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HSUPA Technology Principle and

Plan

ZTE University



HSUPA Brought in Requirements

Basic Principle of HSUPA

Key Technologies of HSUPA

HSUPA Plan

Content



HSUPA Brought in Requirements—Development

of Service ApplicationThe types of services of HSUPA which have strong requirements are as follow:

Type Sub-Type Examples

Personal

Mobile

application

Services which have

high requirements of

the rate

Mobile e-mail

Video sharing

Mobile blog (service that transmits big file to

the uplink)

Services which have

high requirements of

the delay

Instant messaging (IM)

Mobile network games (real-time strategy

game and real-time action game)

Videophone

Mobile monitoring (data is transmitted to the

uplink through the Uu port in the monitoring

side)

VoIP

Enterprise

mobile

application

Interactive services

Enterprise mobile commerce (support

outdoor business services)

Videoconferencing of multiple parties

Mobile e-mail

These services ask for higher requirements for the rate and the delay of the uplink!



HSUPA Brought in Requirements—Competition of Radio

Access Technologies The main competitive technology of HSUPA is the uplink data rate

technology of EVDO Rev.A. So does the WiMAX technology.

HSUPA EV-DO Rev.0 EV-DO Rev.AWiMax

802.16a 802.16e

Standard finished

inDec., 2005 May, 2002 March., 2004 Jan., 2003 Dec., 2005

Uplink rateUplink up to

5.76 Mbit/sUplink 153. 6 Kbit/s Uplink 1.8 Mbit/s

Up to

75 Mbit/s

Up to

15 Mbit/s

Bandwidth/

carrier

frequency

5 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 20 MHz 5 MHz

Modulation QPSK QPSK/8PSK/16QAM QPSK/8PSK/16QAM

Single carrier frequency,

OFDM256,

QPSK,16QAM, and 64QAM

Mobility Support 250 km/h Support 250 km/h Support 250 km/h PortableMobile and

roaming

Comparison of Main Mobile Communication Technologies



HSUPA Brought in Requirements—Usage of HSDPA in

Large Scale According to the statistic data of GSA,

up to Q2 of 2007, there are 178

HSDPA commercial networks. Itpredicts that HSDPA networks will be

established in large scale in the

following several years.

The large scale application of HSDPA

is the pilot run of the mobile data

service. Users will ask morerequirements for the rate and

response speed for the uplink. The

brought-in HSDPA will bring in the

requirements for HSUPA.

Seeing from the life cycle predicted by

the telecom research institution of

ministry of information, HSUPA will be

brought in in 2008.

The commercial process of HSDPA brings along

the market application of HSUPA.

There are 53 HSDPA commercial

networks with 3.6 Mbit/s rate in the

globe.



To meet the performance requirements of uplink transmission of users, the high speed uplink

packet access (HSUPA) research project is started after the regulation for high speed

downlink packet access (HSDPA) for 3GPP is released.

The technology regulations of HSUPA are made on the R6 version of 3GPP. The first HSUPA

regulation edition was published in Dec., 2004. The remaining problems of the HSUPA

technology regulations were basically solved in 2005.

The peak data rate of HSUPA can achieve 5.76 Mbit/s in theory. This is the uplink data

transmission technology of high rate. The purpose is to improve the uplink air capacity usage

rate and meet the user requirements by improving the throughput rate of the cell and the

coverage of the high data rate.

To support high rate data transmission, a new transmission channel enhanced-data channel

(E-DCH) is brought in for HSUPA. E-DCH can be used for transmitting packet service data. It

supports variable rate transmission, quick packet scheduling, and quick retransmission.

Overview of HSUPA Technologies






HSUPA Plan

Content



HSUPA Protocol Schema

PHY PHY

EDCH FP EDCH FP

Iub UE NodeB Uu

DCCH DTCH

TNL TNL

DTCH DCCH

MAC-e

SRNC

MAC-d

MAC-e

MAC-d

MAC-es /MAC-e

MAC-es

Iur

TNL TNL

DRNC

UE side: The new brought-in MAC entity MAC-es/MAC-e is under MAC-d. MAC-es/MAC-e is used for

quick HARQ retransmission, information scheduling and data multiplexing, and E-TFC (E-DCH TFC)

selection.

Node B side: The new MAC entity MAC-e is brought in. It is used for HARQ retransmission, resource

scheduling, and MAC-e multiplexing.

SRNC side: The new MAC entity MAC-es is brought in. It is used for reordering and macro diversity

combination.



Characteristics of Key Technologies of

HSUPA

The HSUPA technology is mainly used for adding the E-DCH

dedicated physical data channel (E-DPDCH) (up to 4 channelsfor each UE) and an E-DCH dedicated physical control channel(E-DPCCH) for the UE in the uplink. It is also used for addingthe public physical channels E-HICH, E-AGCH, and E-RGCHin the downlink.

E-DPDCH is used for transmitting the uplink data. The

minimum spread spectrum factor is 2 or 4. The modulationmethod is QPSK. 2 ms TTI is brought in for the channel.Meanwhile, 10 ms TTI is reserved.

The dedicated uplink E-DPCCH channel and the publicchannels (E-HICH, E-AGCH, and E-RGCH) work together tofinish the information interaction (including ACK/NACK, uplink

grant, and control signaling related to E-DCH) of HARQ and itsprocess.

The maximum rate of the physical channel of each E-DPDCHis 1.92 Mbit/s ( 2 ms TTI, QPSK, maximum SF = 2). Themaximum service rate of each UE is 5.76 Mbit/s.



Structure of the MAC Layer in the UE side

AssociatedDownlinkSignaling

E-DCH

MAC-d

FACH RACH

DCCH DTCHDTCH

DSCH DCH DCH

MAC Control

USCH( TDD only )

CPCH( FDD only )

CTCHBCCHCCCH SHCCH( TDD only )

PCCH

PCH FACH

MAC-c/sh

USCH( TDD only )

DSCH

MAC-hs

HS-DSCH

AssociatedUplink

Signaling


MAC-es /MAC-e

AssociatedUplink

Signaling

The new MAC-es/MAC-e entity is brought in in the UE side to control E-DCH.

Used for quick HARQ retransmission, scheduling and data multiplexing, and E-TFC (E-

DCH TFC) selection.



The MAC-e/MAC-es Entity Structure in the UE Side

MAC - es/e

MAC – Control

Associated UplinkSignaling E - TFC

( E - DPCCH )

To MAC - d

HARQ

Multiplexing and TSN setting E - TFC Selection

Associated Scheduling

Downlink Signaling ( E - AGCH / E - RGCH(s) )

Associated ACK/NACK

signaling

( E - HICH )



Functions of the MAC-e/MAC-es Entities in

the UE Side

The following functional entites are included in the MAC-e/MAC-es

layer in the UE side:

HARQ entity: It is used for controlling the MAC-e PDC retransmission.The copy of the MAC-e PDC is stored in the buffer of the HARQentity. When it receives the NACK message sent by the HARQ entitywhich is equivalent to Node B, it retransmits the MAC-e PDC copy.The configuration of the HARQ protocol is done by MAC-Control SAP

through RRC. HARQ provides E-TFC, retransmission of sequencenumber (RSN), and power offset used by L1.

Multiplexing and TSN setting entity: It is used for multiplexing multipleMAC-d PDUs to one MAC-es PDU and multiplexing multiple MAC-esPDUs to one MAC-e PDU. The multiplexing is done in the guidance of the E-TFC selection function. The multiplexing entity is also used for

managing and setting the TSN of the logical channel. E-TFC selection entity: It selects E-TFC to control the multiplexing

function according to the scheduling indication of Node B (relativegrants and absolute grants), determining different mapping relations of MAC-d and E-DCH. The E-TFC entity is configured by MAC-ControlSAP through RRC.



PDC Processing in the MAC Layer in the UE

Side

MAC-d Flows

MAC-es PDUMAC-e header

DCCH DTCH DTCH

HARQprocesses

Multiplexing

DATA

MAC-d DATA

DATA

DDI N Padding

(Opt)

RLC PDU:

MAC-e PDU:

L1

RLC

DDI N

Mapping info signaled over RRC

PDU size, logical channel id, MAC-d flowid => DDI

DATA DATA

MAC-d PDU:

DDI

Header

MAC-es/e

NumberingMAC-es PDU: TSN DATA DATANumbering Numbering



The MAC Structure in the UTRAN Side

FACH RACH

DCCH DTCHDTCH

DSCH

MAC Control

Iur or local

MAC Control

DCH DCH

MAC-d

USCHTDD only

MAC-c/sh

CPCHFDD only

CCCH CTCHBCCH SHCCHTDD only

PCCH

FACHPCH USCHTDD only

DSCH

MAC Control

HS-DSCH HS-DSCH

Associated Uplink

Signalling Associated Downlink

Signalling

MAC-hs

Configuration

without MAC-c/shConfiguration

with MAC

Configuration

with MAC-c/sh

E-DCH

Associated Uplink

Signalling Associated Downlink

Signalling

MAC Control

MAC-es

MAC-e

MAC Control

Iub

c/sh

The MAC-e entity in the UTRAN side is in Node B; the MAC-ES entity is in SRNC.

The MAC-e entity is used for HARQ retransmission, resource scheduling, and MAC-e de-multiplexing.

The MAC-es entity in the SRNC is used for reordering and macro diversity combination.

The MAC-e entity is used for controlling the access of the E-DCH and connecting the MAC-

es entity/the MAC-es entity/the MAC-D entity.

The new connection is defined between the MAC-e entity and the MAC Control SAP. The

new connection is also defined between the MAC-es entity and the MAC Control SAP.



Structure and Function of the MAC-es Entity

in the UTRAN Side

MAC-es

MAC – Control

FromMAC-e inNodeB #1

To MAC-d

Disassembly

Reordering QueueDistribution

Reordering QueueDistribution

Disassembly

Reordering/Combining

Disassembly



FromMAC-e inNodeB #k

MAC-d flow #1 MAC-d flow #n

Queue distribution reordering entity:

Route the MAC-es PDU to the correct

reordering buffer according to the

configuration of SRNC.

Reordering entity: Reorder the received

MAC-es PDUs according to the received

TSN and Node B identifier. Macro diversity selection entity: Select

and combine the MAC-es PDU data of

Node B in the soft switchover process.

MAC-es PDC disassembling entity:

Remove the MAC-es header and

transmit MAC-d PDU to the MAC-d layer.

The following function entities are included

in the MAC-es layer in the SRNC side:



Structure and Function of the MAC-es Entity

in the UTRAN Side

MAC - e

MAC –

Control

E-DCH


AssociatedUplink

Signaling

MAC-d Flows

De-multiplexing

HARQ entity

E-DCHScheduling E-DCH

Control

The following functional entities are included

in MAC-e in the Node B side:

E-DCH scheduling and control entity:

Based on the scheduling request (SR)

of the UE, it allocates the resources

for the UE according to certain

regulations, generates resource order,

and notifies the UE through the

downlink signaling. De-multiplexing entity: De-multiplex

MAC-e PDU and save the de-

multiplexed SI. The E-DCH

scheduling entity makes the

scheduling according to the SI.

HARQ entity: It handles multiple stop-

and-wait HARQ processes, generates ACK/NACK, and indicates whether

the data transmitted in E-DCH is

correct. It gives out the statistic result

of the retransmission number for

reference of the scheduling of the

scheduling entity.



Newly Added Channel E-DCH for HSUPA

Proprieties for the E-DCH transmission channel:

E-DCH/DCH uses the independent CCTrCH for itself;

Each UE can only use a type of CCTrCHs of E-DCH;

Each CCTrCH of the E-DCH type corresponds to an E-DCH;

Each TTI has only one transmission block;

E-DCH supports 2 ms TTI and 10 ms TTI. 10 ms TTI is forced

for all UEs, while 2 ms TTI is optional.

Use the Turbo 1/3 coding method.

After the E-DCHs are allocated, the rate of the original uplink

DCH is restricted by 64 Mbit/s.

The uplink DCCH channel and the DTCH logical channel can both

have the mapping relations with the E-DCH transmission channel.



Newly Added Physical Channels for HSUPA

E-DPDCH: E-DCH dedicated physical data transmission channel

(uplink);

E-DPCCH: E-DCH dedicated physical control channel (uplink);

E-HICH: E-DCH HARQ acknowledgement indicator channel

(uplink);

E-AGCH: E-DCH absolute grant channel (uplink);

E-RGCH: E-DCH relative grant channel (downlink).

Five kinds of physical channels are newly added for the ports in the air to

support quick retransmission in the physical layer, soft combination, and

Node B distributional scheduling. They support 2 ms TTI and 10 ms TTI.



Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels for E-

DPDCH and E-DPCCH

Carry the uplink data for HSUPA;

Variable spread spectrum factor: SF = 2 –256;

Use the QPSK modulation;

Support 2 ms and 10 ms TTI;

Each wireless link can have one or more F-DPDCHs.

E-DPDCH is the dedicated uplink physical data channel for

carrying the E-DCH data:

E-DPCCH is the dedicated uplink physical control channel for

carrying the control information related to E-DCH.

Carry the uplink control information for HSUPA;

Fixed spread spectrum factor: SF = 256;

Use the QPSK modulation;

Support 2 ms TTI and 10 ms TTI;

Each wireless link can have up to 1 E-DPCCH.



Public Downlink Physical Channel for E-AGCH

Slot #1 Slot #14Slot #2 Slot #iSlot #0

Tslot = 2560 chips

1 subframe = 2 ms

1 radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

E-AGCH 20 bits

Fixed spread spectrum factor SF = 256; channel rate: 30 Kbit/s.

The E-AGCH only exists in the serving E-DCH cell.

Absolute grant of E-DCH can only be transmitted in the serving E-DCH cell.

Absolute grant can be transmitted in the sub frame (2 ms TTI) or in the radio frame (10 ms TTI).

E-AGCH is the public downlink physical channel for carrying the

E-DCH absolute grant.



Dedicated Downlink Physical Channel of E-RGCH

Slot #14

Tslot = 2560 chip

bi,39 bi,1 bi,0

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i


1 subframe = 2 ms

E-RGCH is the dedicated downlink physical channel for carrying

relative grant of E-DCH.

Fixed spread spectrum factor SF = 128.

A relative grant can be sent by 3, 12, or 15 continuous slots. Therein, the 3

continuous slots and 12 continuous slots correspond to 2 ms TTI and 10 ms TTI

separately in the serving E-DCH cell. The 15 continuous slots are used for non

serving E-DCH cell.



Dedicated Downlink Physical Channel for E-HICH

Slot #14

Tslot = 2560 chip

bi,39 bi,1 bi,0

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i


1 subframe = 2 ms

E-HICH is the dedicated downlink physical channel for carrying

HARQ acknowledgement indicator for E-DCH.

Fixed spread spectrum factor SF = 128.

An HARQ acknowledgement indicator can be sent by 3 or 12 continuous slots. Therein, the 3

continuous slots and 12 continuous slots correspond to 2 ms TTI and 10 ms TTI separately.

E-HICH and E-RGCH use the same spread spectrum factor. The radio frame structures are the same.

The two channels can be distinguished by different signature sequences.



Basic Concepts

Serving E-DCH cell

It is the cell for the UE to receive the absolute grants. The UE has only

one serving E-DCH cell.

Serving E-DCH RLS or serving RLS

It is the set of cells which include the serving E-DCH cell. There is only

a serving RLS in the UE. In the serving RLS, the UE can receive and

combine a relative grant.

Non-serving E-DCH RLS or non-serving RLS

It is the set of cells which do not include of the serving E-DCH cell. The

UE can have none, one or more non-serving RLS. In the non-serving

RLS, the UE can only receive one relative grant.

E-DCH active set

It is the set of cells which use E-DCH for carrying data for the UE.



Basic Principle of HSUPASRNC DRNC

MAC-esFP

MAC-d

NodeBs Iur/Iub FP

Scheduler

MAC-e

NodeBd FP

MAC-e

UE

MAC-e/MAC-es

MAC-d

DTCHs

E-DPDCHE-DPCCH

E-AGCH

(Absolute Grants,"E-RNTI" -> UE)

serving cell

E-HICH (ACK/NACKs)E-RGCH (relative grants)(ChCode, signature -> UE)

MRC MRC

1 TNL bearer per MAC-d flow

Iur/Iub FP

Serving RLS

Non-serving

RLS

E-DCH active

set

Serving E-DCH

cell

Working principle

diagram of HSUPA

in the soft

switchover status

For the non soft switchover status,

there is only one cell used for E-DCH

scheduling. That is serving E-DCH cell.



Basic Working Flow of HSUPA

The UE starts the service requests to the network side. The process is the same as that of

R99/R4.

The SRNC receives the RAB establishment request sent by CN, determines to select the

E-DCH transmission channel for the uplink according to the service propriety, and sends

the RL SETUP message to Node B. The information which RL is the E-DCH RL and which

RL is the serving E-DCH RL is indicated in the message.

When Node B makes the RL, it sends the RL establishment response to the RNC. The

response message includes the E-AGCH/E-RGCH/E-HICH scrambling code and

channelization code, and signature sequence of the E-RGCH/E-HICH. If a group of RLs

include the serving RL, Node B allocates E-RNTI for the UE, and the response message

should include the E-RNTI.

RNC sends the RB SETUP message to the UE. The message includes the E-RNTI, the

mapping relation between RB and the Mac-d flow, E-TFCS, the Mac-d flow information,the E-AGCH/E-RGCH/E-HICH code resources and signature information.

The dedicated channel of E-DCH is established as follow:



Basic Working Flow of HSUPA—Continued 1

The E-DCH scheduling process is as follow:

The UE has an serving E-DCH cell, and in this cell Node B charges for the E-DCH scheduling.

The serving E-DCH cell sends the scheduling order (which is the absolute grant) to the UE

through the downlink E-AGCH. Absolute grant regulates the absolute value of the maximum

available resource of the UE. Absolute grant includes the E-RNTI and the maximum

transmission power allowed by the UE.

The serving E-DCH cell and the non-serving E-DCH cell send relative grant to the UE through

the downlink E-RGCH. The relative grant is offset (slight adjustment) of the absolute grant.

The values for it can be "UP", "HOLD" and "DOWN". "UP" means to adjust the value up;

"DOWN" means to adjust the value down; "HOLD" means there is no change to the value.

Only the serving E-DCH RLS can send the value "UP". The non-serving E-DCH RLS can only

send "HOLD" and "DOWN". The common reason for the non-serving E-DCH RLS sending

"DOWN" is that the uplink is overloaded.



Basic Working Flow of HSUPA—Continued 2

The E-DCH data transmission and retransmission process are as follow:

The UE does the E-TFC selection according to the received grant information. It sends data

(including retransmission data) in the E-DPDCH. It also sends the E-TFC information, HARQ

RV information (RSN), and one happy bit. The happy bit is used for notifying the UE in Node B

side whether it is satisfied by the current allocated resources (grant). This means that whether

the UE needs higher grant.

In the E-DCH set, do the MRC combination for the E-DCH data received by different cells in

the same Node B. then hand it in for the MAC-e processing. Each UE has each MAC-E ineach Node B. Mac-e de-multiplexes Mac-e PDU to form MAC-es PDU to send to RNC. Mac-e

is also used for transmitting E-DCH scheduling information and the response ACK/NACK of

HARQ.

Each UE has a Mac-es entity in SRNC. The Mac-es entity does the macro diversity

combination for different MAC-es PDUs in Node B, reorders the queue, separates it to

different Mac-d PDUs, and transmits to Mac-d.

HARQ process: the UE transmits HARQ RV ( reordering sequence number: RSN) through theuplink E-DPCCH. Node B transmits ACH/NACH through the downlink E-HICH.



Flow Example for Generation of Physical

Channel of HSUPA

E-DPDCH fixed reference channel 3 (FRC3)

Information Bit Payload NINF = 8100

CRC Addition

3 x (NINF+24)/2 = 12186

Code Block Segmentation (8100+24)/2 = 4062

Turbo Encoding (R=1/3)

RV Selection 11520

Physical Channel Segmentation 3840

24NINF = 8100

12

(8100+24)/2 = 4062

3840 1920 1920

3 x (NINF+24)/2 = 12186 12

SF=4SF=4SF=2SF=2

2ms sub frame 2ms sub frame






HSUPA Plan

Content



HARQ Technology

Hybrid automatic repeat quest (HARQ) is a kind of error correcting

technology. Hybrid means the hybrid of the forward error correction(FEC) and auto repeat request (ARQ).

The HARQ functions are in the MAC-e entities of Node B and the UE

separately.

Quick HARQ basic principle of HSUPA is to add the HARQ functional

entity in Node B. if not correctly received, Node B will request the UE

to retransmit the uplink packet data.

In the uplink, HARQ uses N stop-and-wait (NSAW) for the HARQ

protocol.

In HSUPA, the HARQ process number has the fixed corresponding

relation with the TTI. 10 ms TTI corresponds to 4 HARQ processes,

while 2 ms TTI corresponds to 8 HARQ processes.

The main function of HARQ is to reduce the transmission delay

and improve the UE/system throughput rate.



HARQ—HARQ Retransmission Combination Method

Forwarding error correction of the uplink HARQ can be divided to

chase combining (CC) and incremental redundancy (IR). The information that transmitted in the CC mode is total the same as

that of the original information. Combine the retransmitted informationin maximum before the UE decodes it. Then the UE decodes theinformation. The process is done this way to improve the decodinggain.

The IR retransmission supports the following two kinds:

The one is to transmit the redundancy information which is totallydifferent from the previously transmitted information. Theinformation can only be decoded by combining with the firsttransmitted information.

The other one is to transmit the redundancy information which istotally different from the previously transmitted information. Theinformation can be decoded by itself. Before each HARQretransmission, improve the capability of forwarding error correction before decoding by giving out the redundancy with fixedincrement.

Node B can use different methods to combine multiple retransmissions in a single packet, to reduce the

received Ec/No in each transmission requirement. Through the HARQ technology, HSUPA can

effectively improve the data transmission rate and reduce the delay.



HARQ—Retransmission Comparison of

HARQ of HSUPA and RLC of R99

The target BLER of the first transmission is much higher by using the HARQtechnology. Compare to the transmission of the RLC level, the delay of thepacket received incorrectly in the HARQ retransmission is reduced obviously.

Much higher BLER target can decrease the UE transmission power requiredwhen data with certain rate is transmitted. For the cell with the same load, thequick HARQ technology can expand the capacity of the cell.

When the data rate is fixed, reducing the energy of each bit can help enlargingthe coverage area.



HARQ—Soft Switchover of Uplink HARQ

In the CDMA system, the softswitchover gain is from the packetreceived correctly by Node B. Theother Node B does not decode theinformation.

In the HSUPA HARQ softswitchover process, one Node Bsends the positive confirmation tothe UE, while another Node Bsends the negative conformation.In this condition, the network hasreceived the packet, and the UEshould not send the same packet.In Node B which has a failurereceiving, the HARQ processshould recover from the incorrectreceiving. RNC must send thepackets to the higher layer in order and selectively combine packetsreceived by different Node Bs.

In the soft switchover process, when all Node Bs in the activated set cannot decode the information

correctly, the UE does the retransmission. Otherwise, when only an ACK is found, the UE does not do the

retransmission.

Soft switchover brings the diversity gain for the link, improves the throughput rate, and reduces the

retransmission number.



Quick Packet Scheduling Technology Based

on Node B

In R99/R4/R5, the uplink packetscheduling function is in RNC.

In HSUPA, the scheduling function is in

Node B, and the scheduling period is

short (2 ms). In this condition, the new

scheduling policy can be realized and

the capacity of the port in the air in

uplink can be used effectively.

Packet scheduling controlled by RNC brings in certain delay. It can not give out the

channel change information in current time, so the quick link adaption and quickpacket scheduling cannot be done.

In the HSUPA system, the packet scheduling entity of Node B can use measured

information in real time, internal statistic information, and the information reported

by the UE for scheduling. The traditional delay can be reduced by using channel

conditions and fading characteristics of different users.



Basic Principle of HSUPA Scheduler —Differences of

Scheduling Algorithms of HSUPA and R5

1) HSDPA is the shared downlink HS-DCH resource. The UE

multiplexes the power, code channel, and time for HS-DCH. The UEreports the CQI to Node B according to wireless channel quality. NodeB scheduler does the scheduling according to the CQI, service type,and service traffic of each UE. The throughput rate of the cell and thescheduling fairness are important for estimating the schedulingperformance. The three scheduling algorithms can generate several

algorithms with fair scale. These algorithms can be usedindependently or used in hybrid for different occasions.

2) The UE in the HSUPA cell has its own code channel and power resource, which there is no exclusivity in. The uplink interference limitof the cell limits the capacity of the uplink of the cell. For HSUPA, theUE, the UE priority, and the uplink channel quality are main factors for the scheduling algorithm. When the real time service has the high

priority or when the UE obtains much scheduling resources (uplinktransmission power or rate), more uplink capacity can be occupied.Therefore, the scheduling algorithm of HSUPA can be divided to thepriority scheduling and weighted scheduling based on priority C/I(while doing the priority scheduling, the fairness of different services of the UE must be considered).



Basic Principle of HSUPA Scheduler —Node B

Scheduler Function Node B scheduler of HSUPA transmits absolute grant (AG) and

relative grant (RG) to the UE according to service requirement of eachUE in the cell, uplink interference degree of the cell, and loadprocessing ability of Node B. The UE sends the uplink servicerate/power in the range of the AG and adjusts the rate/power up or down according to the RG.

The service scheduling of the UE can be divided to non-schedulinggrants and scheduling grants. Therein, Non-scheduling grants are

configured to the UE by RNC, to transmit the GBR service and theSRB service. Node B scheduler can not control the scheduling of theservice of the part. Scheduling grants is the main object for Node Bscheduling of the UE service.

Input information of Node B scheduler:

Request information of the UE for service scheduling;

ROT threshold configured by the network;

Interference condition in uplink in each cell.

Output information:

For AG/RG of the UE in the serving cell and RG of the UE in the non-serving cell;

Current interference level of the cell and load condition of Node B.



Basic Principle of HSUPA Scheduler —

Scheduling Based on Priority

The service scheduled by the UE can be divided to non-

scheduling grants and scheduling grants. Scheduler of Node Bmainly control the service scheduling of scheduling grants.

The scheduling grants are triggered according to servicerequirements of the UE (the service can also be triggered bythe network). The requirement of the service of the UE isdescribed by QoS parameters. It is realized by limiting the

priority of logical channels and the size of transmission blockregulated in 3GPP 25.309. The contents that UE sends theservice scheduling request to Node B include: ID of logicalchannel with highest priority which needs to transmit data,occupation status of buffer of the logical channel (or occupationstatus of general buffer of the UE), and remaining power rate of the UE. Then, Node B scheduler orders these requests

according to the priority requirement in each UE schedulingrequest. It also transmits AG to each UE according to the UEremaining power and load condition of Node B. By consideringthe fairness, the user who has a large occupation of the UEbuffer or has a long time occupation can improve the AG or theRG properly.



Basic Principle of HSUPA Scheduler —Load

Control of HSUPA

RoT is the most important uplink wireless resource

in the HSUPA system. Only when the RoT is

controlled in a higher range and the rate which is

over a certain threshold is controlled in a certain

number (0.01), the uplink interference margin can be

fully used to meet the requirement of the uplinkservice traffic for E-DCH.



Basic Principle of HSUPA Scheduler —

Consideration for Scheduling Different Kinds of UE

1) Low rate for real time service ensures the highest priority for bit rate service

and SRB in the system. Use non-scheduled transmission for the real timeservice with low bit rate. The service of this part is not scheduled by Node B,but the scheduler still needs to consider the cell load and interferencegenerated by the service of this part.

2) Ensure the real time service of bit rate, such as gaming. For real timeservice which does not ensure the bit rate, the most important indication isdelay of the service. The delay is required no larger than 100 –250 ms. Thiskind of services has the burst characteristic of the packet service. It also asks

that the burst packet service must be transmitted in short time as soon aspossible.

3) Ensure the non real time service of near real time (NRT) service of the rate,such as streaming. The system is required to provide a lowest bit rate for theUE. The delay can be 1 –10 s. This service scheduling of the kind is put after the real time scheduling, for it has a smaller opportunity.

4) Ensure the background service, such as FTP. When scheduling of other service is satisfied in the cell, and there is margin in the load of the cell, the

service which has a low requirement to the delay and rate can be scheduled.For the scheduling of the kind of the service, you can refer to packet servicescheduling mechanism. The proportional fair algorithm is the best choice whenthe throughput rate of the cell and the fairness for the UE to obtain thetransmission opportunity are considered.



2 ms TTI

HSUPA brings in the optional short 2 ms TTI in uplink, to reduce the HARQ retransmissiondelay.

When each TTI has the same amount of data, the power energy transmitted in 2 ms maybe less than that in 10 ms. The interleaving gain is decreased. To realize the normal workof the border area of the cell, 10 ms TTI is used as regulated.

When there is no other limits, such as there is no link coverage, we can see that 2 ms TTIcan expand the corresponding system capacity. When the wireless environment is good, 2ms TTI can bring the peak rate.

E-DCHType

SFModulation

TTI

Size of maximum

transmission block (bit)

(10 ms/2 ms)

Data rate (10 ms/2 ms)

Category 1 1 SF4 Only 10 ms 7110 0.71 Mbit/s

Category 2 2 SF4 10 ms and 2 ms 14484/27981.45 Mbit/s

/1.42 Mbit/s

Category 3 2 SF4 Only 10 ms 14484 1.45 Mbit/s

Category 4 2 SF2 10 ms and 2 ms 20000/5772 2 Mbit/s/2.9 Mbit/s

Category 5 2 SF2 Only 10 ms 20000 2 Mbit/s

Category 62 SF2 + 2

SF410 ms and 2 ms 20000/11484 2 Mbit/s/5.76 Mbit/s






HSUPA Plan

Content



Link Budget

Link budget is the precondition for coverage plan. The

coverage radius of the cell in the broadcasting mode can beobtained by calculating the maximum loss allowed by theservice, to make sure the base station size that satisfies thecoverage condition.

In common condition, the link budget is done in uplink (frommobile station to base station) and in downlink (from basestation to mobile station), to realize the balance between uplinkand downlink.

Commonly, the coverage plan makes the budget based on thecalculation when the phone achieves its maximum coverageradius (this is the uplink budge). For there are many unstable

factors affecting the coverage radius (such as the number of connected users, user distribution, user rate, and so on), it isvery difficult for calculation. In common condition, the power of the base station satisfies the coverage requirement. Thismeans that the uplink of the coverage area is limited.



HSUPA Coverage

For different channel environments, different

demodulation performances may cause differences

of the radius. You can see that, when the throughput

rate of the border area of the coverage of HSUPA is

64 Kbit/s, the rate of the service radius shrinks 20%

higher than that of R99; when the throughput rate of the border area of the coverage of HSUPA is 600

Kbit/s, the rate of the service radius shrinks 40%

higher than that for R99.



Capacity Estimation

The capacity estimation of HSUPA can be obtained

by using the Campbell algorithm.

In real operation, the network size simulation result

for HSUPA throughput rate can be calculated, to

quickly get the brief resource division and network

size.

It is determined according to the real traffic condition

in the network plan of capacity expansion.

wpo-12 hsupa principleand plan-45

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