World History, November 19

Entry Task: Let’s add some notes about Louis XIV’s picture on your “Concept Notes”Announcements:- Test Corrections are due today!- Age of Absolutism - 1550-1800 (please add this

to your notes)- Reasons for Absolutism? Economic,

Religious, Political/Social- Absolutism = leads to Revolution, Enlightenment

Why Absolutism?

- King’s goal: sovereignty

- Chess: King is the weakest piece

World History, November 20

Entry Task: Fill out self-eval and take out paper:- Economic- Religious- Political/SocialAnnouncements:- Test Corrections are due today!- Did you turn in your chart + paper?- Sydney Reid had a birthday YESTERDAY - sorry

I forgot!

Why Absolutism?

- CHECK! (Reverse checkmate)- Church: Bishops- Nobles (ex: Burgundy)- Representative Bodies

- Parliament, Estates General

- Towns and Cities- Universities

-

Why Absolutism? Economic

- Competition for colonies

- Explorers’ wealth goes back to MONARCHS, not people. Leads to instability/inflation

Why Absolutism? Spain’s

downfall

War with Ottoman Turks drained resources during Charles V’s reign1588 - Spanish Armada defeated by the Royal Navy (Queen Elizabeth)- from this point on,

power shifts away from Spain - to England

Why Absolutism? Religion

- French wars - Huguenots vs. Catholics

- “one king, one law, one religion”

- 30 Years’ War (1618) - Holy Roman Empire (but other European countries are involved)

- England: Catholic, then Protestant, then C, then P again

Why Absolutism? Religion

- Example in France: 1572 - St. Bartholomew’s Massacre - estimated 10,000 to 70,000 Protestants killed in the streets of Paris

- Catherine de’ Medici, mother of King Charles IX, is in black (probably instigated by her)

- Henry IV (of Navarre) - “Paris is well worth a mass” - Edict of Nantes (will be assassinated)

Witch Trials

- Knowledge of plants/herbs = healers and respected in society- increase in syphilis? Change

in weather patterns? Bad harvest? Find a scapegoat!

- Malleus Malleficarum (1484) - book (Hammer of Witches)

- Primarily poor old women, often widowed- England - 270 witch trials

(247 of them women)

It’s Witchcraft...

- Majority took place 16th and 17thc - 1 million executed overall (13th-19thc)

- Anne Boleyn (Henry VIII’s 2nd wife) was accused, executed - small extra finger + mole on neck - signs/proof

- Witch trials declined after 1680- Salem Witch Trials (North

America) - 1692

IN ALL: People were willing to give up rights in exchange for

stable government

However, absolutism is typically characterized by a powerful, oppressive gov’t and lack of

freedoms for citizens

Why Absolutism? Social

Ideas like: National unity, government efficiency, and control

Growth of National Armies

Louis XIV - built Versailles

- Keep your friends close, and your enemies closer

Why Absolutism? Political/Social

World History, November 23

Entry Task: What does it mean for a country to be a SUPERPOWER?Announcements:- Grades are updated - please check to make

sure that I gave you credit for the Aztec/Inca Project - it was hard to remember who worked together!

- Test Corrections are due today!- Did you turn in your chart + paper last week?

Spain- 1469 - Ferdinand II, prince of

Aragon, married Isabella of Castile (began rule 1479)

- Reconquista - In 1492, Spain took the last city (Granada) out of the hands of the Muslims

Spanish Inquisition

- The Spanish Inquisition was ruthless in seeking Muslims, Jews, and heretics (later, witches, too)

- 2,000 sentenced to die in Spain (150,000 charged); Portugal - 1,200

- Torture devices include: knee splitter, the wheel, head vice

Spanish Inquisition

- Torture was meant for the person to confess (not to punish)

- Continues for 300 years!

Charles V

- Holy Roman Emperor- https://www.youtube.

com/watch?v=MRYzW3BSj0I

Charles V

- Retired gradually 1554-56 to a Monastery

- Divided Empire:- Brother Ferdinand gets

Central Europe- Son Philip II gets Spain,

Netherlands, & Southern Italy

Charles II - example of in-breeding

-

Philip II

29 years old when he begins rule of Spain 1556-1598 (42 years)- Saw himself as a leader of the

Counter-Reformation - expensive wars...that also end in failure! (Except Ottoman Turks)

- Married Mary I (Tudor) of England (Bloody Mary)

- 1588 - Spanish Armada defeated

-

Philip II - Accomplishments

- $$$$$$$$$$ (¼-⅕ of each ship goes to Philip!)- By 1600, 339,000 lbs of gold- 1550-1650 - 16,000 tons of silver

galleons- Standing Army - 50,000- Built the Escorial - Madrid- Became King of Portugal in 1580 (he

was the late King’s nephew) - territories in Africa, India, and East Indies

- Defended the Catholic faith

Philip II - Accomplishments

- El Greco - “The Greek”- Diego Velazquez- Don Quixote de la Mancha - Miguel

de Cervantes (1605)

Philip II - Accomplishments

- Marriage was not for love or a partnership; it was to get land, power, and sons to inherit

- Married cousin, niece, etc - pure bloodline

- Elizabeth of Valois (15 yrs old; Philip - 59)

-

Philip II - involvement in other

religious wars...

- Financed Catholic League during the French Wars of Religion (Catholics vs. Huguenots)- Result? Edict of Nantes will

grant freedom of worship for nearly 100 years (Louis XIV revokes it in 1685)

-

Philip II

- Netherlands - DUTCH RevoltThis long, costly uprising against the rule of Spain occupied much of the energies of Philip II during his reign Causes: resentment of high Spanish taxes and Philip's efforts to suppress Calvinism -- Elizabeth I provided aid to the rebellion

Philip II

- Netherlands Result (1566-1579):- Duke of Alva sent to punish

rebels (1500 in one day!)- 7 Northern provinces

declared independence (not officially recognized until 1648)

- 10 Southern provinces stayed part of Spain

-

Philip II

- Battle of Lepanto (1571)In this October 1571 naval battle a coalition of Catholic states led by Spain defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire off of the coast of Greece, eliminating the Turkish threat in the Mediterranean and allowing Philip II to focus his resources on restoring Catholicism throughout Western Europe

-

Philip II - wanted to take over England

- This was a fleet of 130 ships and 33,000 men. Due to storms + English pirates: 40 ships and 15,000 soldiers were lost.

- This was an irreparable disaster which led to Spain's naval decline.-

Philip II - at home...

- Reinforcement of the Inquisition

- Prohibited importation of books from Europe

- Spanish students could not study abroad

- “Blood cleanliness” in the Administration

- Expelled Jews and Muslims

- Declared bankruptcy 3x

FACTORS in Spanish DeclineInflation and Taxes● Inflation weakens Spain’s economy● Taxes on lower class prevents development of middle

classMaking Spain’s Enemies Rich● Spaniards buy goods abroad, making Spain’s enemies rich● Expulsion of Jews, Muslims● Philip declares bankruptcy three times due to weak

economy