writing the manuscript activity-day1

8/14/2019 Writing the Manuscript Activity-Day1

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PREPARED BY

PROF. ODYSSA NATIVIDAD R.M. MOLO

Writing the Manuscript Activity


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TASK 1:

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION


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Background of the Study

States the rationale of the study. what the sample & products are all about

Brief/general statements/interesting details on the

sample/desired product.It explains briefly why the investigator chose

this study to work on. information on why this sample & why this product/output

Usually the Last paragraph

Minimum: 3 paragraph


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Background of the Study

Example: Paper, ., is... Common components of paper are plant

materials which are rich source of fibers like papaya and thelike.

Papaya,Scientific name, is .. The researchers decided to employ papaya as an ingredient in

papermaking because.


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Statement of the Problem

The nature and scope of the problem should be presented withclarity

Main Problem: general concern/problem of thestudy (declarative form) (1 sentence only)

Specific Problem: the concerns/problems to beundertaken to solve the main problem (questionform)

Note: Variables/characteristics of sample forexperimentation/evaluation must be specified in SpecificProblem like color, odor, etc


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Example:

This study aims to develop a paper from papaya leavesusing the standard paper making process. It seeks toanswer the following questions:

1. What are the characteristics of the different samples ofpaper from papaya in terms of:

a) Color;

b) Odor;

c) Texture;

d) Breaking strength?


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2. Which sample is most acceptable?

3. Is there a significant difference among thedifferent samples of paper with papaya in terms of:

a) color;b) odor;

c) texture;

d) breaking strength;e) acceptability?


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Objectives of the Study

Objectives: states in declarative form what must bedone to achieve the solutions of the problems raisedin the study. Contains measurable action verb. Two

types of objective maybe stated: general & specificGeneral Objectives: related to the problem as given

in the statement of the problem.

Specific objective: states the purpose of each

experiment conducted


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Objectives of the Study

Example:

The purpose of this study is to develop a paper from papayaleaves with acceptable characteristics using standard papermaking materials and processes. Furthermore, the developed

product is subjected to sensory evaluation and breakingstrength test.


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Hypotheses of the Study

A hypothesis is an intelligent testable guess of theresearcher on the possible outcome of the study.

Every problem must have hypothesis.

Can either be accepted or rejected depending uponthe results of the experiment.


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Hypotheses of the Study

Example:1. A paper can be developed from papaya leaves extract.

2. The characteristics of the paper are flesh in color, pleasantsmell, smooth texture, moderate breaking strength and

generally acceptable.

3. There is no significant difference among the differentsamples of paper from papaya leaves in terms of color,odor, texture, breaking strength and overall acceptability.


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Significance of the Study

The importance of the study is explained in this part.Includes who will benefit from the results of thestudy and what benefit can they get.

Be more specific on who can benefit & how they willbenefit.


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Significance of the Study

Example:

This study will be useful in findingalternative sources to develop paper.

For the paper industry,.For the students,

For the economy,


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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

States the coverage and extent of the study. Includesthe samples, variables studied, methods used,location of experimentation, and inclusive dates ofstudy.

Include aspects on the product evaluation: whatmethod used for sampling, instruments in datagathering, how many evaluators, test statistics.


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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Example:

This study is limited to the development of threesamples of paper with papaya leaves of different proportionusing standard paper making procedure. The study was

conducted at the researchers house for the school year2009-2010. Sensory evaluation on color, odor, texture andacceptability was performed by randomly selected thirtyfourth year IDS students using the Score Card and HedonicScale. Breaking strength was also identified using standard

procedure in the laboratory of IDS. Data gathered wereinterpreted using Kruskal-Wallis H test for color, odor,texture and overall acceptability while ANOVA for thebreaking strength.


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Definition of Terms

explain or define important terms as used in thestudy (operational definition)

arrange alphabetically

Terms/properties under study must be defined (suchas color, odor texture, breaking strength, etc)

terms should be bold, first letter uppercase

definition should be in separate column


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Definition of Terms

Example:

Color the color of the paper;

preferably dirty white

Crude extract the extract removed by

pounding & straining from

papaya leaf


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TASK 2:

Chapter iii: methodology


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[For Basic research categories: (those that dontneed evaluation, not product development)]

A. Research Design

B. Materials & Equipment

C. General Procedure

D. Instrument Used in Data GatheringE. Statistical Tool

Flowchart


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For Applied research categories: (those thatincorporate product development)

A. Research Design

B. Materials & Equipment

C. General Procedure

D.Product DevelopmentE. Experimental Set-up

F. Sampling Design

G. Instrument Used in Data Gathering

H. Product EvaluationI. Statistical Tool

Flowchart


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Research Design

Pure: Brief description of how research will be performed

Applied

Brief description of how research will be performed Must be trial and error until an acceptable product is made

then subjected to evaluation


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Research Design

Example:

The research employs experimental researchdesign where papaya leaves were the material used

to developed handmade paper. Trial and error weredone to arrive to an acceptable product. Threesamples were prepared and evaluated using a ScoreCard and Hedonic Scale by a panel of teachers and

students that are randomly picked.


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Materials and Equipment

Quantity of materials should be specified

Alphabetically arranged; bullet-form

Individual purpose need not be specified

If laboratory chemicals are used, separate frommaterials & equipments.

Dimensions of specifically-built equipments

used in the study must be described and thedescription accompanied by a picture (placed in

Appendix)


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Materials and Equipment

Materials and Equipment 3 pcs 1-L beaker - 8x13 mold & deckle

1 pc clay pot - stove

1 pc wooden ladle - weighing scale

Chemicals/Ingredients 1 kg All-purpose flour

1 kg sambong leaves 300 g sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO

3)


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General Procedure

Contains the general/standard procedure on how theexperiment was conducted.

Purpose of chemicals/materials used should be

specified.Paragraph form

Includes preparation of solutions, reagents


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General Procedure

Includes the following in the same sequence (whenapplicable): (subtopic titles must not be in outlineform; only bold letters)Preparation of Solutions/Reagents

Sample Collection/Preparation

Laboratory Tests/Experimentation

Flour Making

Chocolate Cookie Making


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Product Development

Describes the trials conducted in preparing orimproving the product or any deviation made/donefrom the standard procedure

Example:Trials were conducted to achieve a desired product.

The research teacher evaluated the product per trial, gavesuggestions for the improvement and enhancement of the

product until an acceptable product was made, ready forevaluation.


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Product Development

Example:

The standard procedure for making wasfollowed with a deviation on the bleaching processsince some samples were bleached while othersnot. The amount of papaya leaf extract were variedseveral times in Trials 1 and 2 until a satisfactorypaper output was developed. Trial 3 was thenperformed with the necessary adjustments from

previous attempts finally producing three sampleswith different proportion of waste and papayaleaves.


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Experimental Set-up

Contains a summary of samplesingredients/components and their correspondingquantity

Minimum of three (3) final samples:In an organized tabular form

Do not forget to label this as table! (assign tablenumber & title)


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Experimental Set-up

Ingredients/Components Sample A Sample B Sample C

Commercial flour 1 cup 0 cup 2 cup

Experimental gabi flour 1 cup 2 cups 0 cup

Sugar 1 cup 1 cup 1 cup

Water 3 cups 3 cups 3 cups

Milk 1 cup 1 cup 1 cup

Egg 2 pcs 2 pcs 2 pcs

Baking powder 2 tsp 2 tsp 2 tsp


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Sampling Design

How the panel of evaluators are selected

Explain in details how the selected type of samplingis specifically employed

Mention who the population is & how many samplewill be selected

Minimum of thirty (30) evaluators (at least 5 teachers/adults for the preliminary product

evaluation; before actual product evaluation is done)


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Sampling Design

Example:The researchers used the Simple Random

Sampling by using the Fishbowl Technique to

choose the panel of observers and evaluatorsamong all Fourth year students of IDS. Thenames of all the Fourth Year students werewritten on a piece of paper, rolled and placed in

a bowl. Thirty names were drawn; listed on apaper and formally approached to evaluate theresearchers product.


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Instrument Used in Data Gathering

Tools (standard) used in obtaining data from theexperimentation process

Example:

Frequency count - Mortality rate Score Card - Hedonic Scale

Note: If score card is employed, criteria for each characteristicshould be suitable/appropriate for product evaluation.

Sample
http://research%20final/res%20sample-Instrument%20Used%20in%20Data%20Gathering.dochttp://research%20final/res%20sample-Instrument%20Used%20in%20Data%20Gathering.doc


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Product Evaluation

Describes in details how the evaluation is done.

Minimum of 30 evaluators (at least 5 teachers/adults for the preliminary product

evaluation; before actual product evaluation is done)

Individual score sheet should be provided to eachevaluator.


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Product Evaluation

Example:

The chosen evaluators were grouped inside aclassroom provided with the Score Card for thesensory evaluation, Hedonic Scale for the generalacceptability and all samples for evaluation. Eachevaluators were then instructed to perform sensoryevaluation on color, odor and texture to all samplesof paper from papaya leaves. They were also asked torate the product on its overall acceptability andencouraged to write comments and suggestions forthe improvement of the product.


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Flowchart

Must be placed at the end of Chapter 3

Must be labeled Figure with corresponding figure #& title

General statements must be placed inside the boxes,not specific

Must be connected with arrows

Sample
http://research%20final/res%20sample-flowchart.dochttp://research%20final/res%20sample-flowchart.doc


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TASK 3

Data Gathering, organization &

evaluation


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Data Gathering & Organization

Collect and record raw data in table form (this will beincluded in the Appendix)

Apply necessary/appropriate descriptive statistics

Example: tables, charts, graphs, measure of central tendency,measures of variability

Sample
http://research%20final/res%20sample-data%20organization.dochttp://research%20final/res%20sample-data%20organization.doc


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Data Evaluation

Must employ inferential statistics to arrive to a validconclusion

Must always include significant difference test if

more than 1 sampleChoose appropriate test statistics Example: t-test, f-test, ANOVA, Kruskhal-Wallis, Friedman

test

Sample
http://research%20final/res%20sample-Data%20Evaluation.dochttp://research%20final/res%20sample-Data%20Evaluation.doc


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Sample Calculation

Must be shown in the Appendix

At least one sample calculation per equationshown/used in the study

Must be properly labeled


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TASK 4

Chapter iv: results & discussion


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