FINAL EXAM REVIEW X Biology I, Mr. Doc Miller North Central High School

Name: _________________________ Period: __________ Seat #: __________ Date: __________

NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDY GUIDE

X Biology I

FINAL EXAM

Additional resources available at www.mrdocsonlinelab.com

Grade Chart: (For Teacher Use Only) Section Assignment Score (ü or x) Points (Out of)

1 1-1 Introduction to Biology

2 1-2 Biochemistry

3 1-3 Cell Structure & Function

4 1-4 Cell Energy

5 1-5 Information Transfer & Mitosis

6 1-6 Meiosis & Genetics

8 Final Exam Essay Practice

REPLACE-A-GRADE TOTAL

50 Replaced Assignment:

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REVIEW: 1-1 Intro to Biology 1. Define Biology: 2. List and describe the basic characteristics of living organisms.

Characteristic Definition

3. Using the above list, identify which characteristic is described by each of the statements below. _________________________ A runner eats a spaghetti dinner the night before a big race _________________________ Birds fly south for the winter

_________________________ A bacterium divides to form two bacteria

_________________________ Muscles made of individual units, which allow the muscle to work.

_________________________ A tadpole gradually changes into a frog

_________________________ A lizard sleeps in the sun 4. List the steps of the scientific method in order.

1. _________________________ 2. _________________________

3. _________________________ 4. _________________________ 5. _________________________ 6. _________________________ 5. What is a hypothesis?

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6. What is data? 7. What is an experiment? 8. Define these terms.

CONTROL:

VARIABLE:

9. What are the two different types of groups in an experiment? 10. Look at the lab about microscopes. Be able to identify the following structures and their functions.

11.

STRUCTURE LETTER FUNCTION Eyepiece

Body tube

Arm

Scanning Objective

High power objective

Low power objective

Stage

Diaphragm

Light

Coarse adjustment knob

Fine adjustment knob

Stage Clips

Base

Rotating Nose Piece

A

B

C

D

E F

G

H

I J

K

L

M

N

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11. Determine the magnification of the following microscopes. Eyepiece Magnification Objective Magnification Total Magnification

5X 10X 10X 150X 10X 43X 10X 530X

12. Describe the proper way to carry a microscope.

5

REVIEW: 1-2 Biochemistry 1. List from smallest to largest, the following substances: element, atom, macromolecule, molecule,

compound 2. Identify the five main elements found in a living organism.

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

3. Which of these elements is in every living organism and is the basis for life as we know it on earth?

4. Define and give an example of the 2 main types of chemical bonds.

5. Not all compounds in a living organism are organic. What is the most common, and inorganic molecule to living organisms?

6. There are four categories of organic molecules in living organisms. Fill-in the blanks in the chart. ESSENTIAL COMPOUND

MONOMERS POLYMERS FUNCTION(S)

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

7. Define enzyme and describe its function using a series of diagrams.

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REVIEW: 1-3 Cell Structure & Function 1. List the 3 parts of the “Cell Theory”.

I: II: III: 2. Complete the following chart with function of common organelles.

Organelle Function Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Ribosome

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Mitochondrion

Lysosome

Flagellum/Cillia

Chloroplast

3. List three (3) similarities and three (3) differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Similarities:

Differences:

4. List three (3) similarities and three (3) differences between plant cells and animal cells. Similarities:

Differences:

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5. Describe the term "semi-permeable" (or "selectively-permeable) membrane. Why is it important? 6. Define osmosis. 7. Define diffusion. 8. List two (2) similarities and two (2) differences between passive transport and active transport.

Similarities:

Differences: 9. List two (2) types of passive transport and two (2) types of active transport. Passive Transport: Active Transport: 10. For the following diagrams, draw arrows that show the direction that water diffuses (concentration

gradient) through the membrane. Label the beaker and cell in each diagram as either hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic.

Beaker =

100% Water

Beaker D

Cell =

20%

Beaker = 60% Water

Beaker A

Cell =

80%

Beaker = 90% Water

Beaker B

Cell =

40%

Beaker = 50% Water

Beaker C

Cell =

50%

Beaker: Cell:

Beaker: Cell:

Beaker: Cell:

Beaker: Cell:

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REVIEW: 1-4 Cellular Energy 1. Write out the chemical equation for photosynthesis. 2. Write out the chemical equation for cellular respiration. 3. Describe the process of photosynthesis using the following terms (underline them as they appear in

your answer: photosynthesis, sunlight, glucose, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen (O2), autotrophs, chloroplast, pigment, chlorophyll.

4. Describe the process of cellular respiration using the following terms (underline them as they appear in

your answer: cellular respiration, glucose, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen (O2), autotrophs, heterotrophs, mitochondria, ATP, 46, anaerobic, aerobic.

5. Explain why photosynthesis and cellular respiration are often referred to as a cycle. 6. What is ATP and why is it important to all living things?

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REVIEW: 1-5 Information Transfer & Mitosis 1. What were the names of the people who discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and what term did

they use to describe it? 2. Complete the base pair charts for DNA to DNA, DNA to mRNA, and mRNA to tRNA below:

DNA DNA (Copy) DNA mRNA mRNA tRNA A T C G

3. Complete the char below by filling in the function and location of each nucleic acid:

Nucleic Acid Function DNA

mRNA

tRNA

4. Describe the process of transcription. 5. Describe the process of translation.

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6. Label the following diagram using the following terms: amino acid, protein chain, mRNA, tRNA, ribosome, codon, anti-codon.

7. Complete the following chart using a codon wheel to determine the amino sequence.

DNA Code mRNA code tRNA code Amino Acid AGT GGG AAT CTT ATA GCT

8. Compare the DNA strands in the diagram below, determine what type of mutation has occurred, explain

what that means and classify it as either a point or frameshift mutation. DNA STRANDS

(ORIGNIAL/MUTATION) TYPE OF MUTATION DESCRIPTION

A-C-G-T-A-G-G-C-T-A-G-T-G-A-A

A-C-G-T-A-G-G-G-C-T-A-G-T-G-A

A-C-G-T-A-G-G-C-T-A-G-T-G-A-A

A-C-G-T-A-G-G-C-A-G-T-G-A-A-T A-C-G-T-A-G-G-C-T-A-G-T-G-A-A

A-C-G-T-A-G-G-C-T-A-T-T-G-A-A

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9. Describe the process DNA Replication. 10. Define the term mitosis. 11. Use the chart below to list the steps of mitosis, draw what a cell in mitosis would look like, and

describe what is happening at that phase. Phase Diagram (Drawing) What is happening

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REVIEW 1-6: Meiosis & Genetics 1. How are end results of mitosis and meiosis different? 2. What is the difference between diploid and haploid? 3. How do the cells formed as a result of meiosis compare to the original cell? 4. List three (3) similarities and three (3) differences between cells produced by mitosis and cells

produced by meiosis. (Give an example of each.) Similarities: Differences: 5. Explain how the following processes lead to genetic variations in offspring produced by sexual

reproduction. PROCESS DESCRIPTION/HOW IT CAUSES GENETIC VARATION

Crossing Over

Independent Assortment

Random

Fertilization

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Original Body Cell

(a) after mitosis (b) after meiosis (both possible

answers)

(c) after nondisjunction of the “grey” chromosome

6. Using the diagram to the right, draw cells that would result from the following:

7. Use the chart below to list the steps of meiosis, draw what a cell in meiosis would look like,

and describe what is happening at that phase. PHASE DIAGRAM (DRAWING) WHAT IS HAPPENING

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8. Explain why Gregor Mendel is considered the “Father of Genetics”, and what contributions he made to the field.

9. Explain the Law of Independent Assortment and why it is important. 10. Explain the Law of Segregation and why it is important. 11. Explain what is meant by each genotype (allele combination), list how you would represent the

genotype in a Punnett square (letters), and describe the phenotype that results from it. GENOTYPE DESCRIPTION

(Dominant or Recessive Alleles) LETTERS (Use G)

PHENOTYPE (Dom. Or Rec. Trait)

Homozygous Dominant

Homozygous Recessive

Heterozygous

12. Explain why the inheritance pattern of sex-linked traits differs from autosomal traits. Which sex

chromosomes are most sex-linked traits carried on?

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13. Explain what is meant by each inheritance pattern, describe the phenotype that results from it and provide a specific example.

INHERITANCE PATTERN

DESCRIPTION ACTUAL EXAMPLE

Codominace

Incomplete Dominance

Multiple Allelic Traits

Polygenic Traits

14. Compete the following Punnett squares and calculate the probabilities of each genotype and

phenotype.

(a) Mom is homozygous dominant for her widow’s peak (hairline), but dad does not have a widow’s peak (Use the letter H.)

Genotypes: Probability (fraction and %): Phenotypes: Probability (fraction and %): (b) Mom is heterozygous for her ability to curl her tongue (T), but dad cannot

curl his tongue. Genotypes: Probability (fraction and %): Phenotypes: Probability (fraction and %):

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15. Use the pedigree to the right to answer the following questions about this sex-linked trait: (a) Label each of the individuals in the pedigree with its genotype (if more than one is possible, list all). (b) Why do more males have the disease than females? (c) Why can a female be a carrier, but a male cannot? (d) What is the probability of couple 6/7 having another boy? (e) What is the probability of couple 3/4 having a boy who does not have the disease? (f) If person 5 wants to make sure that none of her children have the disease, what type of mate would she need to marry?

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REVIEW: Final Exam Essays Instructions: Write a response to each question that follows. Be sure to address all parts of the question and answer in complete sentence/paragraph format. 1. Cells that perform a certain function must have a specific shape or form. Macromolecules,

such as protein, will no longer function properly if their shape changes. Why is shape important when it comes to the function of cells and molecules?

2. Explain why photosynthesis and cellular respiration are consider as a cycle using no less than

8 key vocabulary terms (underline and explain them as they appear in your answer.)

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3. There are 2 main classifications of cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Give an example of a prokaryote and a eukaryote. List and describe 2 structures/functions that they have in common and that are different.

4. Explain why it is important for scientists to use strict controls in experiments and predict what

could happen if they did not.