istoria 8 istoriis saxelmZRvanelo merveklaselTaTvis

7istoriamoswavlis wigni

8istoria

giorgi sanikiZe, revaz gaCeCilaZe, levan gordeziani, nino kiRuraZe,zviad miminoSvili

grifi mieniWa s.s.i.p ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier

(brZaneba N 375, 18.05.2012).

sarCevi

konfliqtebi Zvel msoflioSi

I

II

1.

8

2. 13

3.

16

4. 19

5. 22

6. 26

konfliqtis tipologia: omebi qveynebs Soris

da Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebi

Zveli egviptelebis omebi

asureTis omebi

(msoflio imperiis Seqmnis pirveli mcdeloba)

berZen-sparselTa omebi

aleqsandre makedonelis laSqroba

romi da karTageni (punikuri omebi)

7.

30

8. 34

9.

39

10. 43

11.

48

12.

53

13.

58

14.

63

15.

68

16. 74

17.

80

18. 89

19.

96

bizantiisa da sasanianTa iranis

dapirispireba VI-VII saukuneebSi

arabTa saxalifo

Turq-selCukebi axlo aRmosavleTSi.

manazkertis brZola

jvarosnuli omebi

osmaleTis imperia. bizantiis imperiis dacema

da misi msoflio istoriuli mniSvneloba

qalaqebi da maTi brZola TavisuflebisaTvis

Sua saukuneebis evropaSi

konfliqti saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris

Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi

brZola hegemonobisaTvis espaneTsa da ingliss

Soris XVI-XVII saukuneebSi

niderlandebis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis

ocdaaTwliani omi da vestfaliis zavi:

religiuri da politikuri

dapirispireba evropaSi

inglisis revolucia

safrangeTi: 1789 wlis revolucia,

respublikidan imperiamde

napoleonis omebi

sagareo-politikuri winaaRmdegobebi

XIX saukunis evropaSi

dapirispirebebi axlo aRmosavleTSi

konfliqtebi evropaSi

III

9

22

39

46

50

58

63

70

89

konfliqtebi amerikis teritoriaze

IV 20. 102

21. 105

22. 109

23. 113

kortesisa da pisaros laSqrobebi

brZola aSS-is damoukideblobisaTvis

samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si

brZola samxreT amerikis gaTavisuflebisTvis

24.

116

25. 121

26. 125

27. 129

28. 134

29.

138

30.

144

31. 146

32.

151

33. 157

34.

163

35.

168

36. 174

kavkasia (mokle istoriul-geografiuli

da eTnografiuli mimoxilva)

samxreT kavkasiis dapyroba ruseTis mier

kavkasiis omi da misi Sedegebi

I msoflio omi: monawile mxareebi, omis Sedegebi

revoluciebi da samoqalaqo omi ruseTSi

II msoflio omi: winapirobebi,

monawile mxareebi, omis Sedegebi

saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis

safuZvlebi

civi omi

civi omis droindeli konfliqtebi

(vietnami, avRaneTi)

israeli da arabuli samyaro

eTnikur-politikuri konfliqtebi

yofil iugoslaviaSi da misi daSla

sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriuli struqtura

da kavSiris daSla

ruseTis gamoucxadebeli omi saqarTveloSi

ruseTi da kavkasia

msoflio omebi

politikuri konfliqtebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg

V

VI

VII

102

107

134

144

151

121

138

147

161

37.

178

38.

182

39.

187

54. 256

55. 260

40. 193

41. 198

42.

201

43.

204

44.

208

45. 212

46.

216

47. 223

48. 228

49. 223

50. 237

51. 242

52. 247

53. 252

araZaladobrioba – konfliqtebis mogvarebis

mSvidobiani gza: mahaTma gandi

martin luTer kingi da afro-amerikelebis

brZola samoqalaqo TanasworobisaTvis

1989-1990 wlebis `xaverdovani revoluciebi~

centralur da samxreT-aRmosavleT

evropis qveynebSi

religiebis klasifikacia

monoTeisturi religiebi

politikuri reJimebis saxeebi

Zveli aRmosavleTis politikuri reJimebi

Zveli saberZneTis polisebis

mmarTvelobis formebi

romis respublika da imperia.

romauli samarTali

konstituciuri monarqia da

parlamentarizmi inglisSi

absolutizmi safrangeTSi

safrangeTi didi revoluciidan

mexuTe respublikamde

`meiZis restavracia~ iaponiaSi

aTaTurqis reformebi

frankos mmarTveloba espaneTSi

hitleris mmarTveloba germaniaSi

musolinis mmarTveloba italiaSi

stalinis mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSi

amerikuli demokratia

konfliqtebi da maTi mSvidobiani gadaWris gzebi

religia

politikuri reJimebi da mmarTvelobis sistemebi

VIII

X

IX

178

184

198

204

216

228

242

257

vaWroba da mogzauroba

XI 56.

266

57.

272

58.

276

59. 281

60. 286

Soreuli mogzaurobebisa da didi

geografiuli aRmoCenebis dasawyisi

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi da

maTi ekonomikuri mniSvneloba

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis

demografiuli da kulturuli Sedegebi

vaWroba da fuli, bazari, biznesi da mewarmeoba

Zveli qarTveli mogzaurebi

61. 289

62. 293

63.

299

64.

302

65.

307

66.

311

67.

314

68. 318

69. 321

70. 324

71.

326

72. 329

73. 332

74. 335

sagmiro eposi. zneobis kodeqsi

sporti

damwerlobis warmoSoba da misi uZvelesi

saxeebi, anbanuri damwerloba

informaciis gadacemis saSualebebi

(xelnaweri wignebi, wignis beWdva, presa,

fosta da telegrafi)

Tanamedrove sakomunikacio saSualebebi

(eleqtronuli sakomunikacio da

sainformacio saSualebebi)

umaRlesi ganaTlebis umniSvnelovanesi kerebi

Sua saukuneebis evropasa da saqarTveloSi

ganaTlebis mniSvneloba. ganaTlebis

Tanamedrove sistema

adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia

konfliqti da misi tipebi

urTierTobisa da qcevis kultura

sazogadoebaSi. etiketi

heraldika warsulSi da Tanamedrove simboloebi

kanonis uzenaesoba da konstitucia

saqarTvelos konstitucia

xelovneba da sporti

komunikacia

adamiani da sazogadoeba

XII

XIII

XIV

266

281

293

309

319

289

304

314

326

8

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omebi qveynebs Soris

omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxi kacob-riobis maradiuli Tavsatexia. es is mso-flio-politikuri sakiTxia, romelzec TiToeuli Cvenganis bedia damokidebu-li. kacobrioba Tavisi arsebobis manZilze mudmivad omebSia Cabmuli da aseve mud-mivad, maradiuli Tu ara, xangrZlivi da myari mSvidobis ZiebaSia.

ratom xdeba omebi erTa Soris? ramde-nad SesaZlebelia maTi Tavidan acileba? ra gziT SeiZleba mSvidobis uzrunvelyo-fa? am mTavar SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas cdilobdnen adamianebi, moazrovneebi Tu politikuri moRvaweebi sxvadasxva isto-riul epoqaSi da cdiloben dResac.

erTni fiqroben, rom omis mizezebi ada-mianis bunebaSi unda veZioT da es mizezebi maradiulia, rogorc kaenis codva. XX s.-is erT-erTi cnobili britaneli mecnie-ris, edvard qaris ganmartebiT, mudmivad iarsebeben `mqoneni~ da `armqoneni~. pir-velni yovelTvis ecdebian daicvan is, rac gaaCniaT, meoreni ki – moipovon is, rac ara aqvT, rac, marTalia, sxvisia, magram maTT-vis sasurvelia. amdenad, qaris msgavsad bevri fiqrobs, rom adamianis bunebidan gamomdinare, gacilebiT didia albaToba erebs Soris Zalismieri dapirispirebisa, vidre maTi mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa. Sesabamisad, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi da omebi gardauvali movlenebia. amgvar midgomas omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxisadmi zogadad, realisturi ewodeba.

magram yovelTvis arsebobdnen da dRe-sac arseboben optimistebi, romlebic darwmunebulebi iyvnen da arian imaSi, rom SesaZlebelia lagami amosdo aRviraxsnil Zalmomreobas, SezRudo mgluri, jungle-

1. konfliqtis tipologia:

omebi qveynebs Soris da Sida

saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebi

1937 wels, espaneTis samoqalaqo omis

dros, saaviacio dabombvis Sedegad,

mTlianad daingra qalaqi gernika.

ase gamosaxa mxatvarma pablo pikasom

gernikas tragedia.

mSvidobis simbolo – mtredi

(pablo pikasos naxati)

I konfliqtebi Zvel msoflioSi

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bis kanonebi (mgeli Wams cxvars, Zlieri amarcxebs susts) adamianuri kanonebiT da erTa Soris arsebuli anarqia (umarTaoba) saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moaqcio. optimisturad ganwyobilTa Soris arian iseTi TvalsaCino moazrovneebi, ro-gorebicaa hugo grociusi da imanuel kan­

ti. pirvelma dawera wigni `omisa da mSvido-bis samarTlis Sesaxeb~ (XVII s.-Si), meorem ki, erTi saukuniT gvian, naSromi `maradiuli mSvidobis Sesaxeb~.

erTa Soris urTierTobebis samarTle-brivi mowesrigebis es optimisturi rwmena gansakuTrebiT ganamtkica gasuli sauku-nis 80-iani da 90-iani wlebis mijnaze momx-darma Zireulma gardatexam, rac sabWoTa kavSirisa da sabWoTa sistemis daSlaSi ga-moixata. Cveni Tanamedrove optimistebis azriT, sabWoTa sistema sabolood damar-cxda Tavisufal sabazro meurneobasa da dasavlur demokratiul sistemasTan xangr-Zliv Widilsa da qiSpobaSi. maTi azriT, sabWoTa sistemis dangreviT dasavlur Rirebulebebs, kerZod, liberalur ekonomikasa da demokratias, gza gaexsna mTel msoflioSi damkvidrebisaTvis. am rwmenidan gamomdinare, optimistebi fiqrobdnen, rom msoflioSi iqmneba pirobebi `demokratiuli mSvidobisaTvis~, rac niSnavs, rom erTnairi sameurneo-politikuri wyobis mqone saxelmwifoebi, am SemTxvevaSi liberalur-demokratiuli qveynebi, erTmaneTs iaraRiT ar daupirispirdebian, aRar iomeben. isini sadavo sakiTxebs mxolod da mxolod molaparakebisa da urTierTSeTanxmebis gziT, saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis dacviT gadawyveten.

optimistebs (maT `idealistebsac~ uwodeben) civi wyali gadaasxes e.w. `rea-listebma~, roca Seaxsenes ramdenime magaliTi imisa, rom demokratiuloba sulac ar uSlis xels saxelmwifoebs, eomon erTmaneTs (mag., 1812 wels brita-neT-aSS-is omi).

optimistebs idealistebs imitom uwodeben, rom maTi damokidebuleba omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxisadmi ZiriTadad efuZneba mosazrebas – `rogori unda iyos~ sawadeli, idealuri urTierTobebi da wesrigi erTa Soris. aqedan gamom-dinare, realistebs isini meocnebeebad miaCniaT da fiqroben, rom sinamdvile unda miviRoT ise, `rogorc aris~. magram ocnebas safuZveli gaaCnia da xSir SemTxvevaSi Sesrulebadia, maT Soris kacobriobisaTvis am yvelaze mniSvne-lovan sakiTxze ocnebac.

Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebi

saxelmwifoTaSoriso konfliqtebis gverdiT arsebobs Sida saxelmwi­

foebrivi konfliqtebic. amgvar konfliqtebsac iseTive Zveli istoria aqvs,

mSvidobisTvis mebrZoli ingliseli

momRerali jon lenoni da misi

meuRle plakatiT: `omi dasrulda!

(Tu Sen es gsurs)~.

10

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rogorc sakuTriv saxelmwifos. Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqti SeiZleba gadaizardos samoqalaqo omSi – erTi qveynis SigniT sxvadasxva Zalas Soris SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi.

Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtis araerTi ganmapirobebeli mizezi ar-sebobs. maT Sorisaa brZola mmarTvel dajgufebas (politikur elitas) da sazogadoebis garkveul nawils Soris; politikur elitaSi arsebul sxvadasxva dajgufebas Soris; politikur partiebs Soris; xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stos (ix. Sesabamisi Tavi) Soris da a.S.

Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliq ti SeiZleba Semdegi SedegebiT dasrul-des: mmarTvelma Zalam moaxerxos xelisuflebis srulad aRdgena; mmarTveli Zalis erTma nawilma gamodevnos meore da sakuTari Zalaufleba daamyaros; garkveulma politikurma Zalebma, SeTqmulebis gziT moaxerxon Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba; SeiaraRebulma Zalebma, xelisuflebis mmarTvelobiT ukmayo-filebis gamo, xelSi aiRon Zalaufleba. dabolos, sazogadoebis didi nawilis xelisuflebis politikiT ukmayofileba SesaZloa dasruldes sayovelTao amboxiT, revoluciiT da am gziT Seicvalos xelisufleba.

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi konfliqti SeiZleba warmoadgendes erT saxelmwi-foSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufs Soris dapirispirebas, rac SeiZleba

wya ro 1

wya ro 2

omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxi bibliaSi

miqa winaswarmetyveli 4,3:

`ukanasknel dReebSi iqneba... ganikiTxavs ufali samarTals uamrav xalxs Soris da

msjavrs dasdebs Zlier xalxebs SoreTamde; TavianT maxvilebs saxnisebad gamoWeda-

ven da Subiswverebs – namglebad; xalxi xalxis winaaRmdeg aRar aRmarTavs maxvils

da oms aRarasodes iswavlian.~

romaeli politikosi ciceroni (Zv.w. 106-43) samarTliani da usamarTlo omebis

Sesaxeb:

`omSi Cabmulma saxelmwifom unda daicvas samarTali (kanonebi). kerZod, saqmis mo-

gvarebis ori SesaZlebloba arsebobs: molaparakebisa da Zaladobis gziT. ukanask-

neli mxecTa wesia, pirveli – adamianebis. Sesabamisad, Zalas unda mimarTo mxolod

maSin, roca molaparakeba SeuZlebelia. omi unda awarmoo imisaTvis, rom icxovro

mSvi dobian garemoSi da ar aRmoCnde usamarTlobisa da ganukiTxaobis tyveobaSi.~

`saukeTeso saxelmwifom sxva araviTari omi ar unda wamoiwyos, garda im SemTxvevisa,

roca micemuli sityva aqvs Sesasrulebeli an sakuTari usafrTxoeba uzrunvelsayo-

feli...

usafuZvlod wamowyebuli omi usamarTlo omia, radgan omi samarTlianad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme gvaqvs mterze SurisZiebasTan an misgan

Tavdacvis aucileblobasTan.

vercerTi omi samarTlian omad ver Sefasdeba, Tuki is winaswar araa gamocxadebuli~.

11

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masobriv sisxlisRvraSi gadaizardos (amgvari tragedia moxda 1994 wels afrikul saxelmwifo ruandaSi, sadac erovnul SuRls milionamde adamiani emsxverpla). konfliqti SeiZleba daiwyos religiur niadagze (amgvari iyo libanis xangrZlivi samoqalaqo omi 1975-1991 wlebSi).

dabolos, Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtis xelSemwyobi SeiZleba gax-des ucxo saxelmwifo, romelic konfliqtis uSualo monawiled da war-marTvel Zaladac iqceva; Sesabamisad, konfliqti ukve iRebs saxelmwifo-TaSoriso konfliqtis xasiaTs (amgvarad moiqca ruseTi saqarTvelos mi-marT qveynis Sida saqmeebSi uxeSi CareviT, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi mosaxleobis erTi nawilis saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg waqezebiT da Semdeg samxedro intervenciiT damoukidebeli qveynis teritoriaze).

wya ro 3

aRorZinebis xanis cnobili italieli moazrovnisa da politikuri moRvawis,

nikolo makiavelis (1469-1527) rCeva mTavars (xelisufals) saxelmwifosaTvis

sasargeblo, swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad:

`unda gvaxsovdes, rom arsebobs brZolis ori saxe: erTi brZola kanonebis, xolo meo-

re – Zalis meSveobiT. pirveli niSneulia (damaxasiaTebelia) adamianisaTvis, meore

ki mxecisaTvis. magram raki pirveli xSirad arasakmarisia, Zalauneburad unda miv-

marToT xolme meores, amitom mTavrisaTvis aucilebelia, rom Tanabari warmatebiT

ibrZodes rogorc mxeci da rogorc kaci...

yvela kaci rom kargi da keTili iyos, amnairi qceva (dadebuli aRTqmis, micemuli pi-

robis darRveva) ukeTuri iqneboda, magram raki isini borotni arian da gamudmebiT

arRveven imas, rac aRgviTqves, Sen ratom unda uerTgulo Sens aRTqmas maT mimarT? mTa-

vars arasdros gamoeleva imis kanonieri mizezi, rom gaamarTlos Tavisi orpiroba.~

mSvidobis idea ganmanaTleblebTan

germaneli filosofosi imanuel kanti (1724-1804):

`adamianebis mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba araa bunebrivi mdgomareoba..., aramed ufro

saomari mdgomareobaa, im gagebiT, rom maSinac ki, roca mtroba jer ar gamovlenila,

arsebobs am gamovlinebis mudmivi da sayovelTao safrTxe. amdenad, mSvidoba unda

damyardes (kanoniT). mezoblebs Soris mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba SesaZlebelia

mxolod samarTlebriv garemoSi. (kanonis gareSe) erTi meores mtrulad moeqceva...

vinaidan amJamad msoflios xalxTa... Tanamegobroba imdenad ganviTarda, rom deda-

miwis erT romelime mxareSi kanonis darRveva yvela danarCenze aisaxeba, msoflios

samoqalaqo samarTlis idea sulac aRaraa fantastikuri da gazviadebuli samarTle-

brivi warmodgena, aramed dauwereli kodeqsis (kanonTa erTobliobis), saxelmwifo

da saerTaSoriso samarTlis aucilebel damatebas warmoadgens rogorc zogadad

adamianis sajaro uflebebis, ise maradiuli mSvidobis mimarTulebiT ganviTare-

bisaTvis.~

wya ro 4

1. omis Tavidan acilebis ra xerxia mocemuli ciceronis naazrevSi?

2. wyaro 2-Si aRmoaCineT da gamokveTeT is adgilebi, romlebic

migvaniSneben ciceronis droindel romSi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi

maregulirebeli normebis arsebobaze.

3. SeadareT erTmaneTs ciceronisa da makiavelis damokidebuleba brZolis

samarTlebrivi da Zalismieri meTodebisadmi. ra aRmoaCineT maT Soris

saerTo da ra gansxvavebuli?

4. kantis azriT, ra xerxiT SeiZleba mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa?

5. isaubreT Sida saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebis mizezebze. ra SemTxvevaSi

iqceva amgvari konfliqti saxelmwifoTaSoris konfliqtad?

klasSi samuSao

1. yuradReEbiT SeiswavleT Tqveni Tanatolebis mier Sedgenili sqema.

moemzadeT da Semdeg klasSi imsjeleT sqemaSi asaxul omis TiToeul

mizezze. SeecadeT ganavrcoT omis gamomwvev mizezTa mocemuli

CamonaTvali. amisaTvis moiSvelieT paragrafis teqsti da wyaroebi.

saSinao davaleba

ratom xdeba

omebi?

brZola sasicocxlod da

ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli

resursebisaTvis (romlebic mwiria

da amowurvadi)

yuradRebis gadatana

Sidapolitikuri

problemebidansxva saxelmwifoebis

Zalisa da ganzraxvebis

mcdari Sefaseba

saxelmwifos samxedro Zalis

gazrda garedan momdinare

safrTxeebis SiSiT

teritoriuli dava sazRvrebisa

da miwebis gamo

brZola pirvelobisaTvis

(regionSi, msofloSi)

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wya ro 5

germaneli samxedro moRvawe fon moltke omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb (1880 w.):

`maradiuli mSvidoba ocnebaa da Tanac arc maincdamainc mSvenieri. omi ki RvTiuri

msoflio wesrigis ganuyofeli nawilia. swored omSi vlindeba da viTardeba adamia-

nebis yvelaze keTilSobili zraxvebi da misi siqvele, simamace da Tavganwirva, erTg-

Guleba da movaleobis grZnoba... omis gareSe samyaro... WaobSi CaiZireboda~.

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aTaswleulebis manZilze egvipte gare samyarosgan TiTqmis izolirebulad vi-Tardeboda. faraonebi sjerdebodnen laSqrobebs udabnoebSi arsebuli oazise-bisa da nilosis aRma mdebare nubiis (dRe-vandeli eTiopia) winaaRmdeg. nubia iyo oqrosa da spilos Zvlis, agreTve tyveebis ZiriTadi wyaro.

Zv.w. XVII saukuneSi egvipte daipyres aziidan mosulma gaurkveveli warmomavlo-bis tomebma – hiqsosebma. berZn. `hiqsosebi~ warmosdgeba egvipturi `ucxoeli mmarTve-lebidan~. maneToni egviptis, mmarTveli, ptolemaisebis dinastiis karze moRvawe qurumi da istorikosi, maT `mwyemsebis me-feebs~ uwodebs. ukve antikur samyaroSi iyo mcdeloba hiqsosebis dakavSirebisa ebraelTa egviptur TavgadasavalTan.

samxedro aRWurvilobaSi didi upira-tesobis gamo (maT hqondaT didi, Sorsms-roleli mSvildebi, jaWvis perangebi da sabrZolo, cxenSebmuli etlebi) hiqso-sebma iolad daamarcxes egvipte da dae-patronen mis CrdiloeT nawils – nilo-sis deltas. samagierod, egviptelebma moaxerxes maTi kulturuli asimilacia, mogvianebiT ki – damarcxeba da Zalaufle-bas CamoSoreba.

hiqsosebis motanili samxedro aR Wur-viloba, gansakuTrebiT ki sabrZolo etli – Zveli drois `tanki~, gamoadgaT egvipte-lebs warmatebuli Soreuli dapyrobiTi laSqrobebis sawarmoeblad.

etli Zvel aRmosavleTSi didi xnis man-Zilze gamoiyeneboda, pirvel yovlisa, me-fisa da sardlobis gadaadgilebisaTvis. masSi saxedrebs an xarebs abamdnen. Zvel-ma xalxebma, maT Soris Sumerebma, cxenic icodnen, magram mas didad ar iyenebdnen, rac Tundac iqidan Cans, rom Sumerebi cxens `mTis virs~ eZaxdnen. cxenSebmuli etli gaxda ara marto swrafi gadaadgi-

2. Zveli egviptelebis omebi

egvipteli meomrebi

egvipturi sabrZolo etli

faraoni ramses II