-dnen, vidre masSi CaerTon. amdenad am modelis danergva Tavidan rTulad ar gamoiyureboda. mTavari problema, romelic warmoiqmna, iyo is, rom "TamaSi fexburTis moe-danze" ver Svelis imis gardaqmnas, rac am TamaSis ir-gvliv xdeba. anu politikis cnebis daviwroeba da sazoga-doebis faqtobrivad am cnebis miRma datoveba ver uzrun-velyofs TamaSis wesebis damcveli institutebis warmoq-mnas. gare samyaroc (amerika umTavresad) romelsac amgva-ri msajulis roli mudmivad miewereboda Tu ekuTvnoda sxva, ukeTesi alternativebis ararsebobis fonze, ver aR-moCnda am rolis Semsrulebeli. wlebis ganmavlobaSi is adamianebi/institutebi, romlebic politikur miukerZoeb-

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lobaze da neitralobaze debdnen Tavs, sinamdvileSi imavdroulad politikuri TamaSis monawileebi aRmoCnde-bodnen xolme.

meore aris mogeba-mogebaze orientirebuli modeli. es TamaSi naklebad mkacria da reglamentirebuli wesebi-sa da molodinebis TvalsazrisiT. warmoidgineT ezo da bavSvebi, romlebic am ezoSi gamovidnen saTamaSod. am SemTxvevaSi bavSvebis mTavari mizania ara mogeba, da ara mayurebloba, aramed Tanamonawileoba, drois erTad ta-reba. yvelas unda TamaSi, da amdenad aravin rCeba msajad, mayureblad da neitralur, gare damkvirveblad. monawile mxarec, rogorc wesi metia, vidre ori. amitom TamaSi sxvanairad warimarTeba. TamaSis wesebi dgindeba mis daw-yebamde, xolo maTi dacvis meTvalyureoba Tavad monawi-leTa funqciaa. Tuki vinme maT arRvevs, danarCenebs SeuZ-liaT uTxran mas - Sen Cvens wesebs ar icav, wadi dedi-kosTan, Cven aRar geTamaSebiT. SeiZleba sxvanairadac moxdes, TamaSi droebiT Sewydes, da is wesebi, romlebic manamde arsebobda, monawileTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT Seic-valos. Sejibri da konkurencia, amdenad, am SemTxvevaSic mniSvnelovania, magram es swored rom is SemTxvevaa, ro-desac imarjvebs megobroba pirvel rigSi.

am viTarebas aqvs erTi mniSvnelovani upiratesoba winasTan SedarebiT. is politikas sxva xasiaTs aniWebs. amgvari politika SeiZleba ganxorcieldes maSinac, rode-sac neitraluri da miukerZoebeli msajulis rolis Sem-srulebeli ar arsebobs. masSi politika aRar aris sazo-gadoebisgan mowyvetili saqmianoba, romelic Sesabamis kvalifikacias da "wvrTnas" moiTxovs, misi arsi cxovre-biseulia da yvelasaTvis gasagebi. is cxovrebis nawilia, da amdenad aRaravin aris neitraluri da miukerZoebeli, vinaidan yvela monawilea -politikisgan gandgoma niSnavs sazogadoebidan gandgomas. mTeli sazogadoeba dayofi-lia avtonomiur qve-jgufebad (moTamaSeebad), romlebic iswrafvian erTad miiRon monawileoba qveynis mSeneblo-baSi. mTavari Rirebuleba am TamaSisa misi monawileebis-Tvis am SemTxvevaSi aris procesi, monawileoba, cxovreba. Tavad politika am SemTxvevaSi icvleba - is aRar aris abstraqtuli msjelobs "natos wevrobaze", aramed poli-

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tika xdeba is, rasac qmnis sazogadoeba, misi Sinagani struqtura.

am meore modelis aucilebloba Cveni realobisTvis ramdenime faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli. pirveli aris is, rom mxolod meore TamaSis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia Tavad TamaSis wesebi gaxdes msjelobisa da gardaqmnis sagani. gansxvavebiT pirvelisgan, rodesac TamaSis wesebi gare faqtors warmoadgens, TamaSis eqsternaliaa, da ar rCeba maTze politikuri zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi. meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani upiratesoba am wesisa aris is, rom is amcirebs polarizebas sazogadoebaSi. nacvlad ga-mokveTili dapirispirebisa, sadac ori mxare ibrZvis er-TmaneTze gamarjvebis mosapoveblad, am SemTxvevaSi arse-bobs bevri moTamaSe, romlebsac uwevT erTmaneTTan saja-ro SeTanxmebebis miRweva, erTmaneTisTvis angariSis gawe-va imisTvis, rom TamaSi saerTod Sedges.

naklovaneba meore TamaSisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is moiTxovs dros da ganwyobas. saqarTveloSi amas xels uSlis sazogadoebis narCeni mentaloba - fatalizmi, kon-formizmi da pasiuroba - anu sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebe-bis sisuste, romelic warsulidan aris moyolebuli. ma-Ti daZlevis aucilebloba isev da isev gvabrunebs adre dasmul sakiTxTan - jer politikuri kultura Tu jer institutebi. am kiTxvas rom gavceT saTanado pasuxi, un-da kargad warmovidginoT, Tu ra institutebzea laparaki. bolos Cven davubrundebiT aq dasmul kiTxvas.

Tuki kargad davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom rogorc erTi aseve meore modeli - fexburTs da ezoSi TamaSs vgulisxmob - moicavs konkurenciisa da kooperirebis elementebs. fexburTis dawyebamde wesebis dadgena, xolo misi damTavrebis Semdeg Sedegebis aRiareba am TamaSis kooperaciuli elementebia. aseTive mimdevroba arsebobs bavSvebis TamaSSi - wesebis dadgena, konkurencia da Sede-gebis aRiareba. nebismieri koleqtiuri, anu socialuri qmedeba yovelTvis Sedgeba am elementebis garkveuli mim-devrobisgan. da orive, konkurenciac da kooperirebac, mxolod maSin Seesabameba demokratiis standartebs, Tuki yvela izonomiis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba - anu Tanabrad legitimuria rogorc procesis monawile. amis indikato-ria TamaSis ganmeorebadoba - ramdenad moyveba konkuren-

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ciis etaps kooperirebis etapi gansazRvravs imas, Tu ram-denad Sedgeba imave moTamaSeebs Soris Sejibri/urTier-Toba momavalSi. swored rom ganmeorebiToba warmoadgens mTavar problemas maSin, rodesac xelisufleba avtorita-rulia, an xelisuflebis cvlileba ki xdeba, magram revo-luciuri gziT. amis wyaros post-sabWoTa sivrceSi war-sulic ganapirobebs, da siaxlec.

politikur sazogadoebad cxovreba 20 wlis win iyo is siaxle, romelic misdami damokidebulebis formirebas moiTxovda, da es damokidebuleba SesaZloa ganviTarebu-liyo xsenebuli ori modelis, konkurenciisa da kooperi-rebis mimarTulebiT - mimarTulebebiT, romlebic idea-luri tipebis saxiT met-naklebobiT monawileoben nebis-mieri dasavluri demokratiis formirebaSi. magram demok-ratiis mSenebloba daiwyo sazogadoebiT, romelsac saer-Tod ar gaaCnda politikuri cxovrebis aranairi gamocdi-leba da praqtika. totalitaruli saxelmwifo icnobs oponentebTan urTierTobis mxolod erT tips - uaryofas, romelic logikurad gulisxmobs uaryofili socialuri jgufebis/ideologiebis gandevnas Zalauflebis sferodan, maT delegitimacias da, sabolood maT ganadgurebas/fi-zikur mospobas, rac xdeboda kidec stalinis periodSi. stalini efeqturi iyo swored imitom, rom bolomde SeeZ-lo ganadgurebis logikis miyvana. postsabWoTa viTareba-Si ganadgureba gaxda Zneli, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, da misi adgili daikava ignorirebam. perestroikis Semdeg saqar-TveloSi am logikiT Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis gag-rZelebis mcdelobebi mudmivad meordeba, magram efeqtur mmarTvelobas veRar ukavSirdeba, vinaidan ukve ver midis bolomde, Tavis logikur dasasrulamde. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom rame alternativebi damkvidrda.

konkurenciisa da kooperirebis tradiciis ararsebo-bis viTarebaSi an politikuri veli iketeba arademokra-tiuli da araTavisufali mmarTvelobiT, an politikis polarizeba xdeba erTaderTi SesaZlebloba. atomizire-bul sazogadoebas warmatebiT SeuZlia iTamaSos maJori-taruli konkurenciuli TamaSi, magram mxolod erTjera-dad, rodesac damarcxebuli idevneba politikuri veli-dan zemoaRniSnuli logikis Sesabamisad. swored amgva-rad moxda Tavis droze saqarTvelos teritoriuli gax-

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leCva, Tumca aq unda davubrundeT konkurentuli TamaSe-bis nairsaxeobas - kompromiss.

urTierTmisaRebi kompromisi - es aris is cneba, ro-melic uSualod ukavSirdeba koleqtiuri qmedebis SesaZ-leblobas maSin rodesac Warbobs individualuri miznebi koleqtiurze. Tuki amgvari kompromisi ar arsebobs, maSin koleqtiuri qmedeba gansxvavebuli interesebis mqone aq-torTa Soris aris SeuZlebeli. urTierTmisaRebi kompro-misis arseboba TavisTavad ar niSnavs imas, rom aqtorebi airCeven kooperirebas, rogorc strategias, konkurenciis sanacvlod. magram rogorc minimum, maT amgvari strategi-is arCevis Teoriuli SesaZlebloba eqnebaT. Tuki amgvari kompromisi ar Cans, magram aqtorebi ganwyobilebi arian rom iTanamSromlon, is SesaZloa Seiqmnas, an gamoikve-Tos, politikuri procesis Sedegad, da es aris politi-kis xelovnebis erT erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti, rome-lic politikas xdis sazogadoebis cxovrebis aucilebel elementad. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sazogadoebis or an met jgufs ar an ver ekveTebaT saerTo kompromisuli intere-sebi, maSin isini erT demokratiul da Tanaswor politi-kur sazogadoebad ver icxovreben, vinaidan maT Soris mudmivi omi iqneba. maTi Tanacxovreba erT saxelmwifoSi SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi nawilis mier meoris "dap-yrobisa" da damorCilebis Sedegad, avtoritaruli mmar-Tvelobis pirobebSi.

kooperirebis etapi politikaSi, amdenad, SeiZleba niSnavdes ara marto saerTo miznis arsebobas, aramed ur-TierTmisaRebi kompromisebis moZebnas, xolo konkurenci-is etapi saWiroebs msgavsi interesebis mqone moqalaqeTa erTobliv qmedebas mowinaaRmdegeTa mimarT warmatebis-Tvis sabrZolad. "jer kargad gavimijnoT, rom mere viTa-namSromloT" - ambobda diadi lenini, Tumca mere aRar iTanamSromla, aramed ubralod "daCmora" "burJuaziuli oportunistebi". jer kooperireba, xolo mere konkuren-cia Tu piriqiT - es kiTxva zogadad upasuxoa, vinaidan am etapebis monacvleoba aucilebelia nebismieri politiku-ri procesis CarCoebSi. dabla Cven vnaxavT, rom am etape-bis monacvleobis sakiTxi sxvadasxvanairad aris gadaw-yvetili formaluri institucionaluri mowyobiT gan-sxvavebuli tipis demokratiebSi. Jan Jak ruso miiCnevda,

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rom jer konkurencia mere kooperireba xelis uSlis sa-zogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis, anu mTeli sazogadoebis mier saerTo miznis Camoyalibebas. hobsi ki, piriqiT, xe-davda konkurencias "yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg" saer-To kompromisis saWiroebis winapirobad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom individualizmi da koleqtivizmi gansxvavdebian ara imaSi, rom uaryofen konkurenciidan an kooperirebidan erT-erTs, aramed imaSi, rom sxvadasxvanairad xedaven maT bunebriv mimdevrobas politikur procesSi.

radganac saqarTvelos ganviTareba wina transforma-ciis periodSi konkurenciis sqemiT warimarTa, am etapze kiTxvis dasma imis Taobaze, Tu romeli unda uswrebdes win meores, cota dagvianebuli iqneboda. atomizirebuli sazogadoebidan Cven ukve gadaviqeciT Zlierad polarize-bul sazogadoebad, rac garkveul analizs moiTxovs.

stadionze mjdom mayureblebs ar moeTxovebaT did aqtivoba maRali emociuri muxtis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac isini ama Tu im gunds gulSematkivroben. maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan fanebis klubebi, da SeuZliaT ar Seq-mnan - sul erTia, es aqtivoba sakmaod pasiur xasiaTs atarebs, da aranair kooperirebas ar moiTxovs. politi-kuri simpatiebi da Sexedulebebi am modeliT mowyobil politikur sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba iyos sakmaod xisti, mtkice da individualisturi. wesiT da rigiT, Tuki dair-Rva TamaSis wesebi, stadioni unda gaerTiandes damnaSavis dasasjelad da wesrigis aRsadgenad. magram demokratiza-ciis procesSi myof qveyanaSi ase ar xdeba, vinaidan Tama-Sis wesebi Tavad warmoadgenen TamaSis nawils, da usamar-Tlod mogebuli gundis gulSematkivrebi ar Tmoben pozi-ciebs. kooperirebis sisustis fonze xdeba polarizeba. igive xdeba Tuki ori mxaris poziciebi imdenad aris da-Sorebuli erTimeores, rom maT Soris kompromisuli ve-li ar aris darCenili, anu ar arsebobs iseTi gadawyveti-lebebi, romlebic misaRebi Tu ara, aRiarebadi mainc yo-filiyo wagebuli mxarisTvis. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ase-Ti TamaSi or gunds Soris aris erTjeradi, vinaidan da-marcxebuli samudamod tovebs asparezs - rac araerTxel momxdara ukve saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi da sa-varaudod kidev moxdeba momavalSi.

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politikuri polarizeba, amdenad, SesaZlebelia droebiT Camoyalibdes atomizirebul sazogadoebaSi, rac qmnis politikuri cxovrebis iluzias. zogierTi avtoris azriT, Tuki saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba Seicvala erTi-orjer arCevnebis gziT, SeiZleba vilaparakoT imaze, rom am qveyanaSi aris konsolidirebuli demokratia. Cveni msjelobidan gamomdinare, demokratiis konsolidaciis am kriteriumis sanacvlod sxva kriteriumi SeiZleboda Se-mogveTavazebia - qveyana maSin aris konsolidirebuli de-mokratia, rodesac xelisuflebidan arCevnebiT wasuli politikuri Zala axerxebs xelisuflebaSi dabrunebas aseve arCevnebis gziT, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi rCeba poli-tikaSi. es kriteriumi imis maniSnebeli iqneboda, rom kon-kurenciis da kooperirebis etapebi erTmaneTTan monac-vleoben. Semdegi paragrafi eZRvneba konkurenciisa da ko-operirebis institucionalizaciis sxvadasxva formebs gansxvavebul sakonstitucio modelebSi.

3. maJoritaruli da konsesuri demokratiebi politikuri sistema iwyeba ara konstituciiT, ara-

med sazogadoebiT. es mtkicebuleba ar aris sapirwone im rwmenisa, romelic statiis dasawyisSi iyo gamoTqmuli - rwmenisa, rom institutebis gonivruli SecvliT SesaZ-loa politikuri klimatis gaumjobeseba. calke aRebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebi arafris Semcvleli iqneboda sazogadoebaSi, Tuki am transformacias ara eqneboda kom-pleqsuri, yovlismomcveli xasiaTi, gamWoli qveynis cxov-rebis mTel sxeulSi. SesaZloa mimdevrobas cvlilebebi-sa ar hqondes didi mniSvneloba - magram garkveuli dro-iTi mibmuloba arsebiTia. ase rom rodesac vambob rom politikuri sistema "iwyeba" sazogadoebiT, es ar unda gavigoT rogorc sakonstitucio cvlilebebis samomav-lod gadadeba. ubralod sakonstitucio cvlilebebi ver iqneba gagebuli da damkvidrebuli Sesabamisi konteqstua-luri ideologiuri gardaqmnis gareSe.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mmarTveloba iwyeba imi-Ti, Tu rogor xedaven mas qveynis moqalaqeebi. axal sa-konstitucio mowyobaze saubari gvabrunebs imasTan, Tu

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rogor aris gagebuli saqarTveloSi demokratiuli mmar-Tveloba. Tuki ar iarsebebs axleburi xedva, gaziarebuli sazogadoebis didi nawilis mier mainc, azri ara aqvs sa-konstitucio cvlilebebze laparaks, vinaidan gamocdile-bam bevrjer gviCvena, rom is kanonebi, romlebic ar aris gamagrebuli realuri praqtikiT da sazogadoebrivi Ri-rebulebebiT, ubralod an ver moqmedeben, an moiTxoven swored rom ukanonobasa da arakonstituciurobas maT cxovrebaSi gasatareblad.

ganwyoba, romelic sasikeTo unda iyos politikuri klimatis Sesacvlelad, sazogadoebaSi namdvilad arse-bobs - es aris daRliloba usasrulo 20-wliani politi-kuri konkurenciiT, romelsac Sedegi ver moyveba. ro-gorc Cans, "zazunas dRe" saqarTveloSi arasdros ar dam-Tavrdeba manam, sanam konkurencias garkveuli kooperire-ba ar daemateba. sazogadoebaSi arsebobs mZafri moTxov-nileba ufro met kooperirebaze politikaSi - rac ar ga-moricxavs, aramed SesaZloa gulisxmobs kidec mZafri ga-dawyvetilebebis saWiroebas manam, sanam es ganwyoba axal sakonstitucio da mmarTvelobiT formebSi gadava. amde-nad, Semobruneba demokratiis im gagebisken, romelic me-tad eyrdnoba koleqtiur, da ara konkurentul midgomebs, principSi SesaZlebelia. am gansxvavebul demokratias Se-saZlebelia ufro respublikis saxeli udgebodes, xolo Tavad demokratizaciis procesi SesaZloa "respublikani-zaciis" saxiT warmogveCina, Tumca es terminologia ar aris miRebuli am formiT dRevandel politikur diskur-Si. am diskursis ufro Sesaferisi terminologiiT SesaZ-loa evropul da amerikul, an ufro swored, anglo-saq-sur da kontinentur demokratiebze vilaparakoT. konku-renciisa da kooperirebis institucionalizaciis gansxva-vebuli formebi sakvanZo rols TamaSoben demokratiis im ori tipis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulad, romlebzedac Cven gveqneba laparaki.

demokratiis martivi gagebiT, mmarTveloba ekuTvnis umravlesobas. arCevnebis gziT irkveva, Tu vin aris es um-ravlesoba, mis mier wardgenili liderebi ayalibeben mmarTvelobas da Rebuloben qveyanaSi mTel Zalaufle-bas, romelic ekuTvniT maT manam, sanam isev da isev arCev-nebis gziT ar gamovlindeba, rom umravlesobis simpatieb-

45

ma awi ukve sxva liderebis mxares gadainacvla. umcire-soba ar monawileobs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi. erTa-derTi, rac umravlesobis tiranias am SemTxvevaSi zRu-davs aris Zalauflebis diferencireba, misi gadanawile-ba, rac uzrunvelyofs sasamarTlos damoukideblobas, adamianis uflebebis dacvas da TamaSis sxva wesebs, rom-lebzedac umravlesoba gavlenas ver axdens. samarTliani konkurencia metnaklebad aiZulebs umravlesobas imoqme-dos gaxsnilad saparlamento gziT da daasabuTos saku-Tari politika mTeli mosaxleobis TvalSi. martivad rom vTqvaT, amgvari demokratiis mTavari formaluri maxasia-Teblebi esadageba konkurencias garkveuli wesebis mixed-viT, romelSiac "mogebuls miaqvs yvelaferi" manam, sanam TamaSis romelime momdevno raundSi mas vinme sxva ar mo-ugebs. klasikuri modeli amgvari demokratiisa aris bri-taneTi, romlis konstitucia vestmisteris modelis saxe-liT aris cnobili. garkveulwilad, es modeli Cveni sa-fexburTo Sejibris Sesatyvisia, rogorc Cans, britanuli politikuri kulturis maxasiaTebelia sportuli TamaSis samarTliani wesebis dacvis mtkice pativiscema.

konsesuri8, an, rogorc mas uwodeben, "molaparakebe-bis" demokratia, ara imdenad umravlesobis mmarTvelobis momxrea, ramdenadac "rac SeiZleba metis" monawileobisa mmarTvelobaSi.9 umravlesoba da umciresoba aq naklebad mniSvnelovani terminebia, arCevnebis gziT umravlesobis neba ki ar formirdeba, arCevnebi mxolod ayalibeben "rei-tingul ganawilebas" sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebsa da seqtorebs Soris. mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeba realu-rad formireba im mTavrobisa da politikisa, romelic umravlesobis mxardaWeras moipovebs. molaparakebebi, anu kooperireba aseTi qveynebis formalur politikur siste-maSi sakmaod did rols TamaSoben, maT gareSe efeqturi mmarTvelobis Camoyalibeba xSirad metad Zneli xdeba. po-litikuri gadawyvetilebis legitimacia aq eyrdnoba ara imdenad umravlesobis princips (amirCies da vakeTeb ra-sac miviCnev sworad, veravin xels ver SemiSlis), ramdena-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8 zogierTi avtoris terminologiiT, proporciuli demokratia. ix. Powell, 2000 9 Lijphart, 1999

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dac yvela politikuri Zalis pasuxismgeblur Tanamonawi-leobas da am gadawyvetilebis dabalansebulobas gansxva-vebuli azrebis mxedvelobaSi miRebasTan erTad. konti-nenturi evropis saparlamento demokratiebis did nawili swored konsesuri wesiTaa formirebuli. es modeli Cveni meore modelis Sesatyvisia, da momdinareobs istoriuli gamocdilebidan, romelSiac politikurad danawevrebul sazogadoebebs erTiani politikuri cxovrebis awyobaze uwevdaT SeTanxmeba.

amgvari principulad gansxvavebuli xedvebi imis Ta-obaze, Tu ra aris demokratia da rogor yalibdeba kargi mmarTveloba, Sesabamisad aisaxeba gansxvavebul konsti-tuciur mowyobebSi. marTalia, amgvari mowyobis erTiani recepti ar arsebobs, vinaidan yvela konstitucia didwi-lad istoriisa da specifiuri viTarebebis produqtia, magram zogadi tendenciebi mainc arsebobs.

sanam maJoritaruli da konsesuri demokratiebis ganmasxvavebel maxasiaTeblebs ganvixilavT, unda aRvniS-noT, rom demokratiebis am ori tipiT ar amoiwureba da-savluri demokratiebis yvela nairsaxeoba. arsebobs mesa-me kategoriac, konsociaciuri demokratiebi, sadac umrav-lesobis batonoba umciresobaze SezRudulia gacilebiT ufro radikalurad - umciresobebs miniWebuli aqvT ise-Ti mmarTvelobiTi uflebebi, romlebic umravlesobis er-Tpirovnul mmarTvelobas saerTod gamoricxavs. amgvari mowyobebi gamoiyeneba rogorc wesi im SemTxvevaSi, rode-sac sazogadoeba Rrmad aris danawevrebuli Tavisi grZelvadiani identobebiT (eTnikuri), ise rom umciresoba sxvanairad saerTod verasdros ver miiRebda politikur uflebebs. am mowyobas aqvs mniSvneloba saqarTvelos rea-lobaSi, rodesac saubari wava konfliqturi regionebis statusis gansazRvraze, magram am statiaSi Cven ar vexe-biT am rTul sakiTxs, raTa msjelobam Zalian Sors ar wagviyvanos. miuxedavad imisa, rom konsesur demokratieb-Si umciresobebs meti gavlena aqvT mmarTvelobaze vidre maJoritarul demokratiebSi, konsesuri demokratiebi ma-Joritarulze ukeTesadac ki uzrunvelyofen umravleso-bis mmarTvelobis princips, maSin roca konsociaciur de-mokratiebSi umciresobas xSirad aqvs vetos ufleba um-

47

ravlesobis garkveul gadawyvetilebebze, rac demokrati-is klasikur gagebas garkveulwilad ewinaaRmdegeba.

leipharti aRniSnavs 10 maxasiaTebels (rogorc kon-stituciiT aseve sistemis sxva elementebiT gansaz-Rvruls), romlebic met-naklebad ganasxvaveben maJorita-rul da konsesur demokratiebs.

xuTi maTgani qmnis Zalauflebis formirebis hori-zontalur principebs. pirveli maJoritarul mmarTvelo-bas Seesabameba, xolo sapirispiro -konsesurs:

1. aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis koncentrireba er-Tpartiul umravlesobis xelisuflebaSi sapirispirod Za-lauflebis gaziarebisa mravalpartiul koaliciur kabi-netSi;

2. Zalauflebis aRmasrulebeli Stos dominireba sa-pirispirod balansisa aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris;

3. orpartiuloba mravalpartiulobis sapirispirod; 4. maJoritaruli da disproporciuli saarCevno sis-

tema proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sapirispirod; 5. interesTa jgufebis pluralistuli sistema, rome-

lic am jgufTa Tavisufal konkurencias efuZneba sapi-rispirod interesTa jgufebis koordinirebuli da "kor-porativistul" sistemisa, romlis mizania kompromisi da koordinireba.

meore ganzomileba Zalauflebis vertikalur prin-

cipebs exeba, am SemTxvevaSic pirvelad maJoritaruli de-mokratiis maxasiaTeblebs vasaxelebT:

1. unitaruli da centralizebuli mmarTveloba fe-deralurisa da decentralizebulis sapirispirod;

2. sakanonmdeblo Zalauflebis koncentrireba erTpa-latian parlamentSi sapirispirod am Zalauflebis gada-nawilebisa or, Tanabrad Zlier, magram konstituciurad gansxvavebul palatas

3. Soris; 4. moqnili konstitucia, romlis Secvla SeiZleba

ubralo umravlesobiT sapirispirod xisti konstitucii-sa, romelic mxolod didi umravlesobiT icvleba;

5. parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebis konstituci-urobis sakiTxi parlamentisve gadasawyvetia. sapirispi-

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rod, uzenaes an sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aqvs kanone-bis konstituciurobis dadgenis prerogativa.

6. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze damokidebuli cen-traluri banki damoukidebeli centraluri bankis sapi-rispirod.

rogorc am maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvali aCvenebs, mkacrad maJoritaruli xasiaTi TiTqmis arc erT msofli-oSi arsebul demokratias ara aqvs - vestminsteris mode-li (didi britaneTi da misi yofili koloniebi) amgvari mowyobis yvelaze gamokveTili magaliTia. amerikis Seer-Tebul StatebSi, romelic maJoritaruli demokratiebis ricxvs unda mivakuTvnoT10, konsesualurobis Zlieri elementi Semoaqvs federalur mowyobas -swored im as-peqts, romelic saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciaSi ar gaiwera. Tumca zogierTi avtoris azriT, aSS-s federa-lizmi ufro mravlobiTi (ordoniani) maJoritarizmis formaa, vidre konsesualuri mmarTvelobaa. mravlobiT maJoritarizmebs aSS-Si aseve qmnis Zalauflebis danawi-leba, romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.

am suraTidan Cans, rom tipiuri maJoritaruli de-mokratia unda warmovidginoT rogorc konstituciuri monarqia, romelSiac dominirebs ori didi partia, arCev-nebi tardeba erTmandatian saarCevno olqebSi maJorita-ruli wesiT, centralur xelisuflebaSi koncentrirebu-lia didi Zalaufleba regionebTan mimarTebaSi, da poli-tikis ZiriTadi aqcenti mimarTulia imaze, rom aRmasru-lebeli xelisuflebisadmi Zalauflebis maRali donis miniWeba am Zalauflebas imavdroulad did pasuxismgeb-lobasac aniWebs, pasuxismgeblobas, romelic iwvevs mis periodul Secvlas arCevnebis gziT,

tipiuri konsesuri demokratia saparlamentoa, mra-valpartiuli, koaliciuri kabinetiT. masSi rogorc qvey-nis regionebi, aseve sxvadasxva saxelmwifo mmarTvelobi-Ti institutebi, rogoricaa centraluri banki, aRWurvil-ni arian sakmaod didi avtonomiiT, rac kidev ufro auci-lebels xdis molaparakebebsa da konsultaciebs mmarTve-lobis procesSi. saarCevno sistema proporciulia, is

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!10 zogierTi kvlevis mixedviT, aSS ufro Sereuli sistemaa, vidre maJorita-

ruli

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metnaklebad uzrunvelyofs parlamentSi yvela mniSvne-lovani politikuri interesis warmomadgenlobas. kon-sultaciebi da molaparakebebi amgvari politikuri sis-temis funqcionirebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani elementia. sazogadoebis xelisuflebaze zegavlena aq eyrdnoba ara imdenad arCevnebis gziT xelisuflebis Secvlis SesaZ-leblobas, ramdenadac arCevnebs Soris politikis Semu-Savebis procesSi sazogadoebis vrceli fenebis Tanamona-wileobas.11

demokratiis idealisturi xedvebi, romlebic sazo-gadoebaSi vrceldeboda bolo aTwleulebis ganmavloba-Si, gulisxmobs, rom demokratiul saxelmwifoSi moqala-qeebs aqvT xelisuflebaze zemoqmedebis orive SesaZleb-loba - pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba da SemdgomSi gadar-Cevis muqariT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze ze-moqmedeba, da amasTan maT SeuZliaT arCevnebs Soris saku-Tari xedvebisa da midgomebis lobireba moaxdinon da mo-nawileobiT procesSi CaerTon. samwuxarod, es xedvebi Si-naganad winaaRmdegobrivia da sinamdviles srulad ver asaxavs. rogorc arsebuli dasavluri demokratiebis praqtika aCvenebs, zogierTi demokratiebi ufro metad mowyobilia pirveli principis uzrunvelsayofad, xolo sxvebi - meoresi.12 cxadia, maT Soris ganlagebulia Sua-leduri variantebic, magram am ori princips Soris ukup-roporciuli damokidebuleba arsebobs - rac ufro meti pasuxismgebloba ekisreba arCeul xelisuflebas, miT uf-ro naklebia arCevnebs Soris politikaSi Tanamonawileo-bis SesaZlebloba. da piriqiT, Tuki politika Riaa sazo-gadoebis CarevisTvis, maSin pasuxismgeblobebi gaurkveve-lia da arCevnebi nakleb rols TamaSobs.

cxadia, rodesac vlaparakobT saqarTvelos politi-kur sistemaze, Cven mas pirdapir ver mivamsgavsebT verc erT am models, imitom rom ara marto konsesuri, aramed maJoritaruli demokratia aq jer ar ganxorcielebula arasdros. rogorc erTi, aseve meore modeli funqcioni-rebs kanonis uzenaesobis upirobo aRiarebis fonze, anu TamaSis wesebis sruli dacviT, rac gulisxmobs arCevne-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!11 Powell 2000 12 ibid

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bis argayalbebas, mediis Tavisuflebasa da administraci-uli resursis argamoyenebas. amdenad, Tuki vlaparakobT imaze, Tu romeli sistemaa maT Soris saqarTvelosTvis sasurveli, unda gavakeToT garkveuli arCevani, romelic daeyrdnoba ara marto modelis mimzidvelobas, aramed aseve unda gavaanalizoT erTisa da meoris upiratesobebi da sisusteebi saqarTvelos konteqstSi maTi ganxorcie-lebadobis Tvalsawieridan.

Zalauflebis ukiduresi koncentrireba, romelic sabWoTa sistemas axasiaTebda, demokratiisken gadasvlis gzaze umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvas moiTxovda. cxa-dia, rom umravlesobis batonobis tradiciuli principi sazogadoebis did nawilSi pirvel, maJoritarul models ufro misaReb variantad saxavda. Zlieri aRmasrulebeli mmarTveloba da unitarizmi saparlamento mowyobis sapi-rispirod -es iyo politikuri davebis is veqtori, rome-lic 1995 wlis konstituciis damkvidrebas win uswrebda. 1995 wlis konstitucia am mxriv winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoC-nda. erTis mxriv, saarCevno sistema da parlamentis Sida mowyoba konsesualurobis Zlier elementebs Seicavda. amas emateboda sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, damoukidebe-li centraluri banki da sxva. meore mxriv, SevardnaZis pirovnulma faqtorma gamoiwvia aRmasrulebeli xelisuf-lebis am konsesuri velis gareT gamoyvana da Zalaufle-bis isev da isev maJoritarul principebze ageba. amasTan, unitarizmis principis Sesustebas xeli SeuSala terito-riuli problemebis mougvareblobam. mTlianobaSi, Seiqmna garkveuli dualizmi, rodesac prezidenti Tan cdilobda lavirebas da moqiSpe politikuri Zalebis dabalansebas, Tan flobda srul Zalauflebas da pasuxismgeblobas, romelsac ver axorcielebda dabalansebis politikisadmi midrekilebis gamo. yvelaferma aman gamoiwvia mmarTvelo-bis sruli kolafsi, romelic 2003 wlis movlenebiT das-rulda.

2004 wlidan konsesualurobis elementebi politiku-ri sistemidan TandaTanobiT gaqra. dawyebuli preziden-tis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebiT, SemdgomSi TviTmmarTvelobis SesustebiT, saarCevno reformebiT da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gandevniT politikuri procesi-

51

dan, damkvidrda mkacri maJoritarizmi, romelic gadadis xelisuflebis tiraniaSi.

movlenebis sxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis pirobeb-Si arsebobda Teoriuli SesaZlebloba imisa, rom Sevar-dnaZis prezidentobis damTavrebasTan erTad Catarebuli-yo sakonstitucio reforma, romelic prezidentis Tanam-debobas nakleb datvirTvas SesZenda da amdenad politi-kur sistemas ufro "gaaevropulebda". magram xelisufle-bis Secvlis revoluciurma xasiaTma es SesaZlebloba mospo.

Tumca, es revoluciuri ganviTareba da is, rom de-mokratia ganvlil periodSi iyo gagebuli mkacrad maJo-ritarulad, mxolod nawilobriv Tu aixsneba sabWoTa stereotipebiT. meore nawili simarTlisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom prodemokratiuli diskursi saqarTveloSi ame-rikul, da ara evropul xedvas asaxavda. am xedvis Sesaba-misad, memkvidreobiT miRebuli sistemis "gademokratiule-ba" moiazreboda rogorc sistemis centrSi koncentrire-buli Zalauflebis SezRudva Zalauflebis sxva, damouki-debeli da misgan diferencirebuli sferoebis SeqmniT, rogorebicaa ekonomika, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, sasamar-Tlo, balansi parlamentsa da prezidents Soris. masSi TiTqmis saerTod ar ijda konsesualurobis iseTi meqa-nizmebi rogoricaa Zalauflebis gaziareba, sazogadoebi-sa da politikis daaxloeba da sxva. sabWoTa warsulisa da amerikuli maJoritaruli modelebis am moulodnelma Serwymam gamoiwvia is, rom vardebis revoluciis dros arasamTavroboebi da xalxi erTad aRmoCdnen saakaSvilis gaprezidentebis avtorebi.

SemdgomSi, umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvis cal-mxrivma, amerikulma receptma gamoitana mxolod erTi Se-degi - man gamoiwvia ideologiuri dapirispireba Zlieri saxelmwifos momxreebsa da demokratiis momxreebs Soris. isini, vinc efeqturi da swrafad moqmedi xelisuflebis models emxrobodnen, mzad iyvnen demokratia cota xniT gverdze gadaedoT, vinaidan amgvarad gagebuli demokra-tia niSnavda umravlesobis mier legitimirebuli xeli-suflebis Sesustebas. xolo demokratiis momxreebi maT argumentebs verafers ver upirispirebdnen mimzidveli ab-straqtuli moraluri argumentebis garda. iseTi Rirebu-

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lebebi, rogorebicaa efeqturoba da samarTlianoba bari-kadebis sxvadasxva mxares aRmoCnda, rac qmnis TiTqmis ga-dauWrel dilemas, vinaidan es Rirebulebebi obieqtur ranJirebas ver eqvemdebareba. gaCnda mkafio Sexeduleba, rom demokratia da avtoritarizmi is alternativebia, romlebic SeiZleba iTargmnos susti da Zlieri saxel-mwifos terminebSi.

Zlieri da imavdroulad demokratiuli saxelmwifos erT xedvaSi gaerTianeba SeuZlebelia konsesuri demokra-tiis bazisuri safuZvlebis gaziarebis gareSe. umravle-sobis tiraniis SezRudvas aq ayalibebs ara imdenad Zala-uflebis danawileba, ramdenadac Zalauflebis gaziareba. Zalauflebis gaziareba niSnavs imas, rom Zalaufleba im-TaviTve miCneulia rom ekuTvnis sazogadoebis sxvadasxva avtonomiur nawilebs/individebs, romlebic SemdgomSi mo-laparakebis meSveobiT ayalibeben iseT mmarTvelobas, ro-melic rac SeiZleba meti amgvari jgufisTvis iqneba misa-Rebi.

saxelmwifos Zliereba meore SemTxvevaSi ganpirobe-bulia ara imiT, rom umravlesobis/mmarTvelobis moqmede-bis Tavisufleba izRudeba gare eqsternaliebis meSveo-biT da mravlobiTi umravlesobebis SeqmniT, rasac Zala-uflebis dayofis principi uzrunvelyofs, aramed, piri-qiT, imiT, rom bevri jgufi/individi monawileobs mmar-Tvelobis procesSi, da rac ufro metia masSi CarTulTa ricxvi, miT ufro Zlieria saxelmwifo. saxelmwifos siZ-liere, amdenad, momdinareobs monawileobiTi demokratiis siZlierisgan, da ara piriqiT. xelisuflebis "odenoba", misi siZliere, am SemTxvevaSi aRar aris konstanta, rome-lic iyofa ramdenime nawilad nulovanjamovani wesiT, aramed is aris zrdadi, da is izrdeba monawileobis zrdasTan erTad.

demokratia, romelic iswrafvis rac SeiZleba meti subieqtis CarTvas mmarTvelobaSi da maTTvis garkveuli gavlenebis miniWebas, garkveulwilad afrTxobs mosaxle-obis nawils. maT miaCniaT, rom Zlieri lideri saWiroa sazogadoebis gamTlianebisTvis, swrafi ekonomikuri re-formebisTvis da gare safrTxeebis dasaZlevad. saparla-mento mmarTveloba koaliciuri kabinetiT, partiebis si-

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sustis fonze, Zalzed arastabilur da araefeqtur mmar-Tvelobad esaxebaT.

sapirispiro argumentebi, cxadia, naTelia. arsebuli demokratiebis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom konsesuri de-mokratiebi maJoritarulebze aranakleb efeqturad um-klavdebian ekonomikis marTvas, uzrunvelyofen met eko-nomikur Tanasworobasa da met demokratias.13 isini aseve amTlianeben sazogadoebas, amcireben ra polarizebis na-irnair arsebul Tu SesaZlo formebs. am mxriv swored rom saprezidento maJoritarulma mmarTvelobam saqarTve-los ar moutana stabiluroba da erTianoba, man piriqiT gaaRrmava polarizeba da daaqcia qveynis ekonomika. mTav-robis stabilurobis nacvlad saxezea premierministre-bis, ministrebisa da politikuri prioritetebis kalei-doskopuri da xSiri monacvleoba. partiebis sisuste na-wilobriv mainc aixsneba maTi mudmivi orientirebiT saar-Cevno konkurenciaze, romelSiac umravlesoba aris mosa-povebeli, da ara specifiur sazogadoebriv jgufebTan mibmaze da Semdgom am jgufebis efeqtur reprezentacia-ze. amdenad, maJoritaruli modeli saqarTvelosTvis sta-bilurobis momtan sistemad ar gamoiyureba.

da Tuki mainc daveTanxmebiT imas, rom konsesu-aluri demokratia saqarTveloSi ufro gaamarTlebda vidre maJoritaruli, rCeba mTavari sakiTxi - ramdenad dagvianebulia am Temaze saubari. xom ar aris polarizeba saqarTveloSi im donemde misuli, rom es gamoricxavs ra-ime sxva variantebs, garda brZolis bolomde miyvanisa da am polarizebis erT-erTi mxaris saboloo gamarjvebisa meoreze, rac isev da isev avtoritarul mmarTvelobasTan gvabrunebs. saparlamento konsesur sistemaSi moqceuli politikuri elitebi xom ar ivlian isev da isev polari-zebisa da dapirispirebis gziT, rac sistemas maJorita-rul warsulSi daabrunebs. polarizebis da misgan Tavis darwevis sakiTxs Semdeg paragrafebSi ganvixilavT.

4. racionaluri logika, romelsac iracionaluri

Sedegi moyveba

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!13 Lijphart, 1999

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kooperireba, TanamSromloba SesaZloa yvelasTvis

iyos sasikeTo, magram mainc ver xerxdebodes. es movlena kargadaa cnobili politikur mecnierebaSi.14 erTmaneTis mimarT dabali ndobis mqone, piradi interesebiT motivi-rebuli individebis didi raodenoba SesaZloa grZnobdes saerTo saqmis gakeTebis saWiroebas, magram TiToeuli Ta-namonawilisTvis ufro naklebad sarisko Candes sakuTari saqmis Tavad mixedva vidre imaze damokidebuleba, rom sxvebi keTilsindisierad Seasruleben Tavis movaleobebs mis winaSe. amitom kooperirebis aucileblobaze agebuli sistema SesaZloa araefeqturi aRmoCndes ubralod imis gamo, rom realuri qceva ar daemTxves molodinebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, politikuri sistema ar iqmneba ima-ze gaTvliT, rom masSi moqmedeben idealuri adamiane-bi/partiebi/politikosebi. sistema unda iyos realisturi, raTa man efeqturad ifunqcioniros.

vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi periodi, rodesac demokratia stabilurad ukan-ukan midioda rac saboloo jamSi 2008 wlis agvistos katastrofiT damTavrda, pirve-li SexedviT iracionalurobisa da uazrobis STabeWdi-lebas tovebs. magram am TiTqosda iracionaluri qcevis miRma ikiTxeba logika, romelic Zalauflebis SenarCune-bis surviliTaa nakarnaxevi iseT politikur viTarebaSi, sadac adgili ara aqvs aranair kooperirebas.

am logikas karnaxobda ar marto da ara imdenad 2003 wlisTvis arsebuli politikuri sistema - am siste-mis Semdgomi transformaciis sxvadasxva variantebi arse-bobda, maT Soris demokratiasTan axlos mdgomic - ara-med revoluciaSi gamarjvebuli gundis racionaluri lo-gikac, romelsac sakuTari legitimuroba oponentebis srul delegitimaciaze unda daemyarebina. zemoT naxsene-bi modelebidan ori - sabWoTa warsulidan momdinare ig-norireba da axali realobiT motanili konkurencia - Se-zavda strategiaSi, romelmac ganapiroba xelisuflebis Seurigebloba da srulad gamoricxa politikuri qcevis-gan raime saxis daTmobebis, molaparakebebisa da pozicie-bis daaxloebis SesaZleblobebi. amave dros ar moxda is,

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!14 ix. mag. tusaRis dilema, Heywood 2007.

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rasac saWiroebs ignorirebis logika, da rasac delegi-timaciis strategis gulisxmobs - brZolis damTavreba erT-erTi mxaris sruli damarcxebiT. srul mogebaze mi-marTuli konkurencia wagebulis mospobis SesaZleblobis gareSe ganapirobebda im procesebs, rac saqarTveloSi wa-rimarTa.

pirveli, rac TvalSi sacemia am periodis analizi-sas es aris politikis dRis wesrigis wamyvani probleme-bis mudmivi kaleidoskopi. vardebis revolucia demokra-tiis dapirebiTa da sazogadoebis mxridan swored am moT-xovniT iyo motivirebuli. magram jer kidev prezidentis inauguraciamde am dRis wesrigma ukan daixia, Tanac mwva-ve da upasuxo kritikis fonze, da adgili teritoriuli mTlianobis Temas dauTmo. teritoriuli mTlianobis aR-dgena arc ise advili aRmoCnda, da ver darCa politikis dRis wesrigis mTavar da sayoveldReo problemad, mas wa-rumateblad Seejibra evrokavSirSi integraciis sakiTxi, xolo Semdgom es sakiTxi sruliad gaqra yuradRebis are-alidan da misi adgili natoSi gawevrianebam daikava. 2007 wlis Semodgomaze politikis dRis wesrigis formirebaSi xelisuflebam dakarga iniciativa da noembris movlenebis Semdeg siRaribesTan brZolis lozungiT scada misi dab-runeba, Tumca maleve iseve teritoriuli mTlianobis sa-kiTxs daubrunda (am droisTvis natos sakiTxi ukve veRar iqneboda wamyvani buqarestis samitis gamo). yovelive aman agvistoSi axali realoba Seqmna, romlis Semdeg ruseTis agresiis Temis dominirebas alternativa aRar hqonda. arc erT zemoaRniSnul Temaze ar warmarTula Sinaarsob-rivi diskusia miRwevis konkretul gzebTan dakavSirebiT, da arcerTi kritikuli Sefaseba ar iqna gaTvaliswinebu-li.

kontroli dRis wesrigis formirebaze imavdroulad warmoadgenda politikuri brZolis mTavar iaraRs, rac moiTxovs pirvel rigSi satelevizio propagandas da am propagandaze uSualo kontrols. swored amitom televi-ziebis sakiTxi gaxda umTavresi politikuri sakiTxi, xo-lo telekompania `imedis~ politikurma gavlenam gacile-biT meti wona SeiZina, vidre yvela opoziciur partias erTad aRebuls gaaCnda, ramac saboloo jamSi ganapiroba 2007 wlis noemberSi misi mospoba.

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meore TvalSi sacemi Tavisebureba, romelic am peri-ods axasiaTebda iyo opoziciis jiuti midrekileba CabRa-uWebuliyo mxolod erT Temas - demokratias, kanonis uzenaesobasa da adamianis uflebebs, da misi indeferen-tuloba raime saprogramo pozitiuri ganviTarebis gzebis SemoTavazebisadmi. es strategia ganixileba rogorc opo-ziciis sisuste, magram dRevandeli gadasaxedidan ufro logikurad da gamarTlebulad gamoiyureba. es erTader-Ti logikaa, romelic opozicias xels aZlevs im pirobeb-Si, rodesac ar xdeba aranairi kooperireba xelisufle-basa da opozicias Soris, xolo dRis wesrigis formire-baze opozicias TiTqmis aranairi gavlena ara aqvs. gar-kveulwilad, mediam opozicia iZulebuli gaxada am gziT wasuliyo, vinaidan dRis wesrigis formireba swored me-diis, da ara opoziciis xelSi iyo. Sinaarsobriv diskusi-aSi Sesvla opoziciisTvis niSnavda xelisuflebis mier Sedgenil dRis wesrigze latentur Tanxmobas, rac imav-droulad avtomaturad niSnavda wina, gadagdebul Temaze ukan daxevas da xelisuflebis mier Seqmnil viTarebaze daTanxmebas.

mTlianobaSi, daxatuli suraTi jdeba e.w. qaosis Te-oremis logikaSi.15 rodesac politika mxolod konkuren-tulia (anu problemebi wydeba mxolod maJoritarulad, urTierTmolaparakebis gareSe), xolo politikuri gan-xeTqilebebi mravalricxovani, da ar jdeba erTi ganzomi-lebis, mag. memarjvene-memarcxene dapirispirebis logika-Si, politikur process ara aqvs wonasworobis wertili (e.w. neSis wonasworobis wertili). es niSnavs imas, rom stabiluri politikuri Tanxmobis miRweva, rac saxelmwi-foSi stabiluri grZelvadiani politikis ganxorciele-bis sawindari iqneboda, verasdros ver xerxdeba, rac gin-daT didxans gagrZeldes Tundac Tavisufali politiku-ri brZola. am viTarebaSi politikis dRis wesrigis kon-troli da misiT oportunistuli manipulireba xdeba po-litikuri brZolis mTavari iaraRi. qaosis Teoremis Ta-naxmad imas, vinc amgvari kontrolis SesaZleblobas flobs, aqvs SesaZlebloba praqtikulad nebismieri poli-tikuri Sedegis miRwevisa, da mowinaaRmdegeTa damarcxebi-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!15 ix. magaliTad Morrow 1994.

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sa. es martivad keTdeba. jer yof eleqtorats demokrati-is momxreebad da mowinaaRmdegeebad. rodesac grZnob rom kargav erTi mxaris mxardaWeras, cvli dRis wesrigs da ayeneb teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs, romelic ukve sxva jgufebad yofs sazogadoebas. rodesac aqac kargav poziciebs, gadadixar dayofis sxva ganzomilebis aqcenti-rebaze, da a.S. sanam ar gamoileva qveynisTvis sasicoc-xlod mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. samwuxarod qveynisTvis, aseTi manipulirebisas manipulatori iZulebulia sul ufro maRali molodinebi Seqmnas da dapirebebis skalas auwios. swored amitom gaxda iZulebuli xelisufleba 2008 wlis agvistoSi Cabmuliyo samxedro avantiuraSi, romelmac qveyanas yvelasaTvis arasasurveli Sedegi mou-tana. amis Semdeg manipulireba saWiro aRar aris - ruse-Tis agresiis pirobebSi sazogadoebas eqmneba STabeWdile-ba rom mas aqvs arCevani or borotebas Soris - ruseTi da saakaSvili, romlebidanac ruseTi ufro afrTxobs.

amdenad, Tuki mocemuloba mdgomareobs xelisufle-bis mxridan daTmobebis, molaparakebebisa da Tanxmobis miRwevis uaryofaSi, misTvis logikuria swored is qceva, romelic man gamoavlina. aseve logikuria opoziciisTvis uaris Tqma raime saxis poziciebis dafiqsirebaze, vinai-dan es iwvevs mis danawevrebasa da amcirebs misi eleqto-ratis konsolidirebis SesaZleblobas, rasac ganapiro-bebs am eleqtoratis siWrele arsebul problemebTan mi-marTebaSi.

ganvlili wlebis gamocdileba amdenad magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba xdebodes, rom racionaluri aqtorebis brZola warmatebisTvis mTavrdeba im SedegiT, romelic aravis ar undoda. yoveli etapi am brZolisa iyo nulovanjamovani, da mimarTuli gamarjvebaze, magram saerTo jamSi, yvela etapis gavlis Semdeg TamaSi aRmoC-nda uaryofiTjamovani, rodesac yvela masSi CarTulma aq-torma waago, da saboloo wertili, romelSiac yvela aR-moCnda, mdebareobs im velis miRma, romelSiac viRaca ma-inc iqneboda warmatebuli.

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5. urTierTmomgebiani daTmoba rogorc ganvlili periodis magaliTi gviCvenebs, ma-

Joritaruli logika kanonis uzenaesobis ararsebobis pi-robebSi monawileebs arakooperaciul qcevas karnaxobs, rac maTTvis racionaluri, da ara ugunuri midgomaa. koo-perirebisken calmxrivad gadadgmuli nabijebi am viTare-baSi wagebis tolfasia, rac daadastura kidec opoziciis warumateblobam im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac amgvari nabije-bi iqna gadadgmuli. kooperirebis stimuli, amdenad, unda iyos racionalurad momgebiani imisTvis, vinc masSi er-Tveba. daTmoba ar unda niSnavdes damorCilebas, Tuki gvinda rom is gaxdes politikis wesi.

unda iTqvas, rom maJoritarizmi ar aris ganwiruli marcxisTvis, Tuki is xorcieldeba Zalauflebis SezRud-vis principiT formirebul konteqstSi. ase magaliTad, me-dia rom yofiliyo Tavisufali da saakaSvils ar hqonoda dRis wesrigiT manipulirebis SesaZlebloba, wina parag-rafSi aRwerili viTareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. nulovan-jamovani konkurenciuli TamaSebi sruliad ar gamoricxa-ven molaparakebebis da daTmobebis SesaZleblobas. ro-gorc adre iTqva, urTierTmisaRebi kompromisi SesaZloa vaWrobis Sedegad warmoiqmnas, Tuki amis saWiroebas ori-ve mxare aRiarebs. am aRiarebis ararseboba gamoixateba politikuri centris gamorecxvaSi da urTierTmisaRebi kompromisis ararsebobaSi - yovel SemTxvevaSi, im ganzo-milebis gaswvriv, romlis gaswvrivac mimdinareobs Sejib-ri. Tuki arc erTi urTierTSexebis wertili ar an ver moiZebna, arsebobs ori gamosavali. erTia, rodesac yvela momdevno gadawyvetileba misaRebia erTi mxarisTvis, miu-xedavad imisa, rom isini miuReblebi arian meorisTvis. ya-libdeba viTareba, rodesac erTi mxare verasdros ver aris mogebuli, anu diqtatura demokratiis nacvlad. meo-re variantia, rodesac xan mogebulia erTi mxare, xan meo-re, da amasTan arc erTi ar egueba droebiT mainc wage-bas, radganac es wageba misTvis gadawyvetilebaTa miuRe-bel velSi mdebareobs. Tuki xelisufleba axerxebs diq-taturis damyarebas, saqme damTavrebulia, da Semdgom la-paraks azri ara aqvs. magram vecadoT warmovidginoT rom

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demokratiisTvis brZola grZeldeba da xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia diqtaturis dasamyareblad saWiro resursi. maSin myardeba qaosi, romelic SesaZloa katastrofiT damTav-rdes, rogorc ganvlili gamocdileba adasturebs.

maJoritarizmis warmatebas sxva faqtorebic uSlis xels. rogorc adre iTqva, Zalauflebis gaziarebis prin-cipis amoqmedebis gareSe ver ixsneba polarizeba Zlieri saxelmwifosa da demokratiis momxreebs Soris. maJorita-ruli demokratiisTvis aucilebelia neitraluri da miu-kerZoebeli "gare damkvirvebeli", gamoricxulia misi ga-marTuli funqcionireba iq, sadac ar aris araferi, rasac yvela endoba. am viTarebas Svelis mxolod sajarod da pirispir urTierTobebis garkveva, romelic meore mode-lisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aseve, ganvlil wlebSi kom-promentirebuli politikuri elitebi ver uzrunvelyofen maJoritaruli politikis warmatebas, romelsac Zlieri aqcenti aqvs pirovnebebze, maSin roca konsesuri demokra-tia aqcentirebulia ufro programebze da Rirebulebeb-ze, vidre pirovnebebze.

Cixidan gamosavalze ocneba rom realobad gadaiq-ces, politikaSi monawileebs polarizebis stimuli unda Seusustdes da kooperirebis fasi amaRldes. erT-erTi cxadi da ukve bevrjer gaJRerebuli nabiji am mimarTu-lebiT iqneboda saprezidento postis an faqtobrivi, an funqcionaluri gauqmeba. es, rasakvirvelia maJoritariz-mis Sesustebisken gadasadgami aucilebeli, Tumca arasak-marisi nabijia. arCevnebis "fasis" Semcirebas aseve uwyobs xels konsesuri modelis amoqmedeba. konsesuri demokra-tiis warmatebisTvis aucilebeli ramdenime sxva faqto-ris CamonaTvals, romelic amasTan SesaZloa arasruli aRmoCndes, dabla gTavazobT. zogierTi faqtori garega-nia, da amdenad uSualod sistemis transformaciis na-wils ar warmoadgens. isini unda ganvixiloT rogorc wi-napirobebi Cixidan gamosvlis SesaZleblobis Seqmnisa.

rodesac sazogadoeba Zalian Raribia, xolo ekono-mikuri uTanasworoba maRali, demokratiis SenarCuneba xdeba problematuri nebismieri sakonstitucio mowyobis pirobebSi. Tuki sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebulia mdidar-Ta fena, romelic avtoritarizmis gziT cdilobs Tavisi interesebis dacvas, am sakiTxis gadaWra politikuri sis-

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temis modelis SemuSavebiT cota ar iyos, miamituri mcdeloba iqneboda. magram Tuki sistemis Secvla ukve mo-xerxda, da sakiTxi dgas miRweulis SenarCunebaze, maSin arsebiTia davfiqrdeT imaze, Tu ra gavlenas axdenen eko-nomikuri da politikuri institutebi erTmaneTze.

ekonomikuri problemebidan yvelaze mwvave politi-kur sakiTxebad saqarTveloSi dgas sakuTrebis ufleba, korufcia da umuSevroba. rac Seexeba Semosavlebis uTa-nasworobas, mas amJamad aqvs susti politikuri ganzomi-leba, da rogorc sociologiuri gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs, is praqtikulad ar axdens (an sxva faqtorebze naklebad axdens) zegavlenas politikur Sexedulebebze.

paradoqsulad, Tuki sakuTrebis uflebis Selaxvas ufro kargad konsesuri modeli SeebrZoleba, vinaidan masSi ar iarsebebs eqspropriaciisTvis xelsayreli erTi-ani politikuri neba, korufcias pirveli SexedviT, maJo-ritaruli demokratia ukeT gadalaxavs. maJoritarizmis pirobebSi xelisufleba koncentrirebulia, da misi pasu-xismgebloba korufciis yvela saxeobaze aSkara. konsesu-ri modelis sisuste mdgomareobs pasuxismgeblobebis ga-urkvevlobaSi, masSi Znelia korufciis faqtebis mibma konkretuli politikuri Zalebis pasuxismgeblobasTan. amdenad, Tuki maJoritaruli modeli moicavs avtorita-ruli gadagvarebis risks elitaruli korufciis amoqme-debiT, konsesuri demokratia ufro meti riskis Semcve-lia masobrivi korufciis TvalsazrisiT, romelSiac fa-ruli garigebebis meSveobiT SeiZleba yvela an umetesoba politikuri Zalebisa Caebas. amis magaliTebi saqarTvelo-Si mravlad dafiqsirebula im arCevnebis dros, rodesac saarCevno adgilobrivi komisiebi, Sedgenili mravalpar-tiuli principiT, garigebebis gziT ayalbebdnen arCevne-bis Sedegebs.

konsesuri demokratiis gadagvareba korufciul sis-temad amdenad aris mTavari saSiSroeba, romelic xSirad aracnobierad gaazrebulia im moqalaqeebis mier, romle-bic "Zlieri xelis" da "stalinis" garda misi SezRudvis veranair SesaZleblobas ver xedaven. mosalodnelia, rom marTlac korufciis problema gaxdes erT-erTi mTavari gamowveva konsesuri modelis pirobebSi. magram Tavad mo-deli grZelvadiani funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi warmoad-

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gens am problemis daZlevis meqanizms. amis sawindaria is Riaoba, romelSiac moTavsebulia politikuri Sejibri saqarTveloSi, da romelSiac miTumetes ver gaqreba da ver daiZleva maSin, rodesac ar iarsebebs Zalauflebis maJoritaruli koncentrirebis centri (prezidenti). sap-rezidento sistemaSic ki, romelic amJamad arsebobs, Se-darebiT Sekruli saxelisuflebo gundis SigniT arsebu-li korufciuli garigebebi cnobili xdeba sazogadoebis-Tvis. miTumetes sarisko gaxdeba Crdilovan arakanonier garigebebze wasvla mravalpartiul viTarebaSi, sadac yo-veli faqti SesaZloa winasaarCevno propagandisTvis iqnas gamoyenebuli oponentebis mier. amdenad, korufciis daZ-leva konsesur demokratias SeuZlia, magram mxolod grZelvadian perspeqtivaze orientaciiT.

maRali umuSevroba aseve politikuri ganzomilebis momcvelia, vinaidan dasaqmebis da politikuri orientaci-is faqtorebi mWidrod korelireben erTmaneTTan (socio-logiuri gamokiTxvebis SedegebiT). ganvlil wlebSi gan-xorcielebuli politizirebuli sakadro politikis fon-ze es arc aris gasakviri. mosalodnelia, rom Tuki siste-ma Seicvala, sxvadasxva partiebis aqtivistebi arCevnebis Semdeg Tavisi liderebisgan swored rom dasaqmebas moiT-xoven, xolo liderebi pirvel rigSi maTTvis samuSao ad-gilebisTvis brZolaSi CaerTvebian. es problemac garkve-ulwilad korufciis saxeobas warmoadgens, da imave rig-Si unda iyos ganxiluli, rogorc wina problema. am Sem-TxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT korufciis SemTxvevisa, ara mediis, aramed sazogadoebis mobilizebis maRali donis SenarCu-nebis imediT unda viyoT, magram problemis gadaWra isev da isev grZelvadian perspeqtivas ukavSirdeba.

sagareo orientaciebis polarizeba da saqarTvelos sasazRvro mdgomareoba sami civilizaciis mijnaze Zabavs Sida politikur dapirispirebebs. oportunist liderebs yovelTvis aqvT SesaZlebloba am daZabulobaze iTamaSon, is ukiduresobamde miiyvanon da am faqtors aSkara nulo-vanjamovani xasiaTi SesZinon. Tuki saqarTvelos dRevan-deli yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi kvlavac dRis wesrigSi darCeba did xnis ganmavlobaSi, es gamoricxavs ara marto konsesualuri midgomebis SesaZleblobas, aramed raime saxis demokratiis damkvidrebis SesaZleblobasac. mxo-

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lod mravalpolusiani sagareo klimatis Seqmna gadaiy-vans sagareo veqtorebs aranulovanjamovani strategiebis sibrtyeSi. evropuli gavlenis zrda am mxriv erTaderT gamosavlad isaxeba. gare usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da ruseTTan stabiluri, Tu ara keTilmezobluri urTi-erTobebis damyarebis gareSe cxadia, politikuri siste-mis stabilizebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. samagierod, Tuki es miRweulia, konsesuri modeli ufro stabiluri iqneba, vinaidan momavalSi SezRudavs polarizebis sim-Zafres sagareo politikaSi da gamoricxavs "kremlis agentebis" Ziebas opoziciaSi.

ukiduresi polarizeba dResdReobiT axasiaTebs ara marto politikur elitebs, aramed sazogadoebasac. es didwilad ganpirobebulia im polarizebuli sainforma-cio sivrciT, romelic Camoyalibda jer kidev 2007 wels. nawilobriv polarizebis mizezi devs samoqalaqo sazoga-doebis formirebis im modelSi, romelic jer kidev 90-ia-ni wlebis dasawyisSi amuSavda da romelic ufro maJori-tarul, da ara konsesur demokratiebs Seesabameba (am Te-mas aq Cven farTod ver gavSliT). xelisuflebidan saa-kaSvilis wasvla TavisTavad ar moxsnis am polarizebis arsebobis faqts. polarizebidan demokratiul plura-lizmze gadasvla saWiroebs ramdenime problemis gadaW-ras.

Zalian uxeSad rom vTqvaT, dRes qarTul sazogadoe-baSi arian adamianebi, romlebic emxrobian maJoritarul mmarTvelobas, romelic upirobo Zalauflebas aqcevs er-Ti adamianis xelSi; adamianebi, romlebic iTxoven demok-ratias rogorc sazogadoebis SesaZleblobas Tavad mii-Ros monawileoba politikaSi da oportunistebi, romle-bisTvisac orive sulerTia, da cdiloben sakuTar miznebs miaRwion imdenad, ramdenadac viTareba aZlevs xels. es dayofa ar asaxavs dayofas xelisufleba-opoziciad, vina-idan orive mxares arian samive tipis adamianebi, Tumca statistikurad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom xelisuflebaSi ufro metia "maJoritari", xolo opoziciaSi "konsesua-listi".

"maJoritaristebisa" da "konsesualistebis" gadanawi-leba sazogadoebaSi geografiul da socialur ganzomi-lebebsac Seicavs. regionebis mosaxleobisTvis dResdReo-

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biT ufro racionaluria maJoritaruli modelisTvis mim-xroba, vinaidan politikaSi Tanamonawileobis SesaZleb-loba maT isedac metad SezRuduli aqvT. Tanamonawileo-bis moTxovna ufro maRalia saSualo fenaSi, vidre da-bal klasebSi, vinaidan es moTxovna izrdeba post-materi-alisturi Rirebulebebis zrdasTan erTad, rac garkveul socialur ganzomilebebsac moicavs (magaliTad, ganaTle-bis dones). amdenad, socialurad araxelsayrel mdgomare-obaSi myofi fenebis zegavlena Semdgomi demokratizaciis xasiaTze ufro maJoritarizmisken unda ubiZgebdes qveya-nas.

imisTvis, rom politikaSi Tanamonawileobis proces-ma mosaxleobis udidesi nawili moicvas, regionebis mo-saxloebas unda mieces Tanamonawileobis gacilebiT meti SesaZlebloba, vidre maT aqvT amJamad. maJoritarizmisken swrafvis Sesusteba regionebSi SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki gaixsneba regionebis politikaSi Tana-monawileobis pirdapiri arxebi. es ar gulisxmobs mxo-lod teritoriul decentralizacias da realuri TviT-mmarTvelobis Seqmnas. Zalauflebis gaziarebis principis amoqmedebaSi Zalauflebis ZiriTadi matareblebi, ro-mlebmac unda gaaZlieron saxelmwifo Tavisi aqtiuri CarTviT, swored regionebi da teritoriuli erTeulebi unda gaxdnen. centraluri xelisufleba unda gaxdes rep-rezentatuli am kuTxiT, rac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes sa-arCevno sistemis transformaciasac da orpalatiani par-lamentis Seqmnasac. regionebi unda TamaSobdnen rols centralur xelisuflebaSi, da ara iyvnen moqceulebi ad-gilobriv getoebSi Tavisi lokaluri problemebiT.

mTavari, rac albaT pozitiur rols Seasrulebs Ta-namonawileobiTi konsesuri demokratiis damkvidrebaze, aris is, rom sazogadoebam daiwyo "dabruneba" politiku-ri qmedebebis arealSi, rac xels uwyobs axal yaidaze mowyobili samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebas da sabo-loo jamSi gavlenas moaxdens politikis TamaSis wesebis "daRvinebaze". am procesSi pirvel rigSi TamaSobs rols is sajarooba, romelSiac bolo wlebSi monawileoben ara marto politikosebi, aramed politikisgan sruliad Sors mdgomi adamianebi. politikuri sajaro sivrce "ga-

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ixsna" sazogadoebisTvis, rac ar SeiZleba ar damTavrdes politikuri Zalauflebis sivrcis transformaciiT.

calke problemas warmoadgenen politikuri partiebi da politikosebi. mravalpartiuloba TavisTavad ar aris konsesualuri qcevis winapiroba. Tumca is warmoSobs am-gvari qcevis garkveul saWiroebas rogorc winasaarCevno periodSi, aseve arCevnebis Semdegac, saparlamento umrav-lesobis formirebis procesSi. magram saWiroeba imTaviT-ve qreba, rogorc ki moikribeba sakmarisi Zala, rom Zala-uflebis kontroli ganaxorcielos, da am Zalis miRma darCenili partiebi umciresobaSi datovos.

amdenad, sakiTxi dgas pirvel rigSi imaze, Tu ro-gor marTavs umravlesoba konsesusuri demokratiis piro-bebSi, da ramdenad aqvs SesaZlebloba Tavisi mmarTvelo-ba isev da isev tiraniad gadaaqcios. aris Tu ara es Se-saZleblobebi ufro farTo, Tu ufro SezRuduli rode-sac vadarebT erTmaneTs Tundac vestminsteris models (sruli pasuxismgebloba erT mmarTvel partiaze) evro-pul mowyobebTan (opozicias da sazogadoebas aqvs Tana-monawileobis garkveuli SesaZlebloba).

maJoritarul modelSi mWidrod Sekruli saparla-mento umravlesoba SesaZloa isev da isev ar uwevdes an-gariSs umciresobas, TviTneburad cvlides TamaSis wesebs da saboloo jamSi momdevno arCevnebis Catarebas azrs ukargavdes. amis sapirispirod, Tuki umciresobas aqvs sa-Tanado berketebi (vetos ufleba) raTa umravlesobis ara-sasurveli gadawyvetilebebi dablokos, man SeiZleba es ufleba borotad gamoiyenos da viTareba politikur Cix-Si Seiyvanos. rodesac partiebs ara aqvT sazogadoebasTan mWidro kavSirebi, amgvari polarizeba politikur eli-tebSi kvlavac sistemis destabilizaciis da demokratiis Sesustebis sawindari SeiZleba gaxdes.

amis sapirispirod, konsesur demokratiaSi, Tuki um-ravlesoba arademokratiuli gziT wavida, mas am gziT si-arulis SedarebiT SezRuduli SesaZlebloba eqneba. gar-kveul donemde is iqneba dabalansebuli opoziciis mier, romelsac amisTvis Sesabamisi berketebi miecema. esenia sakomiteto mowyobis wesebi, opoziciis roli parlamen-tisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis urTierTobaSi, opoziciis gavlena ama Tu im gadawyvetilebebze. amgvari

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berketebi arsebobda saqarTvelos parlamentSi 2004 wlam-de, da dRemde nawilobriv SemorCenilia. wina parlament-Si am berketebis araefeqturobas ganapirobebda ara misi Sida mowyobis naklovanebebi, aramed is, rom arsebobda prezidentis posti, romelic saparlamento zemoqmedebas ar eqvemdebareboda. am postis gauqmebis an Sesustebis SemTxvevaSi konsesualuri modelis borotad gamoyeneba umravlesobis mier SedarebiT ufro Znelia.

amasTan, mTavari, rasac iZleva konsesualuri mode-li, es aris is, rom is aZlevs partiebs warmomadgenlobi-Ti ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. partiebs aRar aqvT um-ravlesobis mozidvis saWiroeba, maT SeuZliaT gamokve-Ton specifiuri socialuri jgufebi (regionebi), sadac mZlavri dasayrdeni eqnebaT. am muSaobaSi maT realuri politikuri strategiebis gamomuSaveba mouwevT, da am strategiebis ganxorcielebisTvis zrunva parlamentSi. es yovelive gaajansaRebs saparlamento viTarebas da gadaiy-vans politikur diskurss ufro Sinaarsobrivi debatebis formatSi.

daskvna mocemuli narkvevi ar warmoadgens saqarTveloSi de-

mokratiis gadarCenis recepts. misi daniSnulebaa imis Cve-neba, rom diqtaturasa da qaoss Soris jer kidev aris darCenili mesame gza, romelic ufro Cveni SesaZleblo-baa, vidre gardauvali bedi. am gziT siaruli koleqtiu-ri qmedebis, solidarobisa da kooperirebis ufro maRal safexurebze ayvanas moiTxovs. wava Tu ara ganviTareba am gziT, damokidebulia ara akademiur statiebze, aramed sa-zogadoebis aqtivobaze. sazogadoebis dabruneba istoria-Si am istoriis damwerTa vinaobas Secvlis. an ara.

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bibliografia Carothers, Thomas. 2007. A Quarter-Century of Promoting

Democracy. Journal of Democracy. Volume 18, Number 4 October Carothers, Thomas. 2002. The End of Transitional Paradigm, Journal

of Democracy, v13, N 1, January Elster, John. 1997. The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of

Political Theory. in: Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. ed. James Bohman and Willam Rehn. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press

Heywood, Andrew 2007. Politics. Palgrave Macmillan Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms

and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. Yale University Press Morrow, JD (1994) Game Theory for Political Scientists, Princeton,

NJ: Princeton University Press

O'Donnell, Guillermo (1998). Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy 9.3 112-126

Parsons, Talcott. Edward Shils, Neil J. Smelser 2001. Toward a general theory of action: theoretical foundations for the social sciences. Transaction Publishers

Powell, G. Bingham. 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy. Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. Yale University Press

Tansey, Stephen. 1995. Politics, The Basics. Routledge

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daviT melua adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenloba

sxvadasxva politikur sistemebSi

Sesavali saxelmwifo rTuli socialuri fenomenia da realo-

baSi igi sruladac ar gaxlavT adamianTa monoliTuri erToba. istoriuli ganviTarebis yovel etapze saxelmwi-fo mravalgvar interesTa artikulaciisa da marTvis me-qanizms warmoadgenda. icvlebodnen interesTa jgufebi, Tavad interesebic magram saxelmwifos es funqcia dResac ucvlelia.

rac ufro kompleqsuri xdeboda sociumi miT ufro kompleqsuri iyo interesebi da Sesabamisad miT ufro ix-veweboda saxelmwifo institutebi. Tavad interesTa mra-valmxrivoba iTxovda imas, rom saxelmwifo saqmeebi (an SeiZleba vixmaroT “sajaro saqmeebi”, vinaidan qarTul enaSi terminologiuri sicxade jer kidev ar gvaqvs) sul ufro kompleqsuri Seqmniliyo. Tu adre xelisuflis funqcia ZiriTadad teritoriis dacva da marTlwesrigis uzrunvelyofa iyo, vaWrobis ganviTarebam da industria-lizaciam gaaCina moTxovna iseT funqciebze rogoricaa komunikacia, fosta, fulad-sakredito urTierToba, saqon-lis mimoqceva. migraciam da muSaxelis moZraobam biZgi misca iseT sajaro saqmeTa warmoSobas rogoricaa komu-naluri sfero da binaTmSenebloba. kvalificiuri muSaxe-lis moTxovnam sayovelTao ganaTlebis miwodebis kompe-tencia warmoSva da a.S.

yoveli am sajaro kompetenciis gaCena sakuTari in-teresis dasakmayofileblad, konkretuli socialuri fe-nis xangrZlivi brZolis Sedegia. swored am brZolis Se-degad icvleboda saxelmwifos saxe, iqmneboda axali in-stituciebi, yalibdeboda axali socialuri fenebi da sa-zogadoebrivi Zalebi. anu mimdinareobda is procesi, ra-sac istorikosebi uwodeben absolutizmis transformaci-as saarCevno demokratiaSi.

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am transformaciis dros aSkarad gamoikveTa sajaro interesTa ori saxe – socialuri interesi (klasebi, so-cialuri fenebi) da teritoriuli interesebi (erT areal-ze dasaxlebul adamianTa interesebi). teritoriuli inte-resebi gacilebiT kompleqsuria vidre calkeul jgufTa interesebi. radgan, jer erTi, teritoriul interesebSi ikveTeba yvela socialuri jgufis interesi da meorec, teritoriuli interesi mravaldoniania. gamartivebuli midgomiT teritoriuli interesi mxolod erT mikrosis-temasTan (xeoba, sofeli, qalaqi) identificirebuli ada-mianebis interess unda moicavdes. magram social-kultu-ruli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT adamianTa subnaciona-luri TviTidentifikaciis areali gacilebiT vrceli Se-iZleba iyos vidre erTi mikrosistemaa. igi ramdenime ase-ul aseT mikrosistemasac SeiZleba moicavdes. aseT did teritoriul warmonaqmnebs regionebi, mxareebi an miwebi ewodeba. aseTi msxvili teritoriuli erTobis Camoyali-bebaSi ori faqtori TamaSobs gansakuTrebul rols: a) social-kultuluri erTgvaroba (ena, religia, tradicie-bi da mentaloba) da b) istoriuli tradicia (istoriu-lad arsebobda rogorc calkeuli sagrafo erTiani su-zerenis mfarvelobis qveS). yovelive zemoTqmuli qmnis teritoriul interesTa erTgvar kaskads sadac mikrosis-temuri interesi (vuwodoT mas “adgilobrivi interesi) Tanaarsebobs ufro did subnacionalur interesTan (vu-wodoT mas “teritoriuli interesi). da orive maTgani Ta-naarsebobs saerTo erovnul interesebTan. aqve unda aRi-niSnos, rom adgilobriv interesTa jami ar udris teri-toriul interess da arc erovnuli interesebia mxolod teritoriul interesTa meqanikuri jami. yvela es intere-si TviTmyofadia (komplimentarulia) da maTi urTierTCa-nacvlebis (an romelime maTganis ignorirebis) SemTxveva-Si konfliqti gardauvalia.

imisda mixedviT Tu rogor aris realizebuli teri-toriuli interesebi Cven saxelmwifos mowyobis sxvadas-xva modelebi gvaqvs (unitaruli, regionuli, federalu-ri). saerTo rac yvela models axasiaTebs aris is, rom yvelgan gvaqvs minimum ori - adgilobrivi da erovnuli interesi. interesTa kvaldakval iyofa sajaro saqmeebis paketic, adgilobrivi saqmeebi (local affairs) adgilobriv in-

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teresTa realizacias emsaxureba, Sesabamisad gvaqvs regi-onaluri saqmeebi (regional affairs) da erovnuli saqmeebi (national affairs). imaze Tu ramdenad efeqturadaa realizebu-li teritoriuli interesebi, ramdenad harmoniulad Tana-arseboben sxvadasxva donis saqmeebi erTmaneTTan, damoki-debulia demokratiuli stabiluroba TiToeul qveyanaSi.

am statiaSi Cven ver SevexebiT subnacionalur (te-ritoriul) interesebs da maT warmomadgenlobas. saxel-mwifos teritoriuli mowyobisa da konstitucionalizmis es vrceli sakiTxi Cveni statiis farglebs scildeba. Cve-ni amocanaa ganvixiloT Tu rogoria adgilobrivi inte-resTa realizaciis formebi sxvadasxva politikuri sis-temebSi da am informaciis Suqze gavaanalizoT saqarTve-los realoba.

1. adgilobriv interesTa warmomadgenloba

evropaSi

2.1 adgilobriv saqmeTa gageba evropaSi istoriulad, evropelis cnobierebaSi mikrosistema

(Temi, komuna) dakavSirebuli iyo saerTo wylis resur-sTan, saerTo tyis resursTan, saerTo saZovarTan. mogvia-nebiT am erTobas daemata saerTo religiuri/sakulto obieqti (eklesia). zogadad, evropaSi eklesiam udidesi roli iTamaSa „adgilobrivi saqmeebis“ institutis Camoya-libebaSi. eklesia axdenda Temis wevrebis registracias, xolo Crdilo evropaSi asrulebda Temis maorganizebeli Zalis rols. dResac evropis bevr qveyanaSi terminebi „Temi“ da „mrevli“ erTmaneTis sinonimebia.

Sesabamisad adgilobrivi interesi efuZneba mikro-sistemas da masSi mcxovreb adamianTa survils hqondeT ukeTesi garemo da Sesabamisi yofiTi pirobebi. aqedan ga-momdinare, dRes evropaSi adgilobriv saqmeTa portfels ganekuTvneba is amocanebi romelic uzrunvelyofs sac-xovrebeli garemosa da saarsebo pirobebis gaumjobese-bas. rogorc wesi aseT saqmeebis ganekuTvneba Semdegi sferoebi:

komunaluri momsaxureba – moicavs yvela im kompe-tencias rac aucilebelia dasaxlebaTa sicocxlisunaria-

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onobisa da komfortulobis asamaRleblad, adamianis bi-nadrobis mavne zemoqmedebis Sesamcireblad. (sasmeli wylis miwodeba, narCenebis gatana da gadamuSaveba, kana-lizacia da saniaRvre sistemebi, gaTboba, elqtroenergi-iT momarageba, transporti, gamwvaneba, skverebisa da baRe-bis movla, sasaflaoebi).

teritoriaTa ganviTareba – moicavs Semdeg kompeten-ciebs: teritoriuli gegmareba da urbanuli dagegmva; bi-naTmSenebloba, gzebi da komunikaciebi, tyis safarisa da wylis resursebis marTva, teritoriaTa zonireba da so-cial-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis marTva, miwaTsargeblobi-sa da uZravi qonebis reglamentireba da sxva.

adamianuri faqtoris ganviTareba – moicavs Semdeg kompetenciebs: bavSvTa movla da dawyebiTi ganaTleba, dasvenebisa da garTobis obieqtebi, miusafarTa ganTavse-ba, moxucebulTa movla, kultura da sporti, saritualo momsaxureba, saSualo da profesiuli ganaTleba.

CamoTvlil kompetenciaTa aRsrulebisTvis adgilebze unda iyos Sesabamisi uflebamosilebani, kerZod:

maregulirebeli uflebamosileba – rac niSnavs rom adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone instituts unda SeeZlos politikis SemuSaveba da TiToeuli kompe-tenciis ganxorcielebisTvis aucilebeli normatiuli ba-zis miReba;

administraciuli uflebamosileba – rac niSnavs rom adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone insti-tuts unda SeeZlos aucilebeli sajaro dawesebulebebis da administraciuli organoebis Seqmna

safinanso uflebamosileba - rac niSnavs rom adgi-lobrivi saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone instituts un-da SeeZlos saWiro sajaro finansebis mobilizeba da marTva, adgilobrivi biujetebis damtkiceba, Sesruleba da kontroli;

qonebrivi uflebamosileba - rac niSnavs rom adgi-lobrivi saqmeebis marTvis funqciis mqone instituts un-da SeeZlos saWiro qonebis floba da gankargva.

erTaderTi dokumenti romelic saerTo evropul standarts adgens aris evropis sabWos “adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartia”. igi evropis sabWos wevr TiToeul saxelmwifos akisrebs valdebulebas rom

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moaxdinos adgilobriv saqmeTa marTvis funqciis gadace-ma adgilebze. es qartia ambobs, rom im organos romelic adgilobriv saqmeebs marTavs unda hqondes sruli (oTxi-ve saxis) uflebamosileba raTa adgilobrivi saqmeebi mar-Tos „damoukideblad da sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis qveS“ (anu avtonomiurad).

amrigad, evropis qartia mkafiod gamijnavs adgilob-rivi saqmeebis marTvas erovnuli saqmeebis marTvisgan. swored amitom, institucias romelic adgilobrivi inte-resebis realizebas axdens da gankargvas adgilobriv saq-meebs, ewodeba „adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo“ an „adgilobrivi xelisufleba“

yovelive es ar niSnavs, rom centralur xelisufle-bas adgilobriv saqmeebTan mimarTebaSi roli ara aqvs. pi-riqiT, centraluri xelisuflebis roli umniSvnelovane-sia. uwinares yovlisa, swored centraluri xelisufleba adgens, Tu ra kompetenciebi unda Sediodes adgilobriv saqmeTa portfelSi, radgan es umeteswilad damokidebu-lia qveynis politikur sistemaze, kulturasa da istori-ul ganviTarebaze, Sesabamisad, zog qveyanaSi es portfe-li didia, zogSi ki patara (ix, cxrili N1). aseve, centra-luri xelisufleba zedamxedvelobas uwevs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs, raTa maT daicvan kanon-mdebloba, qveynis suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTli-anobis principebi. qveynis centraluri xelisufleba uz-runvelyofs saerTo erovnul solidarobas da SesaZleb-lad Tanabar pirobebs qmnis yvela TviTmmarTveli erTeu-lisTvis. aseTi urTierTmimarTeba erovnul da adgilob-riv doneebs Soris aucilebelia qveynisa da sazogadoe-bis erTianobis SesanarCuneblad.

Sejamebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas rom evropaSi adgi-lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arseboba emyareba 4 ZiriTad princips

1. adgilobrivi interesebis legitimurobis aRiarebas da maT gansxvavebas saerTo erovnuli interesebisgan;

2. adgilobriv saqmeTa mkveTr gamijvnas saerTo erov-nuli saqmeebidan;

3. adgilobriv saqmeTa damoukideblad marTvis ufle-bis aRiarebas;

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4. saerTo erovnuli solidarobis da kanonis uzenae-sobis primatis aRiarebas rogorc erovnuli aseve adgi-lobrivi xelisuflebis mier.

zemoCamoTvlili oTxive komponenti umniSvnelovane-sia da erTi maTganis amovardnis SemTxvevaSi mTeli sis-tema dgeba kraxis winaSe. swored adgilobriv saqmeTa am-gvari gageba aris evropuli demokratiis mTavari ganmas-xvavebeli niSani, rogorc totalitaruli (an avtorita-ruli) saxelmwifoebidan aseve aziuri tipis politikuri reJimebidan. radgan aq adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba uwinaresad faseulobaTa sistemas emyareba da Semdeg po-litikur Tu ekonomikur motivacias.

2.2 adgilobriv interesTa institucionalizacia TavisTavad cxadia, rom adgilobrivi saqmeebis mar-

Tvas Sesabamisi xelisufleba esaWiroeba. es xelisufleba sajaro administrirebis damoukidebeli rgolia, radgan igi eqskluziurad adgilobriv saqmeTa marTvisTvis unda iqnes Seqmnili. adgilobrvi TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartia adgens zogad standarts rom „adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTveloba unda xorcieldebodes xalxis mier sayovel-Tao, pirdapiri da faruli kenWisyriT arCeuli warmomad-genlebis mier, romelTac eqvemdebareba da angariSs aba-rebs adgilobrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba“.

am standartiT TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartia ganmartavs rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba xorciel-deba saarCevno demokratiis meSveobiT, xolo Tu rogori iqneba TviTmmarTvelobis Sida struqtura es aris erov-nuli kanonmdeblobis gadasawyveti, radgan TviTmmarTve-lobis instituciuri mowyoba didad aris damokidebuli qveyanaSi arsebul politikur sistemaze, kulturasa da tradiciebze. mTavari moTxovna rasac qartia ayenebs gax-lavT is rom adgilobrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba unda emorCilebodes da angariSs abarebdes adgilobri-vad arCeul pirebs, rac aucilebelia adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTvelobis organos erTianobis SesanarCuneblad.

TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyoba sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi sxvadasxvagvaria, rac ZiriTadad damokidebulia imaze Tu sajaro saqmeTa marTvis da ga-dawyvetilebis miRebis rogori kulturaa damkvidrebuli

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konkretul qveyanaSi. zogadad SeiZleba ori tipi gamoi-yos: pirveli – rodesac marTva emyareba Zlier lidero-bas da umravlesobis nebis upirobo gatarebas da meore – rodesac marTva emyareba konsesuss da mravalgvari inte-resis monawileobas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Cven gvaqvs Zlie-ri, pirdapiri wesiT arCeuli meris instituti, romelic aris adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis umaRlesi piri da romelic xelmZRvanelobs adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis rogorc warmomadgenlobiT aseve aRmasrulebel organos. meore SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs arCeuli warmomadgenlobiTi or-gano romelic Tavisi Semadgenlobidan irCevs TviTmmar-Tvelobis pirvel pirs, rac Seexeba adgilobriv aRmasru-lebel xelisuflebas zogan igi imarTeba daniSnuli mene-jeris mier, zogan ki arCeuli warmomadgenlobiTi organo sakuTari wevrebiT akompleqtebs aRmasrulebel komite-tebs, romelic axdens Sesabamisis adgilobrivi samsaxure-bis marTvas. evropaSi orive modeli aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, iseTi qveynebi rogoricaa: germania (zogierTi miwa), ita-lia, rumineTi, slovakeTi iyenebs merebis arCevis pirda-pir wess. iseTi qveynebi rogoricaa espaneTi (damokidebu-lia municipalitetis zomaze), irlandia, norvegia, Svede-Ti, dania, CexeTi iyeneben adgilobrivi sabWos mier arCeu-li merebis instituts. aRsaniSnavia, rom meri evropaSi arCeuli piris sinonimia, magram, miuxedvad amisa, belgia-Si merebi monarqis mier iniSnebian. (ixile cxrili 2)

Zalze Znelia imis Tqma Tu TviTmmarTvelobis insti-tucionaluri mowyobis romeli gza sjobia. am sakiTxze didi xania mimdinareobs msjeloba, magram rac dro gadis cxadi xdeba, rom konkretuli qveynisTvis yvelaze ukeTe-sia is modeli romelic yvelaze ufro metad miesadageba mis politikur sistemas da tradiciebs, romelic yvelaze ufro metad iZleva adgilobrivi interesebis realizebis saSualebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmar-Tvelobis instituciuri mowyobis niderlandebis modeli evropis sabWos mxridan mkacri kritikis sagania, Tavad am qveynis politikuri speqtris mier arasdros dasmula rea-lurad am sistemis reformirebis sakiTxi, radgan igi farTo politikuri konsensusis sagani iyo da aseTad rCeba dResac.

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aris mTeli rigi qveynebisa, romlebic gaSualebul variants iyeneben, sadac meri pirdapiraa arCeuli magram warmomadgenlobiT organos aqvs meris gadawyvetilebebze vetos dadebis ufleba da municipaluri samsaxurebis uSualo marTvas axorcielebs municipaluri kabineti, ro-melic warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier mtkicdeba (Tur-qeTi, ukraina, poloneTi). aris magaliTebi sadac saka-nonmdeblo organo Zalze Zlieria da municipaluri kabi-netis wevrebi imavdroulad arian adgilobrivi warmomad-genlobiTi organos wevrebi, aq xSirad municipaluri mTavroba koaliciuria (e.w. norvegiuli „miniparlamenta-rizmis“ modeli).

am mravalferovnebidan mxolod erTi kanonzomiere-bis dadgena SeiZleba, Zlieri da pirdapir arCeuli meris SemTxvevaSi maRalia pirovnuli legitimacia, rac impera-tiuli politikis gatarebis saSualebas iZleva. dabalan-sebuli modelis SemTxvevaSi (sakrebulo vetos uflebiT) sistema efeqturad muSaobs Tu mers aqvs myari umravle-soba sakrebuloSi, Tu meri aseTi mxardaWeriT ver sar-geblobs maSin municipalitetis saqmianoba torpedirebu-lia (q.kievis magaliTi), radgan Tavs iCens politikuri krizisi romlis gadaWris erTaderTi gza xSir SemTxveva-Si pirdapiri saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da adgilobrivi arCevnebia.

rac Seexeba arapirdapir arCeuli meris instituts (susti meri Zlieri sakrebulo) aq politikis SemuSavebi-sa da gatarebis procesi erTob rTuli da xangrZlivia, radgan igi gulisxmobs konsensuss mraval interess So-ris, Tumca rogorc wesi aseT sistemaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da politika ufro dabalansebulia. Tumca, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom es sistema warmatebiT muSaobs mxolod politikuri pluralizmis tradiciebis mqone qveynebSi. Tu am sistemas movargebT erTpartiul ga-remos (partia-saxelmwifos models) maSin adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba srulad dakargavs damoukideblobas, radgan Zalze didi iqneba mmarTveli partiis zegavlena adgilobriv saqmeebze da aseT pirobebSi rogorc wesi „centraluri saqmeebi“ „adgilobriv saqmeebze“ batonoben. monopartiul sistemaSi, pirdapir arCeuli meris institu-ti ufro amarTlebs, radgan maRali legitimaciis mqone

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adamianebi ufro axerxeben partiuli kontrolis mimarT moqnilobis SenarCunebas vidre kolegialuri organoebi, sadac yovelTvis SeiZleba „dahyavi da ibatone“ principis gamoyeneba.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas rom, politikuri sistemebi mkafio gavlenas axdenen TviTmmarTvelobis in-stituciur mowyobaze. saparlamento respublikebi ufro iyeneben „arapirdapir arCeuli meris“ an Sualedur mo-dels, maSin rodesac saprezidento sistemebSi ufro „Zlieri meris“ modelia gavrcelebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobriv saqmeTa marTvis instituciuri mowyobis dax-vewa jer kidev mimdinareobs. gansakuTrebiT mravalmxrivi gaxda es procesi sabWoTa sistemis kraxis Semdeg, rode-sac aRmosavleT evropis bevr qveyanaSi daiwyo evropuli stilis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis damkvidreba. ram-denime qveyanam (poloneTi, litva, bulgareTi) ramdenjer-me Secvala adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciu-ri mowyobis modeli da bevrgan es procesi jer kidev ar aris dasrulebuli.

2.3 adgilobrivi saarCevno sistemebi adgilobrivi saarCevno sistema damokidebulia or

mTavar faqtorze municipalitetebis zomaze da politi-kur kulturaze. municipalitetis zoma ZiriTadad ganapi-robebs imas Tu vin arian saarCevno subieqtebi - politi-kuri partiebi Tu individebi.

rac ufro patara zomisaa adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-lobis organo, miT ufro naklebad mimzidvelia igi po-litikuri partiebisTvis da aq ZiriTadad pirovnebebi (romlebic SeiZleba partiebis warmomadgenlebic iyvnen) ibrZvian mandatebisTvis. rigi qveynebis patara erTeuleb-Si (100-ze naklebi amomrCveli) saerTod ar airCeva warmo-madgenlobiTi organo da mis funqcias moqalaqeTa saer-To kreba asrulebs ( mag. espaneTSi). msxvili erTeulebi (10 000 meti amomrCeveli) politikuri partiebisTvis er-Tob mimzidvelia, radgan aq ufro meti mmarTvelobiTi funqcia da finansuri resursebia Tavmoyrili. rogorc wesi msxvili TviTmmarTveli erTeulebi evropaSi nakle-bad arian finansurad damokidebuli centralur xeli-suflebaze, rac partiebs adgilobriv saqmeebTan mimarTe-

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baSi damoukidebeli politikis gatarebis saSualebas aZ-levs. Sesabamisad, msxvil erTeulebSi adgilobrivi ar-Cevnebis ZiriTadi subieqtebi politikuri partiebi arian.

msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu realuri TviTmmarTvelo-bis pirobebSi vin ufro ukeT warmoadgens adgilobriv interess - partiis saxeliT gasuli sakrebulos wevri Tu damoukidebeli deputati - fuWi msjelobaa, radgan arCeu-li politikosis erTaderTi funqcia adgilobrivi inte-resebis warmodgenaa da xelisuflebaSi mosuli individi Tu politikuri Zala Zalauflebas ver SeinarCunebs Tu am moTxovnas ar upasuxebs.

zogadad, iTvleba rom damoukidebeli deputati Ta-visufalia partiuli valdebulebebisgan da igi mTel Za-lisxmevas eleqtorats axmars, magram es sisustec SeiZ-leba iyos, radgan partiis warmomadgenels aqvs politi-kuri mxardaWera da mas ufro gauioldeba im sakiTxebis mogvareba romelic centraluri xelisuflebis an sxva politikuri ZalTa mxardaWeras saWiroebs. praqtika aseve mowmobs, rom damoukidebeli deputatebi ufro iolad eq-cevian centraluri xelisuflebis gavlenis qveS, vidre is deputatebi visac partiuli kuTvnileba da pasuxis-mgebloba aqvT. ase rom „damoukideblobas“ pliusebTan erTad mravali minusic SeiZleba hqondes.

meore faqtori rac gavlenas axdens warmomadgenlo-baze aris saarCevno sistema. aseTi sistema oria: propor-ciuli warmomadgenloba – sadac mandatebi warmomadgen-lobiT organoSi nawildeba amomrCevlebis mier saarCevno subieqtebisTvis micemuli xmebis proporciulad (avstria, belgia, bulgareTi da sxva) da maJoritaruli – sadac adgilebi warmomadgenlobiT organoSi miaqvs im saarCevno subieqts vinc meti xma moagrova arCevnebSi (britaneTi, safrangeTi, serbia da sxva). xSirad gvxdeba Sereuli va-riantic, sadac orive saxis warmomadgenlobaa. dReisaT-vis evropaSi yvela zemoCamoTvlili varianti gamoiyeneba (ix cxrili 3). iTvleba, rom proporciuli warmomadgen-loba ufro ukeT asaxavs adgilobriv interesebs da po-litikur ZalTa balanss vidre sistema roca „gamarjve-buls miaqvs yvelaferi“. Tumca am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi politikis SemuSaveba da gatareba ufro iolia.

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partiuli siebiT arCevnebis dros biuletenSi xmis micemis sami wesi moqmedebs. pirvelia e.w. „Ria siebi“ ro-desac amomrCevels SeuZlia xma misces sxvadasxva kandi-datebs sxvadasxva partiul siaSi, meore e.w. „naxevrad da-xuruli sia“ – sadac amomrCevels SeuZlia Semoxazos ramdenime kandidati mxolod erT partiul siaSi, da mesa-me e.w. „daxuruli sia“ – sadac amomrCeveli xmas aZlevs mTlianad partiul sias.

im SemTxvevaSi Tu saarCevno subieqtebi arian poli-tikuri partiebis an sainiciativo jgufis mier wardgeni-li individebi (rogorc CvenTan uwodeben – „maJoritaru-li arCevnebi“), maSin moqmedebs ori principi: pirveli - „Ria biuleteni“, sadac CamoTvlilia yvela kandidati da amomrCeveli Semoxazavs imdens, ramdeni adgilicaa warmo-madgenlobiT organoSi (erTi mravalmandatiani olqi), an meore - TviTmmarTvelobis teritoria iyofa imden saar-Cevno olqad ramdeni adgilicaa sakrebuloSi da TiToeu-li olqi ubralo umravlesobiT (50%+1 xma) irCevs sakre-bulos erT wevrs (mravali erTmandatiani olqi).

evropis qveynebi orive wess aqtiurad iyeneben, xSi-ria SemTxvevebi rodesac erTi qveyana mcire zomis erTeu-lebisTvis iyenebs e.w. „maJoritarul arCevnebs“ xolo di-di zomis TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulebisTvis - proporci-ul arCevnebs. (ix. cxrili ). rac Seexeba politikur sis-temebs, cnobilia rom saparlamento respublikebi adgi-lobrivi sabWoebis asarCevad umetesad Sereul da pro-porciul warmomadgenlobas iyeneben. xolo meris pirda-piri wesiT arCevis dros ki umTavresad maJoritaruli warmomadgenloba gamoiyeneba.

kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtori romelic gav-lenas hpovebs warmomadgenlobaze aris „warmomadgenlo-bis done“ (anu mandatebis korelacia amomrCevlis raode-nobasTan). evropaSi warmomadgenlobis karg doned iTvle-ba roca erTi adgilobrivi deputatis ukan 2 500 - 5 000 amomrCevelia, Tumca realobaSi arian erTeulebi sadac es cifri 1 000 amomrCevelze naklebia (safrangeTi) an zo-gan 500 000 amomrCevelze metia (didi britaneTi). ase rom erTiani standarti aq ar arsebobs da „warmomadgenlobis done“ damokidebulia ara imdenad politikur sistemaze, ramdenadac teritoriul-administraciul mowyobaze.

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rogorc wesi adgilobriv arCevnebSi moqmedebs igive uflebrivi reJimi rac centraluri parlamentis arCevne-bis dros. gansxvaveba minimaluria. kerZod, evropis ume-tes qveynebSi adgilobriv warmomadgenlobiT organoebSi aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba miniWebulia 18 wlidan, maSin roca centralur parlamentebSi arCevisTvis bevr qveyana-Si minimaluri asakobrivi zRvari 25 welia. kidev erTi specifika rac adgilobriv arCevnebs axasiaTebs is gax-lavT, rom nebadarTulia ara marto moqalaqeobis mqone, aramed binadrobis mqone pirebis monawileobac. es ganpi-robebulia „adgilobrivi saqmeebis“ bunebiT, radgan es saqmeebi ZiriTadad sacxovrebel garemosTanaa dakavSire-buli, Sesabamisad pasiuri saarCevno ufleba eniWeba yve-las vinc am arealze cxovrobs. Tumca zogierTi qveyana mainc iyenebs daTqmebs, magaliTad did britaneTSi es uf-leba aqvT mxolod Tanamegobrobis saxelmwifoTa moqala-qeebs, espaneTSi mxolod norvegiis moqalaqeebs, sxva ev-ropuli qveynebis absolutur umravlesobaSi ki yvelas visac binadrobis ufleba aqvs.

pirdapiri demokratia rogorc adgilobrivi warmomadgenlobis instrumenti adgilobrivi interesebis warmomadgenlobaze didi

gavlena aqvs agreTve imas Tu rogoraa organizebuli ad-gilobrivi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi. radgan ga-dawyvetilebebis miRebis dros adgilobrivi interesebi SeiZleba warmodgenili iqnen ara marto saarCevno demok-ratiis meSveobiT (rogorc amas TviTmmarTvelobis evro-puli qartia iTxovs) aramed pirdapiri demokratiis in-strumentebis gamoyenebiTac.

pirdapiri demokratiis instrumentebia moqalaqeTa komitetebi, sajaro Sexvedrebi, sakonsultacio jgufebi, rac kargad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli adgilobrivi in-teresebis dasacavad. Tumca saarCevno demokratiisgan gan-sxvavebiT pirdapiri demokratia ar aris garantirebuli kanonmdeblobiT da igi ZiriTadad adgilobrivi xelisuf-lebis politikur nebazea damokidebuli.

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dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom pirdapiri demokratiis ga-moyeneba ZiriTadad xdeba im qveynebSi sadac politikuri pasuxismgebloba gadanawilebulia mraval subieqts So-ris, xolo iq sadac moqmedebs modeli „gamarjvebuls mi-aqvs yvelaferi“, pirdapir demokratiis imitacia xdeba da ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebani mainc umravlesobis nebiT wydeba.

zogadad Zlieri sakrebulos arsebobis pirobebSi ufro iolia pirdapiri demokratiis amuSaveba da igive Crdilo evropis gamocdileba mowmobs rom samoqalaqo jgufebs aq ufro meti gavlena aqvT gadawyvetilebis mi-Rebis procesze vidre igive did britaneTsa Tu italiaSi.

2. daskvna da Sedareba saqarTvelosTan

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adgilobrivi interesebis warmodgenis efeqturi instituti aris adgi-lobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, romlis warmomadgenlobiTi organo valdebulia amomrCevlis interesebis Sesabamisad marTos adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebi. miuxedavad imisa rom mraval evropul qveyanaSi adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTvelobis organoebi adgilobrivi saqmeebis marTvis paralelurad, centraluri xelisuflebis mier delegi-rebul amocanebsac asruleben, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-loba uwinaresad mainc adgilobrivi interesebis reali-zaciis instrumentia.

evropis gamocdileba gviCvenebs rom TviTmmarTvelo-bis instituciuri mowyoba da adgilobrivi warmomadgen-loba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli konkretuli qveynis politikur sistemaze, politikur kulturasa da sazoga-doebriv institutebze. mravalmxriv interesTa warmomad-genlobiT gamoirCevian konsensusis miRwevaze damyarebu-li politikuri sistemebi da saparlamento respublikebi, Tumca maJoritarizmis principebze damyarebuli warmomad-genloba ufro met operatiulobasa da simartives avlens. gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom SeuZlebelia saubari rome-lime konkretuli modelis optimalurobaze, radgan yove-li modeli morgebulia sakuTar garemosa da sazogadoe-baze.

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Tumca, imavdroulad, saxezea procesebi axal demok-ratiebSi, sadac jer kidev ar aris myarad formirebuli politikuri sistema da institutebi. Sesabamisad, am de-mokratiebSi kvlav mimdinareobs warmomadgenlobis srul-yofa da realuri adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis orga-noebis formireba.

erTerTi aseTi qveyanaa saqarTveloc. igi istoriu-li ganviTarebis Sedegad metad mravalferovan adgilob-riv Tu teritoriul interesebs Seicavs, rasac Tan er-Tvis separatistuli regionebis problemac. logikurad, adgilobrivi interesebis realizaciis efeqturi institu-tebis Seqmna qveynis politikuri elitis umTavresi saz-runavi unda iyos, magram damoukideblobis gamocxadebi-dan 18-e wlisTavze es sakiTxi jer kidev ar aris mogvare-buli. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba saqarTveloSi jer kidev Canasaxis mdgomareobaSi rCeba.

amgvar realobas mravali gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs. mag-ram umTavresi mainc ramdenimea, kerZod:

- qarTuli mentaloba jer kidev ver asxvavebs adgi-lobriv interesebs nacionaluri interesebidan. ufro me-tic, adgilobrivi interesebis wina planze wamowevas xSi-rad separatizmTan igivdeba. es mentaluri xarvezi Tanab-rad axasiaTebs rogorc ubralo moqalaqes aseve politi-kuri speqtris absolutur umravlesobas;

- ar aris aRiarebuli adgilobriv saqmeTa institu-ti da adgilobrivi xelisufleba centraluris meqanikur gagrZelebad miiCneva. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis sab-Wos zewoliT 2005 wlis “adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos organul kanonSi naTlad Caiwera adgilobriv saqmeTa avtonomiurobis principi da ganisaz-Rvra misi iuridiuli CarCoebi, centraluri xelisufleba mainc eweva intervencionistul politikas Zalze bevri adgilobrivi kompetenciis mimarT. es gamoixateba rogorc organul kanonSi Setanili cvlilebebiT, aseve mmarTve-lobiTi praqtikiT, roca qveynis prezidenti wyvets ro-mel qalaqSi ra iersaxis Senobebi unda aSendes da amaSi sazogadoeba verafer ucnaurs ver xedavs.

calke Temaa politikuri sistemis da demokratiuli institutebis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi. dRes arsebuli sis-tema ufro morgebulia pirovnul gadawyvetilebebze vid-

81

re instituciebsa da xangrZlivvadian politikaze. Tavad saxelmwifo mowyobis sakiTxic jer ar aris jerovnad ganxiluli, amitomac Zalze Znelia msjeloba imaze, Tu ra saxis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba iqneboda efeqtu-ri saqarTveloSi. 2006 wels ganxorcielebulma TviTmmar-Tvelobis konsolidaciis reformam realuri Zvrebi ver moaxdina radgan mas ar moyolia realuri Zalauflebis gadacema adgilebze. Sesabamisad axali msxvili municipa-litetebi, manamde arsebuli wvrili municipalitetebis darad, kvlav ver uzrunvelyofen adgilobrivi interese-bis realizacias.

is rom saqarTveloSi ver moxerxda evropuli gamo-cdilebis gaziarebis safuZvelze adgilobrivi interese-bis warmodgenisa da realizaciisTvis aucilebeli insti-tutebis Seqmna, ar niSnavs rom es interesebi sadme dai-karga. isini arseboben da TandaTan transformirdebian konfliqtSi centralur da adgilobriv xelisuflebas Soris. jerjerobiT centraluri xelisufleba partiuli, administraciuli, sapolicio da propagandistuli saSua-lebebiT axerxebs am konfliqtis marTul sazRvrebSi moq-cevas. magram damokles maxviliviT hkidia qarTuli poli-tikuri sistemis Tavze riski imisa, rom konkretul momen-tSi es konfliqti axali ZaliT ifeTqebs.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. Local and regional authorities in Europe N60. Council of Europe Publishing 1998

2. Local authority competences in Europe, Study of the European Committee on Local and Regional Democracy (CDLR) Prepared with the collaboration of Gérard Marcou, Professor at Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne University, 2007

3. Local government in the New Europe. Ed. Bennett R.C. Landon 1999

82

danarTebi

cxrili 1. kompetenciebis ganawileba adgilobriv

doneze qveynebis mixedviT

adgilobrivi kompetenciebi

ger

mani

a

espaneTi

saf

rangeT

i

ung

reT

i

ital

ia

nider

landeb

i

portugal

ia

gaerTianebu

li

samef

o

SvedeT

i

administraciuli poli-cia/sazogadoebrivi usaf-rTxoeba

X X X X

urbanuli gegmareba X X X X X X X X X mSeneblobis licenzireba X X X X X X X X garemos dacva binaTmSenebloba X X X X X X X X sabinao fondis marTva X X X X X X X X X usaxlkaroTa gansaxleba X X X X X X X socialuri dacva da socia-luri programebi

X X X X X X X X

ganaTlebis dawesebulebaTa kapitaluri xarjebi

X X X X X X X X

skolamdeli ganaTleba X X X X X X X X X saSualo ganaTlebis siste-mis marTva

adgilobrivi saavadmyofoebi X X X X X X X poliklinikebi X X X X X X X X gzebi da transporti X X X X X X X X X sasmeli wylis miwodeba X X X X X X X X X eleqtroenergia X X X X X X X bunebrivi gazi X X X X X X social-ekonomikuri ganviTa-rebis dagegmva

X X X X X X X X X

adgilobrivi qonebis marTva X X X X X X X X X kanalizacia X X X X X X X X X nagvis gatana X X X X X X X X X sasaflaoebi da saritualo momsaxureba

X X X X X X X X

gare-ganaTeba, parkebi da gamwvaneba

X X X X X X X X X

samisamarTe meurneoba X X X X X X X X X kultura da sporti X X X X X X

83

wyaro: Local authority competences in Europe CDLR 2007

cxrili 2 merebis arCevis sistema evropis qveynebSi

qveyana

uflebamo-silebis vada (we-

li)

pirdapiri/ara-pirdapiri arCevnebi

saWiro umravlesoba

avstria 5-6 pirdapiri/ arapirdapiri

-

belgia 6 iniSneba monar-qis mier

-

bulgareTi 4 pirdapiri amomrCevelTa 50%+1 kviprosi 5 pirdapiri ubralo

estoneTi 3 arapirdapiri sabWos wevrTa umrav-lesoba -

safrangeTi 6 arapirdapiri sabWos wevrTa kvali-ficiuri umravlesoba

germania 5-12 pirdapiri amomrCevelTa 50%+1

irlandia 1 arapirdapiri sabWos wevrTa kvali-ficiuri umravlesoba

italia 4 pirdapiri amomrCevelTa 50%+1

norvegia 4 arapirdapiri sabWos wevrTa kvali-ficiuri umravlesoba

rumineTi 4 pirdapiri amomrCevelTa 50%+1 slovakeTi 4 pirdapiri amomrCevelTa 50%+1

espaneTi 4 arapirdapi-ri***

sabWos wevrTa kvali-ficiuri umravlesoba

TurqeTi 5 pirdapiri ubralo

wyaro: Local and regional authorities in Europe N60. Council of Europe Publishing 1998

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! avstriaSi arCevnebis wesi damokidebulia municipalitetis sidideze, orive SemTxvevaSi, arCeva xdeba ubralo umravlesobiT patara erTeulebSi sakmarisia kenWisyraSi monawileTa ubralo umrav-

lesoba im erTeulebSi, sadac amomrCveli 100-ze naklebia, meri airCeva saxal-

xo krebis mier ubralo umravlesobiT

84

cxrili 3. adgilobrivi sabWoebis arCevis wesi evropaSi

qveyana

vada

saarCevno

sis

tema

partiu

li

sia

gad

asac

emi

xma

saarCevno

barieri

subi

eqti

avstria 5-6 proporciuli daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli

diax ara partiebi

belgia 6 proporciuli daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli

diax ara partiebi da damoukidebeli

bulga-reTi

4 proporciuli daxuruli ara ara partiebi

kvipro-si

5 proporciuli daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli

diax ara partiebi

estone-Ti

3 proporciuli daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli

diax 5% partiebi da damoukidebeli

safran-geTi

6 maJoritaru-li (50%<)

damokidebu-lia munici-palitetis sidideze

damoki-debulia municipa-litetis sidideze

5-10% partiebi da damoukidebeli

irlan-dia

5 proporciuli erTi ga-dasacemi xma

ara partiebi da damoukidebe-li

italia 4 Sereuli daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli

diax ara partiebi

norve-gia

4 proporciuli Ria sia diax ara partiebi da damoukidebeli

rumine-Ti

4 proporciuli daxuruli ara ara partiebi da damoukidebeli

slova-keTi

4 maJoritaru-li (ubralo)

daxuruli ara ara partiebi da damoukidebeli

espaneTi 4 proporciuli (garda patara erTeulebisa)

daxuruli ara 3% partiebi

SvedeTi 4 proporciuli daxuruli da naxevrad daxuruli

diax ara partiebi da damoukidebeli

Turqe-Ti

5 proporciuli daxuruli ara 10% partiebi da damoukidebeli

gaerTi-anebuli samefo

4 maJoritaruli erTi ga-dasacemi xma

ara partiebi da damoukidebeli

wyaro: Local and regional authorities in Europe N60. Council of Europe Publishing 1998

85

cxrili 4. aqtiuri da pasiuri saarCevno ufleba evropaSi

qveyana pasiu

ri

(asaki)

aqtiu

ri

(asaki)

qveyana

pasiu

ri

(asaki)

aqtiu

ri

(asaki)

albaneTi 18 18 litva 18 18 andora 18 18 luqsemburgi 18 21 avstria 18/20 18/20 malta 18 18 belgia 18 18 moldova 18 21 bulgareTi 18 18 niderlandebi 18 18 xorvatia 18 18 norvegia 18 18 kviprosi 18 25 poloneTi 18 18 CexeTi 18 18 portugalia 18 18 dania 18 18 rumineTi 18 23 estoneTi 18 18 ruseTi 18 21 fineTi 18 18 san marino 18 18 safrangeTi 18 18 slovakeTi 18 18 (25 me-

ri) germania 16/18 18 slovenia 18 18 saberZneTi 18 18 espaneTi 18 18 ungreTi 18 18 SvedeTi 18 18 islandia 18 18 Sveicaria 18 18 irlandia 18 18 makedonia 18 18 italia 18 18 TurqeTi 18 25 latvia 18 18 ukraina 18 21 lixtenSteini 20 20 gaerTianebuli

samefo 18 21

wyaro: Local and regional authorities in Europe N60. Council of

Europe Publishing 1998

86

Zalauflebis dayofa - eTnikuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis gza

statia momzadebulia, xatia nadaraias mier, Donald

Rothild, Philip G. Roeder “Dilemas os State-Building in Divieded Sociaties�’, Ddonald rotCildisa da filip roderis wignze, “saxelmwifos mSeneblobis dilema dayofil sazogadoe-bebSi” dayrdnobiT.

qveyanaSi, sadac adre avtokratiuli reJimi arse-

bobda, axla ki uwesrigo, daulagebeli politikaa, demok-ratiis wamaxalisebeli samTavrobo institutebis mowyo-bis mcdelobisas, eTnikuri jgufebis liderebma Zalauf-lebiT aRWurvili umravlesobis tiraniisagan dacva SeiZ-leba moiTxovon. umciresobis liderebi SiSoben, rom um-ravlesobis politikuri gadawyvetilebebi da maT mier mi-Rebuli kanonebi maT mudam wamgebian mdgomareobaSi Caa-yenebs. wminda maJoritaruli demokratia, amdenad, SesaZ-loa ar iyos misaRebi eTnikurad danawevrebuli sazoga-doebis politikuri konsolidirebisTvis. umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvis principebi cnobilia konstituciona-lizmis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi, da mocemul statiaSi Cven ganvixilavT ori amgvari principis avkargianobas axal demokratiebSi eTnikuri konfliqtebis samarTavad.

Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategia16, gadawyvetile-bis miRebis procesSi yvela eTnikuri jgufis warmomad-genlis CarTulobas gulisxmobs. es strategia gadawyve-tilebis miRebis procesSi sayovelTao CarTulobis mi-saRwevad, konstituciur uzrunvelyofas iyenebs da manda-tebs awesebs ZiriTad politikur postebze, rogorebicaa prezidenti, premierministri, ministrTa kabinetis wevre-bi, parlamentis Tavmjdomare. winaswar ganawilebuli mandatebi sarkiseburad unda asaxavdes sazogadoebis eT-nikur konfiguracias. Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategia, aseve materialuri da aramaterialuri resursebis ganawi-lebisas proporciulobis principis dacvasac iTvaliswi-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!16Zalauflebis gaziareba terminologiurad mocemul statiaSi gansxva-vebuli mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba amave krebulSi m.musxeliSvilis sta-tiisgan. galauflebis gaziareba am SemTxvevaSi moicavs vetos ufleba-sac.

87

nebs. Zalauflebis gaziareba amavdroulad, eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis Zalauflebis miniWebasç gulisxmobs, ra-Ta marTon sakuTari Tavi.

gadawyvetilebis miRebis inkluziuri xerxi, romlis magaliTia, koaliciuri mTavrobebi, danawevrebuli gadaw-yvetilebis miReba, romlis magaliTia, teritoriuli de-centralizacia, eTnofederalizmi, an fiskaluri decen-tralizacia da aseve, winaswargansazRvruli gadawyveti-lebebi, romelSic biurokratiuli poziciebisa da sa-xelmwifo biujetis proporciuli ganawileba igulisxme-ba, Zalauflebis gaziarebis umTavresi komponentebia. ga-momdinare aqedan, SeiZleba gamovyoT Zalauflebis gazia-rebis strategiis oTxi ZiriTadi ganzomileba: centralu-ri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis inkluziuroba, terito-riuli decentralizacia, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis kontro-li da dakompleqteba da Sida resursebis kontroli da ganawileba. Tumca, xSirad am strategiis Sedegad eTni-kuri jgufis liderebi saerTo saxelmwifos SigniT, cal-keul avtonomiur administraciul erTeulebs iTxoven.

arsebobs maJoritaruli demokratisa da Zalaufle-bis ganawilebis alternativac, romelsac Zalauflebis dayofa ewodeba. es alternativa warmarTavs mSvidobisa da demokratiis konsolidacias im pirobebSi, romlebic Warbobs samoqalaqo omis Semdeg da naklebad mosalod-nelia, rom didi xniT SesanarCuneblad eqstraordinalu-ri nabijebi moiTxovos, rogorebicaa: proteqtorati an saxelmwifos gayofa.

Zalauflebis dayofa Zalauflebis gaziarebis stra-tegiis alternatiulia da misgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. Zalauflebis dayofa efuZneba princips, rom adamianebs aqvT nacionalizmis, erovnulobis, erTi erisadmi mikuT-vnebulobis gaziarebuli grZnoba, anu isini ar aprotes-teben erT saxelmwifoSi Tanacxovrebas. Zalauflebis da-yofis strategiis sami elementi arsebobs: samoqalaqo Ta-visufleba, mravalricxovani umravlesobebi da Zalauf-lebis gadanawileba da dabalanseba.

Zalauflebis dayofis strategia demokratias miiC-nevs umravlesobis wesad, magram, amavdroulad, iswrafvis mravalferovani (sxvadasxvanairi) umravlesobebis gamoaS-karavebisken. Zalauflebis dayofis umTavresi maxasiaTe-

88

beli aris is, rom Zalauflebis dayofis institutebi mi-iswrafian Tavidan aicilon eTnikuri sxvadasxvaobebis privilegireba da cdiloben waaxalison urTierTgadam-kveTi socialuri sxvadasxvaobebi. Zalauflebis dayofa politikur Zalauflebas mravalferovan politikur in-stitutebs Soris anawilebs. Zalauflebis dayofa uzrun-velyofs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisgan gamoyofas da aseve sakanonmdeblo xe-lisuflebis danawilebas. am strategiis momxreebi miiCne-ven, rom nebismier stabilur reJims TiToeuli warmomad-genlobiTi organosaTvis gansxvavebuli saarCevno wesi unda hqondes da mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneba alterna-tiuli umravlesobebis amsaxveli institutebis Seqmna Se-saZlebeli.

razea damokidebuli erTi an meore strategiis war-matebuloba? Zalauflebis gaziareba eTnikur elitaTa Soris TanamSromlobazea damokidebuli. eTnikurad an re-ligiurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi, politikuri stabi-lurobis xelisSewyobas Zalauflebis gaziarebis reJimi uzrunvelyofs, romlis Sedegia xalxis naklebi monawi-leoba da naklebi uTanxmoeba eTnikur elitebs Soris, vidre es zogadad maJoritaruli demokratiisaTvisaa da-maxasiaTebelia. saSiSia, rom Ria demokratiul politika-Si liderobdnen radikalebi nairnairi eTnikuri jgufebi-dan - es gamoiwvevs populisturi moTxovnebis gaaqtiure-bas, anu ekonomikuri resursebis danawevrebas, met poli-tikur da samoqalaqo dapirispirebas da ufro metic po-litikuri avtonomiis moTxovnasac ki. Zalauflebis ga-ziarebis warmateba damokidebulia eTnikuri jgufis liderebis mudmiv valdebulebaze, rom Searbilon maTi moTxovnebi da maT unarze, rom gaimijnon radikalizmis elementebisagan TavianT sazogadoebebSi.

gansxvavebiT stabiluri mdgomareobisgan, aseTi Ser-bileba da kontroli TiTqmis ver xorcieldeba samoqa-laqo omis Semdeg. ufro metic, Cven SegviZlia vivarau-doT, rom radikalizebis waqezeba Tavad Zalauflebis gamnawilebeli institutebis mier aris Seqmnili, isini aqezeben eTnikur elitebs, maT moTxovnebis eskalaciisa-ken ubiZgeben da saSualebas aZleven, rom maT moTxov-nebs omis zRvarze balansirebis politikiT daubrundnen.

89

am mizezis gamo Zalauflebis gaziarebam eTnikur lide-rebs Tavidan SeiZleba brZolis veli daatovebinos, mag-ram mcire xnis Semdeg rac brZolis es veli gadaiqceva morigebis oTaxad, isini inacvleben brZolis axal velze. es aris sastiki ironia, rom Zalauflebis ganawilebis Se-Tanxmeba SeiZleba iyos maiZulebeli, rom gaaadvilos Se-Tanxmeba mSvidobis Sesaxeb sawyis fazaze, magram daemuq-ros stabiluri mSvidobisa da demokratiis damkvidrebas grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi eTnikurad dayofil sazogado-ebebSi konsolidaciis fazaSi. swored amitom, qveyanaSi eTnikuri konfliqtis dasasruleblad Zalauflebis gazi-arebis arc erTi gza ar aris windaxeduli nabiji. miT umetes, Tu Zalauflebis gaziareba gabatonebuli umrav-lesobis iZulebiT da ara nebiT xdeba, umciresobebi cxad signals iReben, rom umravlesoba iZulebulia umci-resobaTa uflebebi daicvas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, umcireso-bebi Zalauflebis gaziarebis institutebs maTi uflebe-bis dacvis garantorad ver aRiqvamen. Zalauflebis gazia-rebisas ori piroba, romelic aucilebelia mSvidobisa da demokratiis konsolidaciisaTvis aris: identobasa da resursebze zemoqmedeba. identobaze zemoqmedeba niSnavs gaziarebuli nacionalur identobis arsebobas, es ukan-askneli ki Zalauflebis gaziarebis mniSvnelovani ele-mentia. sadac gaziarebuli nacionaluri identoba arse-bobs, eTnikuri elitebi urTierTdapirispirebuli eli-tebi ar arian. urTierTgadamkveTi saerTo sakiTxebi moqa-laqeebis eTnikurobis gancdas amcirebs. rac Seexeba re-sursebze zemoqmedebas, es niSnavs, rom saxelmwifo Zlie-ria, anu is miCneulia legitimur avtoritetad. Zalauf-lebis gaziarebisas mTavari nacionaluri usafrTxoebis Sida gamowvevebisgan dacvaa. Tundac iq, sadac yvela pi-roba arsebobs Zalauflebis gaziarebisaTvis, es strate-gia grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi konfliqtis wamowyebiske-naa midrekili.

Zalauflebis gaziareba sinamdvileSi demokratii-saTvis damabrkolebeli SeiZleba iyos. misi gamoyenebis sami SesaZlo Sedegi arsebobs, esenia: instituciuri aras-tabiluroba, konfliqtebis eskalacia da Seferxebuli demokratiuli tranziti. teritoriuli decentralizaci-is marcxs mecnierebi Zalauflebis gaziarebis Semdegi

90

sami dilemiT xsnian: mmarTvelobis problema, romelic maSin wamoiWreba, rodesac institutebi arasakmarisadaa mxardaWerili sazogadoebis mier, konstituciis arasrul-yofileba, romelic kanonebis Sesaxeb davis gadasawyve-tad moqmedebis centralur politikas moiTxovs. Zalauf-lebis gaziareba konfliqts ar amcirebs da piriqiTac kia, mSvidobas fitavs, imitom rom is eTnikuri jgufis liderebis ganzraxvebs konfliqtis eskalaciis Sesaxeb zrdis. rodesac Zalauflebis gaziarebis Sesaxeb SeTan-xmeba samoqalaqo omis bolosaa miRebuli, urTierTdapi-rispirebuli eTnikuri jgufis liderebi mTavrobis poli-tikis gadamwyvetebi xdebian. aseT SemTxvevaSi nebismiers, visac gadawyvetilebis mimRebi centraluri organodan politikaze zemoqmedeba unda, politika eTnikuri jgufis interesebisa da ZalauflebiT aRWurvili eTnikuri jgu-fis liderebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda Seimu-Saos. swored amitom Zalauflebis gaziareba yvela poli-tikas eTnikur politikad aqcevs. aseT SemTxvevaSi mosa-lodnelia, rom eTnikuri dayofis gamomwvevi urTierTgan-sxvavebuli sakiTxebi molaparakebis magidamde ver miaR-wevs. ZalauflebiT aRWurvili eTnikuri jgufis lidere-bi midrekili arian ganamtkicon sakuTari eTnikuri jgu-fis erTianoba da maTSi sakuTari privilegirebuli mdgo-mareoba. arc erT eTnikur jgufs ar unda, rom darCes um-weo mdgomareobaSi, romelic emorCileba SeTanxmebas, ma-nam sanam sxva eTnikuri jgufebi saxelmwifosgan sarge-bels iReben. am yvelafris Sedegad Zalauflebis gaziare-bam eTnikuri umciresobebis “gandgomebis” dominos efeq-ti SeiZleba gamoiwvios. Zalauflebis gaziarebis strate-gia zrdis eTnikuri jgufis liderebis ganzraxvas rom daubrundnen konfliqtebis eskalacias. Zalauflebis ga-nawilebis strategia calkeuli eTnikuri jgufis lide-rebisaTvis mTavrobaSi adgilebis gamoyofiT instituci-ur iaraRebs eTnikuri umciresobis xelSi aqcevs. aman ki eTnikuri jgufebis mier avtonomiuri regionebisa da sa-kuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaaqtiurebis moTxovna Se-iZleba gamoiwvios. amis Sedegi ki is aris, rom eTnikuri jgufebis xelSi instituciuri iaraRebi iyris Tavs, rom-lebiTac centralur mTavrobaze zemoqmedeba SeiZleba. Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategia centraluri mTavro-

91

bis liderebsa da eTnikuri jgufis liderebs Soris Za-lauflebis dabalansebisken iswrafvis. eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi unda daarwmunon, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini iaraRs dayrian, centraluri mTavroba maT uxeSad ar moeqceva. mosalodnelia, rom instituciuri ia-raRebis eTnikuri jgufis liderebis xelSi Tavmoyra centralur mTavrobaze eTnikuri jgufis batonobasa da konfliqtis eskalacias gamoiwvevs. ufro metic, Zalauf-lebis gaziarebis strategiam saxelmwifos SigniT inten-siuri konfliqti SeiZleba gamoiwvios. aseve mniSvnelova-nia, rom Zalauflebis gaziarebis institutebi xels uS-lis demokratiis konsolidacias, es institutebi saxel-mwifos asustebs, imitom rom isini mikrosaxelmwifoebs qmnian saxelmwifos SigniT.

reili, eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi inklu-ziurobasa da demokratiis konsolidacias Soris kore-lacias poulobs, magram is kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs Zalauflebis gaziarebis skolis mtkicebas, proporciuli saarCevno sistemis demokratiul Sedegebze gavlenis Se-saxeb. is aRniSnavs, rom eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoe-bebSi maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemebi, rogoricaa plu-raluri arCevnebi erTmandatian olqebSi, mosalodnelia, rom inkluziur aRmasruleblobas uzrunvelyofs da aseve mosalodnelia, rom asocirebuli iqneba demokrati-is warmatebul konsolidaciasTan. reili ambobs rom, na-xevarze met eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi, romleb-Sic ukve stabiluri demokratiaa, maJoritaruli saarCev-no sistemebia.

yovelive es ki Semdeg kiTxvas warmoSobs: ris ga-rantias iZleva Zalauflebis gaziareba, Tu ara mSvidobi-sa da demokratiis? Zalauflebis gaziareba SeTanxmebaa eTnikuri jgufis elitebs Soris, rom Sewyviton politi-kuri konfliqti.

mniSvnelovan erTobebs Tu ar surT saerTo saxel-mwifoSi cxovreba, danawevreba SeiZleba erTaderTi gza iyos intensiuri konfliqtidan stabilur mSvidobasa da demokratiamde wamatebuli tranziciisTvis. iq, sadac er-Tobebi ar uaryofen saerTo saxelmwifos, magram erTo-bebis liderebi ar endobian sxva eTnikuri jgufebis li-derebis valdebulebebs, danawevreba SeiZleba erTaderTi

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gza iyos mSvidobisa da demokratiisaken. gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi norvegiis, irlandiis, fineTis, israelis, indoeTisa da Cexoslovakiis warmatebuli magaliTebi am-tkiceben, rom SesaZlebeli iyo im winapirobebis daZleva, romelic demokratiis arsebobas ar moaswavebda. am mov-lenebma dauSva stabiluri demokratiebis ganviTareba sxva saxelmwifoebSi, sadac is SeiZleboda SeCerebuliyo. gare Zalebma scades SeenarCunebinaT gaerTianebuli sa-xelmwifoebi. SedarebiT swavlebebSi nikolas sambani aR-niSnavs, rom axlad damoukideblobamopovebul saxelmwi-foebSi, romlebic samoqalaqo omis Semdeg danawevrebiT Seiqmna, demokratia ufro Zlieria vidre im saxelmwifo-ebSi, romlebic mTeli darCa samoqalaqo omis Semdeg. miu-xedavad amisa, gegmebma “civilizebuli gayofis” Sesaxeb SeiZleba sami moulodneli sirTule gamoiwvios: SeiZle-ba sazRvrebi ar arsebobdes eTnikur jgufebs Soris da aman memkvidre saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso kon-fliqti warmoqmnas. dayofili da modunebuli bazris ekonomikuri safasuri SeiZleba sarisko iyos. saxelmwi-fos dayofam axali umciresobebi SeiZleba warmoSvas, sazRvrebTan emigrantTa gazrdili raodenoba da mem-kvidre saxelmwifoebSi eTnikuri wmenda warmoSvas.

am sirTuleebma SeiZleba gadawonos dayofis upira-tesobebi, amitom danawevreba eTnikurad dayofil sazoga-doebaSi samoqalaqo omebisa umjobesi gadawyveta ar unda gaxdes. is SeiZleba saukeTeso arCevani iyos, rodesac eT-nikuri jgufebi imdenad ar endobian erTmaneTs, rom maT erTad cxovreba stabilur demokratiaSi ar SeuZliaT da Zalauflebis ganawilebis institucianalizebas iTxoven, rogorc pirobas maTi SeTanxmebisaTvis, rom TavianT mo-winaaRmdegeebTan erTad erT saxelmwifoSi iarsebon. am SemTxvevaSi separatistul saxelmwifoSi mSvidobisa da demokratiis konsolidirebis inicirebisTvis danawileba SeiZleba naklebad misaRebi gza iyos. eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebebSi samoqalaqo omis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba axali saxelmwifos Seqmnis (rogoricaa bos-nia) an arsebuli saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebisken miis-wrafvis (rogoricaa makedonia) gaerTianeba unda moxdes ise, rom saxelmwifos sxvadasxva nawilebma erovnulobis saerTo gancda unda gaiziaron, minimum saerTo saxelmwi-

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foSi Tanaarsebobaze unda SeTanxmdnen, erovnulobis es gaziarebuli grZnoba eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebeb-Si, rogorebicaa indoeTi, samxreT afrika da Zalian bev-ri unitaruli postkomunisturi saxelmwifo mniSvnelova-nia demokratiis warmatebisaTvis. amitom rodis unda Se-vakowiwoT arsebuli saxelmwifo an piriqiT davyoT is damokidebulia konfliqtSi monawile mxareebis miznebze. arsebuli saxelmwifos erTianad SenarCuneba relevantu-ri strategiaa, rodesac eTnikuri jgufi iziarebs saerTo saxelmwifos valdebulebebs. saxelmwifos SenarCuneba Sesaferisi strategia ar aris maSin, rodesac erTi an ramdenime eTnikuri jgufi gamoTqvams saerTo saxelmwi-fosagan gamoyofis survils. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saxel-mwifos calkeul damoukidebel erTeulebad danawevreba ukeTesic kia, aseT SemTxvevaSi TiToeul nawils SesaZ-lebloba eqneba misTvis sasurveli mmarTveloba daamkvid-ros. arsebuli saxelmwifos dayofa Semdeg safrTxeebs warmoSobs: ltolvilTa gazrdili raodenoba, adminis-traciuli gadasaxadebi da saerTaSoriso daZabuloba. TumcaRa, aRmosavleT timoris magaliTi indoneziidan gviCvenebs, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi danawileba umjobe-sia, raTa Tavidan aviciloT erTad cxovrebis gaurkvev-lobebi.

gansxvavebiT Zalauflebis gaziarebisgan, Zalaufle-bis dayofa gacilebiT ukeT esadageba stabilurobisa da demokratiis damkvidrebis amocanebs. eri-saxelmwifos mowyobis strategiis SerCevisas centraluri samTavrobo organoebi imas unda asaxavdnen, rac yvela nawilisaTvis saerToa, anu imas, rac erovnulobis safuZvels Seqmnis. SezRuduli mmarTveloba samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da privatuli iniciativebisadmi ndobis gazrdas niSnavs im sakiTxebSi, romlebic hyofs mowinaaRmdege mxareebs. sa-erTo konsesusi individebsa da jgufebs Soris, rom isini darCebian erTad erT saxelmwifoSi, gaiziareben da Sei-narCuneben saSinao kanonebs da erTad ibrZoleben gare mtris winaaRmdeg, ayalibebs moqalaqeobis grZnobas, amis Sedegad miiReba Tanamedrove minimaluri saxelmwifo, sa-dac centraluri mTavroba moaxdens im ideebis reprezen-tacias, rasac yvela eTnikuri jgufis moqalaqeebi izia-reben. Zalauflebis dayofis strategia eTnikur saz-

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Rvrebs amcirebs - politikis yvelaze mwvave, identobisa da kulturuli sakiTxebis, mTavrobis gankargvis sfero-dan amoRebiTa da maTi samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis mindobis gziT. eTnikurad dayofili sazogadoebis lide-rebma SezRuduli mTavrobis teqnika unda gamoiyenon, ra-Ta politika naklebad nulovanjamovanad aqcion. Zalauf-lebis dayofis strategia eTnikuri da sxva saxis umcire-sobaTa uflebebs samoqalaqo uflebebiT icavs. uflebebi, romliTac sargebloben kulturuli umciresobebi iden-turi unda iyos kulturuli umravlesobis wevrTa ufle-bebisa. aseve eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebi identuri unda iyos sxva tipis umravlesobebisa da umciresobebis uflebebisa samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi. TumcaRa eTniku-roba ar aris privilegia politikuri monawileobisaTvis. Zalauflebis dayofa demokratias miiCnevs umravlesobis wesad, romelic miiswrafis mravalricxovani alternati-uli umravlesobebis gamoaSkaravebisaken. politikur in-stitutebs sazogadoebaSi arsebuli sxvadasxvaobisaTvis formis micema SeuZlia. Zalauflebis dayofis institu-tebi miiswrafis eTnikuri umciresobebis privilegireba Tavidan aicilos da urTierTgadamkveTi sxvadasxvaobebis ganviTarebas Seuwyos xeli. Zalauflebis ganawilebisa da maJoritaruli demokratiis Sepirispirebisas, Cven gvjera Zalauflebis danawilebis uaryofisadmi adreuli insti-tucionaluri damokidebulebis, romelic uaryofs Zala-uflebis danawilebas da asocirdeba amerikis SeerTebu-li Statebis konstituciasTan, jeims medisonis mixedviT, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis erTi SezRudva is aris rom, umciresobaTa jgufebs samTavrobo ZalauflebaSi monawi-leobis saSualebas ar aZleven, magram mTavrobis xarjze, sxvadasxva umravlesobebisTvis damoukidebel organoebsa da mTavrobaSi muSaobis uflebis miniWebiT, individua-lur Tavisuflebasa da uflebebs uzrdian. Zalauflebis dayofis strategiis sami elementi arsebobs: samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, mravalricxovani umravlesoba da kontro-li da balansi. mokled rom vTqvaT, iseT demokratiebSi, romlebSic Zalaufleba dayofilia saxelmwifo Zalauf-leba samTavrobo da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Sorisa ganawilebuli. yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romle-bic eTnikur jgufebs hyofs, mTavrobis mier unda iyos

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gadawyvetili rogorc yvela eTnikuri jgufisaTvis saer-To, Zalauflebis danawilebis institutebi gadawyvetile-bis mimReb erT centrs abalansebs da umravlesobas akon-trolebs.

gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebis konstituciur ganawilebaSi, Zalauflebis ganawilebis strategia da in-dividebis xelSia mTavrobaze ar aris damokidebuli, es kerZo, (privatuli) sferos mniSvnelovan gadawyvetile-bebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas utovebs. medisoni aRia-rebs, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebaze SezRudvebi iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc mTavrobaSi myofi nebismie-ri umravlesobis SezRudva. magaliTad medisoni miiCnevs, rom iseT kulturul sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa religia, mTavroba ar unda ereodes. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi mTavaria interesebisaTvis xelsayreli instituciuri pi-robebis Seqmna, rom isini moqnilad da TviTgansazRvru-lad iqcnen, vidre Sereul da mTavrobis mier gansaz-Rvrul mocemulobebad. imitom, rom liberaluri reJime-bi midrekili arian Seamsubuqon bzari, romelic domi-nantur eTnikur jgufebSi warmoiSoba, farTo masStabiani individualuri Tavisuflebebi aseve zrdis SesaZleblo-bas, rom umravlesoba calkeuli interesebis mixedviT da-iyofa. iq, sadac Zalauflebis gamyofi institutebi arse-bobs, mosalodnelia, rom eTnikuri identurobebi speci-fikuri politikuri sakiTxebiT SeizRudos da eTnikuri umravlesobebisTvis Zneli gaxdes maTi eTnikuri jgufis politikuri hegemoniis SenarCuneba. SejibrebiToba domi-nantur eTnikur jgufs Soris warmoSobs subjgufebs.

es ar warmoadgens urTierTgadamkveT gansxvavebulo-bas, is ar aris damokidebuli SejibrebiT loialuroba-ze, romelic individebs eTnikur jgufebad kravs, aramed damokidebulia umravlesobis eTnikur jgufs Soris arse-bul SejibrebiTobaze.

Zalauflebis danawileba samTavrobo Zalauflebis yvela doneze uwyobs xels dayofas rogorc mTavrobis damoukidebel ganStoebebs Soris, aseve calkeul specia-lizebul nawilebs Soris, romlebic gansxvavebul umrav-lesobebs warmoadgenen. magaliTad, bevr adgilas qala-qis arCeuli municipaliteti, skolis gamgeoba da sxva warmoadgens sazogadoebas sxvadasxvanairad, anu mTel sa-

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zogadoebas warmoadgens da TiToeul gansxvavebul um-ravlesobebs sajarod gamosvlis saSualebas aZlevs. Za-lauflebis dayofis sami upiratesobaa: meti efeqturoba, meti demokratia da umciresobebisgan Semdgari umravle-soba. stefan holmsi aRniSnavs, rom Zalauflebis danawi-leba “Sromis danawilebis efeqturi formaa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi samTavrobo funqciebis efeqturi ganawilebi-Ta da organizaciiT”. amitomac “damoukidebeli sasamar-Tlo Tavdapirvelad damkvidrda ara Zalauflebis Sez-Rudvis mizniT aramed piriqiT, rom gaezarda mTavrobis unari ukeT Seesrulebina misi saqme”. bernard manini, adam prJevorski da suzan stoki miiCneven, rom es mowyoba SeiZleba ufro metad demokratiuli iyos vidre saparla-mento modeli, imitom rom SeTavsebuli Zalaufleba amom-rCevlebs mxolod erT xmas aZlevs. isini aRniSnaven, rom “mTavroba aTasobiT gadawyvetilebas iRebs, romelic in-dividebis keTildReobaze moqmedebs, magram moqalaqeebs am gadawyvetilebebis gakontrolebis mxolod erTi meqa-nizmi aqvT”. isini sTavazoben Zalauflebis dayofis ga-dawyvetas: “amitom, magaliTad, finansuri gadawyvetilebe-bis gamoyofa sxva saxis politikuri gadawyvetilebebisa-gan.” aseve es aris windaxeduli pasuxi eTnikurad dayofi-li sazogadoebis centraluri problemisadmi. Zalaufle-bis damyofi institutebi, romlebic saSualebas aZleven umravlesobas, rom gazardon albaToba imisa rom eTniku-ri umciresobis wevrebi politikuri umravlesobis wevre-bi iqnebian da eTnikuri umravlesobis wevrebi zog Sem-TxvevaSi politikuri umciresobis wevrebi iqnebian.

institutebs Soris Zalauflebis danawileba efuZne-ba alternatiul umravlesobebs. vrceli periodis ganmav-lobaSi ufro Zneli xdeba umravlesobis konsensusis miR-weva da rTuldeba aseTi umravlesobis SenarCuneba. kon-trolisa da balansis kargad Camoyalibebul sistemaSi erTi romelime organosa da erTi umravlesobis Zalauf-lebis gafarToeba eTnikuri umciresobebis xarjze sxva organoebis winaaRmdegobas gamoiwvevs. mocemuli logi-kis gamo, prezidentarizmi Zalauflebis realuri balan-siT aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo institutebs Soris demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis damcvel parlamen-tarizms sjobs; orpalatiani sakanonmdeblo xelisufle-

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ba SejibrebiTobaze dafuZnebuli warmomadgenlobiT, er-Tpalatian organoebs sjobs da aseve sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli sasa-marTlo - sust sasamarTlos. damoukidebel organoebs Zalauflebis ganawilebis demokratiuli wesi saSualebas aZlevs gadawyvetilebebi sxva organoebisagan damoukideb-lad miiRon. Zalauflebis ganawilebis demokratiuli we-si moiTxovs sxvadasxva organoebi gansxvavebuli umrav-lesobebisgan iyos dakompleqtebuli.

mokled rom vTqvaT, Zveli eqsperimentebi, maJorita-ruli demokratiis dayofil sazogadoebebSi asamuSaveb-lad, rogorebicaa aSS-sa da SveicariaSi, miznad ar isa-xavs elitis ZalauflebiT aRWurvas. mis nacvlad, isini cdiloben samoqalaqo sazogadoebisadmi ndobis gazrda-sa da mTavrobis Zalauflebis Semcirebas samoqalaqo uf-lebebis gazrdiT. isini samTavrobo Zalauflebas calke-ul damoukidebel organoebs Soris anawileben da es da-nawileba urTierTgadamkveTi, mravalgvari umravlesobis nebas efuZneba.

saerTo politikuri institutebis Seqmnamde ZiriTa-di eTnikuri jgufis liderebs Soris, romlebic erTad TavianTi gansxvavebuli mosaxleobiT ers qmnian, konsen-susis arseboba aucilebelia, es iwvevs mTavrobis Zala-uflebis SezRudvas. maT survili unda hqondeT, rom dae-Tanxmon politikas, romelic yvela eTnikuri jgufisaT-vis SemakavSirebelia, maT unda surdeT, rom eris, ro-gorc mTlianis umravlesobis xmebis politikas daeTan-xmon. iq, sadac ar surT daeTanxmon umravlesobis xmebs, liderebs miaCniaT rom gansxvavebuli adamianebi ar arian erTi eris nawilebi. roca arsebobs mniSvnelovani sakiT-xebi, romlis drosac eTnikuri umciresobis wevrebi ar arian politikuri umravlesobis wevrebi da eTnikuri um-ravlesobis wevrebi arian politikuri umciresobis wevre-bi. es SeiZleba iyos samxili, rom ar arsebobs erTi eri, romelic gaaerTianebs eTnikur jgufebs. es aris Sem-Txveva, romlis drosac gayofa ukeTesi gadawyvetaa de-mokratiisaTvis, vidre Zalauflebis ganawileba.

Zalauflebis ganawilebam SesaZloa eTnikuri jgu-fis liderebis mier sxvadasxva moTxovnebis eskalacia ga-moiwvios. eTnikuri jgufis liderebi SesaZloa daubrun-

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dnen TavianT moTxovnebs eqstremaluri saSualebebiT, anu Zaladobac ki SeiZleba gamoiyenon. Zalauflebis alter-natiuli dayofa an mravaljeradi umravlesobebis insti-tutebis mSeneblobis strategia amcirebs eTnikur kon-fliqtebs, aRwevs efeqturi gadawyvetilebis miRebas um-ravlesobis tiraniis institucionalizaciis gareSe da icavs eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebs, ukavSirebs ra maT sxva tipis umciresobaTa uflebebs eTnikuri umravleso-bis farglebSi. yvela mniSvnelovani jgufis warmomadgen-lebs Soris.

maJoritaruli demokratia intereTnikuri konfliq-tebis gaZlierebis wyarod miiCneva, swored amitom mecnie-rebi am dilemis gadawyvetas Zalauflebis gaziarebis strategiis meSveobiT cdilobdnen. magram Zalauflebis gaziarebis SeTanxmeba SeiZleba maiZulebeli iyos, rom gaaadvilos SeTanxmeba mSvidobis Sesaxeb sawyiss fazaze, magram daemuqros stabiluri mSvidobisa da demokratiis grZelvadian perspeqtivas eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoe-bebSi konsolidaciis fazaSi. rogorc ukve vTqviT arse-bobs maJoritaruli demokratisa da Zalauflebis ganawi-lebis alternativac, romelsac Zalauflebis dayofa ewodeba. es alternativa warmarTavs mSvidobisa da demok-ratiis konsolidacias. im pirobebSi, romlebic Warbobs eTnikuri konfliqtebis Semdeg.

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mamuka biWaSvili

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos dRevandeli socialuri mdgomareobis

analizisas, calkeuli politikosebi da akademiuri wree-bis warmomadgenlebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom uamravi problema romlis winaSe qveyana dgas, gamowveulia samo-qalaqo sazogadoebis ar arsebobiT. amitom samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze saubari ganzraxuli gvaqvs swored am funqcionaluri kuTxiT da ara TavisTavad. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba samkauli rodia, romelic daamSvenebda sa-qarTvelos da rogorc TavisTavadi Rirebulebis matare-beli fenomeni, SesZenda qveyanas prestiJsa da saerTaSo-riso renomes. mas gaaCnia savsebiT konkretuli socialu-ri datvirTva, romelic tipiuria dRevandeli dasavluri demokratiebisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi arse-buli mdgomareobis mimoxilvam pasuxi unda gasces ramde-nime mniSvnelovan kiTxvas. jer erTi gasarkvevia, Tu ra imedebs vamyarebT samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze da risTvis gvWirdeba is. Semdeg, gasarkvevia Tu ra tipis samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi arsebobs qveyanaSi da rogoria maTi finan-suri wyaroebi, rogoria maTi damokidebuleba saxelmwi-fo struqturebTan, rogor gamoiyureba perspeqtiuli mo-mavali da a.S.

risTvis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba imdenad mniSvne-

lovania ama Tu im qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebisaT-vis, rom bevri avtori samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebo-bas qveynis demokratiulobis wina pirobadac ki miiCnevs. termini “samoqalaqo sazogadoeba” axali drois filoso-fosebTan, hobsTan, lokTan, fergiusonTan da sxvebTan praqtikulad “politikuri sazogadoebis” eqvivalenturi iyo da is aRniSnavda qaossa da Zaladobaze damyarebuli yofis nacvlad kanonis safuZvelze marTul adamianTa erTianobas. hobsi “leviaTanSi” pirdapir aigivebda poli-

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tikur da samoqalaqo sazogadoebebs, rac terminis dRes gavrcelebuli mniSvnelobisaTvis principulad miuRebe-lia.

erT-erTi pirveli, vinc termins Tanamedrove mniSvne-loba misca, hegeli iyo. igi “samoqalaqo sazogadoebiT” aRniSnavda adamianTa arapolitikur gaerTianebebs, rom-lebic mimarTulia individebis mravalferovani interese-bis dakmayofilebaze. hegelis warmodgeniT, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba dgas ojaxsa da saxelmwifos Soris. is aris organizaciebis an institutebis erTianoba, romelic axorcielebs iseT sxvadasxva saxis samuSaos qveyanaSi, romelsac ver an ar asrulebs mTavroba. aqedan gasagebia, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba misi moqalaqeebis iseTi mniSvnelovani aqtiurobis maCvenebelia, romelic mTel sazogadoebas Zalze dinamiur da kreatiul xasiaT-ze metyvelebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebs So-ris aTavseben iseT nebayoflobiT gaerTianebebs, rogori-caa saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi, komunaluri fondebi, kooperativebi, garemos dacviTi organizaciebi, profesiu-li asociaciebi, religiuri jgufebi, samoqalaqo klube-bi, samoqalaqo milicia, akademiuri gaerTianebebi da a.S.

dasavleTis demokratiebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebe-bis funqcionirebis didi da rac mTavaria xangrZlivi ga-mocdileba aqvT. nebayoflobiTi sazogadoebrivi gaerTia-nebebi dasavleT evropasa da amerikaSi nacionalur sa-xelmwifoebamde ufro adre gaCnda da mniSvnelovani so-cialuri rolic itvirTa. es viTareba Zalze mniSvnelov-nad gveCveneba saqarTvelos gamocdilebisaTvis romelsac gansxvavebuli istoriuli warsuli hqonda. sabuTad dava-saxeleb ori kargad cnobili avtoris gamokvlevas - tok-vilis “demokratia amerikaSi” da hegelis “germanul kon-stitucias”. rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze vfiq-robT, es nawarmoebebi, Cveni azriT, mniSvnelovania ara mxolod wminda Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed rogorc istoriuli wyaroebi dasavleTis socialuri istoriidan.

tokvilma, romelic gaocebuli iyo amerikaSi demok-ratiis aRmocenebiT, amerikuli saxelmwifos safuZvelSi aRmoaCina nebayoflobiTi samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi Temis saxiT da didi adgili dauTmo mis warmoSobis da fun-qcionirebis detalur analizs. Temi rogorc amerikel

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axalmosaxleTa gaerTianeba, cxadia, amerikul saxelmwi-foze adre warmoiSva, magram rac ufro mniSvnelovania, saxelmwifo struqturebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg mas ar Seuwyvetia arseboba da tokvilis droidan ara mxolod TanamSromlobs da socialur funqciebs inawilebs sa-xelmwifosTan, aramed individualuri Tavisuflebebis ar-sebiTi dasayrdenicaa. daaxloebiT msgavs viTarebas aR-wers hegeli, rodesac germanuli TanmimdevrulobiT Ca-moTvlis im funqciebs, romlisaganac samoqalaqo sazoga-doebas (Bürgerliche Geselschaft) SeuZlia gaaTavisuflos sa-xelmwifo. hegeli am Sromas werda germanuli naciisTvis Zalian mZime periodSi, rodesac centraluri evropis Zve-li politikuri gaerTianeba, germaneli xalxis wminda romis imperia praqtikulad daSlili iyo da misi poli-tikuri aparati veRar pasuxobda axali epoqis gamowve-vebs. aseT pirobebSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba rogorc adamianebis sxvadasxva saxis nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebe-bis erToblioba iyo erTaderTi instancia, romelic uz-runvelyofda socialuri problemebis regulacias. am vi-Tarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, hegelis zemoTaRniSnul gamok-vlevas SegviZlia SevxedoT rogorc politikur proeqts, romelic saxelmwifosagan moiTxovda im minimaluri fun-qciebis Sesrulebas (jari da policia. sasamarTlo. ga-dasaxadebi), ris gareSec ar arsebobs politikuri orga-nizmi. ramdenadac ganxilva principul siaxles Cveni in-teresebisaTvis ar SegvZens, SegviZlia ubralod aRvniS-noT, rom arsebobda amgvari proeqtis britanuli nairsa-xeoba e.w. Ramis daraji saxelmwifos Teoriis saxiT, ro-melSiac aseve nagulisxmebia samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos funqciebis naTeli gamijvna da maT So-ris kooperacia.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi romlis Taobaze aRniSnuli avtorebi sakmaris informacias gvawvdian samo-qalaqo sazogadoebis ekonomikuri mxarea. hana arendti wignSi “revoluciis Sesaxeb” exeba ra tokvilis epoqis amerikas erTgan SeniSnavs, rom revoluciamde amerika mdi-dari qveyana iyo. “amerika mdidari qveyana iyo” ar niSnavs amerikis saxelmwifos ekonomikur Zlevamosilebas. arendts mxolod imis aRniSvna surs, rom amerikelebi ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen. rodesac aq saqme

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midgeboda raime samoqalaqo wamowyebis ekonomikur, finan-sur uzrunvelyofaze, mis wyaros isev xalxi, moqalaqee-bi warmoadgendnen. msgavsi viTarebaa gamoikveTeba hegelis droindel germaniaSic. SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi qveynis Zi-riTad ekonomikur dasayrdens warmoadgendnen. simdidre, sakuTreba, Tundac wodebrivi uTanasworobiT danawile-buli, moqalaqeebis xelSia da ara saxelmwifosi. hegelis proeqtis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba imis garkvevis mcdelobas Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli saimperio sagadasaxado sistemis gamarTva, rac saxelmwifosaTvis sulis moTqmis saSualeba gaxdeboda..

amrigad dasavluri socialuri gamocdileba gvas-wavlis, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formireba win us-wrebda nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis warmoSobas. samoqa-laqo gaerTianebebi, samoqalaqo wamowyebebisTvis aucile-beli finansur wyaros isev moqalaqeebis nebayoflobiTi Sesawirebi warmoadgenen. Semdeg, nacionaluri saxelmwi-foebis gaCena ar spobs adamianebis Tavisufal kavSirebs. piriqiT, TanamSromlobs masTan. da bolos, saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris adgili aqvs funqcio-nalur diversifikacias. gadavavloT Tvali axla am pozi-ciebidan saqarTvelos.

postsabWouri periodi saqarTveloSi istoriuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo

namdvilad ar yofila samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis oazisi. warsuli jer patronymuri da Semdeg batonymuri urTier-Tobebi mosaxleobis umetes nawilSi adgils aRar toveb-da adamianebs Soris Tavisufali gaerTianebebisaTvis. Tumca soflad arsebobda sasoflo Temi (gavixsenoT vaJa fSavelas “... Tems rac swadia mas izams Tavis Temobis we-siTa”), rogorc lokaluri socialuri regulatori, mag-ram is ufro tradiciaze damyarebuli socialuri struq-tura iyo, vidre adamianebs Soris Tavisufali kooperaci-is gamoxatuleba.

Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli TbilisSi arsebobda xelosnebisa da vaWrebis Tavisufali gaerTianebebi, amqa-ri da gildiebi. saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiis Semadgen-

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lobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg XIX saukuneSi qalaqSi warmoiSva saqvelmoqmedo fondebis, Tavisufali Jurnal-gazeTebis da sazogadoebriv-kulturuli daniSnulebis organizaci-ebis STambeWdavi raodenoba. am organizaciulma struqtu-rebma ver poves Sesabamisi ganviTareba qveyanaSi rusuli bolSevizmis Semosvlis gamo. sabWoTa mTavrobam yvela Tavisufali organizacia daxura da adamianTa Soris ur-TierTobebze totaluri kontroli daamyara. ra Tqma un-da, sabWoTa saqarTveloSi arsebobda sxvadasxva saxis Se-moqmedebiTi organizaciebi, vTqvaT, mweralTa kavSiri, kompozitorTa kavSiri da a.S. magram es organizaciebi sa-xelmwifos mkacri ideologiuri zedamxedvelobis qveS imyofebodnen da finansurad mTlianad kontroldebodnen mis mier. ideologiuri kontroli am tipis dawesebule-bebze sabWoTa reJimis transformaciis kvalad mkacrde-boda an msubuqdeboda, magram faqtia, rom aseTi organi-zaciebi saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs warmoadgendnen da is viTareba, rom calkeuli individebi amgvar pirobebSi-ac axerxebdnen arastandartuli, WeSmaritad Semoqmedebi-Ti nawarmoebebis producirebas, sulac ver scvlis saer-To suraTs. totalitarul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifom dafara adamianis aqtivobis TiTqmis yvela sfero. misi Za-lisxmeviT hegeliseuli struqturidan, saxelmwifo-kor-poracia-ojaxi, meore elementi mTlianad STanTqmuli iq-na saxelmwifos mier da am ukanasknelis pirispir indivi-di, rogorc atomizirebuli socialuri segmenti, sruli-ad marto darCa. winamdebare werilSi adgili ar aris am Tezisis gaSlili argumentirebisTvis. mxedvelobaSi maqvs, mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom totalitaruli sazoga-doeba individebis atomizaciis wyaroa. Cveulebriv, am-gvar “danaSauls” Ria sabazro principebze damyarebul sazogadoebas miaweren, romelSiac gamefebulia mZafri konkurencia da arsebobisaTvis brZola. miuxedavad amisa, sadavo ar aris, rom totalitaruli reJimi ver dauSvebs adamianebis Tavisufal kooperacias da raime saxis ara-kontrolirebad gaerTianebebs. marTlac da, Tu Tvals ga-davavlebT dRevandel qarTul sazogadoebas, romelSiac zogierTi eqsperti totalitarizmis niSnebs eZebs, Zneli SesamCnevi rodia individebis msgavsi segmentacia.

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samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevrebi arian e.w. NGO-ebi, anu arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebmac sa-qarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg dasavleTis ZalisxmeviT daiwyes aRmoceneba. aRmosavleT evropis ga-mocdilebis msgavsad, ideis mixedviT, es organizaciebi (e.w. “mesame seqtori”) axali sazogadoebis formirebis um-niSvnelovanesi berketebi unda yofiliyo, romlebic ara mxolod totalitarul warsulis memkvidreobidan gaaTa-visuflebda mosaxleobas, aramed miscemda mas TviTregu-lirebad saxes. amitom, totalitarizmidan demokratiuli sazogadoebisaken gadasvlisaTvis Zalze didi mniSvnelo-ba hqonda dasavleTidan, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli Sta-tebidan am mimarTulebiT gaweul Zalisxmevas. demokrati-uli cxovrebis didi gamocdilebis mqone dasavleTSi kargad icodnen rogor gaedoT Tanxebi reformirebadi qveyanaSi. demokratiuli saxelmwifo ar arsebobs samoqa-laqo sazogadoebis, maSasadame saxelmwifosagan damouki-debeli socialuri seqtoris gareSe. amgvari seqtoris ar arsebobis pirobebSi moqalaqe mTlianad saxelmwifoze damokidebuli xdeba, rac imTaviTve noyieri niadagia to-talitaruli an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi avtoritaruli sazo-gadoebis reanimaciisaTvis. Sesabamisad, dasavleTi dain-teresebuli iyo NGO-ebis, farTo qselis SeqmniT mTel postsabWoTa sivrceze da maT Soris saqarTveloSi. 2002-2003 wlebis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi registrirebuli iyo 3000-mde arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelTagan 500-dan 800-mdes miRebuli hqonda erTze meti granti. am orga-nizaciebidan mxolod 100 Tu iqneboda imdenad aqtiuri, rom misi wevrebis saqmianoba mTlianad Semofargluli iyo am arasamTavrobo sferoTi da mxolod 20-30 arasam-Tavrobo organizacias SeeZlo zegavlena moexdina saxel-mwifo gadawyvetilebaze (4.55). es monacemebi imdenad sain-teresoa, rom upriani iqneba ufro detalurad SevCerdeT maTze.

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arasamTavrobo organizaciebis profili, proeqtebis implementacia da dafinanseba

2004 wels ISAR-is programis menejeri kavkasiaSi, ma-

ikl kleitoni aRfrTovanebuli werda arasamTavrobo or-ganizacia “varkeTilis” moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, romlis wev-rebmac qmediTi monawileoba miiRes Tbilisis am ubnis SuqiT momaragebis uzrenvelyofaSi (5). am organizaciis namdvilad samoqalaqo iniciativebis aRwera dainterese-bul mkiTxvels Sesabamis veb-gverdze SeuZlia ixilos. CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom es orga-nizacia marTalia ver moxvdeboda 20-30 zemoTaRniSnul “rCeul” arasamTavroboTa Soris, magram uTuod sapatio adgils daikavebda 100 NGO-s Soris, romlis wevrebi ara mxolod dakavebulni arian Sesabamisi saqmianobiT, aramed realurad akeTebdnen saqmes iq, sadac saxelmwifo uZlu-ri iyo. samoqalaqo organizaciebis profili saqarTvelo-Si sakmaod farToa da moicavs rogorc garemos dacviT organizaciebs, aseve qalTa, adamianis uflebaTa dacviT, politikur da socialuri problemebze momuSave gaerTia-nebebs. aseTi mravalferovnebis miuxedavad maTi margi qme-debis koeficienti Zalze dabalia rogorc sazogadoebri-vi sargeblianobis TvalsazrisiT, aseve ufro farTod, saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis damkvidrebis kuTxiT. am mimarTulebiT arsebuli problemebidan Sevar-CevT ors, - dafinansebas da proeqtebis implementacias.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxva qveynebSi, amgvar gaerTianebebSi koncentrirebulia qvey-nis, socialurad aqtiuri inteleqtualuri elitis mniS-vnelovani nawili, romlis ZiriTad finansur wyaros sa-qarTveloSi damkvidrebuli iseTi ucxouri fondebi Sead-genen, rogoricaa USAID, sorosis fondi, evraziis fondi, fondi horizonti, IREX-i, ebertis fondi da a.S. mxolod is faqti, rom e.w. mesame seqtoris finansuri uzrunvelyo-fa mTlianad dasavlur organizaciebs aqvT mindobili, zegavlenas iqoniebs arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moR-vaweobis specifikaze da maTi Tavisuflebis xarisxze. marTlac grantis gacemamde fondebis umetesoba, ayali-bebs wlis prioritetebs, sxvadasxva mimarTulebidan, vTqvaT ganaTlebidan, masmediidan, socialuri seqtoridan

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da a.S. SearCevs romelime erTs. dafinansebas rogorc we-si mxolod is proeqtebi iReben romlebic Sesabamis wlis prioritetebs akmayofileben. TavisTavad savsebiT gamar-Tlebulia, rom fondma ganurCevlad ki ar daafinansos grantis momlodine arasamTavrobo seqtori, aramed gana-xorcielos es swored aRwerili, gegmazomieri saxiT, mag-ram meore mxriv, verc imaze davxuWavT Tvals, rom aseT pirobebSi, gamodis, fondma ukeT icis qveynis ekonomikis Tu socialuri yofis romeli ubani saWiroebs daxmarebas da swored amitom misi politikaa qveynis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli. sazogadoeba, romelsac sakmarisi racio-nalizmi da qveynisadmi pasuxismgebloba axasiaTebs, io-lad moaxdenda fondebis aseT politikasTan adaptirebas da Tavisufali moRvaweobis maRali xarisxis SenarCune-bas, rasac samwuxarod ver vityviT qarTul arasamTavro-bo seqtorze. amitom isini akeTeben ara imas rasac saWi-rod Tvlian, aramed imas risi gakeTebac SesaZlebelia qveynisaTvis maTTvis gaurkveveli proeqtis mixedviT.

rodesac arasamTavrobo seqtoris finansur uzrun-velyofaze vfiqrobT, uyuradRebod ver davtovebT kidev erT moments. iseT ukiduresad gaWirvebul qveyanaSi, ro-goric saqarTveloa, qveyanaSi sadac yvavis korufcia, umuSevroba, xolo xelfass mxolod nominaluri mniSvne-loba hqonda, ara kreditebis, aramed grantebis saxiT da-savluri fondebis mier gacemuli Tanxebi normaluri ar-sebobis ZiriTad saSualebad iqca. saxelmwifo universi-tetis sociologiis kaTedris gamge, eduard kodua, rome-lic saukunis dasawyisSi Tavis erT-erT sagazeTo weril-Si qarTvel mkvlevarTa Soris pirvelad Seexo transfor-maciis procesSi myofi qarTuli sazogadoebis stratifi-kaciis problemas, aRniSnavda, rom arasamTavrobo organi-zaciebSi mobilizebuli adamianebis saxiT saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda axali “kasta” sakmaod normaluri Semosav-lebiT da rigiT moqalaqeze gacilebiT ufro uzrunvel-yofili cxovrebis wesiT. aseT pirobebSi, arasamTavrobo seqtorma (miT ufro es iTqmis zemoTaRniSnul warmate-bul 20-30 NGO-ze), miiRo uaRresad daxuruli, gaumWvirva-le saxe. ufrTxodnen ra Sida konkurencias da Semosav-liani adgilis dakargvas, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis wevrebi yovelmxriv cdilobdnen TavianTi saqmis uxmau-

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rod warmarTvas1. wlebis Semdgom mesame seqtorSi Seiqmna paradoqsuli viTareba. Tu orientirad aviRebT poperis neoliberalur ideas Ria sazogadoebis Sesaxeb da am ide-is safuZvelze Seqmnil sorosis fonds, mis msgavsad ara-samTavrobo organizaciebs unda SeesrulebinaT raRac gamtaris funqcia saxelmwifosa da xalxis inertul masas Soris. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mizniT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebs Ria karis politikiT unda moezidaT mosaxleobis maqsimalurad farTo fenebi, gaev-rcelebinaT axali iniciativebis generirebis, kooperaci-is da solidarobis unarCveva. sanacvlod, qveyanaSi Cven miviReT erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gaumWvirvale organiza-ciebis sistema, romelic Tavis ZiriTad deklarirebul funqcias, Tuki es funqcia sworad moviniSneT, ver asru-lebda2.

kidev erTi didi problema, romelic arasamTavrobo organizaciebis muSaobas axlavs saqarTveloSi Seexeba realizebuli proeqtebis praqtikul implementacias (Tuki amgvari ram igulisxmeba proeqtiT). gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan, rodesac arasamTavrobo seqtori qarTul saxelmwifosTan erTad idgamda fexs, maTi urTierToba sakmaod rTulad aewyo. SevardnaZis xelisufleba, miuxe-davad misi lideris Rrma sabWouri gamocdilebisa, xels ar uSlida arasamTavrobo seqtoris momZlavrebas. piri-qiT, qarTuli NGO-ebis udidesi nawili swored Sevardna-Zis dros daregistrirda da momZlavrda. magram rodesac saqme Seexeboda TanamSromlobas arasamTavrobo seqtorsa da xelisuflebas Soris, urTierToba Sors iyo sasurve-ilsgan. albaT ufro zusti iqneba Tu vityviT, rom Sevar-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 ra Tqma unda, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi TavianT oficialur anga-riSebSi dawvrilebiT aRwerdnen gaweul samuSaos da xarjebs, cdilob-dnen grantebis gamcemebTan, fondebis mier movlenil monitorebTan sa-kuTari aqtivobis gamarTlebas da reklamirebas, magram amgvari informa-cia, romlis didi nawili ucxo enaze iqmneboda, farTo sazogadoebisT-vis ucnobi iyo, grantebis gamcemebis da mimRebebis saSinao saqmed iqca. 2 aseTi Sefaseba SesaZloa, vinmes metismetad mkacrad moeCvenos. sinam-dvileSi Cven sulac ar gvsurs e.w. NGO-ebis saqmianobis utrireba da ma-Ti wevrebis oden “grantiylapiebad” warmodgena. NGO-ebma saqarTveloSi gaakeTes bevri Zalian sasargeblo ram, rogorc mTlianad qveynisTvis, aseve calkeuli individebisTvis, magram samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camo-yalibebis kuTxiT, Cven mainc vfiqrobT, rom qveynis ZiriTadi mosaxleo-ba iyo saqmisTvis da ara saqme iyo maTTvis.

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dnaZis xelisufleba angariSs uwevda ra dasavleli par-tniorebis politikur gemovnebas, ubralod iTmenda ara-samTavrobo organizaciebis arsebobas. Tumca zusti rao-denoba ucnobia, magram mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTeb-ze CamosaTvlelia mesame seqtorSi momzadebuli iseTi proeqtebis raodenoba, romlis rekomendaciebic gaiTva-liswina xelisuflebam, xolo iseT SemTxvevebSi rodesac saqme Seexeboda korufcias an penitencialur sistemas da adamianis uflebebis dacvas, xelisufleba aSkarad agre-siuli xdeboda da konfrontaciaSi Sedioda arasamTavro-bo seqtorTan. Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daikarga an ganuxorcielebeli darCa araerTi socialur-politikuri, ekonomikuri xasiaTis samoqmedo RonisZiebaTa nusxa da rom iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saWiro iyo xelisufle-bis araTu yuradReba da Tanadgoma, aramed garantirebu-li Caurevloba, xelisuflebis qceva, iSviaTi gamonakli-sebis garda, saerTo sargeblianobis principis sapirispi-ro iyo.

kidev ufro garTulda urTierToba saxelmwifosa da arasamTavrobo seqtors Soris dRes. saakaSvilis re-formebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi motivi emyareboda savsebiT swor Teziss qarTuli saxelmwifos araqmediTunarianobis Sesaxeb. sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso gamokiTxvebiT Sevar-dnaZis droindeli saqarTvelo araerTxel aRmoCenila arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis nusxaSi. amitom, saakaSvilis mTavrobis Zalisxmeva, mcdeloba imisa, rom reformebis gziT migveRwia saxelmwifo seqtoris gaZlierebisaTvis, TavisTavad misasalmebelia. aq adgili ar aris gatarebu-li reformebis avkargianobis Sesafaseblad. ufro mniS-vnelovnad migvaCnia aRniSvna imisa, rom reformebma Tan-daTanobiT uaRresad radikaluri saxe miiRo da srul sa-xelmwifo kontrols dauqvemdebara socialuri sfero. ganxorcielda saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa mkveT-ri Sekveca da adamianebis didi masis sruli marginaliza-cia mas Semdeg, rac sacodav mdgomareobaSi myofma qar-Tulma biznesma ver moaxerxa iafi gamoTavisuflebuli muSaxelis dasaqmeba. adamianebis yoveldRiuri arseboba seriozul problemad iqca, ramac sazogadoebis iseTive atomizacia gamoiwvia, rogoric zemoT iyo aRniSnuli. marTalia xelisuflebas ver davabralebT, rom man daxu-

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ra romelime arasamTavrobo organizacia, magram aseT so-cialur viTarebaSi arasamTavrobo seqtori sruliad ufunqciod arsebobs. mas saxelmwifom aRar dautova rea-luri samoqmedo veli. sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom atomizirebuli individi kvlav saxelmwifos pirispir dgas Tanac imis sruli SegnebiT, rom amgvar dapirispire-baSi is yovelTvis damarcxebuli iqneba. Tu am gadasaxe-didan SevafasebT saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Zalisxme-vas da gaRebul didZal finansur daxmarebas, romlis mi-zani iyo saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoya-libeba, aSkara gaxdeba, rom es Tanxebi wyalSia gadayri-li. miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Zalis-xmeva mTlad ukvalod ar gamqrala man garkveuli Sedege-bi moitana sxva mimarTulebiT.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moRvaweobis zogierTi Sedegis Sesaxeb

rodesac saubaria arasamTavrobo seqtorSi momzade-

buli proeqtebis Sesaxeb, romelTa implementacias mniS-vnelovani Sedegi moyva ara mxolod garkveuli regionis, aramed mTeli qveynis masStabiT, SegviZlia ramdenime iS-viaTi gamonaklisis dasaxeleba. ganaTlebis reforma, ma-galiTad, romelic erT-erTi yvelaze rezonansuli proeq-ti iyo didwilad momzadda sorosis fondSi. SeiZleba sul mcire erTi organizaciis dasaxeleba (mxedvelobaSi maqvs Tavisuflebis instituti), romlis proeqtebi Sevar-dnaZis dros mWidrod iyo koordinirebuli xelisufle-bis reformatorul ZalebTan. am organizaciis kavSirebi dRevandel qarTul xelisuflebasTan imdenad mWidro gaxda, rom is ufro Camohgavs samTavrobo inteleqtua-lur centrs, vidre arasamTavrobo organizacias.

yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi rac ucxouri fonde-bisa da NGO-ebis moRvaweobas moyva saqarTveloSi, iyo axali politikuri klasis, momavali mmarTveli elitis Camoyalibeba. Tavis droze, saqarTveloSi akreditebulma ucxourma fondebma, Cvens qveyanaSi dafuZnebisa da uamra-vi biurokratiuli barierebis dasaZlevad, cxadia pirvel rigSi xelisuflebas mimarTes. maSin xelisuflebaSi

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myofma, rogorc uwodebdnen, axalgazrda reformatorebma (Jvaniam, saakaSvilma da sxvebma) kargad gaTvales aRniS-nuli finansuri wyaros politikuri momgebianoba da ro-desac xelisuflebis ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi, “wiTeli direqtorebi” sakuTari finansuri interesebis dakmayofilebas sxvadasxva maqinaciebiT, xSirad saxel-mwifos mier aRebuli ucxouri valebis datacebiT cdi-lobdnen, sruli kontroli daamyares im fondebze da fondebis mier msuyed dafinansebul NGO-ebze romlebis grantebis sistemaze muSaobdnen. am kontrols ormagad momgebiani xasiaTi aRmoaCnda:

pirveli, fondebis da NGO-ebis maRalanazRaurebadi (programebis direqtorebis, menejerebis, koordinatore-bis da a.S.) Tanamdebobebi Jvania-saakaSvilis proteJeebma daikaves. garkveuli politikuri, kerZod deklarirebu-lad liberaluri Rirebulebebis da institutebis gan-mtkicebaze orientirebul ucxour fondebSi arsebulma maRalma finansurma uzrunvelyofam gansazRvra, erTi mxriv Jvania-saakaSvilis politikuri platforma da ltolva aSS-sken, xolo meore mxriv, kargi Sansi misca maT SeeqmnaT erTguli birTvi farTo politikuri speq-trisaTvis.

meore, fondebSi ZiriTad Tanamdebobebze “Tavisi xalxis” gayvaniT, Jvania-saakaSvilma sakmaod soliduri saxsrebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr regulirebis mar-jve meqanizmi moipova. Sedegad, konkretuli mimarTule-biT angaJirebuli da erTguli inteleqtualebis ricxvma ufro imata. reformatorebis gundis mier arasamTavrobo seqtoris Sesaqmnelad gamiznuli dasavluri saxsrebis gonivruli da marjve gamoyenebis kidev erT nimuSad Seg-viZlia gavixsenoT “rusTavi 2”-is daarsebis istoria, ro-desac xelisuflebis mier daxurulma da Serisxulma provinciulma televiziam saTanado sagranto daxmarebis Sedegad ara mxolod adgilmdebareoba Seicvala, aramed TandaTan Camoyalibda aRniSnuli politikuri jgufis mZlavr PR manqanad. aq uTuod aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom maTi SevardnaZis xelisuflebisagan jer gandgomisas, xolo Semdeg radikaluri dapirispirebisas, aRniSnuli infrastruqtura Zalze aqtiurad monawileobda. is Camo-yalibda da momZlavrda mmarTveli wreebis Tvalwin yo-

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velgvari kanondarRvevis gareSe. ramdenadac es fondebi-sa da NGO-ebis sistema arasamTavrobo seqtoris da samo-qalaqo sazogadoebis reputaciiT sargeblobda, xelisuf-lebis yoveli kontrzoma Zalze iolad iyo interpreti-rebuli “samoqalaqo sazogadoebis xelyofad”, “Tavisu-fal televiziaze Tavdasxmad”, “korumpirebuli Cinovnike-bis da mafiozuri klanebis TviTnebobad” da a.S. cxadia Seqmnili viTareba, politikur brZolaSi Cabmul xeli-suflebas imTaviTve wamgebian poziciaSi ayenebda, radgan iqmneboda xelisuflebis samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan da-pirispirebis, Zalauflebis TavisuflebasTan brZolis efeqti.

revoluciis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom “warmatebulma” arasamTavrobo organizaciebma maTze dakisrebuli amoca-na, romelic didad gansxvavebuli iyo mesame seqtoris momZlavrebisagan, amowura. amitom is xalxi, vinc revo-luciamde dakavebuli iyo privilegirebul arasamTavro-bo seqtorSi, dReisaTvis gabneulia iq sadac unda yofi-liyo Tavdapirveli CanafiqriT - Seadgenen ZiriTad saxe-lisuflebo wreebs.

literatura:

1. Томас Гоббс – «Левиафан или материя, форма и власть государства церковного и гражданского», в кн. Томас Гоббс, Избранные произведения в двух томах. Изд. «Мысль». Москва 1965юб том 2.

2. Laurence Berns �– Thomas Hobbes., in:�“ History of Political Philo-sophy�”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987

3..Гегель Конституция Германии. В кн. Политические поизве-дения. Изд. «Наука», М. 1978.

4. gigi TevzaZe demokratiuli politikuri sazoga-doebis ganviTareba: samoqalaqo organizaciebi. demokra-tiuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. sadisku-sio masala #7. Tbilisi, 2003 wlis maisi.

5. http://www.isar.org/pubs/ST/Gngomovement491.html

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elguja meqvabiSvili

mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba rogorc saSualo klasis formirebis umniSvnelovanesi piroba

sazogadoebis socialur-stratifikaciuli diferen-

ciacia rTuli da sadiskusio problemaa. marqsistuli ekonomikur-deterministuli Teoria socialuri klasebis bunebis axsnas gvTavazobs materialuri warmoebis xasiaT-ze dayrdnobiT da ganmsazRvrel kriteriumebad miiCnevs gansxvavebul damokidebulebas warmoebis saSualebebisad-mi da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis miTvisebis wess. aramar-qsisti sociologebis azriT, warmoebis saSualebebisadmi damokidebuleba ar warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi klasebis Camomyalibebel niSans. gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi jgufebisadmi adamianTa mikuTvnebas veberi gansazRvravs statusisa da prestiJis, darendrofi – Zalauflebis, uorneri – socialuri rolisa da reputaciis faqtore-biT. ganixileba agreTve iseTi araekonomikuri faqtore-bic, rogoricaa ganaTleba, profesiuli daxelovneba, pri-vilegiebi da a.S.

postkomunistur gardamaval sazogadoebaSi socia-luri diferenciacia, romelic cvlis socializmis sab-Wouri modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur erTgva-rovnebas, kanonzomier movlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. amasTanave, TvalSisacemia postkomunistur saqarTveloSi socialuri diferenciaciis simwvave da siRrme, rasac mravali obieqturi da subieqturi faqtori ganapirobebs. araswori privatizebis Sedegad mosaxleobis metad mcire jgufma TiTqmis usasyidlod xelSi Caigdo didZali sa-xelmwifo qoneba. “liberaluri” fulad-sakredito poli-tika, (romelic realurad kreditebis ukontrolo gace-mas niSnavda), mosaxleobis anabrebis miTviseba, kontra-banduli saqonlis masobrivi Semotana da realizacia, Se-mosavlebis damalva – is movlenebia, romlebiTac erTeu-lebi Zalian gamdidrdnen da uzarmazari qonebis mflobe-lebi gaxdnen. saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda saxelmwifosa da formirebis procesSi myofi kerZo seqtoris urTier-

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Tqmedebis mankieri praqtika: prezidentis brZanebulebebis, parlamentis gadawyvetilebebis miReba dainteresebuli kerZo jgufebis sasargeblod da am ukanasknelTa finan-suri resursebis gamoyeneba politikuri partiebis, saar-Cevno kampaniebis dasafinanseblad.

saqarTveloSi 90-iani wlebidan dawyebuli e.w. “kapi-talis Tavdapirveli dagrovebis” meore mxares warmoad-genda mosaxleobis Raribi nawilis swrafi zrda, upirve-les yovlisa, “Zveli Raribebis” jgufTan “axali Raribe-bis” mierTebis gziT. mecnierebis, eqimebis, maswavleble-bis, xelovnebis da inteligenciis sxva warmomadgenlebis mniSvnelovani nawili Semosavlebis doniT gauTanabrdnen martoxela dedebs da mravalSvilian ojaxebs, pensione-rebs, invalidebs da sxv. RaribTa jgufi agreTve Seivso umuSevrebiT da iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebiT. ris-kis zonaSi aRmoCndnen “momuSave” Raribebi, romelTa Se-mosavlebiT SeuZlebeli iyo sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxis rCena. eqspertebis gaangariSebiT, deciluri koeficienti, anu mosaxleobis yvelaze mdidari 10%-is Sefardeba yve-laze Raribi 10%-is SemosavlebTan 1985 wlis 5:1-dan 1995 wels 40:1-Tan, 2005 wels ki 22:1-Tan Seicvala., rac ukidu-resad SemaSfoTebel maCveneblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

Rarib-RatakTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi Zalian mZimea, razedac statistikuri monacemebic naTlad metyve-lebs. kerZod, 1996-2003 wlebSi siRaribis done (RaribTa, anu saarsebo minimumze naklebi Semosavlebis mqone mosax-leobis xvedriTi wili mTlian mosaxleobaSi) 46.2 %-dan 54.5 %-mde gaizarda. aseve gaizarda siRaribis siRrme (ro-melic zomavs RaribTa gadaxras saarsebo minimumidan) 17.3 %-dan 21.1 %-mde da siRaribis simwvave (romelic gviCve-nebs TviT RaribTa cxovrebis doneebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas) 8.9 %-dan 11.2 %-mde.1

vardebis revoluciis Semdgom periodSi oficialu-ri statistika afiqsirebs siRaribis donis sagrZnob Sem-cirebas – 2004 wels - 35.7%-mde, 2005 wels ki – 35.5%-mde. es tendencia, samwuxarod, warmoadgens adamianTa ara eko-nomikuri mdgomareobis realuri gaumjobesebis, aramed garkveuli statistikuri manipulirebis Sedegs. kerZod,

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 b. gabiZaSvili, z. Sonia, z. kirvaliZe (2006). Raribs arTmevs, mdidars aZlevs? Jurn. “socialuri ekonomika”, #2.

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saarsebo minimumis gaangariSeba winaT xdeboda normatiu-li statistikuri meTodiT, romelic efuZneboda 2500 ka-loriis sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebas da minimalur arasasursaTo xarjebs. 2005 wlidan ki saarsebo minimumis gaangariSeba xdeba statistikuri meTodiT, romelic iTva-liswinebs mosaxleobis yvelaze uqoneli 10%-is faqtob-riv minimalur moxmarebas. gaangariSebis meTodikis am cvlilebis Sedegad saSualo momxmareblis saarsebo mini-mumi 138 laridan 84 laramde, anu 39%-iT Semcirda. sinam-dvileSi, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg Rarib-RatakTa eko-nomikuri mdgomareoba ki ar gaumjobesebula, aramed gaua-resda. Cveni azriT, es cvlileba ganpirobebuli iyo ori garemoebiT: 1. faswarmoqmnaSi mimdinare cvlilebebiT, ris Sedegadac (magaliTad, eleqtroenergiis tarifi) 250%-iT gaizarda da misi saSualo Tviuri xarji saSualo sta-tistikuri ojaxis Semosavlebis 20-25%-s aRemateba. gazis fasi ramdenime wlis manZilze gaoTxmagda, gaizarda fase-bi komunalur momsaxurebaze, sazogadoebriv transpor-tze, wyliT sargeblobaze da a.S.; 2. araxelsayreli biz-nesgaremosa da saxelmwifo seqtorSi gauTavebeli e.w. struqturuli gardaqmnebis gamo Semcirda samuSao adgi-lebi da gaizarda umuSevarTa raodenoba. msoflio bankis eqspertTa SefasebiT, Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi siRari-bis ZiriTadi mizezia “umuSevroba da sakmarisad kargad anazRaurebadi samsaxurebis nakleboba”.

postkomunistur gardamaval periodSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli procesebis Sedegad qveynis mosaxloebis socialuri struqtura daaxloebiT ase gamoiyureba: mdidrebi – 5%, SeZlebulebi -10%, saSualod uzrunvelyo-filebi – 10%, naklebad uzrunvelyofilebi – 20% Raribe-bi – 45% da Ratakebi – 10%.1 rogorc vxedavT, RaribTa, RatakTa da siRaribis riskis zonaSi myofTa xvedriTi wi-li mTel mosaxleobaSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 85%-s. es mdgomareoba ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT araefeqtiania, socialurad - usamarTlo da politikurad – friad saxi-faTo.

Seqmnili situaciidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos xe-lisuflebis Tanamedrove ekonomikuri politikis strate-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 Jurn. “socialuri ekonomika” (2006), #2.

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giul amocanas unda warmoadgendes im RonisZiebaTa kom-pleqsis gatareba, romelic gazrdis saSualo klass upi-ratesad dabali klasidan gadmosulTa xarjze.

saSualo klasis ZiriTad nawils, mis “xerxemals” saSualo da mcire mewarmeebi warmoadgenen. sayovelTaod cnobilia saSualo klasis roli sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebul demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, rac SemdegSi gamoixateba:

saSualo klasi Tavisuflebis garantia. misi sasi-cocxlo interesia Tavisufali moqmedebis sivrcis gafar-Toeba da ganmtkiceba. es, upirveles yovlisa, Seexeba Ta-visufal sabazro sivrces. Sua saukuneebis Tavdapirveli dagrovebis epoqidan dawyebuli mewarmeebi yovelTvis ib-rZodnen TavianTi saqmianobis TavisuflebisaTvis, nebismi-eri sakuTrebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr gankargvi-sTvis;

saSualo klasi qveynis socialuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis, socialuri Tanxmobis miRwevis da socia-luri interesebis dabalansebis safuZvelia;

saSualo klasi ekonomikis myari da dinamiuri zrdis (ganviTarebis) wyaroa. i. Sumpeteris azriT, “iyo mewarme, niSnavs akeTo ara is, rasac sxvebi akeTeben da ara ise, rogorc sxvebi akeTeben”.1 maSasadame, mewarme aris gzagamkvalavi (inovatori) ekonomikaSi, komunikato-ri, romelic ipyrobs axal bazrebs da amyarebs axal kav-Sirebs. mewarmisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod mogebis miReba, aramed maRali konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyo-fa da konkurenciaSi gamarjveba, rac ekonomikis dinamiz-mis aucilebeli pirobaa;

saSualo klasi ganapirobebs samarTlebrivi sa-xelmwifos aucileblobas, sadac yvela Tanabrad emorCi-leba da asrulebs kanonebs. mcire da saSualo mewarmeo-ba, rogorc sabazro sistemis Semadgeneli nawili, emyare-ba partniorTa Soris sakontraqto sistemas. kontraqtis gaformeba da nakisr valdebulebaTa Sesruleba ar war-moadgens mxolod masSi monawile ori mxaris izolire-bul aqts. masze udides gavlenas axdens garemo, sadac mzaddeba da ideba es garigeba. garigebis monawileebi ki

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 a. silagaZe (2001). ekonomikuri azris istoria.

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darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen maTi SeTanxmebis daculoba-Si nebismieri arakeTilsindisieri partnioris mier xel-Sekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. es niSnavs miukerZoe-beli, samarTliani sasamarTlos arsebobas, romelic sa-marTlebrivi saxelmwifos ganuyofeli nawilia.

saSualo klasis CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvne-loba eniWeba mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTarebas, romelic moiTxovs saxelmwifos mxridan mxardaWeris Ro-nisZiebaTa qmediTi sistemis Seqmnas da danergvas. ganvixi-loT es sistema.

Tavisufali mewarmeobis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba mcire sawarmoebis Seqmnis gziT, gulisxmobs Sesabamisi institucionaluri bazis arsebobas, risTvisac aucilebe-lia:

1. mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris konkretuli da Tanmimdevruli politikis SemuSaveba, romelic, rogorc wesi, unda warmoadgendes zogadad mewarmeobis ganviTare-bis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi politikis Semadgenel na-wils;

2. mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis xelisSemSleli mi-zezebis dadgenisa da aRmofxvris konkretuli mimarTu-lebebis gansazRvra da kerZo mewarmeobisTvis xelsayre-li garemos Seqmna;

3. pasuxismgeblobisa da funqciebis gamijvna centra-lur samTavrobo organoebsa da regionul struqturebs Soris Tavisufali mewarmeobis politikis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi;

4. samewarmeo sferos warmomadgenelTa aqtiuri da efeqtiani monawileoba ekonomikuri politikis SemuSave-bis, realizaciis da Sedegianobis Sefasebis procesSi.

mewarmeobis instituciur bazas (CarCos) gansaz-Rvravs saqarTvelos “kanoni mewarmeobis Sesaxeb” da kano-ni “mcire sawarmoTa mxardaWeris Sesaxeb”. Tavisufali mewarmeobis instituciuri bazis umniSvnelovanesi Semad-geneli nawilia mewarmeobis samarTlebrivi regulireba, romlis srulyofa unda warimarTos Semdegi mimarTule-bebiT:

1. kanonebisa da normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis harmonizacia mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis stimulire-bis, biurokratiuli procedurebis gamartivebis da am

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procesSi monawile saxelmwifo struqturebis raodeno-bis Semcirebis gziT;

2. kerZo sawarmoTa saregistracio salicenzio da administraciuli procedurebis srulyofa maTi gamarti-vebisa da xelmisawvdomobis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT;

3. kanonebisa da maregulirebeli wesebis SemuSaveba-Si kerZo seqtoris warmomadgenelTa monawileobis efeq-tianobis gazrda maTi moTxovnebis ukeT gaTvaliswinebis mizniT.

instituciuri bazis CamoyalibebasTan erTad umniS-vnelovanes amocanas warmoadgens Tavisufali mewarmeobis mxardaWeris sakredito finansuri meqanizmebis srulyofa-ganviTareba. dRevandel saqarTveloSi mravali mizezi ar-sebobs, rac naklebad xelmisawvdoms xdis ekonomikis rea-luri seqtorisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire sawarmoebi-saTvis, finansur resursebs. am mizezebs warmoadgens: kre-ditebis aucilebeli uzrunvelyofis uqonloba; sasesxo procentis maRali ganakveTebi; grZelvadiani kreditebis dabali xvedriTi wili; garantiebisa da giraos uqonlo-ba; proeqtebis dabali efeqtianoba. Seqmnil situaciaSi aucilebelia problemisadmi kompleqsuri midgoma, rac gulisxmobs dafinanseba-dakreditebis axali principebisa da politikis SemuSavebas Semdegi principebis safuZvel-ze:

1. efeqtiani, qmediTi da moqnili finansuri momsaxu-rebis seqtoris Camoyalibeba da safinanso resursebis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba;

2. arasrulyofili (ganuviTarebeli finansuri baz-rebis pirobebSi) mewarmeobis saxelmwifo dafinansebis meqanizmebis amuSaveba;

3. venCuruli kapitalis fondebis Seqmna da sali-zingo operaciebis danergva. warmoadgens ra sastarto ka-pitalis xSir SemTxvevaSi erTaderT wyaros, gardamavali ekonomikis mqone bevr qveyanaSi lizingma gadamwyveti ro-li iTamaSa, gansakuTrebiT mcire mewarmeobis ganviTare-bis saqmeSi;

mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis saxelmwifo mxarda-Weris umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebas warmoadgens misTvis sagadasaxado preferenciebis miniWeba, romlis maRalefeq-tianobas adasturebs sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdi-

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leba, sadac specialur zomebs mimarTaven mewarmeobis, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa ekonomi-kuri da teqnologiuri garemos gasaumjobeseblad. saga-dasaxado sistemis srulyofas safuZvlad unda daedos Semdegi sami principi: simartive, romelic uzrunvelyofs sagadasaxado moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis siadviles, amci-rebs mewarmis drois danaxarjebs sagadasaxado sakiTxe-bis mogvarebaze; sicxade, romelic gamoricxavs gadasaxa-debis diskriminaciis mizniT gamoyenebas; stabiluroba, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mewarmeebs sworad dagegmon TavianTi sagadasaxado valdebulebebi.

mewarmeobis mxardamWeri sagadasaxado politika, Cve-ni azriT, unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: mcire mewarmeebisaTvis xelsayreli klimatis Seqmna; saga-dasaxado politikis SemuSavebasa da srulyofaSi mcire mewarmeebisa da maTi mxardamWeri organizaciebis aqtiuri Cabma; mcire da saSualo mewarmeebisaTvis fiskaluri mxardaWera, romelic sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miniWebis garda, iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva saxis subsidirebas. me-warmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis mizanSewonilad migvaCnia Semdegi konkretuli SeRavaTebis daweseba:

axladSeqmnili mcire sawarmoebi funqcionirebis dawyebidan pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi gadaixdian mogebis gadasaxadis 50%-s;

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi Tavisufldebian re-investirebuli mogebis gadasaxadebisagan;

mcire sawarmoebs ufleba eZlevaT isargeblon daC-qarebuli amortizaciis normebiT;

mcirdeba gadasaxadebis raodenoba maTi agregire-bis gziT;

mcire sawarmoTa mimarT gamoyenebuli iqneba gamar-tivebuli sabuRaltro aRricxvis sistema.

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis saxelmwifo mxarda-Weris mniSvnelovani komponentia preferenciebi saxelmwi-fos Sesyidvebis procesSi monawileobisas, romelic, msoflio mowinave gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZ-leba ganxorcieldes Semdegi formebiT:

setsaidebi, rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifo kontraq-tebis mTlian moculobaSi mcire sawarmoebisaTvis gan-

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sazRvruli kvotis dadgenas. Cveni azriT, es kvotebi SeiZ-leba meryeobdes 20-30%-is farglebSi;

preferenciuli sqemebi, romlis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: Tanabari xarisxis satendero winadadebebi-dan (fasi da sxv. pirobebi) kontraqtebi formdeba im mci-re sawarmoebTan, romlebic ganlagebulni arian naklebad ganviTarebul regionebSi. maSasadame, preferenciuli sqe-mebis meTodebi regionaluri politikis Semadgenel ele-ments warmoadgens.

SesyidvebSi mcire sawarmoebis monawileobis gamar-tivebis mizniT SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas saxel-mwifo kontraqtebis lotebad danawilebisa da qvekon-traqtebis dadebis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs ZiriTa-di kontraqtoris mier qvekontraqtebis mesame pirTan, anu mcire sawarmoebTan kontraqtis dadebas Sesasrulebeli samuSaos garkveul nawilze.

rogorc cnobilia, Cveni qveynis sainvesticio resur-sebis udidesi nawili ucxouri investiciebis xarjze ya-libdeba. Sesabamisad, mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis auci-lebelia ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da efeqtiani saxelmwifo politikis gan-xorcieleba. pirvel rigSi, yuradReba unda mieqces myari sainvesticio kanonmdeblobis Seqmnas, romelic investo-rebisaTvis uzrunvelyofs Tanabrad xelsayrel garemos da minimumamde daiyvans biurokratiul procedurebs. srulyofas saWiroebs ucxouri sainvesticio resursebis miRebisa da ganawilebis meqanizmi. unda ganisazRvros is organoebi da struqturebi, romlebic uSualod pasuxs ageben sainvesticio proeqtebis SemuSavebisa da ganxorci-elebis mTel procesze.

metad mniSvnelovania aqtiuri struqturuli poli-tikis gatareba. igi gulisxmobs im prioritetuli darge-bisa da sawarmoebis SerCevas, romlebic saTanado resur-sebiT uzrunvelyofis SemTxvevaSi mogvcemen maqsimalur ekonomikuri ukugebas. ekonomikis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze es prioritetuli sferoebi SeiZleba Seicvalos, Tumca SesaZlebelia metnaklebad stabiluri da maRali Sedegebis momcemi Semdegi sferoebis gamoyofa:

samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis ga-damuSaveba;

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maRalteqnologiuri warmoeba da inovaciebis sfe-ro;

saeqsporto produqciis warmoeba; mcire mewarmeoba turizmis, satransporto, sawar-

moo-sakonsultacio, inJineringis, nou-haus da momsaxure-bis sxva dargebSi.

mecnierul-teqnologiuri revoluciis Tanamedrove etapze metad mniSvnelovania mcire da saSualo sawarmoe-bisaTvis teqnologiuri xelSewyoba, romelic gulis-xmobs:

Tanamedrove teqnikisa da teqnologiebis miRebis wyaroebisa da saSualebebis gansazRvras;

teqnologiebis Semotanis iseTi formebis gamoyene-bas, rogoricaa licenziebi da nou-hau; sawarmoTa koope-racia, erToblivi mewarmeoba da sxv;

axali teqnikisa da teqnologiebis Semotanis in-stitucionaluri struqturebis Camoyalibeba: teqnikuri da teqnologiuri centrebis, teqnoparkebis, salizingo kompaniebis da sxvaTa Seqmna;

axali teqnikisa da teqnologiebis gamoyenebis swavleba da konsultaciebi;

waxalisebisa da SeRavaTebis sistemis gamoyeneba im mewarmeTa mimarT, romlebic mowinave teqnologiebis im-portsa da danergvaze arian orientirebulni.

mcire sawarmoTa teqnologiuri momsaxurebis uaRre-sad perspeqtiuli formaa finansuri da operatiuli li-zingi. finansuri lizingi tradiciuli sabanko dakredi-tebisgan gansxvavebiT, mewarmeebs saSualebas aZlevs mii-Ron aucilebeli ZiriTadi saSualebebi erTdrouli dana-xarjebis gawevis gareSe. igi iTvaliswinebs ZiriTad saSu-alebebze saamortizacio Rirebulebis mTlian an nawi-lobriv gadaxdas, ris Semdegac es qoneba damqiraveblis sakuTrebaSi gadadis. finansuri lizingis gamoyeneba gan-sakuTrebiT efeqtiania iseTi warmoebebisaTvis, romlebic sezonurobasa da ciklurobaze maRali damokidebulebiT xasiaTdeba. finansuri lizingi mniSvnelovan sagadasaxa-do SeRavaTebs aniWebs mewarmeebs. kerZod, ijariT aRebu-li ZiriTadi saSualebebi ar aRiricxeba sabalanso anga-riSebSi aqtivebis saxiT; saarendo Senatanebi ar ibegreba da saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, lizingis

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formiT Semotanili mowyobilobebi da danadgarebi Tavi-sufldeba sabaJo gadasaxadebisagan. aseve warmatebiT Se-iZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli operatiuli lizingi, romelic gulisxmobs ZiriTad saSualebaTa ijaras maT saamorti-zacio vadaze mokle periodiT.

mewarmeobis aqtiur mxardasaWerad SeiZleba gamoye-nebul iqnas iseTi efeqtiani meqanizmi, rogoric aris biz-nes-inkubatorebi, romelic xels uwyobs individualuri iniciativebis gamovlenas da mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresis miRwevebis swrafad danergvas. biznes-inkubato-rebi aris specialuri teritoria, sadac Tavmoyrilia ax-ladSeqmnili sawarmoebi. isini sargebloben arsebuli in-frastruqturiT da aucilebeli momsaxurebiT. biznes-in-kubatorebSi aqtiurad xdeba rogorc adgilobrivi, ise ucxouri investiciebis mozidva, maRalteqnologiuri produqciis gamoSveba, eqsportze orientirebul sawarmo-Ta mxardaWera, mewarmeTa swavleba, kooperaciuli kavSi-rebis damyareba da a.S. biznes-inkubatorebis Seqmna sakma-od rTuli, Sromatevadi da kapitaltevadi procesia, rac gulisxmobs winaswari mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis Catare-bas: biznes-inkubatorebis statusis gansazRvras da mar-Tvis struqturisa da funqciebis dadgenas. biznes-inkuba-torebi aris damoukidebeli da arakomerciuli organiza-ciebi, romelTa saqmianoba warimarTeba kolegialuri or-ganos (magaliTad, sabWos mier). amasTanave, uzrunvelyo-fil unda iqnas mWidro saqmiani TanamSromloba mcire me-warmeobis ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobis politikis gan-mxorcielebel organoebTan da konsultaciuri momsaxu-rebis centrebTan mocemul teritoriaze. biznes-inkubato-rebis saqmianoba saqarTveloSi mizanSewonilia warimar-Tos materialuri warmoebis sferoSi mewarmeobis mxarda-saWerad da momsaxurebis sferoSi – mewarmeobis gansavi-Tareblad. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania biznes-inkubato-rebis adgilmdebareobis SerCeva, romelmac unda gaiTva-liswinos saTanado infrastruqturebis, gansakuTrebiT - Tanamedrove komunikaciebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. ag-reTve aucilebelia maTi mibma regionalur politikasTan da marTvis adgilobrivi organoebis aqtiuri CarTva biz-nes-inkubatorebis funqcionirebis procesSi. jerovani yu-radReba unda daeTmos mmarTveli personalis SerCevas,

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menejmentis efeqtiani procedurebis SemuSavebas da mene-jerTa saqmianobis swor Sefasebas.

amrigad, mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba is aucilebeli pirobaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs saqar-Tvelos ekonomikuri krizisidan gamoyvanas, saSualo kla-sis Camoyalibebas, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobas, mwvave socialuri problemebis gadaWras da qveynis politikur stabilurobas.

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zaza SaTiriSvili

nacionaluri identoba da nacionaluri narativebi

1. nacionaluri identoba esaa naciis mier sakuTari

Tavis TviTaRqma da TviTSefaseba. nacionaluri identobis ganmsazRvreli faqtori nacionaluri narativia. ras niS-navs nacionaluri narativi? is, rac pirovnebisaTvis (av-to) biografiaa, faqtobrivad, igivea naciisTvis naciona-luri narativi. nacionaluri narativebis meSveobiT nacia axdens sakuTari Tavis formirebasa da konstituirebas. nacionaluri narativebs ayalibebs nacionaluri politi-kur-inteleqtualuri elita skolis, presis/mediisa da universitetis meSveobiT.

2. ra aris nacia? nacia esaa erTi nacionaluri nara-tivi da erTi ekonomika erT mTlian teritoriaze. teri-toriuli mTlianobis idea, sabazro ekonomika da ganaT-lebis erTiani sistema qmnis nacias, rogorc mTlianobas, romlis aucilebeli Tviseba “suverenulobaa”. amitomac, legitimurobis wyaros warmoadgens “erTi xalxi erTi teritoriaze”.

3. nacionaluri identoba da nacionaluri narativebi pirvelad Cndeba da yalibdeba XVIII-XIX saukuneebis evro-pasa da Crdilo amerikaSi. pirveli ori nacia esaa _ ame-rikuli da franguli naciebi. frangul nacionaluri identobas ayalibebs franguli revolucia (bastiliis aReba) da adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia. amerikul naci-onalur narativs ayalibebs amerikuli revolucia da da-moukideblobis deklaracia Tavisuflebis qartiasTan er-Tad.

4. qarTuli nacionalizmis Tavisebureba: qarTuli nacionalizmi ibadeba XIX saukunis 60/70-ian wlebSi ru-suli imperiis wiaRSi. am nacionalizmis mTavari sloga-nia mamuli (teritoria), ena (erTiani ganaTlebis sistema) da sarwmunoeba (qristianuli tradicia, rogorc “nacio-naluri memkvidreoba”). swored es ukanaskneli punqti ga-moarCevs qarTul nacionalizms nacionalizmis evropuli modelisagan, sadac nacionalizmi swored monarqiasa da

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eklesiasTan dapirispirebaSi Camoyalibda (amis Sesaxeb ix.: qvemoT). amave dros, Tu evropaSi nacionalizmsa da nacionalur identobas burJuazia (imdroindeli samoqa-laqo sazogadoeba) ayalibebs, saqarTveloSi nacionalur identobas ZiriTadad aristokratiuli warmoSobis inte-leqtualuri elita (qarTuli inteligencia _ “Tergdale-ulebi”) qmnis. am azriT, rogorc SeniSnavs Tanamedrove amerikeli istorikosi ronald suni (Ronald Suny), qarTuli nacia bolomde Camoyalibebuli dRemde ar aris (The Making of the Georgian Nation (Indiana University Press, 1988, 1994)).

istoriuli eqskursi: “bizantiuri” Zalaufleba da qarTuli nacionalizmi

Zalaufleba qarTul kulturaSi yovelTvis pirovne-

baze iyo mibmuli da pirovnebidan momdinareobda. “qarTu-li” Zalaufleba qarizmuli fenomenia. Tanamedrove fran-gi istorikosebi aRniSnaven, rom safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegebi jerac ar damTavrebula. me ki vityodi, rom Cven-Tan bizantiis imperiis daSla jer ar dasrulebula. gar-kveuli azriT, saqarTveloSi (da ara mxolod _ saqarTve-loSi) postbizantiuri epoqa jer kidev ar damdgara. swo-red amitomaa Zalaufleba saqarTveloSi qarizmuli da pirovnuli _ “Cvens” Zalauflebas “bizantiuri tradicia” gansazRvravs.

“bizantizmi” esaa izolaciisken da gamoyofisaken swrafva _ am azriT, saqarTvelos revoluciuri xelisuf-leba, romelic WeSmariti saxelmwifos aSenebis saxeliT TvTizolaciaze saubrobda _ mixeil kerulariosisa Tu protopop abakumis Jestebs imeorebda da sulac ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, icoda Tu ara man es saxelebi, swamda Tu ara RmerTi da moswonda Tu ara, vTqvaT, samebis taZa-ri da a.S.

“bizantizmis” meore niSani Zalauflebis sakraliza-ciis is tipia, romelic saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi (da ara mxolod am kulturebSi!) gvxvdeba. esaa Zalauflebis sakralizaciis bizantiuri tipi. aseTi ram evropaSi aras-dros yofila. evropaSi imperatori (an mefe) legitimaci-as eklesiisgan iRebda. bizantiaSi ki gansakuTrebuli po-litikuri Teologia Seiqmna, romelic pirdapir aRiareb-

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da, rom imperatori qristes msgavsia _ anu imperatoris Zalaufleba “TviTlegitimuri” gaxldaT! amas, samwuxa-rod Cveni istorikosebi naklebad aqceven yuradRebas.

miuxedavad amisa, reducirebuli, “Semoklebuli” sa-xiT es “bizantizmi” CvenSi mainc iyo da axlac aris. bi-zanturi gagebiT, imperatori Tavis TavSi aerTianebs ori-ve moments _ Imperium-s _ Zalauflebas, da Sacerdotium-s _ siwmindes _ swored aqedan warmoiSva “samoderJavies” kon-cepti da fenomeni! dasavlur kulturaSi ki es orive fe-nomeni Tavidanve gamijnuli iyo.

amitomac, Zalauflebis matarebeli personis mimarT CvenTan ar arsebobs mSvidi da kritikuli damokidebule-ba. is an mxsnelia, an _ damaqceveli. aseTi ganwyoba iyo rogorc zviad gamsaxurdias, ise _ eduard SevardnaZis mimarT. sul sxva ambavia, rom SevardnaZem, pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, “mSvidad wasvla” moaxerxa.

dRes saqarTveloSi instituciebis krizisia, ver Se-iqmna Tavisufali sasamarTlo, damoukidebeli parlamenti _ yvelaferi saprezidento mmarTvelobazea mibmuli. ti-pologiurad absoluturad erTgvarovnad viTardeba mov-lenebi ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi. putinis Zalauflebac msgavsi tipis Zalauflebaa _ putini da saakaSvili SeiZ-leba upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs, magram, garkveuli az-riT, ruseTi da saqarTvelo erTmaneTs aireklavs da es urTierTmtroba kidev ufro amyarebs am ZalauflebaTa Sinagan siRrmiseul erTianobas. arsebobs Tu ara aqedan gamosavali, Zneli saTqmelia. xelisufleba ki Seicvleba, magram Cven ramden xans varT dazRveuli msgavsi recidi-vebisagan, veravin ityvis.

saqme isaa, rom Cveni kultura getos tipis kultu-raa, Cveni dRevandeli qristianobac xom “teritoriulia”, izolaciisken midrekilia, orientirebuli sulac araa gasvlaze, misionerobaze... da roca qarTvelebs Cveni saku-Tari Zalaufleba gagviCnda, mas aSkarad “bizantiuri” Tvisebebi aRmoaCnda. bizantiac, miuxedavad imisa, rom im-peria iyo, getosaviT moqmedeba. muslimuri samyaros gaZ-lierebis Semdeg sul ufro da ufro pataravdeboda, da-bolos, mxolod konstantinopoliRa darCa. ruseTic TiT-qos uzarmazari sivrcea, magram masac izolaciisken aqvs miswrafeba _ centriskenulia. Cvenc es gvaxasiaTebs. Ta-

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nac oriveni, rusebic da qarTvelebic, Cvens gansakuTrebu-lobaze vsaubrobT.

amaTgan gansxvavebiT, evropa centridanulia, “eqspan-siuria” _ evropa gadis da nergavs Tavis Rirebulebebs. ase iyo koloniur xanaSi da asea axlac. XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris rusi moazrovne piotr Caadaevi ruseTis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda, rom ruseTi istoriidan amovardnilia _ rom ruseTi TeTri laqaa istoriaSi. msgavsi ram, gar-kveulwilad, saqarTvelozec SeiZleba iTqvas. arada, iyo periodi, roca Cven, ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, erTi mTli-ani saqristianos nawili viyaviT. roca ioane sabanisZe werda _ "yuresa ama qveynisasa" _ es niSnavda, rom qristi-anuli oikumenis sazRvarze mecixovnesaviT videqiT. Cvens mere muslimuri samyaro iyo. es ar niSnavda izolirebu-lobas _ piriqiT!

Cven _ qarTul sazogadoebas _ ar gvesmis naciona-lizmis Tavisebureba, qarTulisa ki ara _ sazogadod _ nacionalizmis fenomenis Tavisebureba. Cven gvgonia, rom nacionalizmi odiTganve arsebobs. am dros, is XVIII sau-kunis bolos da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi isaxeba da mere vrceldeba. Cven gvgonia, rom XIX saukunis qarTuli na-cionalizmi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli samefos gagrZele-baa, sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. erTia samefo, Tavisi ie-rarqiulobiT da sul sxva ramea _ nacionalizmi. nacia gulisxmobs egalitarizms, Tanasworobas. maSin, rodesac is, rac aris naciamde _ samefo _ principulad sxvanairia _ ierarqiulia da sul sxva wesi aqvs legitimurobisa.

dRes bevri saubari da kamaTia legitimurobaze. mniSvnelovani isaa, rom safrangeTis revoluciamde, le-gitimaciis sul sxva wesi arsebobda. legitimurobis wya-ro manamde iyo ara xalxi, aramed _ RmerTi. rogorc rus-Taveli ambobs _ “misgan ars yovli xelmwife, saxiTa mis-mieriTa”. mefe legitimuria imdenad, ramdenadac eklesia adasturebs mis legitimurobas. mefe RvTisganaa. jer ki-dev warmarT imperatorze ambobda pavle mociquli _ “da-emorCileT, sanamdec SegiZliaT”.

XVIII saukunis bolos mefes Tavs aWrian _ safrange-Tis revolucias vgulisxmob. es realuri aqciaa, magram didi simboluri datvirTva aqvs. ibadeba axali fenomeni _ nacia _ da “jdeba” am moWrili Tavis adgilas. nacia

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axal wesebs nergavs, romelTa winaSec yvela unda iyos Tanaswori _ aRar arsebobs dinastia, ierarqia, aRar ar-sebobs aristokratiis privilegiebi. burJuazia acxadebs, rom is naciaa. swored aqedan ibadeba nacionalizmi _ er-Ti klasi _ TiTqosda eris nawili _ Tavis Tavs mTliano-bas _ mTel ers uigivebs. aristokratia, mefe da samRvde-loeba naciis moRalateebad Seiracxa.

qarTuli nacionalizmi XIX saukunis meore naxevar-Si gaformda. ilia WavWavaZe, marTlac, qarTuli naciona-lizmis mamaa. is erT pirad werilSi werda _ “qarTlis cxovrebas vkiTxulobdi da xalxi ver davinaxe, Cveni is-toria mefeTa istoriaao”. vaxuSti batoniSvilis wigns hqvia "aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa", ivane javaxiSvili-sas _ "qarTveli eris istoria". am or teqsts Soris 130 weli da uzarmazari gansxvavebaa, sadac mefe da samefo iyo _ iq eri, nacia gaCnda!

safrangeTis revoluciam dagvanaxa, rom mefis moW-rili Tavis adgili naciam daikava. mefe iyo suvereni, ro-melsac hqonda neba, is aRasrulebda kanonebs, kanons sWirdeba neba, es mefis nebaa, magram mefis neba RvTis ne-bisagan momdinareobs. metafizikurad Zalian gamarTuli momentia! kanonis uzenaesoba da naciis suverenuloba swored mefis suverenulobis Canacvlebaa, da _ im legi-timurobisa, romlis wyaroc aris RmerTi. amitomac, saf-rangeTis revoluciis Semdeg dRemde legitimurobis kri-zisis situaciaSi vimyofebiT. fraza _ “kanonis uzenaeso-ba” _ malavs garkveul melanqoliasa da sevdas namdvili legitimurobis _ mefis legitimurobis _ misamarTiT. Cven xSirad vambobT, rom legitimuroba Semcirda an gaizarda. arada, legitimuroba an aris, an _ ara, is araa Tvladi. Tu is icvleba da iTvleba, maSin is ukve reitingia da ara _ legitimuroba. es problema ontologiurad safuZ-velSive udevs demokratias _ evropuli demokratia da na-cia xom erTi da igivea!

ilia WavWavaZe Tavisi cnobili sloganiT _ "mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba" _ Seecada amoevso is wyveta, romelic samefosa da nacionalizms Soris arsebobda. ufro metic _ ilia Seecada mefis nacvlad eri gamoecxadebina sakra-lurad! amitomac mas “eris mama” da “saqarTvelos ugvir-

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gvino mefe” uwodes. es kvazimonarqistuli epiTetebi Za-lian simptomuria!

samefoSi yvelaferi mefisadmi loialurobiT izome-ba. magaliTad, erekles dros qarTvelebi da somxebi re-ligiurad dapirispirebulebi ki iyvnen, magram nacionalu-ri dapirispireba maT Soris ar arsebobda. imitom, rom ar arsebobda iseTi xedvis kuTxe, rogoricaa nacionalizmi. es dapirispireba XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaCnda _ ruseTis imperiaSi Cveni yofnisas, roca qarTuli aris-tokratia da glexoba gauucxovda somxur burJuazias. es Zalian kargad aris naCvenebi "xanumaSi", roca qeTosa da kotes qorwinebis saxiT xdeba alqimiuri qorwineba som-xur burJuaziasa (romelsac realuri kapitali aqvs) da qarTul aristokratias (romelsac simboluri kapitali aqvs) Soris.

mamaTa da SvilTa brZola iyo ara imdenad TaobaTa Soris brZola, ramdenadac _ brZola monarqizmsa da li-beralur nacionalizms Soris. monarqizmi gulisxmobs ie-rarqiulobas, liberalizmi _ Tanasworobas; monarqizmi agebulia dinastizmis principze, is ar aris teritoriaze mibmuli _ sadac mefea, iqaa samefoc. teritoriuli prob-lemebi mniSvnelovania Sua saukuneebSi, magram ar aris ga-damwyveti. nacia ki aris _ erTi ekonomika da erTi nacio-naluri narativi erT teritoriaze. imperia Tavisi arsiT upirispirdeba nacionalizms _ is global(ist)uri feno-menia. imperiaSi mTavaria, rom is farTovdeba garkveuli samefoebis dinastiur principSi “CarTviT” _ imperia ga-farToebadi monarqiaa. nacionalizms ki sWirdeba konkre-tuli teritoria da bevri sisxlic iRvreba am teritori-is dasakaveblad. garkveuli azriT, nacionalizmi samoqa-laqo omsa da genocids moiTxovs. frangebs dasWirdaT sakuTari xalxis genocidi _ vandea, Turqebs _ somxebis genocidi, imitom, rom erT teritoriaze or ers hqonda sxvadasxva nacionaluri proeqti. arada, somxebi saukunee-bis manZilze mSvidad cxovrobdnen TurqeTis imperiis farglebSi. imisaTvis rom gaCeniliyo TurqeTis sekula-ruli nacionaluri saxelmwifo, Turqebs somxebis geno-cidi dasWirdaT.

Tumca, aq sruliad garkveulad unda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTuli nacionalizmi mainc gansxvavdeba evropuli naci-

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onalizmisagan _ saqme sulac araa is, rom Cven “eTnikuri nacionalizmi” gvaqvs, xolo evropuli nacionalizmi “sa-xelmwifo nacionalizmia”. saqme isaa, rom XV saukunis Semdeg Cven “bizantiur getos” warmovadgenT... rogor mox-da es, calke saubris Temaa, magram qarTuli nacionaliz-mi, romelic XIX saukuneSi gaformda, evropuli naciona-lizmisagan gansxvavebiT, sekularizaciis anu _ eklesias-Tan dapirispirebis gziT ar Camoyalibebula _ piriqiT! qarTuli nacionalizmi sxva “aRmosavlur nacionalizmeb-Tan” erTad (vgulisxmob serbul, bulgarul, ruminul, rusul da a.S. nacionalur narativebs) sekularizaciis gziT ar Camoyalibebula (sekularizacia esaa eklesiis “amorTva” Zalauflebidan _ is aRaraa Zalauflebis le-gitimaciis wyaro _ arada, safrangeTis revoluciamde ek-lesia evropaSi Zalauflebis legitimacias uzrunvelyof-da!). ilias formula _ “mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba” _ gviC-venebs, rom eklesia qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis nawi-lia, rogorc “kulturuli memkvidreoba”, xolo faqtob-rivad, _ rogorc Cveni “izolacionizmis”, “gansxvavebulo-bis” niSani _ is, rom Cven “bizantiur getos” warmovad-genT... es ganmasxvavebeli niSani rCeba. sagulisxmoa, rom eklesia TviT stalinmac ki CarTo sabWoTa “nacionalur” proeqtSi.

aqve isic unda aRvniSno, rom sabWoTa kavSiri impe-riul principze agebuli ar yofila. nu dagvaviwydeba, rom sabWoTa kavSiri iyo Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirveli mcdeloba, globalizaciis pirveli talRa _ mo-dernistuli globalizacia (gansxvavebiT dRevandeli postmodernistuli globalizaciisagan), romelic mar-cxiT dasrulda. sabWoTa kavSiri permanentuli revolu-ciis damarcxebis Sedegad warmoSobili izolacionistu-ri bastionia. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos aRmoC-nda, rom permanentuli revolucia ararealuria (is da-marcxda iranSi, poloneTSi, fineTSi da a.S.). amitomac, sabolood, sabWoTa kavSiri nacionalur-teritoriuli niSniT moawyves, da swored aq Caido “neli moqmedebis Wurvi”. sabWoTa kavSiric centriskenuli iyo, mudmivad iyo orientirebuli SenarCuneba-Senaxvaze da, amitomac, arsebobda rkinis farda _ sabWoTa kavSiri rkinis fardis gareSe warmoudgenelia! es iyo namdvili geto, esec bi-

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zantiuri memkvidreobaa. eTnokonfliqtebic ki sinamdvi-leSi nacionalur-teritoriuli konfliqtebia.

Cvenc _ qarTvelebi _ aRmovCndiT im situaciaSi, ro-ca Cven da afxazebs erT teritoriaze sxvadasxva naciona-luri proeqti gvaqvs (oseTis situacia afxazeTis ana-rekls warmoadgens) _ esaa samoqalaqo omis situacia! ami-tom, “mZvinvare sityva” genocidi, sruliad bunebrivia _ nebismieri nacionalizmi genocidiT mkvidrdeba. samwuxa-rod, nebismieri nacionalizmi Tavisi arsiT Sinaganad gu-lisxmobs genocidsa da samoqalaqo oms _ an sakuTari an sxva xalxis winaaRmdeg!

aqve unda iTqvas, rom nacionalizmi qristianuli is-toriis gadaweraa, nacionalizmi upirispirdeba qristia-nul pozicias. nebismieri nacionalizmi qristianobis Ca-nacvlebis mcdelobaa _ “Cemi xatia samSoblo...” am azriT, nacionalizmi eresia!

amave dros, kidev erTxel msurs aRvniSno, rom Cven-Tan _ saqarTveloSi _ bizantiis imperiis daSlis perio-di jer bolomde ar damTavrebula. qarTuli nacionaliz-mis Cawera evropul konteqstSi ai axla _ Cven Tvalwin xdeba. dRes evropuli nacionalizmi axal etapze gadavi-da. postmodernistuli globalizacia _ globalizaciis II talRa _ aris evropuli tipis ekonomikis globaliza-cia erT teritoriaze ki ara _ mTel dedamiwaze. globa-lizmi evropuli nacionalizmis gagrZelebaa. Cven _ sa-qarTvelos mkvidrni _ jer bolomde gaformebuli ara varT rogorc nacia, da ukve gviwevs globalizaciaSi CarTva. amitomac, rac axla saqarTveloSi xdeba, amas mxo-lod Cvens xelisuflebas ver davabralebT _ esaa nacio-nalizmis mutacia da “gadasvla” globaluri fragmenta-ciis mdgomareobaSi.

arada, “bizantiuri qronotoposi” mudmivad izola-ciisken miiswrafvis, rac “bunebrivad badebs” Zalaufle-bis sakralizaciis fenomens _ “geto” sakralur Zalauf-lebas warmoSobs. rogorc Cans, saqme sagulisxmo invari-antTan gvaqvs _ aRmosavluri sqizmis Semoqmedi XI sauku-nis konstantinopolis patriarqi mixeil kerulariosi, protopopi abakumi (“staroobriadelebis” sulieri winam-ZRoli, romelic dawves), ruseTis imperatori nikoloz I, stalini, zviad gamsaxurdia, putini, saakaSvili _ sxva-

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dassxva drosa da gansxvavebuli politikuri koniunqtu-ridan gamomdinare, iswrafvodnen TviTizolaciisken, rki-nis fardisken da amkvidrebdnen sakraluri (“qarizmuli”) Zalauflebis models.

Tanamedrove qarTuli kulturis sami nacionaluri narativi “agvistos omamde”: 2003 _ 2008 ww.

Tanamedrove qarTuli kulturis konteqstSi saubari SeiZleba sami nacionaluri narativis Sesaxeb. pirveli na-rativi “Zveli” anu “klasikuri” da “monoliTuri” narati-via, esaa _ qarTveli eris xsnisa da gadarCenis istoria (history and story): Tu rogor gadarCa qarTveli eri mravalsa-ukunovani Semosevebisa da imperiuli agresiis miuxedavad. amave dros, mas esqatologiuri ganzomilebac aqvs _ aw-myo yovelTvis tragikulia, xolo momavali _ naTeli. am narativis saTaveebSi qarTuli liberaluri nacionaliz-mis fuZemdebeli mwerali da publicisti, “eris mama” ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907) da XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis pirveli mesamedis sxva qarTveli liberali mwerlebi da publicistebi dganan.

narativi I-is institucionalizacia literaturis, filologiisa da istoriis, rogorc sauniversiteto dis-ciplinebis, meSveobiT XIX saukunis meore naxevarsa da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moxda. am narativis matare-beli institucia jer peterburgis universitetis qarTve-lologiis kaTedra iyo (XIX saukunis dasawyisidan 1917 wlamde), xolo Semdeg _ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-teti (Tsu) _ dRevandeli javaxiSvilis universiteti _ pirveli qarTuli umaRlesi saswavlebeli, romelic 1918 wels dafuZnda.

klasikuri nacionaluri narativis “oqros xana” XX saukunis 60-80-iani wlebi iyo, roca saqarTvelos respub-lika sabWoTa kavSiris nawils warmoadgenda, xolo “pe-restroikis” momavali gmiri eduard SevardnaZe (dab. 1929) saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komite-tis pirveli mdivani (1972-1985) gaxldaT. es narativi im wlebSi gansakuTrebulad literaturis, kinematografisa da Teatris meSveobiT warmoCinda. magram misi namdvili triumfi 1988-1991 wlebi iyo, roca “perestroikis” talRa-

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ze qarTulma nacionalurma moZraobam 1990 welis oqtom-bris maSindeli jer kidev sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali sa-qarTvelos parlamentis (ufro zustad, uzenaesi sabWos) arCevnebSi komunistebi daamarcxa, xolo 1991 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos respublikis prezidentad disidenti mwera-li da filologi zviad gamsaxurdia (1939-1993 ww.) gaxada. magram es triumfi ara mxolod samxedro gadatrialebiTa da samoqalaqo omiT dasrulda (1991-1993 ww.), aramed am “klasikuri” da “monoliTuri” narativis fragmentaciiT-ac. dRes misi ramdenime “lokaluri” versia arsebobs: er-Ti _ “Zvel” (“sabWoTa”) inteligencias ekuTvnis, meore _ zviad gamsaxurdias daqsaqsul momxreebs, xolo mesame, faqtobrivad, im danarCen or narativSia gadazelili, ro-melTa Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari.

Tuki narativi - I xsnisa da gadarCenis narativia, II narativs “axali inteleqtualebi” mogviTxrobdnen. esaa “vardebis revolucia” (�“Rose Revolution�”), romelic 2003 wlis noemberSi prezident SevardnaZis gadadgomiTa da mixeil saakaSvilis epoqis dasawyisiT aRiniSna. “vardebis revolucia” “kosmogoniuri” narativia, romelic Sevardna-Zis korufciuli qaosidan axali naciisa da “Zlieri qar-Tuli saxelmwifos” Seqmnis Sesaxeb gvesaubreba.

am narativis inteleqtualuri baza ilia WavWavaZis universiteti (dafuZnda 2005 wels) da ganaTlebis saminis-troa. esaa, dRes, arsebiTad, xelisuflebisa da xelisuf-lebis “SleifSi” arsebuli inteleqtualebis narativi. mi-si vizualuri gamoxatulebad jer kidev sabWoTa period-Si warmatebuli xelovanis zurab wereTlis mier Seqmni-li wm. giorgis monumenti iqca, sadac cxenze amxedrebu-li Subosani Wabuki, kosmogoniuri miTosis Sesabamisad, kosmosis demiurgs (Semoqmeds) ganasaxierebs, xolo gan-gmiruli gveleSapi _ dasabamier qaoss. mniSvnelovania, rom es monumenti swored iq _ dedaqalaqis centralur moedanze _ aRimarTa, sadac komunistur periodSi leni-nis Zegli idga (moedansac leninis saxeli erqva). es Zeg-li 1990 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis periodSi daan-gries, xolo moedans Tavisuflebis moedani uwodes. 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi am moedanze araferi idga. 2006 wels axalma xelisuflebam wm. giorgis monumenti aRmarTa.

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III narativi _ esaa “marTlmadidebloba rogorc qarTvelTa genetikuri” religia. misi instituciuri baza, cxadia, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis isteb-liSmenti _ sapatriarqoa. narativi-III pretenzias acxa-debs, rom isaa qarTuli kulturis erTaderTi srulfaso-vani reprezentatori. qarTuli eklesia dRes qarTveli eris nacionaluri eklesiaa, xolo mis narativi _ nacio-naluri religia. am narativis vizualuri gamoxatuleba Tbilisis samebis taZaria. taZris mSenebloba 1996 wels daiwyo _ eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebis periodSi, magram “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg dasrulda.

swored am sami narativis urTierTdifuzia da brZo-la gansazRvravs dRevandel qarTul nacionalizms. brZola mimdinareobs, faqtobrivad, I narativis memkvidre-obis garSemo. [sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTveloSi dRemde ar arsebobs, “memarcxene inteleqtualuri diskursi”, ufro sworad, is absoluturad marginaluria.]

“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg mimdinareobda I nara-tivisa da “Zveli” inteligenciis marginalizeba, rac “konspirologiuri ritorikis” meSveobiT xorcieldeboda _ “Tqven sabWoTa reliqtebi da ruseTis agentebi xarT” (e. i. rusuli kulturis xalxi xarT) _ eubneboda axali xelisufleba “Zvel” inteligencias; II narativisa da axa-li inteleqtualebis (saxelisuflebo istebliSmentis) winaaRmdeg “tipologiur-fenomenologiuri ritorika” ga-moiyeneboda: “Tqven, samagierod, namdvili bolSevikebi xarT” _ eubnebodnen “Zvelebi” “axlebs”. III narativis wi-naaRmdeg “axali inteleqtualebi” (anu _ II narativi) aseve “konspirologiur ritorikas” mimarTavdnen _ “Tqven ru-suli eklesiis filiali xarT” _ eubnebodnen isini saek-lesio istebliSments. unda aRiniSnos, rom samive rito-rika erTgvari amalgamaa, sadac racionaluri da konspi-rologiuri elementebi erTmaneTSi gadazelilia.

Tuki SevardnaZis meore _ postsabWoTa _ xelisuf-lebis periodi (1992-2003) “axali biznesis”, Zveli nomen-klaturisa da “Zveli” inteligenciis urTierTSerwymas warmoadgenda, axali saxelisuflebo istebliSmenti ara-samTavrobo seqtorisa da “axali akademiis” urTierTSez-rdis procesis Sedegad yalibdeboda. axali inteleqtua-luri elitis TviTdamkvidreba “Zveli” (sabWoTa) inteli-

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genciis” viqtimizebisa da misi narativis misakuTrebis gziT daiwyo. “sabWoTa” dRes niSnavs rogorc Zvel struqturebs, ise _ “rusul kulturas”.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, sazogadod, “rusuli argu-menti” samive ritorikas gansazRvravs _ “rusulia” inte-ligencia, xelisufleba da “axali” inteleqtualebi “bolSevikebi” arian, xolo eklesia, aseve, “rusulia”, “rusuli eklesiis filialia.” Tuki “Zveli inteligenci-is” marginalizeba, viqtimizeba da, amasTanave, “Zveli na-rativis” misakuTreba Tanamedrove kulturuli procesis sazriss warmoadgens, maSin mTavari kiTxva amgvaria _ vis ekuTvnis qarTveli eris istoria da ilia WavWavaZe rogor “eris mama”?

rac Seexeba wm. giorgis monumentisa da samebis taZ-ris Serkinebas _ “gigantomaqias” _ es vizualuri kultu-ris sivrceSi amgvar kiTxvas badebs: _ vin daeufleba “TeTr taZars” _ ivane javaxiSvilis universitets _ qar-Tuli “klasikuri” nacionaluri narativis vizualur ga-moxatulebasa da mexsierebis adgils?

“agvistos omi” _ axali nacionaluri narativi?

mocemul politikur konteqstSi saxezea qarTuli nacionaluri identobis seriozuli krizisi. “vardebis revoluciam”, rogorc axalma nacionalurma narativma axali naciis dabadebis Sesaxeb, marcxi ganicada. swored amitom gaaqtiurda narativi-III _ marTlmadidebloba, ro-gorc qarTuli nacionaluri identobis safuZveli. amave dros, arsebulma xelisuflebam nebsiT Tu uneblied li-beraluri demokratiis RirebulebaTa seriozuli diskre-ditaciac moaxdina.

amitom, dRes xdeba is, rasac SeiZleba xelisufle-bis mxridan “vardebis revoluciis” narativis “agvistos omis” narativiT Canacvleba vuwodoT. Tu es, sabolood, ramdenadme Camoyalibebul saxes miiRebs, maSin SesaZloa, rom “agvistos omi” iqces liberaluri naciis dabadebis axal wertilad _ daaxloebiT ise, rogor holokostis travmulma narativma sabolood Camoayaliba germania li-beralur naciad. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi “agvistos” omi unda gaazrebul iqnas qarTuli inteleqtualuri elitis

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mier ara rogorc “rusul imperializmTan brZola”, ara-med rogorc qarTuli samoqalaqo omis erT-erTi etapi. “qarTul samoqalaqo omSi” me vgulisxmob qarTuli da afxazuri nacionaluri proeqtebis dapirispirebas, rome-lic simbolurad pavle ingoroyvas naSromis “giorgi merCules” pirveli tomis publikaciiTa da lixnis cnobi-li pirveli weriliT (XX saukunis 50-ani ww.) daiwyo.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara axali qarTuli nacionaluri identobisa da axali nacionaluri narativis formireba?

dRes Cvens winaSea identobaTa da nacionaluri na-

rativTa fragmentebi: “var qarTveli, maSasadame var evro-peli” _ aw gardacvlili premieris frTosani fraza _ identobis erT poluss moxazavs: “Cven evropa varT”. amave dros, arsebobs identobis amgvari veqtoric _ “var qar-Tveli, maSasadame, var kavkasieli”. identobis kidev erTi forma esaa “var qarTveli, maSasadame var _ genetikurad marTlmadidebeli”. arsebobs kidev erTia identoba, rome-lic dRes sakmarisad marginalizebulia da romelic XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi galaktionma ase Camoayaliba: “Cven azia varT!”

“marTlmadidebluri” identobis gaZliereba XX sau-kunis 90-iani wlebidan daiwyo, rasac sagulisxmo praqti-kuli Sedegebi mohyva. erT-erTi aseTi Sedegi aWarisa da mesxeTis mosaxleobis “gamarTlmadideblebaa” _ procesi, romelic dRedme ar dasrulebula da romelic drodad-ro sakmaod konfliqturi formebiTac mimdinareobs.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom imave XX saukunis 90-iani wle-bis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli naciis Camoyalibebis proeqti ori paraleluri gziT midioda _ religiur gansxvavebaTa waSlisa da teritoriuli heterogenulobis waSlis meS-veobiT. magram samoqalaqo omis katalizatori swored eTnolingvisturi niSniT Seqmnili teritoriuli erTeu-lebi (afxazeTi da samxreT-oseTi) aRmoCnda da ara _ re-ligiuri niSniT Seqmnili avtonomia (aWara). aqedan SeiZ-leba davaskvnaT: nacionaluri proeqtis Sesaqmnelad au-cilebelia “warmosaxviTi geografia” _ teritoriis (an _

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teritoriuli) xati. amgvari xati saqarTveloSi Seqmnes mxolod afxazebma.

rogori unda iyos axali qarTuli identoba? SesaZ-lebeli Tu ara axali identobis Seqmna? SesaZlebelia Tu ara axali kompleqsuri nacionaluri narativis for-mireba?

evropuli qveynebis Tanamedrove istoria gveubneba, rom es savsebiT SesaZlebelia, magram es araa myiseuli da uecari xdomileba. amas sWirdeba dro da garkveuli makristalizebeli faqtorebi. erTi ZiriTadi faqtoria esaa _ teritoriis xati, meore _ erTiani saliteraturo ena da ganaTlebis sistema, romelic nergavs am enasa da Sesabamis nacionalur narativebs, mesame faqtori esaa _ erTiani ekonomika. magram am yvelafers esaWiroeba nacio-naluri burJuazia _ biznesi _ mesame wodeba, romelic dinastiuri da ierarqiuli principebis magivrad kapita-lis dagrovebis homogenur wess amkvidrebs. arada, dRes qarTuli biznesi swored im dros yalibdeba, roca msof-lio klasikuri kapitalizmis periodidan globaluri ka-pitalizmis periodSi gadadis da roca wamyvani Zala ara nacionaluri burJuaziaa, aramed _ transnacionaluri korporaciebi.

dabolos, unda SevniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove gamowve-vebs adekvaturi pasuxi esaWiroeba. saqarTvelos sazoga-doebam unda daamtkicos, rom is marTlac warmoadgens sa-zogadoebas da unda “Svas sakuTari myoofadi”.

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nana sumbaZeQ

qalaqi da sofeli: mosaxleobis Rirebulebebi da politikuri simpaTiebi

Tanasworobis miRweva Tu ara, misadmi miaxloeba ma-

inc, kacobriobis istoriis manZilze mravali sazogadoe-bis amocanas warmoadgenda da kvlav warmoadgens. magram uTanasworoba mainc rCeba nebismieri sazogadoebis dama-xasiaTebel Tvisebad. stratifikacia, romelic sazogadoe-bis erTerT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels warmoadgens, asaxvas adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris arsebul struqturul uTanasworobas. sazogadoebis stratifika-cia SesaZlebelia mravali niSnis mixedviT. am niSnebis mniSvneloba icvleba drosTan da sazogadoebis ganviTa-rebis donesTan erTad. monoba. kasta, didgvarovneba, warmoebis saSualebebis flobaze dafuZnebuli klasi warmoadgenda da zogierT sazogadoebaSi kvlav warmoad-gens. stratifikaciis Sedegs (Giddens, 1997). Tumca Tanamed-rove epoqaSi stratifikacia ufro metad efuZneba maqs ve-beris mier gamoyofil sam maniSnebels: materialur SesaZ-leblobebs, prestiJs da Zalauflebas. ekonomikurma gan-viTarebam da demokratiulma mmarTvelobam Searbila gan-sxvavebebi zemoTaRniSnul maniSneblebis mixedviT da gan-viTarebul qveynebTan mimarTebaSi dRes laparakia stra-tifikaciaze sqesis, eTnurobis, seqsualuri orientaciis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebisa da asakis mixedviT (Macionis & Plumer, 2008). Tumca zogierTi avtoris azriT (mag. Lipton, 1993) Rarib qveynebSi stratifikacia realurad sacxovre-bel adgils emyareba da uTanasworoba yvelaze metad vlindeba qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis Sedarebisas.

urbanizmi, rogorc amas adreuli qalaqis sociolo-gebi miuTiTebdnen cxovrebis stils warmoadgens (Wirth, 1938). maTive ganmartebiT qalaqi xasiaTdeba didi zomiT, mosaxleobis maRali simWidroviT da socialuri mraval-ferovnebiT. qalaqis garemos sawinaaRmdegod, soflis so-cio-kulturuli garemosaTvis metad aris damaxasiaTebe-li tradiciuli normebisa da konservatuli Rirebule-bebisadmi erTguleba. . soflis socialuri garemo “susti

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kavSirebis” (Granovetter, 1973) damyarebis nakleb SesaZleb-lobebs iZleva. susti kavSirebi ki areklaven gansxvave-bul sxvebTan ufro zedapirul, naklebad intimur urTi-erTobebs da Sesabamisad daxurul, mxolod msgavsebaTaA Soris yofnidan gamosavals. urbanizacia anu mosaxleo-bis qalaqebSi koncentracia globalur process warmoad-gens, romelic gansakuTrebiT daCqarda XX saukunis meo-re naxevarSi. gaeros prognozis mixedviT 2025 wels msof-lioSi qalaqis mosaxleoba 63 procents miaRwevs.

stratifikacias qalaqsa da sofelSi cxovrebis mi-xedviT yuradReba mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisidan mieqca (Giddens, 1997). soflidan qalaqad migracia ZiriTa-dad ganpirobebulia qalaqad arsebuli meti SesaZleblo-bebiT. es exeba, rogorc ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs, ker-Zod dasaqmebas, aseve ganaTlebasTan da kulturasTan da-kavSirebul, aseve sxvadasxva da specifiuri, xarisxiani servisis miRebis SesaZleblobebs.

qveynis Siga migracia qalaqSi saqarTvelosaTvis da-maxasiaTebel da mzard tendencias warmoadgens. oTxmoc-daaTian wlebSi dawyebuli mosaxleobis qveynis gareT mig-racia aisaxa mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcirebaze qala-qad, iseve rogorc soflad, magram ukanasknel wlebSi sa-xezea did qalaqebSi mosaxleobis zrda. ase magaliTad Tbilisis mosaxleoba 2002 wlidan 2008 wlamde gaizarda 3.0, quTaisis 1.4, baTumis 0.3, rusTavis 0.8, zugdidis 4.4, goris 1.7 da foTis 0.5 procentiT. dRes dedaqalaqsa (1,106,500) da 6 did qalaqSi - quTaisSi (188,600), baTumSi (122,200), rusTavSi (117,300), zugdidSi (72,100), gorSi (50,400) da foTSi (47,400) cxovrobs 1,704,500 adamiani, anu maTSi sa-qarTvelos mosaxleobis mesamedze meti aris koncentri-rebuli (http://www.citypopulation.de/Georgia.html)

siRaribe migraciis erTerTi gamapirobebeli faqto-ria. igi xSirad sacxovrebel adgilTan aris dakavSirebu-li. miuxedav rigi makroekonomikuri maCveneblis zrdisa qveynis masStabSi, ekonomikuri zrda aranairad ar aisaxa mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. oficialuri monacemebi 2004 wlis Semdeg qveyanaSi arsebuli siRaribis donis Taobaze ar gamoqveynebula. @2004 wels siRaribis miRma cxovrob-da saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 52 procenti. saerTaSori-so savaluto fondi msoflio bankis monacemebze day-

139

rdnobiT miuTiTebs absoluturi siRaribis zrdaze 2004 wlidan 2007 wlamde (adamianis ganviTarebis angariSi, 2008). saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi Tavs Rari-bad miiCnevs da registrirebulia socialurad mowyvlad ojaxTa monacemTa bazaSi. Raribi mosaxleobis 60.0 pro-centi soflad cxovrobs.

siRaribis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtors umuSevro-ba warmoadgens. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT TviTdasaqmebulad iTvleba yvela is piri, vinc flobs mi-wis nakveTs. aqedan gamomdinare, umuSevrobis maCvenebeli qveyanaSi ar aris maRali. igi 2004 wels Seadgenda 11.5 procents, xolo 2007 wels 13.3 procents. eqspertebis mosazrebiT realuri umuSevroba qveyanaSi 30.0 procents unda Seadgendes (UNDP, 2008).

sacxovrebeli adgilis tipi da zoma garkveulwilad ganapirobebs adamianis cxovrebis stils, gansazRvravs mis msoflmxedvelobas uqmnis ra gansxvavebul sxvebTan urTierTobis, sxvadasxva tipis informaciis miRebis Se-saZleblobas. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom soflis mosax-leoba, qalaqis mosaxleobaze ufro metad konservatuli damokidebulebebis gamo ufro loialuri unda iyos arse-buli xelisuflebis da ufro erTguli tradiciuli Ri-rebulebebis mimarT. amdenad, xelisuflebisadmi erTgu-lebis gazrdas unda velodoT dasaxlebis zomis Semci-rebasTan erTad. am SemTxvevaSi, xelisuflebisadmi yvela-ze mcire keTilganwyobas gamoavlens dedaqalaqis, ufro mets didi qalaqebis da yvelaze mets soflis mosaxleo-ba. soflis mosaxleoba aseve ufro metad unda uWerdes mxars tradiciul da materialistur Rirebulebebs.

ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare proce-sebma gamoaaSkaraves soflisa da qalaqis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisis macxovrebelTa gansxvavebuli politikuri simpatiebi da Rirebulebebi. qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT gan-sxvavebebs politikuri Sexedulebebisa da simpaTiebis mi-xedviT Tbilisis, saqarTvelos eqvsi didi qalaqis da mcire qalaqebisa da soflis macxovrebelTa Soris, Se-vecdebiT gamovyoT mizezebi, romlebic ganapirobeben am-gvar gansxvavebas. analizisas Cven daveyrdnobiT sazoga-doebrivi politikis institutis mier 2008 wlis noember-Si Catarebul saqarTvelos mosaxleobis reprezentaciu-

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li gamokiTxvis Sedegebs (gamokiTxva ganxorcielda Ria sazogadoebis institutis mxardaWeriT). sami jgufi, rom-lis mixedviTac aris ganxiluli Sedegebi gamoyofil iq-na sacxovrebeli adgilis zomis mixedviT. pirvel jgufs Seadgens Tbilisis mosaxleoba (gamokiTxulTa 22.4 pro-centi), meore jgufSi (gamokiTxulTa 17.1 procenti) gaer-Tianda im qalaqebis mosaxleoba, romlebSic 45,000-ze me-ti macxovrebelia, aseTia quTaisi, baTumi, rusTavi, zug-didi, gori da foTi, xolo mesame jgufSi gaerTianda mcire qalaqebisa da soflis mosaxleoba (gamokiTxulTa 60.5 procenti).

sul gamokiTxuli iyo 1156 adamiani (48.9 procenti kaci da 51.1 procenti qali) saqarTvelos cxrave regionSi da TbilisSi. respondentebi SerCeul iqnen saqarTveloSi qalaqad da soflad, sxvadasxva asakisa da sqesis mixed-viT mosaxleobis arsebuli ganawilebis Sesabamisad ie-rarqiuli SemTxveviTi SerCevis meTodis gamoyenebiT. am-denad gamokiTxva reprezentaciuli da miRebuli Sedegebi SeiZleba generalizebul iqnen saqarTvelos mTel mosax-leobaze. yvelgan, sadac laparakia jgufebs Soris gan-sxvavebebze, gansxvaveba statistikurad mniSvnelovania (hi kvadrati <.05-ze)

interesi politikis mimarT mosaxleobaSi sakmaod didia interesi politikis mi-

marT da es interesi klebulobs dasaxlebis zomasTan er-Tad. TbiliselTa 76.8 procenti, did qalaqebis macxovre-belTa 66.5 procenti da soflis mosaxleobis 50.7 procen-ti Tvalyurs adevnebs qveyanaSi mimdinare politikur movlenebs. amasTan mosaxleobis naxevarze meti televizi-iT uyurebs axal ambebs (64.4 procenti TbilisSi, 60.3 procenti did qalaqebSi da 54.0 procenti soflebSi).

telearxebis sainformacio gadacemebidan yvelaze meti ndobiT TbiliselTa Soris sargeblobs “kavkasiis” (66.5 procenti), didi qalaqisa da soflis macxovrebelTa Soris ki “imedis” sainformacio gadacemebi (72.0 procen-ti).

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tabula 1

sainformacio gadacemebi Tbilisi procenti

Ddidi qa-laqebi

procenti

soflebi procenti

1 moambe (sazogadoebrivi te-levizia)

39.1 36.6 42.7

2 kurieri/post skriptumi (rus-Tavi 2)

48.4 58.4 50.1

3 qronika/droeba (imedi) 53.5 72.0 60.6 4 dRes (kavkasia) 66.5 12.2 14.0 5 axali ambebi (aWara) 17.8 12.2 12.0 6 adgilobrivi televiziis axa-

li ambebi 8.1 34.5 21.6

7 rusul arxebis sainformacio programebi

12.8 3.0 4.2

8 evroniusi, bi-bi-si an si-en-eni

20.5 19.3 11.0

dasaxlebis tipis mixedviT mkveTri gansxvaveba kav-

kasiasa da adgilobriv telearxebTan mimarTebaSi am ar-xebis gavrcelebis arealiT aris ganpirobebuli. kavkasi-is gadacemebis yureba Tbilisis gareT faqtiurad SeuZ-lebelia.

politikuri simpatiebi mTlianobaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ufro metad

endoba xelisuflebas (31.1 procenti), vidre opozicias (7.3 procenti). gansxvaveba xelisuflebisadmi damokidebu-lebis mixedviT Zalze didia dasaxlebis zomis mixedviT. gamokveTilia aSkara tendencia, romlis mixedviTac yve-laze did ndobas da Sesabamisad yvelaze nakleb kriti-kul damokidebulebas xelisuflebisadmi avlens didi qa-laqebis mosaxleoba, xolo yvelaze naklebad xelisuf-lebas Tbilisis mosaxleoba endoba.

ase magaliTad, xelisuflebas ndobas ucxadebs TbiliselTa 14.0 procenti, didi qalaqis mosaxleobis 42.1 procenti da soflis mosaxleobis 33.5 procenti. opo-zicias endoba TbiliselTa 14.0 procenti, didi qalaqis macxovrebelTa 4.6 procenti da soflis macxovrebelTaA 5.6 procenti. qveyanaSi Zalze didia politikuri nihi-lizmi, gansakuTrebiT dedaqalaqis macxovreblebs Soris, romelTa naxevari (50.2 procenti) acxadebs, rom arcerT

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politikur Zalas ar endoba, kidev 19.8 procents uWirs arCevanis gakeTeba.

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Tbil isismosaxl eoba

didi qal aqismosaxl eoba

soflismosaxl eoba

xel isuflebas

opozicias

arcerTs/ar icis

cxrili 1 ndoba xelisuflebasa da opoziciis mimarT partiebidan yvelaze meti mxardamWeri nacionalur

moZraobas yavs. kiTxvaze, xval rom tardebodes saparla-mento arCevnebi, romel partias miscemdiT xmas, 24.1 pro-centma upasuxa, rom nacionalur moZraobas (TbiliselTa 12.4 procenti, qalaqis mosaxleobis 28.4 procenti da sof-lis mosaxleobis 27.2 procenti). qristian-demokratiuli partiisaTvis mzad iyo xma mieca TbiliselTa 4.3 pro-cents, qalaqis macxovrebelTa 11.2 procents da soflis macxovrebelTa 11.7 procents. saqarTvelos leiboristul partiis mxardamWerTa yvelaze didi nawili TbilisSi cxovrobs (8.1 procenti). partias mxars uWers soflis macxovrebelTa 6.7 procenti da didi qalaqebis mosaxle-obis 2.5 procenti. gamokiTxulTa Zalze didi nawils, TiTqmis mesameds (Tbilisis macxovrebelTa 26.0 procenti, qalaqis macxovrebelTa 29.4 procenti da soflis macxov-rebelTa 26.6 procenti ) isev da isev uWirs arCevanis ga-keTeba.

prezidentis yvelaze sasurvel Tvisebebad miCneulia samarTlianoba, principuloba, momavalze orientacia, pi-rovnuli siZliere da qveynis interesebis viwro politi-kur interesebze ufro maRla dayeneba. yvela es Tviseba oris garda, ufro mniSvnelovnad aris aRqmuli Tbilisis

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mosaxleobis mier da maTi mniSvneloba klebulobs dasax-lebis sididesTan erTad. pirovnuli siZliere yvelaze mniSvnelovania didi qalaqebis da yvelaze nakleb mniS-vnelovani Tbilisis macxovreblebisaTvis, xolo samar-Tlianoba yvelaze metad mniSvnelovnad Tbilisis mac-xovreblebis mier aris Sefasebuli. amasTan, didi qalaqe-bis macxovreblebTan SedarebiT, igi ufro mniSvnelovnad soflis macxovreblebs miaCniaT.

Tbilisis, didi qalaqebisa da soflis mosaxleoba gansxvavebul simpatiebs amJRavnebs politikuri lidere-bis mimarT.

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tabula 5 politikur liderTa mowoneba (cxrilSi warmodgeni-

li arian politikosebi, romlebic gamokiTxulTa meoT-xedze metis mowonebas imsaxureben)

pirovneba Tbili-

si didi qalaqi

sofeli sul

mixeil saakaSvili 23.3 56.2 55.9 48.3 giorgi TargamaZe 22.6 53.8 52.7 45.2 nino burjanaZe 38.1 39.9 47.4 43.9 gigi ugulava 41.2 51.8 41.1 42.8 levan berZeniSvili 45.9 31.1 42.8 41.8 TinaTin xidaSeli 41.3 28.8 40.3 38.7 daviT gamyreliZe 53.7 24.2 34.0 37.5 daviT usufaSvili 46.3 31.2 33.5 36.4 irakli oqruaSvili 37.4 46.0 39.4 35.7 salome zurabiSvili 42.8 18.4 35.1 34.4 kaxa kukava 34.5 24.8 31.1 31.0 levan gaCeCilaZe 43.6 9.8 30.6 30.9 eka beselia 36.6 25.0 29.4 30.4 daviT baqraZe 37.4 52.1 37.6 29.9 koba daviTaSvili 33.9 19.5 31.1 29.9 Salva naTelaSvili 40.1 16.2 28.1 29.3

opoziciis liderebs yvelaze meti mxardamWeri de-

daqalaqSi, Semdeg ki soflad yavT. gamonakliss xelisuf-lebis yofili wevrebi nino burjanaZe da irakli oqruaS-vili warmoadgenen. nino burjanaZes yvelaze meti mxar-damWeri soflad, xolo yvelaze naklebi TbilisSi yavs. oqruaSvils da giorgi TargamaZes mxars yvelaze metad didi qalaqis mosaxleoba, xolo yvelaze naklebad Tbi-liselebi uWeren. didi qalaqebi rogorc Cans xelisuf-lebis ZiriTad dasayrdens warmoadgenen da maT warmomad-genlebsac swored iq uWeren yvelaze metad mxars.

politikur simpatiebi udaod mosaxleobis mier qve-yanaSi arsebul mdgomareobis da xelisuflebis moqmede-bebis efeqturobis aRqmis Sedegia. aqac mkveTradaa gamok-veTili gansxvaveba dasaxlebis tipis mixedviT. yvelaze kritikuli xelisuflebisadmi isev dedaqalaqis, xolo yvelaze nakleb kritikuli didi qalaqebis macxovreblebi arian.

didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 36.5 procents, soflis mosaxleobis 25.7 procents da Tbilisis mosaxleobis 13.6

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procents miaCnia, rom xelisufleba usmens da iTvaliswi-nebs xalxis azrs.

didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis ufro did nawils (48.7 procenti), soflis (41.0 procenti) da Tbilisis mosaxle-obasTan (39.1 procenti) SedarebiT miaCnia, rom qveyana gan-viTarebis swor gzaze dgas.

Tbilisis mosaxleobis 64.5 procenti fiqrobs, rom SesaZlebeli iyo agvistos omis Tavidan acileba. am azrs iziarebs didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 55.7 procenti da soflis mosaxleobis 56.4 procenti.

saqarTveloSi demokratia da liberaluri demokra-tiis Rirebulebisadmi erTguleba zogadad kritikulad aris Sefasebuli. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilia dedaqalaqis macxovrebelTa pozicia. dRes saqarTvelo-Si demokratiis arseboba realobad miaCnia Tbilisis mo-saxleobis mxolod 8.5 procents, soflis mosaxleobis 24.0 procents, didi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 34.0 pro-cents . adamianis uflebebi daculad miaCnia Tbilisis mosaxleobis 9.3 procents, soflis mosaxleobis 20.8 pro-cents, didi qalaqis macxovrebelTa 31.4 procents. kano-nis winaSe Tanasworobis principi daculad miaCnia Tbi-lisis mosaxleobis 14.8 procents, soflis mosaxleobis 22.7 procents, didi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 32.0 pro-cents. Tavs usamarTlobisgan daculad grZnobs Tbilisis mosaxleobis 10.5 procenti, soflis mosaxleobis 26.7 pro-centi, didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 30.5 procenti. qveyana-Si kerZo sakuTreba daculad miaCnia Tbilisis macxovre-belTa 7.4 procents, soflis macxovrebelTa 26.2 pro-cents da didi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 37.1 procents.

Rirebulebebi politikuri simpatiebisa da liberaluri demokrati-

is Rirebulebebis dacvasTan arsebuli mdgomareobis Se-fasebebisgan gansxvavebuli kanonzomiereba SeimCneva de-mokratiuli uflebebis da Rirebulebebis mniSvnelobis SefasebaSi. soflis mosaxleoba, Tbilisisa da didi qa-laqebis mosaxleobaze ufro nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs demokratiuli uflebebis dacvas. ase magaliTad, 7 noem-bers mitingis darbeva mniSvnelovnad miaCnia Tbilisel respondentTa 90.6 procents, didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis 80.6 procents da soflis mosaxleobis 71.9 procents. Se-

146

sabamisi cifrebi telekompania imedSi SeWris Taobaze aris 91.0 procenti, 78.1 procenti da 71.5 procenti. agvis-tos oms mniSvnelovan movlenad afasebs TbiliselTa 98.0 procenti, did qalaqebis macxovrebelTa 93.4 procenti da soflis mosaxleobis 85.0 procenti.

demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miaCnia ufro metad qalaqis (75.2 procenti TbilisSi, 75.3 procen-ti didi qalaqebSi) vidre soflis mosaxleobas (65.1 pro-centi).

sityvis Tavisufleba bevrad ufro mniSvnelovnad mi-aCniaT Tbilisis (37.6 procenti), vidre soflis (27.6 pro-centi) da didi qalaqis macxovreblebs (21.8 procenti).

liberaluri demokratiis arCeviTi demokratiisagan erTerT ganmasxvavebel niSans mosaxleobis mier gadawyve-tilebebis miRebaze zegavlenis qona warmoadgens. swored mosaxleobis monawileobaa miCneuli efeqturi demokrati-is maCveneblad (Welzel & Inglehart, 2008). monawileoba dakavSi-rebulia ndobasTan. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mxolod erT mesamedze odnav mets sjeravs, rom adamianTa umrav-lesoba ndobas imsaxurebs. ndoba ufro didia Tbilisis macxovrebelTa Soris (42.8 procenti), vidre soflisa (38.6 procenti) da didi qalaqis macxovreblebSi (30.8%).

qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleoba aseve gansxvavebu-lad afasebs sazogadoebriv procesebSi mosaxleobis mo-nawileobis mniSvnelobas. Tbiliselebs igi soflisa da didi qalaqis macxovreblebze bevrad ufro Rirebulad miaCniaT. TbiliselTa 74.5 procenti, soflis mosaxleo-bis 68.1 procenti da didi qalaqis mosaxleobis 56.4 pro-centi fiqrobs, rom prezidenti unda usmendes da akeTeb-des imas, rasac xalxi moiTxovs da ara imas, rac misi az-riT warmatebas moutans qveyanas. gamokiTxulTa naxevarze mets qveyanaSi arsebuli problemebis gadaWris aucile-bel pirobad moqalaqeTa monawileoba miaCnia. ase fiq-robs Tbiliselebis ufro did nawili (66.8 procenti), vidre didi qalaqebisa (56.1 procenti) da soflis macxov-reblebi (52.2 procenti). moqalaqeTa monawileobis auci-leblobis rwmenis am fonze Zalze mcirea monawileobis SesaZleblobis aRqma. TbiliselTa Zalze mcire odenobas (19.5 procenti) miaCnia SesaZleblad zemoqmedeba moaxdi-nos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebze. am SesaZleblobas co-

147

ta ufro metad xedaven didi qalaqis (27.2 procenti) da soflis (24.5 procenti) macxovreblebi.

Zalze umniSvneloa mosaxleobis monawileobis ga-mocdilebac. gamokiTxulTa mxolod 2.8 procentma aRniS-na, rom 2007 wlis noembridan 2008 wlis noembramde mona-wileoba miiRo raime koleqtiur aqciaSi. rac Seexeba im formebs, romelsac, mosaxleoba SesaZleblad Tvlis ga-moiyenos xelisuflebis mier misi uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, yvela CamoTvlili ToTxmeti saxis aqtivobis ganxorcielebis mimarT mzaoba ufro didia Tbilisele-bis, Semdeg didi qalaqebis macxovreblebis da yvelaze mcire soflis mosaxleobis Soris. ufro xSirad respon-dentebi arCeven monawileobis nakleb aqtiur formebs, rogoricaa mag. moTxovnaze xelmowera, Sexvedrebze da mitingebze daswreba, azris gamoTqma. amis sawinaaRmdegod xelisuflebaze mosaxleobis zemoqmedebis efeqturobis Sefasebisas upiratesobas ufro aqtiur formebs aniWeben, iseTebs rogoricaa gaficva, xalxmravali mitingebis mow-yoba, problemis mogvarebaSi presisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis CarTva. aqac yvelaze didi aqtivoba Tbi-lisis macxovrebelTaA Soris aRiniSneba.A

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sacxovrebeli adgilis mi-xedviT ar gansxvavdeba im problemebis identifikaciaSi, romelic maT saqarTvelosaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT. esenia, adamianebis uflebebis dacva, samuSao ad-gilebis Seqmna da fasebis zrdis SeCereba. gansxvaveba aris am prioritetuli sferoebis SedarebiT mniSvneloba-Si.

148

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fasebis zr

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Tbiliselebi

didi qalaqismosaxleoba

soflis mosaxleoba

yvelaze mkveTri gansxvaveba problemebis mniSvnelo-

bis SefasebaSi ikveTeba adamianis uflebebis dacvis sa-kiTxTan mimarTebaSi, romelic prioritetulia Tbilisis mosaxleobisaTvis da romlis mniSvnelobas mkveTrad klebulobs dasaxlebis tipsa da zomis SemcirebasTan er-Tad. didi qalaqebisa da soflis macxovreblebi upirate-sobas samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas aniWeben.

msgavsi kanonzomiereba vlindeba qveynis prezidentis funqciebis mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas. sami CamoTvlili funqciidan:

1. icavdes adamianis uflebebs da idges samarTlia-nobis sadarajoze;

2. icavdes mosaxleobas sagareo da saSinao safrTxe-ebisagan;

3. uzrunvelyofdes normaluri cxovrebisaTvis auci-lebel pirobebs.

Tbiliselebi upiratesobas adamianis uflebebis dacvas (38.3 procenti) didi qalaqisa (44.6 procenti) da soflis macxovreblebi (55.7 procenti) ki cxovrebis piro-bebis gaumjobesebas aniWeben.

gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba (58.6 procenti) dasaxe-lebuli oTxi Rirebulebidan, romlidanac 2 materialis-

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turia (qveyanaSi wesrigis damyareba da fasebis zrdis Se-Cereba) da 2 post-materialisturi (adamianebs hqondeT me-ti saSualeba zegavlena moaxdinon qveynisaTvis mniSvne-lovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze da sityvis Tavisuf-leba) arCevans erT materialistur (ufro xSirad qveyana-Si wesrigis damyarebaze da erT post-materialistur (uf-ro xSirad monawileobis SesaZleblobaze) akeTeben.

zogadad or materialur Rirebulebebs bevrad ufro meti respondenti (35.6 procenti) irCevs, vidre or post-materialurs (4.8 procenti). amasTan, materialur Rirebu-lebas yvelaze metad soflis macxovreblebi irCeven (38.4 procenti), Semdeg ki didi qalaqebisa (34.0 procenti) da Tbilisis (33.7 procenti) macxovreblebi. Sesabamisad post-materialistur Rirebulebebze arCevans ufro metad Tbiliselebi akeTeben (7.0 procenti), vidre didi qalaqis (6.6 procenti) da soflis (3.6 procenti) macxovreblebi.

amdenad post-materialuri da liberaluri demokra-tiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirebulebebis mniSvneloba zogadad klebulobs dasaxlebis zomasTan erTad.

Sejameba gamokiTxvis monacemTa ganxilvam respondentTa sac-

xovrebeli adgilis tipisa da zomis mixedviT daadastura am parametris mixedviT mosaxleobis stratifikaciis Ri-rebuleba imdenad, ramdenadac asaxa mosaxleobis politi-kur simpatiebsa da RirebulebebSi arsebuli mniSvnelo-vani gansxvavebebi.

informatuli da Rirebuli aRmoCnda qalaq-soflis parametris detalizacia da Tbilisis sxva qalaqebidan gamoyofa. garda qveynis dedaqalaqis funqcionaluri dat-virTvisa, Tbilisi zomiT bevrad aRemateba qveynis yvela sxva qalaqs. mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT igi TiT-qmis eqvsjer didia quTaisze, saqarTvelos zomiT meore qalaqze. mas vercerTi qalaqi ver Seedreba adamianebTan kontaqtis, informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gansxvavebuli azrisa Tu cxovrebis stilis eqsponirebis, ganaTlebis, kulturis da sxvadasxva servisebis xelmisawvdomobis mi-xedviT. monacemebi erTmniSvnelovnad migvaniSneben arse-bul gansxvavebebze Tbiliselebsa, didi qalaqebis da ase-

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ve soflis macxovreblebs Soris maT SefasebebSi, damo-kidebulebebsa, Rirebulebebsa da politikur simpaTiebSi..

xelisuflebisadmi loialobis gacilebiT meti xa-risxi dadasturda didi qalaqebis mosaxleobas, vidre soflisa da miT ufro dedaqalaqis macxovrebelTa So-ris. gamomdinare qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan, Se-iZleba davuSvaT, rom gansxvavebis mizezi SeiZleba mosax-leobis keTildReobis xarisxi iyos. magram gamokiTxvis monacemebi ar adastureben am faqtoris mniSvnelobas po-litikuri simpatiebis CamoyalibebaSi. dasaxlebis tipis mixedviT respondentebi erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian sakuTari ojaxis ekonomiuri mdgomareobis SefasebaSi, Tumca aris gansxvaveba Tbilisel da danarCen responden-tebs Soris yovelTviuri Semosavlis odenobaSi. Tbili-selTa yvelaze didi nawili (20.8 procenti) miuTiTebs saojaxo Tviuri Semosavlis 500-dan-1000 laramde odeno-baze, maSin rodesac qalaqebisa (19.0 procenti) da soflis macxovreblebi (21.1 procenti) yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben 200-300 lars. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es gansxvaveba Se-iZleba ar areklavdes realur gansxvavebas keTildReobis doneSi, radgan cnobilia rom qveyanaSi saSualod mosax-leobis Semosavlis naxevari sasursaTo produqtebis Se-Zenaze ixarjeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom soflis da aseve qalaqebis mosaxleobas dedaqalaqis mosaxleoba-ze bevrad ufro meti SesaZlebloba aqvT sursaTis usas-yidlod miRebisa, SeiZleba gansxvaveba ekonomikur keTil-dReobaSi dedaqalaqis macxovrebelTa da sxva adgilebSi dasaxlebul pirTa Soris arc arsebobdes.

mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa ekonomikuri mdgomare-obis erTgvarovnebis fonze gansxvaveba ekonomikur opti-mizmSi. qalaqis macxovrebelTa bevrad ufro didi nawi-li (30.6 procenti), dedaqalaqis (11.2 procenti) an soflis (17.9 procenti) macxovreblebTan SedarebiT miiCnevs, rom misi ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gasul welTan Se-darebiT gaumjobesda. amasTan qalaqebis mosaxleobis 59.0 procenti, soflis macxovrebelTa 44.7 da Tbilisis mo-saxleobis 44.3 procenti moelis cxovrebis donis gaum-jobesebas erT weliwadSi. kidev ufro didia optimizmi sam wlian periodTan mimarTebaSi (78.5, 58.4 da 55.4 procen-

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ti qalaqis, Tbilisis da soflis mosaxleobaSi Sesabami-sad elis ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas).

ekonomikuri optimizmiT Tanmimdevrulad ver aixsne-ba xelisuflebisadmi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa gamokve-Tilad dadebiTi damokidebuleba, radgan es rom ase iyos adgili ar unda hqondes mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas msgav-si ekonomikuri optimizmis maCveneblebis mqone Tbilisis da soflis macxovrebelTa Sefasebebs Soris. ufro metad damajereblad mimaCnia gansxvavebis axsna im saxelmwifo politikiT, romelsac xelisufleba bolo periodSi axorcielebs saqarTvelos did qalaqebSi. Cans moxda po-litikuri fokusis gadanacvleba Tbilisidan sxva qala-qebze. amis dasturad gamodgeba zogierTi saxelmwifo da-wesebulebis Tbilisidan quTaissa Tu baTumSi gadatanis gadawyvetileba, foTSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmna, mTavrobis sxdomebis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi Catare-ba, infrastruqturisa da Senobebis reabilitaciis proeq-tebi da prezidentis xSiri stumroba saqarTvelos qala-qebSi. amdenad xelisuflebis politika qalaqebSi mxar-damWerTa mosapoveblad sakmaod efeqturi aRmoCnda.

gamokiTxvis monacemebma gviCvenes, rom politikuri simpatiebisgan gansxvavebiT Rirebulebebis gaziareba See-satyviseba molodins soflad ufro tradiciuli da mate-rialisturi, xolo qalaqad ufro kosmopolituri da post-materialisturi Rirebulebebis siWarbisa. es ro-gorc zemoT aRvniSneT ganpirobebuli unda iyos qalaq-Si da gansakuTrebiT did qalaqSi arsebul sxvadasxva Se-saZleblobebis, susti kavSirebis, informaciis xelmisaw-vdomobis, gansxvavebul ideebTan Tu adamianebTan eqsponi-rebis SesaZleblobebTan, aseve mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donesTan, romelic bevrad maRalia qalaqad (TbilisSi umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs 49.6 procents qalaqebSi 46.4 procents), vidre soflad, sadac mosaxleobis 29.3 pro-cents aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba.

Tu Cven SefasebiTi kuTxidan SevxedavT mosaxleo-bis RirebulebiT orientirebs da daveTanxmebiT azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formas warmoadgens, Cveni sazrunavi gaxdeba TviTgamo-xatvis, post-materialisturi Rirebulebebis damkvidreba. post-materialisturi Rirebulebebi da zogadad libera-

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luri demokratiis mxardaWera dakavSirebulia TviTgamo-xatvis RirebulebasTan, romelic eyrdnoba ra ndobas sxva adamianebis mimarT, xazs usvavs mosaxleobis monawi-leobas politikur da sazogadoebriv procesebSi, gende-rul Tanasworobas, sxva jgufebis mimarT tolerantobas. warmoadgens ra samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Semadgenel na-wils TviTgamoxatvis Rirebuleba gadamwyvet rols Tama-Sobs demokratizaciis procesSi (Wenzel & Ingelhart, 2008; Welzel., Ingelhart., & Deutch, 2005). amdenad qveynis politika mimar-Tuli unda iyos ndobisa da monawileobis gazrdaze, da am mxriv dedaqalaqi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc qveynis masStabiT arsebul saukeTeso magaliTi da aseve demokratiis mxardamWeri politikis ganxorcielebis po-ligoni.

bibliografia Giddens, A. (1997), Sociology. 3-rd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press Granovetter,M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of

Sociology. Vol.78. No.6. 1360-1380 Human Development Report (2008). http://www.citypopulation.de/Georgia.html Lipton, M. (1993). In Varshney, A. (Ed.). Beyond Urban Bias. London: Frank Cass. Macionis, J.J., & Plumer, K. (2008). Sociology. 4th ed. Harlow, UK:

Prentice Hall UNDP. (2008).National Human Developmant Report 2008: The Reforms

and Beyond. UNDP, Georgia Welzel, Ch., & Inglehart, R. (2008). The role of ordinary people in democ-

ratization. Journal of Democracy. Vol.19, No1.126-140. Welzel, Ch.,, Ingelhart. R., and Deutch, F. (2005).Social Capital, Voluntary

Assosiations and Collectiove Action: �“Which Aspects of Social Capital Have the Gratest �“Civic Payoff�”? Journal of Civic Society, Vol.1, No.2, 121-146.

Wirth, L.(1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology. 44.

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ioseb arCvaZe

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobisa da socialur-ekonomikuri stratifikaciis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelo mosaxleobis keTildReobis, maTi Semo-

savlebisa da xarjebis ganawilebis mxriv, arasdros war-moadgenda “egalitarul samoTxes”, Tumca Sesabamisi de-ciluri koeficientis sidide1 1980-iani wlebis bolosaT-visac ki ar aRemateboda Tanafardobas 4:1-Tan. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis Sedegad ara marto zogadad gai-zarda zemoxsenebuli koeficientis sidide (dReisaTvis igi mTliani xarjebis mixedviT aRwevs 16.3-s, xolo fula-di xarjebis mixedviT 17.1-s)2, aramed arsebiTi cvlileba ganicada aTvlis sidideebmac. keTildReobis saerTo do-niT amJamindeli saSualo Semosavlebi da xarjebi, qarTu-li larisa da 1980-iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa maneTis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis Tanafardobis gaTvaliswine-biT (1 lari = daaxloebiT 0.50 maneTs), mniSvnelovnad da-uaxlovda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis wina periods (2008 w. 1990 w.-Tan – daaxloebiT 90%), maSin rodesac 2008 wlis udablesi, pirveli deciluri jgufis mTeli Semo-savlebis msyidvelobiTi unarianoba 1990 wlis Sesabamis jgufis mxolod 64 procentia, umaRlesi, meaTe jgufis mixedviT Tanafardoba Seadgens, Sesabamisad, 115 pro-cents. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amJamindeli Raribebi sa-qarTveloSi ori aTeuli wlis winandel Raribebze xel-mokleni arian, xolo amJamindeli mdidrebi maSindeleb-Tan SedarebiT, ufro mdidrebi. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom postsabWoTa sivrceSi mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri diferencirebis zemoxsenebuli deciluri koeficienti saqarTveloSi yvelaze maRalia da aRemateba:

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri uTanabrobis erT–erTi mniSvnelo-vani indikatori. დaiangariSeba mosaxleobis yvelaze maRalSemosavliani meaTe jgufis Semosavlebis/xarjebis TanafardobiT yvelaze dabalSemo-savliani, pirveli jgufis SemosavlebTan/xarjebTan. 2 ix.: saqarTvelo Sinameurneobebi 2008, gv. 61.

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ukrainis analogiur maCvenebels – 2.5-jer, somxeTisas – 1.9-jer, azerbaijanisas – 1.6-jer, ruseTisas – 1.3-jer.

saqarTvelo, mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo, postsabWo-Ta sivrceSi erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelsac absoluturi moculobiT jerac ver miuRwevia damoukideblobis mopo-vebamde arsebuli mTliani Sida produqtis warmoebis pi-kuri donisaTvis. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erT sulze daaxloebiT 3 aTasi aSS dolaris mTliani Sida produqti modis - aSS donis mxolod 8 procenti da saSualo msoflio donis 35 procenti1. aRniSnuli garemo-ebiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri stratifikacia jeradad gansxvavdeba im op-timumisagan, razec didi xania arsebobs konsensusi Sesa-bamis samecniero da praqtikul wreebSi (Raribebisa da mdidrebis wili - 15-20 procenti TiToeuli, saSualo klasi - daaxloebiT 60-65 procenti).

Sesabamisad, qveynisaTvis siRaribis arsebuli donis Semcireba da mosaxleobis keTildReobis Semdgomi amaR-leba saxelmwifos socialur-ekonomikuri politikis qva-kuTxeds unda warmoadgendes. am mimarTulebiT, ZiriTadi instrumentebia dasaqmebis zrda, dasaqmebis struqturis optimizacia, dasaqmebulTa Sromis mwarmoeblurobis, amis safuZvelze ki - mTliani Sida produqtisa da masTan ma-Ral korelaciaSi – mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRle-ba.

mosaxleobis keTildReobis zrdas ver uzrunvel-yofs saSualoze dabali Semosavlis mqoneTa masobrivi gasvla qveynis farglebs gareT. erTi SexedviT, rac meti Raribi tovebs qveyanas, darCenilTa cxovrebis done, sa-Sualo moxmareba, keTildReoba ufro maRali unda iyos. magram, rogorc wesi, migrantTa didi nawili SedarebiT axalgazrda - ekonomikurad da demografiulad yvelaze aqtiur asakSi myofi mosaxleobaa, ris gamoc maTi migra-cia zrdis adgilze darCenili mosaxleobis saSualo asaks, riTac auaresebs qveynis demo-ekonomikur potenci-als2.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 ix.: Human Development Report 2007/2008, p. 277-280. 2 Cveni gaangariSebiT, mosaxleobis saSualo asakis erTi wliT Semcire-ba sxva Tanabar pirobebSi qmnis qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis 2.2 procentiT zrdis potencials. aq ganmsazRvreli marto is ki ar aris,

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saqarTveloSi keTildReobis dabali donis (TiTqmis samjeradi CamorCena msoflios saSualo donisagan) um-niSvnelovanesi faqtori sazogadoebaSi saSualo klasis dabali donea. Tavis mxriv, saSualo klasis dabal wils ganapirobebs dasaqmebis dabali done, dasaqmebis dabal dones ki, Sesabamisad – mcire da saSualo biznesis daba-li wili qveynis ekonomikaSi, damatebuli Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi. - saqarTveloSi saSualo biznesis wilad modis mTeli gamoSvebis mxolod 15 procenti, maSin rodesac EU-27-Si - daaxloebiT 2/5. msxvili biznesis wili saqarTve-loSi evrokavSirisas TiTqmis 2-jer aRemateba, samagie-rod, saSualo biznesis wili 2-jer, xolo mcire biznesis wili TiTqmis 3-jer CamorCeba Sesabamis evropul dones. amasTan, bolo wlebSi ara Tu gazrdila aseTi biznesis wili, aramed ramdenadme Semcirda kidec. arada, mcire da saSualo biznesi – es aris axali samuSao adgilebi, ma-sobrivi dasaqmeba, socialuri da ekonomikuri stabilu-roba, keTildReobis gansazRvruli done... aseTi biznesis ganviTarebis gareSe realur progresze da keTildReobis arsebiT zrdaze saubari warmoudgenelia. saqarTveloSi aseve mcirericxovania im mewarmeTa raodenoba, romlebic

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!rom mosaxleobis daberebiT uaresdeba demografiuli struqtura da ekonomikurad aqtiur erTsa da imave raodenobis mosaxleobas meti rao-denobis ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleobis Senaxva uwevs. aq did rols TamaSobs is garemoebac, rom maRali teqnologiebis, maRali mwar-moeblurobis mqone saqmianobis sferoebSi axalgazrda Taobis warmo-madgenlebi ufro aqtiurad ebmebian da maTi wili damatebuli Rirebu-lebis SeqmnaSi mniSvnelovnad aRemateba mosaxleobis ricxovnobaSi maT-save wils. is upiratesoba, rac jer kidev am 15-20 wlis win hqonda da-saqmebulebSi anazRaurebisa (da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis) mixedviT asa-kovan mosaxleobas (meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulamde 45-55 wlianTa Sromis saSualo anazRaureba 20-25-wlianebis Sromis anazRaurebas 4-jer da metad aRemateboda. – ix.: ioseb arCvaZe. ekonomika da dro, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 114) amJamad TiTqmis mTlianad nivelirebulia mowinave teqno-logiebisa da Tanamedrove nou-haus elementebis axalgazrdaTa mier ukeT da ufro swrafad aTvisebisa da gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebis ga-mo. ufro metic, saSualo da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis poziciebis Se-sustebis obieqtur garemoebebs “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg subieqtu-ri faqtorebic daemata, rodesac maTi Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebis, Canacvlebis, profesiuli diskriminaciis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad ara am ukanasknelTa saqmiani Tvisebebi da profesionalizmi, aramed asaki iqca. aRniSnuli asakobrivi diskriminacia samecniero literaturaSi meoce saukunis samociani wlebis bolodan eijizmis (ingl. – Ageism) saxeli-Taa cnobili.

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daqiravebuli pirebis Sromas iyeneben. dReisaTvis, ofici-aluri statistikiT, maTi raodenoba 25 aTas kacs – TviT-dasaqmebulTa 2 procents ar aRemateba. yovelive amis mi-zezi jer kidev arasakmarisad liberaluri sainvesticio garemoa. - miuxedavad bolo wlebSi sagadasaxado reJimis liberalizaciisa, eqspertebis SefasebiT, sagadasaxado wnexi saqarTveloSi jer kidev aRemateba optimalurs da-axloebiT 1.5-jer1.

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla saqarTveloSi uaRre-sad dramatul viTarebaSi warimarTa. 1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi arasruli oTxi wlis manZilze saqar-Tvelom gadaitana oTxi samxedro konfliqti da samoqa-laqo dapirispireba. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropi-sa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris 28 saxelmwifos Soris saqarTvelos hqonda ekonomikis yvelaze masStaburi dace-ma. – 1994 wels saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqti 1988 wlis donis mxolod 22 procents Seadgenda. kidev ufro sagrZnoblad iyo Semcirebuli samrewvelo produqciis moculoba – daaxloebiT 6.1-jer. dReisaTvis samuSao ad-gilebi marto saqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi 20 wlis winan-delTan SedarebiT 6-jer da metad - daaxloebiT 400 aTa-siTaa Semcirebuli. ekonomikis vardnam, ekonomikur saqmi-anobaTa da mTeli rigi dargebis kvdomam mravali aseuli aTasi adamiani umuSevrad datova. 1980-iani wlebis bolos-Tan SedarebiT 2009 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Semcirda 21 procentiT, maSin rodesac dasaqmebulTa ra-odenoba – 1.5-jer, maT Soris daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa raodenoba - TiTqmis 3.7-jer - 1700 aTasi kaciT. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom am periodSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa saer-To raodenobis Semcireba 1.5-jer da metad aRemateboda

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 bolo periodSi adgili aqvs or, urTierTgamomricxav tendencias fis-kaluri politikaSi. erTs mxriv, saqarTveloSi iqmneba Tavisufali in-dustriuli zonebi, meores mxriv ki mkacrdeba sabaJo kontroli, impor-tis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba ganubaJebeli saqonlis Semotanis sixSiris limitirebiT (- ara umetes TveSi erTxel) da Rirebulebis Sem-cirebiT (araumetes 500 lari TveSi). amis garda, finansTa saministros mier momzadebuli cirkuliariT, sagadasaxado imspeqtorebs eZlevaT ufleba, vaWrobisa da sastumrobis biznesis warmomadgenlebs mimdinare wlis brunviTa da gadasaxadebiT dauangariSon SarSandeli gadasaxade-bi da sxvaobis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi maT dafarvasTan erTad daakisron jarimebis gadaxdac.

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qveynis mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobis Semcirebas. bev-ri adrindeli daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli - TviTdasaqmebu-li gaxda (ZiriTadad – soflis meurneobaSi). mravali aTeuli aTasi adamiani ki sxva qveynebSi gavida SromiT migraciaSi. dReisaTvis saqarTvelodan SromiT migran-tTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 1.4-jer aRemateba saqarTve-loSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa mTlian ricxovnobas.1

Tavad saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis done 2008 wlis bolos mdgomareobiT, oficialuri statistikiT, 16.5 pro-centia. amasTan, dasaqmebulTagan mxolod 1/3-ze odnav me-tia (35.7%) daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli; danarCeni dasaqmebu-lebi (64.3%) – TviTdasaqmebulebi arian.

saqarTveloSi, oficialuri statistikiT, 1.4 milion-ze meti Sinameurneobaa.2 Sesabamisad, dReisaTvis, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, qveyanaSi yoveli 5 Sinameurneobidan mxolod 2-Sia daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli.

ra gamodis? saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis oficialurad dafiqsire-

bul 1918 aTasi ekonomikurad aqtiur adamians unda daema-tos qveynidan gasuli 800 aTasi SromiTi migranti, rom-lebic adgilze saTanado samuSao adgilebis arsebobis pirobebSi saqarTveloSi darCebodnen. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, 2008 wlis bolosaTvis saqarTvelos potenciuri samuSao Zalis ricxovnoba unda iyos (SeiZleba yofili-yos) 2718 aTasi adamiani. aqedan saqarTveloSi samuSao ver naxa 1116 aTasma adamianma (316 aTasi – saqarTveloSi da-fiqsirebuli umuSevari da 800 aTasi – SromiTi migranti), ris gamoc qveyanaSi bruto umuSevrobis done saqarTve-los mTeli SromiTi potencialis – qveyanaSi myofTa da qveynidan gasulTa erToblivi ricxovnobis - gaTvaliswi-nebiT, 41 procents aRemateba. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi dasaqmebulia ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis mxolod 59 procenti, xolo daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa wili qveya-naSi saqarTvelos mTel ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleo-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan mxolod ekonomikuri garemoebebiT sa-qarTvelodan daaxloebiT 800 aTasi adamiani gavida, anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gaxda SromiTi migranti. 2009 wlis meore kvartalSi saqarTve-loSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ki 572 aTas adamians ar aRe-mateboda 2 2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTa aRweriT, saqarTveloSi 1442 aTasi Sinameurneoba iyo.

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baSi (SromiTi migrantebis gaTvaliswinebiT) mxolod 21 procentia. gamodis, rom saqarTvelos Sromisunariani asa-kis moqalaqeTagan anazRaurebiT SromiT saqmianobas saku-Tari qveynis teritoriaze dReisaTvis axerxebs mxolod yoveli mexuTe (21%).

statistikuri gaTvlebiT dasturdeba, rom Sinameur-neobaSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebul wevrTa erTiT gazrda ga-moiwvevs SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebisa da keTildReo-bis zrdas daaxloebiT 9/10-iT, anu am SinameurneobaTa Ti-Toeuli wevris Semosavlebisa da keTildReobis matebas daaxloebiT erTi meoTxediT (24-25%-iT). amasTan, im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tuki yvela SinameurneobaSi iqneboda TiTo-Ti-To daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli mainc, es gazrdida am Siname-urneobaTa mTlian Semosavlebs da daqiravebulTa ric-xovnobas aranakleb 1.5-jer TiToeuls, xolo TviTdasaqme-bulTa wils dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi Seamci-rebda 6-jer da metad – 64 procentidan 10.4 procentamde.

dasaqmebis problema imdenad fundamenturi proble-maa saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis, rom mis simwvaves ver xsnis TviT is garemoebac, rom bolo wlebSi dasaqmebul-Ta saSualo xelfasi daaxloebiT samjer ufro swrafad izrdeboda mSp-is nominalur zrdasTan SedarebiT. imde-nad ara aqvs daqiravebiT dasaqmebas qveyanaSi sayovelTao xasiaTi, rom xelfasis zrdis ekonomikuri efeqti fer-mkrTaldeboda mosaxleobis mTlian SemosavlebSi maTi dabali wilisa da permanentulad mzardi moTxovnebis fonze. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi daqiravebiT dasaqme-bulTa xelfasebi (gansakuTrebiT sabiujeto seqtorSi) simbolur xasiaTs atarebda da maTma saSualo sididem Sromisunariani mamakacis saarsebo minimumis maCvenebels pirvelad mxolod 2003 wels – qveyanaSi srulfasovani erovnuli valutis laris SemoRebidan mxolod mecxre wels moaxerxa.1

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 1996-2003 wlebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulebis xelfasebi saar-sebo minimumis doneze mainc rom yofiliyos, am dasaqmebulebs saxelmwi-fosagan xelfasis saxiT unda mieRoT (jamSi) 1.6 mlrd. lari. Sesabami-sad, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom, am wlebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqme-bulebma saxelmwifos gauwies subsidireba aRniSnuli TanxiT. Tumca, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom swored aseTi dabali xelfasebi iyo ZiriTadi

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2009 wlis pirveli kvartlis monacemebiT, saqarTve-loSi saSualo xelfasi daaxloebiT 330 aSS dolaris eq-vivalentia. es 2003 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels 5.5-jer aRemateba. SedarebisaTvis: imave periodSi SinameurneobaTa mTliani xarjebis faqtobrivi moculoba mxolod 1.5-jer aris gazrdili, realur ganzomilebaSi ki, samomxmareb-lo fasebis imave proporciiT zrdis gamo, faqtobrivad ar Secvlila. amgvari gansxvaveba saSualo xelfasebis zrdasa da SinameurneobaTa realur keTildReobas Soris ZiriTadad gamowveulia, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, xelfa-sebis mimRebTa dabali wiliT, agreTve laris kursis aSS dolarTan mniSvnelovnad gamyarebiT.1

bolo wlebSi, erTis mxriv, saSualo xelfasis swra-fi zrdis, xolo meores mxriv, daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa dabali wilis gamo2 saSualo xelfasis doniT saqarTve-los Sedarebam sxva qveynebTan mniSvnelovanwilad dakar-ga Tavisi ekonomikuri Sinaarsi. magaliTad, nominalurad 2008 wlis mixedviT saqarTveloSi saSualo xelfasi aSS donis 11.2 procentia (Sesabamisad, 37.5 aTasi aSS dolari da 4.2 aTasi aSS dolari). magram mosaxleobis erTsa da imave raodenobaze gaangariSebiT aSS-Si 3.4-jer meti daqi-ravebiT dasaqmebulia saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT.

igives Tqma SeiZleba aRniSnuli indikatoriT saqar-Tvelo-ruseTis Sedarebaze. saSualo xelfasi saqarTve-loSi ruseTis federaciis analogiuri maCveneblis daax-loebiT 3/5-is donezea (57%), rac sagrZnoblad aRemateba saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis Tanafardo-bas ruseTis federaciis analogiur maCvenebelTan (- daax-loebiT 1.5-jer), magram mosaxleobis erTsa da imave ric-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!mizezi im wlebSi qveyanaSi farTod gavrcelebuli masobrivi korufcii-sa da farTomasStabiani Crdilovani ekonomikisa. 1 2009 wlis ivlisSi larisa da aSS dolaris kursi Seadgenda: 1 SS do-lari = 1.675 lari, maSin rodesac 2003 wlis bolos - 2.11-s, xolo 1999 wlis 8 marts (am Tanafardobis aSS dolarisaTvis maqsimaluri kursis dros) – 2.45 lars. SedarebisaTvis: 2009 wlis ivlisSi inflaciam 2003 wlis dekemberTan Seadgina 51 procenti, xolo 1999 wlis martTan – 117 procenti. gamodis, rom im saqonlis SesaZenad, rasac 1999 wlis martSi saqarTvelos Sida samomxmareblo bazarze 100 aSS dolari eyofoda, 2009 wlis ivlisSi TiTqmis 320 aSS dolari gaxda saWiro. 2 saqarTveloSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa wili mTels mosaxleobaSi 14 procents Seadgens, maSin rodesac aSS-Si igi 47 procenti, xolo ruse-Tis federaciaSi – 42 procentia.

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xovnobaze daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebis raodenoba saqar-TveloSi samjer naklebia.. amitomac, saqarTvelosa da ne-bismieri sxva qveynis (aSS-is, ruseTis federaciis, etc.) mosaxleobis keTildReobis SromiTi saqmianobiT miRebu-li SemosavlebiT Sesadareblad saWiroa saSualo xelfa-sebis sidideTa mosworeba mosaxleobis Tanabar ricxov-nobaSi dasaqmebulTa wiliT.

formulis saxiT magaliTad, saqarTvelo-aSS-is am-gvarma Sedarebam SeiZleba Semdegi saxe miiRos:

Sp(Geo/USA) = Sgeo/SUSA * Lgeo/LUSA, sadac Sp(Geo/USA) – xelfasis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis

pariteti saqarTveloSi aSS-Tan SedarebiT; Sgeo – saSualo xelfasi saqarTveloSi;

SUSA – saSualo xelfasi aSS-Si;

Lgeo – daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa wili saqarTvelos mTel mosaxleobaSi;

LUSA – daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa wili aSS-is mTel mosaxleobaSi.

aRniSnuli formulis mixedviT, Sp = 4.2/37.5 * 14%/47% = 3.3 (%).

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rom mosaxleobis erTsa da imave raodenobaze, saqarTveloSi xelfasebis jamuri sidide aSS-is mxolod 3.3 procentia.1

im arguments, rom saqarTveloSi fasebis saSualo done amerikisas mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba da qarTuli valutis kursi mis paritetTan ramdenadme dabalia, TandaTanobiT yavli gasdis. – rigi samomxmareblo saqonlis mixedviT (frinvelis xorci, kvercxi, banani, benzini, satelefono saubris tarifi, etc.) saqarTveloSi fasebi sagrZnoblad aRematebian aSS-is dones. aRniSnul daskvnas aZlierebs is garemoebac, rom big-makis indeqsis mixedviT, saqarTvelom 2009 wlis zafxulidan ukve gadauswro aSS-is dones.2

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 igive principiT, saqarTveloSi xelfasebis jamuri msyidvelobiTi una-rianoba ruseTis federaciis donis 19.4 procentia. 2 2009 wlis ivlisSi big-maki niu iorkSi Rirda 3.57 dolari, TbilisSi – 6.80 lari, anu, laris aSS dolarTan oficialuri kursis (1 dolari = 1.665 lari) gaTvaliswinebiT – 4.08 dolari – amerikis donis 114.6 pro-centi. SedarebisaTvis: 2 wlis win – 2007 wlis ivlisSi big-makis indeqsi

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mosaxleobis keTildReobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens ori garemoeba: makroekonomikis doneze mTliani Sida produqtis ganawilebis strategia da Semosavlebis saxeebis diversifikacia. 2003 wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi mSp-is sul ufro mniSvnelovani nawili warimarTa sazo-gadoebis koleqtiuri moxmarebis, instituciuri aRmSeneb-lobisaTvis. magaliTad, 2008 wels 2003 welTan SedarebiT mSp-is yoveli erTi laris matebaze (mimdinare fasebSi) SinameurneobaTa faqtobrivi xarjebis moculoba gaizar-da 27.8 TeTriT, maSin rodesac wina xuTi wlis manZilze (2003 wels 1998 welTan SedarebiT) Sesabamisi maCvenebeli Seadgenda 42.8 TeTrs, anu 54 procentiT mets. 2008 wels 2003 welTan mSp nominalurad gaizarda 2-jer da metad, realur ganzomilebaSi – daaxloebiT 1.5-jer, maSin, ro-desac erTi Sinameurneobis xarjebma nominalurad 1.5-jer moimata, xolo realur ganzomilebaSi – ucvleli darCa. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos SinameurneobaTa mTliani xar-jebis moculobis Tanafardoba qveynis mSp-sTan Semcirda 2003 wlis 62.2 procentidan 2008 wlis 49.1 procentamde.1 gzebis, sawarmoo da socialuri infrastruqturis obieq-tebis mSenebloba-reabilitaciam, qveynis Tavdacvisunaria-nobis sakiTxebma moiTxoves mniSvnelovani resursebis mo-bilizacia2, rac pirdapir ar aisaxeba SinameurneobaTa Se-mosavlebze. - gzebis dageba, saxelmwifo institutebis gaZliereba, jaris yofiTi da kvebis pirobebis gaumjobe-seba - saerTo keTildReobis zrdaze miuTiTebs, am dros uSualod ojaxur biujetSi Sesuli Tanxebi ucvlelic rom rCebodes. yovelive es xels uwyobs samuSao Zalis ukeT formirebas, kvlavwarmoebis pirobebis gaumjobese-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!saqarTveloSi Seadgenda aSS donis 80.5 procents, 2006 wlis dasawyisSi – 67.3 procents, 2002 wlis – dasawyisSi – 64.0 procents, xolo 1999 wlis dasawyisSi – 59.0 procents. 1 SedarebisaTvis: SinameurneobaTa mTliani xarjebis Tanafardoba mSp-sTan ssrk-Si, 1985 wels Seadgenda 48 procents da perestroikis dasas-rulisaTvis, 1990 wlisaTvis samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis konversii-sa da rigi sxva mizezebis gamo misi wili 50.1 procentamde gaizarda. 2 sabiujeto dafinanseba Tavdacvaze 2007 wels 2003 welTan SedarebiT saqarTveloSi gaizarda TiTqmis 25-jer, maSin rodesac socialuri xar-jebi – mxolod 3.2-jer.

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bas, saboloo jamSi ki zrdis misi mobilurobisa da ga-moyenebis efeqturobas.1

miuxedavad saSualo xelfasis zemoxsenebuli sag-rZnobi zrdisa, sazogadoebaSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa dabali wilis gamo SinameurneobaTa mTlian saxsrebSi Sromis anazRaurebis wili ar aRemateba 30.9 procents, maT Soris fulad saxsrebSi – 36.9 procents. Sedarebi-saTvis – 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daqiravebiT dasaqme-bulTa Sromis anazRaurebaze modioda SinameurneobaTa saerTo Semosavlebis TiTqmis 3/4.

mosaxleobis keTildReobis ganmsazRvreli kriteri-umebidan2 CvenTan ZiriTadSi statistikur-normatiuli me-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 Tumca, aRniSnuli miznebiT uzarmazari Tanxebis gamoyofam, tendere-bis arc Tu mTlad gamWvirvale sistemam da maTSi saeWvo reputaciis mqone firmebis gamarjvebam sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi warmoS-va eWvi aRniSnuli daniSnulebiT finansuri resursebis moZraobis kano-nierebasa da korufciis SesaZlo kvalis Taobaze. 2 mosaxleobis keTildReobis gansazRvris ramdenime kriteriumi arse-bobs: 1. statistikur- normatiuli – rodesac dgindeba RaribTa, saSua-lo an mdidarTa klasisadmi mikuTvnebis konkretuli raodenobrivi pa-rametrebi, ganisazRvreba sazogadoebaSi mdidrebis, Raribebis Tu saSua-lo klasis warmomadgenlebis raodenoba. gamoiyeneba agreTve siRaribis gansazRvris gansxvavebuli normatiuli meTodebic. magaliTad, erTgan Raribia Sinameurneoba, Tu igi Semosavlebis mesamedze mets xarjavs sursaTze, meoregan - Tu misi Semosavlebi minimaluri sasursaTo kala-Tis Rirebulebis oTxmag odenobaze naklebia; zoggan saarsebo minimumi iangariSeba, rogorc saSualo xelfasis naxevari, an rogorc medianuri moxmarebis 60 procenti... ganviTarebis doniT saqarTvelosgan iseT gansxvavebul qveyanaSi, rogo-ric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, saarsebo minimumis Sefaseba efuZne-ba im Semosavlis odenobas, romelic aucilebelia adamianis minimalur sasicocxlo doneze arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. aseTi analizisaTvis amosaval wertils warmoadgens am qveynis soflis meurneobis departa-mentis mier gaangariSebuli minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTa. aRniSnuli kalaTis Rirebuleba iangariSeba calkeuli produqtis mixedviT arse-bul fasebs Soris yvelaze dabali fasiT. ojaxis sxva arasasursaTo moTxovnebis gasaTvaliswineblad dgindeba Semosavlis zRvruli done, romelic oTxjer aRemateba sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebas (socialu-ri standarti Seadgens 1:4). 2. socialuri statusis mixedviT – rodesac ama Tu im saqmianobis sferos an profesiis wamomadgenlebi apriori mie-kuTvnebian gansazRvrul socialur jgufs, magaliTad, «Raribebs” an «araRaribebs». rogorc cnobilia, ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi apriori ar iTvlebian Raribebad iuristebi, eqimebi, modelebi da a.S. 3.subieqturi TviTSefaseba, rodesac individi Tavad gansazRvravs misi an sakuTari Sinameurneobis socialur-ekonomikur statuss. am dros did rols asrulebs is kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri

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Todi gamoiyeneba. Sesabamisad, Semosavlebs dasaqmebidan udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mosaxleobis socialur-eko-nomikuri stratifikaciisaTvis.

Sromis mixedviT Semosavlebis dabali wili Siname-urneobaTa saerTo SemosavlebSi, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis didi nawilis dasaqmebis arastabiluri xa-siaTi ganapirobebs imas, rom gardamavali tipis qveynebis umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis keTildReobis daxasiaTeba1, iseve rogorc maTi socialuri diferencireba mimdinare Semosavlebisa da xarjebis mixedviT, sakmarisi aRaraa. amis mizezi isaa, rom gardamaval, swrafi, revoluciuri cvlilebebis mqone sazogadoebaSi veRar muSaobs xan-grZlivi evoluciuri gziT ganviTarebis mqone sazogadoe-bis wevrTa socialur-ekonomikuri identifikaciis is sqe-ma, romliTac ama Tu im socialuri jgufisadmi Sinameur-neobis mikuTvneba apriori imTaviTve maRal korelaciur kavSirSia maTsave Sesabamis qonebriv statusTan, rodesac adgili aqvs materialur-qonebrivi, saSemosavlo mdgoma-reobis, socialur-profesiuli statusisa da TviTidenti-fikaciis garkveul Tanxvedras. – sabazro ekonomikaze yvela gardamaval qveyanaSi gamoikveTa didi raodenoba Sinameurneobebisa, romelTa mimdinare Semosavlebi veRar akmayofilebs mimdinare minimalur moTxovnilebebs, maSin, rodesac moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis xarisxi adre SeZenili xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebiT gacilebiT maRa-lia. xatovnad, es SeiZleba ase iTqvas: ojaxs aqvs (adre SeZenili) feradi televizori, magram ara aqvs sakmarisi fuli (amJamad) moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis dasafara-vad. saqarTvelos SinameurneobaTa SemosavlebSi qonebis

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!foni, moxmarebis kultura, tradiciebi, romelSic mas uxdeba cxovreba, misi molodini da warmodgenebi. subieqtur midgomas safuZvlad udevs pasuxi kiTxvaze. magaliTad:“Semosavlis ra dones CaTvlidiT im abso-lutur minimumad, romlis qvemoT Tqveni arseboba SeuZlebeli iqnebo-da?” 1 keTildReoba aris nakadebis (Semosavlebisa) da maragebis (dagrovili qonebis elementebis, simdidris) racionaluri Tanafardoba, Tumca, far-To gagebiT, keTildReobis formirebaSi monawileoben agreTve socia-luri da ekologiuri garemo, sabinao pirobebi, sacxovrisis adgilmde-bareoba da a.S., romelTa RirebulebiTi Sefaseba ramdenadme gaZnelebu-lia. amitom keTildღeobis aRniSnuli komponentebidan statistikis Ta-namedrove SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare mis SefasebaSi monawileobas jerjerobiT Rebulobs mxolod dagrovili qoneba.

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elementebis realizaciidan miRebul Semosavlebs stabi-luri, sagrZnobi wili ukaviaT. gansakuTrebiT maRali wili 1990-ian wlebSi ekavaT. magaliTad, 1996 wels qala-qis mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebis 9.9 procenti saSi-nao qonebis elementebis realizaciis xarjze yalibdebo-da.1 amJamad es maCvenebeli 3 procents ar aRemateba. es mi-aniSnebs ara marto imas, rom mosaxleobis garkveul na-wils ar hyofnis mimdinare Semosavlebi xarjebis dasafa-ravad, aramed imasac, rom sazogadoebaSi erovnuli sim-didris elementebis pernmanentuli gadanawilebis proce-si mimdinareobs ara marto sawarmoo da finansuri aqtive-bis gadanawilebis xarjze, aramed saojaxo qonebis – bi-nebisa da sxva samomxmareblo daniSnulebis elementebis gadanawilebiTac. 1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi mim-dinare SemosavlebiT mravali adamiani, Sinameurneoba TiTqmis erTbaSad iqca Raribad, radgan maTi Semosavali saarsebo minimumsac ver faravda, dagrovili qonebis ele-mentebiT ki isini jer isev SeZlebulad rCebodnen. es ga-remoeba xelovnurad zrdida saSinao qonebis elementebis likvidurobis problemas da, Sesabamisad, am elementebis gacvliTi proporciis gauaresebas, gansakuTrebiT sur-saTTan mimarTebaSi.2 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, adgili hqon-da mosaxleobaSi keTildReobis ganmapirobebeli marage-biTa (qonebiT) da nakadebiT (SemosavlebiT) araTanabar, asimetriul uzrunvelyofas, risi daZlevis (- sursaTze mimdinare moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis) ZiriTad gzad iqca Sinameurneobebis saSinao qonebis elementebis, sacxovrisis masobrivi yidva-gayidva. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mxolod 20 procenti iyo iseTi, visac qonebac da Semosavlebic saarsebo mini-mumis zRvarze meti hqonda, daaxloebiT amdenive iyo ise-Ti, visac arc erTi parametriT ar hqonda daZleuli sa-arsebo minimumis zRvari; danarCen 60 procents erTerTi

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 ix.: saqaTvelos Sinamurneobebi:1996-2001. statistikuri weliwdeuli. Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 194. ufro adreuli, 1992-1995 wlebis statistika, samwu-xarod, ar arsebobs, Tumca empiriulad kargad Canda, rom swored im wlebSi iyo gansakuTrebiT maRali qonebis elementebis realizacia Si-nameurneobebis SemosavlebSi. 2 Cveni gaangariSebiT, dReisaTvis 1993 wlis aprilTan SedarebiT saSua-lo samoTaxiani binis fasis Tanafardoba saqonlis xorcis fasTan da-axloebiT 2.5-jeraa gazrdili.

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indikatoriT (SemosavlebiT an qonebiT) siRaribeSi hqon-da fexi Cadgmuli1. sxvadasxva eqspertuli SefasebiT, mo-saxleoba Tavis mimdinare Semosavlebs qonebriv mdgomare-obaze daaxloebiT 25 procentiT ufro cudad afasebs. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dReisaTvis saqarTve-los mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 3/4-is sabinao pirobebi met-naklebad damakmayofilebelia. am kontingentis 80 procents mimdinare Semosavlebi aseve saarsebo minimumze maRali aqvT; maTgan, visac mimdinare Semosavlebi saarse-bo minimumze dabali aqvs, mxolod 1/3-ze odnav mets aqvs aradamakmayofilebeli sabinao pirobebi. aRniSnuli pro-porciebi Semdegnairad warmodgeba:

saqarTvelos SinameurneobaTa ganawileba saarsebo minimu-misadmi mimdinare SemosavlebiTa da dagrovili qonebiT

(binebiT) 1995 da 2009 wlebSi

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 samamulo statistika da qarTvel mkvlevarTa umravlesoba tolobis niSans svams saarsebo minimumisa da siRaribis cnebebs Soris, maSin ro-desac pirveli ufro teqnikur-ekonomikuri, normatiuli maCvenebelia, me-ore ki socialur-ekonomikuri. saarsebo minimumi da siRaribis zRvari ar arian identuri cnebebi. saarsebo minimumi siRaribis, rogorc socia-luri movlenis maxasiaTebeli qveda zRvris maCvenebelia. maSin roca Tavad siRaribis zRvari Raribi da saSualo klasis (fenis) wyalgamyofs warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT, SeiZleba pirovnebas, Sinameurneobas daZleuli hqondes saarsebo minimumi, magram is mainc Raribad iTvlebo-des.siRaribis donis Tasmis simaRleze gavlenas axdens mocemuli qvey-nis ganviTarebis done da samomxmareblo kultura. - bevri samomxmareb-lo efeqtis matarebeli materialuri da aramaterialuri xasiaTis dov-laTi, rac ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveyanaSi iTvleba normaluri cxovrebis Cveulebriv atributad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT CamorCenil qveyanaSi xSirad miiCneva araZiriTadi moxmarebis, zogjer ki fufunebis sagnadac ki. samoqalaqo dapirispirebisa da eko-nomikuri kolafsis dros, 1993-1994 wlebis calkeul TveebSi cxeli wya-li, gaTboba da mudmivi deni binebSi TbilisSi TiTqmis fufunebis tol-fas dovlaTad miiCneoda. dReisaTvis ki mobilurma telefonmac ki ise-Ti saqmiani aqsesuaris funqcia SeiZina, rac am ori aTeuli wlis win, magaliTad, bloknotsa da avtokalams gaaCndaT. imisaTvis, rom saarsebo minimumisa da siRaribis zRvris cnebebma erTnairi datvirTva SeiZinon, aucilebelia arsebiTad gaizardos qveynis ekonomikuri potenciali, mo-saxleobis erT sulze warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqti, gaizardos da gamravlferovndes amis safuZvelze saarsebo minimumis mformirebeli dovlaTis CamonaTvali (nomenklatura). es aucileblad gamoiwvevs saar-sebo minimumis Rirebulebis gacilebiT swraf zrdas fasebis saerTo zrdasTan SedarebiT.

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1995 2009 SinameurneobaTa raodenoba, romelTac: - Semosavlebi da qoneba oficialur saarse-bo minimumis Sesabamis parametrebze meti aqvT

20 60

- saarsebo minimumis Sesabamis parametrebTan SedarebiT Semosavlebi naklebia, qoneba ki – meti

50 10

- saarsebo minimumis Sesabamis parametrebTan SedarebiT Semosavlebi metia, qoneba ki – naklebi

10 5

- Semosavlebi da qoneba naklebia saarsebo minimumis Sesabamis parametrebze

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rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis keTildReobis formire-

bas, mimdinare moxmarebis dones ekonomikuri aRmavlobis pirobebSi upiratesad gansazRvraven mimdinare Semosavle-bi, xolo krizisisa da recesiis pirobebSi ki – adre dag-rovili qonebis elementebi. dReisaTvis “qonebriv-saSemo-savlo asimetriis” xarisxi 1990-iani wlebis SuaxanebTan SedarebiT 3-jer da metadaa Semcirebuli.

Semosavlebis diversificireba, saSemosavlo da qo-nebrivi mdgomareobis asimetria da rigi sxva momentebi ganapirobeben sazogadoebis ufro siRrmiseuli socialu-ri klasterizaciis aucileblobas. kerZod, dReisaTvis aRaraa sakmarisi sazogadoebis samdonian “qrestomatiul” jgufebad (mdidrebi, Raribebi, saSualo klasi) dayofa. mdidrebsa da saSualo klass Soris unda gamoiyos SeZ-lebulebis kategoria, xolo RaribebSi – Ratakebi.1 Tu rogori Semosavlebis parametri unda daedos TiToeul maTgans, es jerac gansjis sagania.2 amasTan, saarsebo mi-nimumi da siRaribis zRvari realurad sakmaod daSorebu-

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 Cvenis azriT, SesaZlebelia mosaxleobis diferencireba moxdes Semdeg jgufebad: Raribebi (Ratakebi, uqonelni, saSualod Raribebi, xelmokle-ni – socialuri Raribebi...), saSualo klasi (dabali fena, maRali fena), mdidrebi (SeZlebulebi da sakuTriv mdidrebi). 2 magaliTad, Tuki eqspertTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom RatakTa kategoriisaTvis misakuTvneblad aucilebelia, rom Sinameurnebis xar-jebis moculoba saarsebo minimumis naxevrze naklebi iyos, mdidarTa ka-tegoriisaTvis Sinameurneobis misakuTvnebel qveda zRvarze Sexedulebe-bi meryeobs saarsebo minimumis 10-30 jeradTa Soris.

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li, gansxvavebuli moculobis, Rirebulebis indikatore-bia.1

bunebrivia, rom saboloo jamSi keTildReobaze arse-biT gavlenas axdenen ara marto dasaqmebulTa saqmianobis saxeebi, Semosavlebis sidide da profili, aramed Sinameur-neobaTa demografiul–asakobrivi struqtura. dReisaTvis dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis mier Seqmnili dovlaTis, Semosav-lebis daaxloebiT 35 procenti gadanawildeba Sinameurneo-baTa dausaqmebel da samuSao Zalis kategoriis miRma myofi ojaxis wevrebis sasargeblod. mTeli mosaxleobis mixedviT ki “Sidaojaxuri transferebis” xarjze dasaqmebulTa faq-tobrivi moxmarebis sidide maTsave pirvelad Semosavalze daaxloebiT 2.5-jer naklebia. magaliTad, saqarTvelos pen-sionerTa 9/10-ze meti cxovrobs SinameurneobaSi Tavis eko-nomikurad aqtiur da dasaqmebul ojaxis wevrebTan erTad. pensionerebi monawileoben SinameurneobaTa saboloo er-Tobliv moxmarebaSi, anu amis gareSe maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gacilebiT dramatuli iqneboda. jer erTi, sa-Sualo pensia saarsebo minimumis mxolod 2/3-s faravs. meo-rec, fasebi sursaTze, romelic ZiriTadi samomxmareblo saqonelia pensionerebisaTvis, rogorc wesi, gacilebiT swrafad izrdeba inflaciasTan SedarebiT (daaxloebiT 1.2-1.3-jer ufro swrafad).

miuxedavad zemoxsenebuli pozitiuri tendenciebisa, mTlianobaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis procesi aradamakmayofilebe-lia. – marTalia, 1990-iani wlebis SuaxanebTan SedarebiT

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 magaliTad, Tu oficialuri statistikiT saarsebo minimumi 200 laria, 201-lariani შemosavlis mqone realurad jer kidev Raribia, radganac saarsebo minimumis Tasma Cvens sinamdvileSi (gansakuTrebiT 2006 wlis gazafxulze statistikis departamentis mier ganxorcielebuli saarse-bo minimumis 30-procentiani “sekvestris” safuZvelze) imdenad dablaa daweuli, rom mis zemoT sakmaod maRal donezec ki (saarsebo minimumze ramdenimejer meti Semosavlis SemTxvevaSic ki) adamiani da Sinameurneo-ba Raribadaa misaCnevi. RaribebSi, magaliTad, unda ganvasxvavoT isini, visac sasursaTo uzrunvelyofis problema aqvT da isini, visac kvebis problema ki aqvT gadawyvetili, magram ara aqvT sakmarisi saxsrebi wig-nebis SesaZenad, TeatrSi, koncertze wasasvlelad da a.S. Cveni Sefase-biT, Raribia yvela, visi mimdinare Semosavali ar aRemateba saarsebo mi-nimums samjer mainc. anu, Tu saarsebo minimumi saSualod erT Sinameur-neobaze, magaliTad, 200 laria, Raribia yvela is Sinameurneoba, visi Se-mosavalic ar aRemateba 600 lars.

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mniSvnelovnad Semcirda saarsebo minimums miRma myofTa raodenoba, magram SedarebiT nela izrdeba saSualo kla-sis warmomadgenelTa raodenoba. bolo wlebSi, saSualo klasis wili SinameurneobaTa saerTo ricxovnobaSi sa-qarTveloSi yovelwliurad mxolod 0.4 procentuli pun-qtiT izrdeboda (aseTi tempiT saSualo klasis wilis SinameurneobaTa saerTo ricxovnobis 3/5-is doneze gasas-vlelad 125 welze meti dasWirdeba). ekonomikuri zrda Tavis gamoxatulebas hpovebda ara RaribTa absoluturi ricxvis SemcirebaSi, aramed RaribTa SigniT mdgomareo-bis ramdenadme gaumjobesebaSi – umniSvnelod mcirdebo-da RatakTa da raodenoba da Sesabamisi proporciiT iz-rdeboda xelmokle Sinameurneobebis (socialuri Raribe-bis) raodenoba. Tu miviCnevT, rom siRaribe daZlevadia saarsebo minimumis 3-jeradi metobis SemTxvevaSi, aRmoC-ndeba, rom siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba Sinameurne-obaTa 86 procenti, saSualo klass miekuTvneba Sinameur-neobaTa 9 procenti, xolo SeZlebuli da mdidaria mo-saxleobis mxolod 5 procenti.1

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 2004 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi saarsebo minimumze dabali Semosavali hqonda SinameurneobaTa naxevarze mets. amitom 2006 wlis gazafxulze Seicvala misi gaangariSebis meTodologia – RirebulebiTi formiT da-axloebiT 30 procentiT (erT saSualo momxmarebelze – 120.3 laridan 84.3 laramde, agreTve saarsebo minimumis Sesabamisi kilokaloriebis raodenoba – dReRamuri 2500-dan 2250-mde). amis safuZvelze Raribi Sina-meurneobebis raodenoba erTi xelis mosmiT Semcirda 52-dan 35.7 procen-tamde. anu formalurad, meTodologiuri “gamWriaxobis” wyalobiT 200 aTasze meti Sinameurneoba (- daaxloebiT 750 aTasi adamiani, qveynis yo-veli merve mcxovrebi) xelovnurad gamoyvanil iqna RaribTa raodenobi-dan. miuxedavad am axali, Semsubuqebuli saarsebo minimumisa, RaribTa raodenoba qveyanaSi mainc izrdeboda – 2005 wels maTi raodenoba, sul cota, 160 aTasiT gaizarda da procentulad SinameurneobaTa 39.4 pro-cents miaRwia (Zveli meTodologiiT – 57.7 procents). imisaTvis, rom da-maluliyo SinameurneobaTa TiTqmis 40 procentisaTvis siRaribis axal, “sekvestrirebul” standartze naklebi Semosavlebi, statistikis depar-tamentma 2006 wlidan daiwyo xsenebuli maCveneblis Canacvleba amorfu-li indikatoriT “medianuri moxmarebis 60%-iani zRvars miRma myofi Si-nameurneobebis raodenoba”, romelic daaxloebiT 1.7-1.8-jer amcirebs sa-arsebo minimumis qvemoT myof SinameurneobaTa raodenobas. imavdrou-lad miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba saarsebo minimimumis miRma darCenili Sinameurneobebis maCveneblis publikaciaze uaris Tqmaze. amJamad, ofi-cialuri statistikuri monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi Raribi mxolod 21.3 procentia – Tumca am cifris qveS moiazreba oficialuri statistikuri wyaroebiT gaangariSebuli medianuri moxmarebis 60 procentis zRvars

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saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobis Semdgomi amaRlebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikuri reformebis uf-ro Tanmimdevruli da kompleqsuri gatareba, sagadasaxa-do wnexis mniSvnelovani Semcireba da diferencireba saq-mianobaTa da investiciaTa saxeebis, regionebis, biznesis sididisa da rigi sxva niSnis mixedviT, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna. swored amiT iqneba SesaZlebeli ekono-mikis zrdis tempebis amaRleba da qveynis msoflio da re-gionuli CamorCenis TandaTan daZleva.

brZola saqarTvelos mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebisaTvis, dasaqmebis optimizaciisa da socialuri stabilurobisaTvis uaRresad saintereso da sayuradRebo stadiaSi Sedis...

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!miRma myofi Sinameurneobebi. medianuri moxmarebis maCvenebeli, saqarTve-los SinameurneobaTa faqtobrivi ganawilebis mixedviT, saSualo moxma-rebis daaxloebiT 80-85 procents Seesabameba, ris gamoc zemoxsenebuli medianuri moxmarebis 60 procenti saSualo moxmarebis maCveneblis naxe-vars ar aRemateba. realurad oficialuri saarsebo minimumis maCvene-belze dabali Semosavali aqvs SinameurneobaTa TiTqmis 40 procents, xolo arakoreqtirebuli, Zveli meTodologiiT – SinameurneobaTa TiT-qmis naxevars.

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