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World War I Chapter 18 Notes

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Objectives: Identify the causes of the war. Identify the major Alliances. Describe trench warfare & new technology used in this war & discuss its impact. Identify turning points/battles. Identify & evaluate reasons for US involvement in World War I.

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Causes of the War: Competition b/w countries: Nationalism--Militarism Imperialism Yrs. of instability in the Balkans Overlapping ethnic & religious groups Austria-Hungary & Serbia competing over control of Bosnia

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Powder Keg of Europe

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Spark: Assassination of Archduke F. Ferdinand of Austria by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his family

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The assassin: Gavrilo Princip ***VIDEO!

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Europe divided: Triple Entente (Allied Powers) Serbia Russia France Britain Italy (1915) United States (1917)

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Allied Powers (Triple Entente) George V [Br] Nicholas II [Rus] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Pres. Poincare [Fr]

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Europe divided: Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Austria-Hungary Germany Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

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Central Powers (Triple Alliance) Franz Josef [A-H] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Wilhelm II [Ger]

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Schlieffen Plan Germany hoped to defeat France quickly by attacking from Belgium & cut-off Britain from the rest of Europe, then go after Russia

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Central Powers Strategy: Schlieffen Plan: First Battle of Marne: Schlieffen Plan fails French are out gunned by Germans Both sides dig in; War reaches stalemate

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Trench Warfare: Both armies dug & occupied trenches for hundreds of miles Rats, lice, unburied bodies, flooding, sickness & disease

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Turkish soldiers in the trenches

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Trench warfare: No mans land thin strip of bombed out land b/w trenches filled w/ barbed wire & land mines

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No mans land

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New Weapons/ Technology: Machine guns Tanks Poison gas Submarines Airplanes

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Big Bertha

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Renault tank

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Real Flying Aces Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Eddie Mick Mannoch, Br. Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The Red Baron]

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Important Battles: First Battle of the Marne major German offensive Battle of Gallipolli * Battle of Verdun--Longest battle of the war; most casualties Battle of the Somme--1 st offensive for Br.; known for high casualty rate Second Battle of the Marne--last German offensive (poor attempt); final offensive of the war Battle of Argonne Forest-- heavy American casualties; American success

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US Neutrality Wilson issues declaration of neutrality Americans see war as a European problem Tradition of isolationism Privately US favors Allied Powers Economically US does more business w/ Allied Powers

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Events leading to U.S. involvement in WWI: Brit. Intercepting & searching U.S. ships German U-boat attacks Arms trading w/ Allies Zimmerman Note Lusitania

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Zimmerman Note

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Sinking of the Lusitania

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Apr. 1917Congress declares war

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Opposition to War: Quakers Mennonites Rep. Jeannette Rankin & Sen. Robert LaFollette, Jane Addams Socialist Party

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Lets Review: What were the causes of World War I? What were the 2 major alliances? Who made up each alliance? How was the war fought? What was some of the new technology used in World War I? What were some of the major turning points in the war? How did the US come to be involved in World War I?

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Objectives: Describe how America mobilizes for war. Discuss how womens roles changed during the war. Analyze how the war impacted the civil liberties of American citizens.

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Mobilization

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Selective Service Act: required men aged 21-30 to register w/ local draft boards Pros: Build more democratic country by uniting a variety of people Indian citizenship (1924) Cons: Segregated units Blacks limited in the positions they could serve Conscientious objectors rejected

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song

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Army recruitment posters

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Training Troops: New facilities built Medical exams Fighting drills

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American Expeditionary Force: Convoy system Gen. John Pershing 1917march through France 1918began participating in fighting

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The 369 th Hell Fighters were rewarded the Croix de Guerre for gallantry in battle and returned to the U.S. as heroes to African Americans. Sgt. Alvin C. York

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The War Effort at Home Raise money: Liberty & Victory bonds increased taxes (War Revenue Act)

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The War Effort at Home Daylight savings time Prohibition 18 th Amendment Volstead Act

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The War Effort at Home War boards: Food Admin. (Hoover) Fuel Admin. (Garfield) Railroad Admin. (McAdoo) War Industries Board (Baruch) War Labor Board (Taft & Walsh)

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Spirit of 76

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Mobilizing Workers: National War Labor Board Arbitrates disputes b/w labor & business Union membership grew Labor shortages & strikes Great Migration Afr. Amer. To North & Cities

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US Shipping Board

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Mobilizing Workers Volunteerism Juliette Low Girl Scouts Boy Scouts

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Women

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Mobilizing Workers Women worked outside home 19 th amendment passes

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Women Munitions Workers

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German women in a munitions factory

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Woman ambulance driver

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Hello Girls French speaking women hired as switchboard operators

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The Red Cross

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Russian female soldiers

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Mata Hari Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy!

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Propaganda: Committee on Public Information (George Creel) Anti-German sentiments Americanization

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Impact of the War on the US: 1.Unemployment disappeared. 2.Expansion of big government. 3.Increased govt. regulation of econ. 4.Cooperation b/w public & private sectors. 5.New opportunities for disadvantaged groups.

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Attacks on Civil Liberties Espionage Act Sedition Act Schenk v. United States

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Gov. limit on rights: Espionage Act: forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or promoted insubordination in the military ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison

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Gov. limit on rights: Sedition Act: Makes it a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the warwith intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war

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Schenck v. US Schenck v. US 1919 - in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the 1 st Amendment. - BUT, every act of speech must be judged acc. to the circumstances in which it was spoken. -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.

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Lets Review: How did the US mobilize for war? How did womens lives change during the war? How were civil liberties restricted during the war?

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Objectives: Discuss the Russian Revolution. Evaluate the end of the war, including the Treaty of Versailles & Wilsons 14 Points Discuss the Influenza pandemic.

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Russian Revolution: March 1917--Overthrew czar Bolsheviks seized power in Nov. Vladimir Lenin signed treaty w/ Central Powers & exited war Germans concentrate on France

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The War Ends Second Battle of Marne Germanys last offensive Allies push Germans back 3 times German econ. is wrecked & people are starvingGermans surrender 1918 (Armistice)

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Wilsons 14 Points: 9 dealt w/ self determination & territorial disputes Causes of war Est. League of Nations Amer. Favored idea, Allies had mixed feelings & Germans rejected it

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Treaty of Versailles: Divided Germanys colonies & Ottoman Empire b/w Allies Est. mandate system Created new nations Germany takes full responsibility & pays reparations

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Casualties of the War 8.5 million dead 21 million wounded

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World War I Casualties

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Most of Europe in ruins German econ. devastated

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Results: U.S. Congress rejects League of Nations Unrest in Middle East Balfour DecisionJewish homeland in Palestine Created League of Nations

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Influenza Pandemic 1918- 1919 600,000 Americans killed by flu More Americans killed by flu virus than WWI

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I had a little bird, Its name was Enza. I opened the window, And in-flu-enza

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Lets Review: What occurs in Russia & how does it impact the war? What document ends the war? Was it fair? How does President Wilson respond to the end of the war? How does the influenza pandemic impact the US?