world bank document · 2016. 7. 17. · identification n0: 355073.r3.v5 date: october 2003 this...

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

GUANGDONG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTTHE WORLD BANK

E829Volume 5

GUANGDONG PEARL RIVER DELTAURBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT

DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES

ENVIRONMENTAL AsSESSMENT

VOLUME 5: GUANGZHOU SECTION WATER QUALITY

MODELLING REPORT

NOVEMBER 2003No. 035 5073 - R3-Volume 5

INCOLLABORATIONIN WITH SOGREAH

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PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

GUANGDONG PROVINCIAL* SOGR-{AH GOVERNMENT

._ N .. -I C(I 1AN rs . THE WORLD BANK

GUANGDONG PEARL RIVER DELTAURBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS - GUANGZHOUSECTION WATER QUALITY MODELLING REPORT

IDENTIFICATION N0 : 355073.R3.V5DATE: OCTOBER 2003

This document has been produced by SOGREAH Consultants as part of the FASEP Grant (FrenchGovernment Grant) to Guangdong Provincial Government (Job Number 355073)

This document has been prepared by the project team under the supervision of the Project Directorfollowing the Quality Assurance Procedures of SOGREAH in compliance with IS09001.

APPROVED BYINDEX PURPOSEOFMOOIFICAnoN DATE AUTHOR CHECKED BY (PROJECT

MANAGER)

A First Issue 26/10/03 COR,GD BYN GDMM

INDEX DiSTRIBUTION LIST CONTACTADDRESS

I GPG PMO (Mr ZENG Yu Chang)

2 GMG PMO (Mr ZHAN Yishan)

3 The World Bank (Mr Tom Zearley, tzearlev(aworldbank.org,Hao Zhang) hzhana2Ri)worldbank.orq

4 DREE (DREE Paris, PEE Canton) Josselin.kalifaCoDdree.ora

Alain..queauenasoareah.fr,SOGREAH (Head Office, Beijing Annabelle.menpottiasopreah.fr,

5 OGReA ( edgard.valettea-sopreah.frOffice) biofficea.soareah.com.cn

GUANGDONG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANKGUANGDONG PEARL RIVER DELTA URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT

DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICESR3V5: GUANGZHOU SECTION WATER QUALITY MODELLING REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................ I

LIST OF TABLES ................................................ v

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................ Vill

APPENDICES ................................................ x

ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND UNITS ................................................ XI

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................. XII

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................. I

1.1. THE GUANGDONG PEARL RIVER DELTA URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ................................................ 1

1.2. SCOPE OF THE STUDY ................................................ 2

1.3. PURPOSE & SCOPE OF THIS REPORT ................................................ 3

1.4. ORGANISATION & LAYOUT OF THE EA REPORT ................................................ 5

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PEARL RIVER DELTA ................................................ 6

3. CONSTRUCTION OF THE HYDRAULIC MODEL ................................................. 93.1. PREVIOUS MODELLING OF THE GUANGZHOU SECTION ................................................ 9

3.2. TOPOLOGICAL DATA USED ................................................ I 1

3.3. HYDRAULIC INFORMATION USED ................................................ 13

3.4. COMPLEMENTARY INFORMATION COLLECTED ................................................ 16

3.4.1. BED RIVER ROUGHNESS ................................................ 163.4.2. CARIMA MODEL ................................................ 16

4. CALIBRATION OF HYDRAULIC MODEL ................................................ 17

4.1. ADAPTATION OF SECTIONS & HYDRUALIC MODEL ................................................ 18

4.2. FINAL MODEL RESULTS ................................................ . 18

5. POLLUTION MODEL ................................................. 20

5.1. DESCRIPTION OF POLLUTION MODEL FOR THE GUANGZHOU SECTION ................................................ 20

5.1.1. POLLUTANT LOAD CALCULATIONS ................................................ 205.1.2. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ................................................ 225.1.3. POLLUTANT REACTIONS ................................................ 23

5.2. CALIBRATION OF POLLUTION MODEL ................................................ 245.2.1. DATA USED IN CALIBRATION ................................................ 245.2.2. RESULTS OF CALIBRATION ................................................ 27

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 11



6. POLLUTION SIMULATIONS .................................................... 34

6.1. SCENARIOS TESTED ................................................... 34

6.2. COMPARISON OF BASELINE 2010 AND BASELINE 2000 SCENARIOS ............................................ 366.3. COMPARISON OF PROJECT 2010 AND BASELINE SCENARIOS ................................................... 366.4. IMPACT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ............ ....................................... 386.5. IMPACT OF INTER AND INTRA-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION ............................ ....................... 41

6.5.1. INTER-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION PROJECT 1. .................................................... 416.5.2. INTER-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION PROJECT 2 .............. ...................................... 426.5.3. INTER-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION PROJECT 3 .............. ...................................... 426.5.4. IMPACT ON POTABLE WATER INTAKES IN THE GUANGZHOU REGION ................................................ 43

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT NP 355073 R3V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE III



LIST OF TABLESTABLE 2-1: CHARASTERISTICS OF THE MAJOR BRANCHES OF THE PEARL RIVER .............................................................. 6

TABLE 2-2: RELTAIONSHIP BETWEEN ESTUARIES & OUTLETS OF THE PEARL RIVER DELTA SYSTEM ............................................................. 8

TABLE 5-1: WASTEWATER LOADING RATES FOR DOMESTIC POLLUTION SOURCE (GICAPIDAY) ............................................................. 20

TABLE 5-2: CHARACTERISTICS OF BASELINE SIMULATION USED IN CALIBRATIO N OF POLLUTION MODEL .................................................... 22

TABLE 5-3: WATER QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS FOR YEAR 2000 (SOURCE: GUANGZHOU EPB) ........................................................... 24

TABLE 5-4: MAJOR PARAMETERS USED IN POLLUTION MODEL ............................................................. 31

TABLE 6-1: DESCRIPTION OF SIMULATIONS UNDERTAKEN AS PART OF THE OVERALL IMPACT STUDY FOR THE GUANGZHOU WASTEWATERCOMPONENT .............................................................. 34

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE IV



LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1-1: THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION [REF. 1] ................................................................................. 1

FIGURE 1-2: URBAN CLUSTERS IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION [FROM REF. 22] ................................................................................. 3

FIGURE 1-3: OVERVIEW OF REPORTS TO BE PRODUCED FOR WORLD BANK APPRAISAL ............................................................................... 4

FIGURE 2-1: SUBDIVISION OF THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION ................................................................................. 7

FIGURE 3-1: GUANGZHOU SECTION MODEL.1...................................................................................................... 10

FIGURE 3-2: DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONDITION (TIDAL LEVEL) USED IN THE MODEL ............................................................................. 14

FIGURE 3-3: MONITORING LOCATIONS..15

FIGURE 4-1: COMPARISON OF SECTIONS USED IN INITIAL MODEL AND ACTUAL SECTIONS AS PER MARINE SAFETY NAVIGATION PLANS ....... 17

FIGURE 4-2: COMPARISON OF OBSERVED & SIMULATED FLOW DEPTHS AT HUANG SHA. .18

FIGURE 4-3: COMPARISON OF OBSERVED & SIMULATED FLOWS AT HUANG SHA.......................................................................19

FIGURE 5-1: CATCHMENT DIVISION FOR THE GUANGZHOU SECTION OF THE PRD ................................................................................. 21

FIGURE 5-2: VARIATION OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETER AT THE CHANGZHOU AUTOMATIC WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATION 2003 ..27

FIGURE 5-3: LONG PROFILES ALONG THE GUANGZHOU SECTION OF THE PRD ................................................................................ 29

FIGURE 5-4: INTRA DIURNAL VARIABILITY OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ................................................................................ 30

FIGURE 5-5: PROFILE 1: COMPARISON OBSERVATIONS & MODEL FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN ....................................................................... 32



FIGURE 6-1: COMPARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN ALONG THE FRONT SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT2010 .................................................................................. 37

FIGURE 6-2: COMPARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN ALONG THE BACK SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT2010 .................................................................................. 38

FIGURE 6-3: COMPARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN ALONG THE FRONT SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT2010 .................................................................................. 39

FIGURE 6-4: COMPARISON OF AMMONIA ALONG THE FRONT SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT 2010 ..... 39

FIGURE 6-5: COMPARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN ALONG THE BACK SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT2010 .................................................................................. 40

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N' 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE V



FIGURE 6-6: COMPARISON OF AMMONIA ALONG THE BACK SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT 2010 ...... 40

FIGURE 6-7: IMPACT OF INTEGRATING NEIGHBOURING TOWNS IN FOSHAN (NANHAI) INTO GUANGZHOU WASTEWATER SYSTEM: COMPARISONOF AMMONIA ALONG THE BACK SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT 2010 ............................................... 42

FIGURE 6-8: IMPACT OF TREATING WASTEWATER IN FOSHAN: COMPARISON OF BOD ALONG THE BACK SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITHPROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT 2010 ................................................................................ 43

FIGURE 6-7: LOCATION OF WATER INTAKES IN AND AROUND GUANGZHOU ................................................................................ 44

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE VI



APPENDICESAPPENDIX A - BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX B - MODEL CONFIGURATION & POLLUTANT LOADING CALCULATIONS

APPENDIX C - CALIBRATION OF HYDRAULIC & POLLUTION MODEL

APPENDIX D - MODEL RESULTS FOR FUTURE SCENARIOS - DRY WEATHER SIMULATIONS

APPENDIX E - MODEL RESULTS FOR FUTURE SCENARIOS - WET WEATHER SIMULATIONS

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE VII



ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND UNITS

A20

AB Adsorption Biodegradation Process

AIC Average Incremental Cost

AO

APL Adaptable Project Loan

AS Activated Sludge

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

CIECC China International Engineering Construction Company

CNY Chinese Renminbi Yuan (8.3 CNY = 1.0 USD)

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

DRA Design Review and Advisory

FY Fiscal Year

GPRDUEP Guangdong Pearl River Delta Urban Environment Project

NH4 Ammonia

NPV Net Present Value

SS Suspended Solids

TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

TP Total Phosphorus

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

WTP Water Treatment Plant

WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE VIII



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) is China's third longest river and is second only to the Yangtse river interms of annual average flow. The Pearl River composed of three major branches, the West River(Xi Jiang), the North River (Bei Jiang) and the East River (Dong Jiang) discharges to the SouthChina Sea via eight outlets forming the distributary channels of the Pearl River Delta (PRD). Sincethe opening up of China in 1979, the delta region has witnessed phenomenal economic growthwith average GDP rising by 14.7% on average over the period 1990-2000; the delta has with thetwo Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau become the major outlet formanufactured goods to the rest of the world. Both the total population and the urbanisation ratehave increased equally rapidly. Over the period 1990 to 2000 the population in the PRD rose byalmost 7% to almost 40 million inhabitants, largely due to inward migration of workers seekingemployment. However, investment in environmental control has not kept pace; this is evidencedby the severe deterioration in water quality conditions during the period. Today many of thereaches of the Zhu Jiang, especially in the vicinity of Guangzhou are at Class V or worse (andtherefore unfit for use as a drinking water resource).

oloo VIIon,ete,s Hunan Prov. * Jiangxi Prov. Fujian Prov.

Guangxi AR *5 Guangdong Provi.

*~~~~~~~~ 6.;

i S * ci.ties out or P RDo t 1 .1 Cites In other pr-vices

> ) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Guangdong Proyince5 > _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~HongKong SAR> ), ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Peripheral PRD

Ha.,~Pv Kernel PRD

H ajn~~~~~~

Recognising the severity and the urgency of the water quality problems, Guangdong ProvincialEnvironmental Protection Bureau has recently launched an ambitious eight year investmentprogram totalling almost 45 Billion RMB known as the "Pearl River Clean-Up Campaign".

It is in this context that the World Bank and Guangdong Provincial Government has embarkedupon the Guangdong Pearl River Delta Urban Environmental Project (GPRDUEP). Althoughconcentrating predominantly, in terms of infrastructure investment, in the Municipality ofGuangzhou, the project aims primarily at developing cost-effective strategies and institutionalmodels which can serve as a "blue-print" for the whole PRD Region. A major challenge of theproject is to develop institutional models enabling environmental service delivery to cross thetraditional administrative boundaries (between counties and districts within municipalities, andbetween municipalities themselves) thus allowing the cost savings associated with economies ofscale to be achieved.

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N ° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE IX



SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The PRD Region has been divided into seven major urban regions as illustrated below. Thestudies undertaken by CHREOD have provided a broad framework for the development of theGPRDUEP. On the basis of these studies the "Guang Fo" Metropolitan Region covering theareas included in Guangzhou and Foshan Municipalities (now incorporating Foshan, Nanhai andShunde) has been clearly identified as the major source of organic pollution within the PDR.

Furthermore, the Municipality of Guangzhou has indicated its willingness to participate in the WorldBank financed project and to act as a model and a driving force for institutional change anddevelopment throughout the region.

It is for these reasons that the geographical scope of the study has been limited to coverwastewater management in the Guang-Fo Region.

RL

4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This Volume (Volume 5) of the Environmental Assessment for the GPRDUEP(R3) describes thestudies undertaken by SOGREAH Consultants as part of the French Grant (FASEP) to GuangdongProvincial Government to support project preparation of the GPRDUEP. The modelling study hasbeen undertaken in collaboration with the Guangzhou Research Institute for EnvironmentalProtection (GRIEP) who were contracted directly by SOGREAH to participate on this study.

An overview of the study and the reports to be provided as part of this assignment is provided inChapter 1 of the report. Reports to be produced as part of this assignment include:* Ri: Inception Report (published in October, 2002);* R2: Evaluation of Environmental Strategic Options, English & Chinese Versions (published in

March 2003);* R3: Environmental Assessment Report, English Version (This Report)

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N' 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE X



* R4: Resettlement Action Plan, English Version (Overall Version)* R5: Feasibility Study for the Guangzhou Wastewater Component (Overall Version)* R6: Institutional Reform Report (published in August 2003)* R7: Assignment Completion Report, English & Chinese Versions.

DESCRIPTION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELLING TOOL

The modelling tool used for this exercise was the CARIMA-CONDOR system developed bySOGREAH consisting of:

* The CARIMA hydraulic modelling tool capable of simulating unsteady flows in such flat, loopedand tidally influenced system as the Pearl River Delta. The model has been extensively usedworldwide by SOGREAH most notably on the Mekong Delta, the Ohio River etc.

* To simulate pollutant behaviour accurately in such a "dynamic" system as the PRD requires adynamic water quality simulation tool. The CONDOR system which is coupled directly toCARIMA has been developed jointly by SOGREAH and the University of Ohio in the USA tosimulate pollutant advection, dispersion and reaction in such systems.

SCOPE OF MODELLING EXERCISE

The modelling exercise has been limited primarily to the Guangzhou and Dongjiang Sections of thePearl River Delta as illustrated in the following figure.

For the Guangzhou Section, pollutant loading rates for the sources of domestic and industrialpollution in the main urban area of Guangzhou have been assessed. For the Dongjiang Section,the loading rates have been derived from previous studies conducted in the region.

CALIBRATION OF HYDRAULIC & WATER QUALITY MODELS

Calibration of the hydraulic model was undertaken using flow and water level information for the dryseason of 1987. To calibrate the model it was necessary to

a) artificially extend the model upstream of Yagang and into the Beijiang Section of the PearlRiver Delta;

b) remodelling of the sections of the Guangzhou Section using actual bathymetric plans.

An example of the hydraulic modelling results obtained at Huangsha is illustrated below.

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N' 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE XI



COMPARISON OF OBSERVED & SIMULATED WATER LEVELS AT HUANG SHA

Huangsha -Y (S232)

2 7 .. . . -- Ob_ _ .. .. .

2 -

Hours

COMPARISON OF OBSERVED & SIMULATED FLOWS AT HUANG SHA

Huangsha -Q (S232)

0000 --2000 ]--- ________- __ __ _ ___

J 0 0 10 20 o [ 10 -CARIMA

3000 - .

... ._....___ ..................................... .... ... .- ------------- ----- .............. ....... ___ ._......... .. ........... -- ._ ....... ... ._

Hours

SOGREAIH -BYN- REPORT N ° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE Xll



The pollution model was then calibrated using data from the Year 2000. As illustrated below, giventhe uncertainties associated with the measurements, the simulated results provided by the modelare remarkably close to those measured. This attests in general to the detailed study ofwastewater loading rates.

COMPARISON OBSERVATIONS & MODEL FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE FRONT SECTION OF THE GUANGZHOU SECTION

CALIBRATION PROFIL 1 DO

6 00 - -. .... .. ...............

4.00X ___ _

z0

300--- F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---c C M-EANMEASURES

0 200-

1.00

~~~~~~A NA Nb _p Q,q,A

MODEL NODE

Nevertheless, it can be concluded to provide further confidence in the results of the modelling toolthat:* More detailed time varying water quality measurements are required for a number of

parameters (such as dissolved oxygen, ammonia and a surrogate of BOD); particularexperimental studies should be undertaken (or made available) concerning the trends ofCarbonaceous BOD, Nitrogenous BOD, Sediment Oxygen Demand and also the occurrence ofa marked oxygen deficit in the vicinity of the junction of the Dongjiang with the GuangzhouSection between the Lianhuashan and Humen Monitoring Points.

* These more detailed measurements should be coupled with hydraulic measurements. Thiswould suggest a more intimate cooperation between the Pearl River Water ResourcesCommission (who undertake hydraulic measurements on the river systems) and the GuangdongEPB (who undertake the water quality measurements);

* The scope of the modelling tool should be extended to cover at least upstream sections of theGuangzhou Section and the neighbouring Beijiang Sections. This should be associated with in-depth estimation of the associated pollution sources most notably in these sections and theDongjiang section.

OBSERVATIONS OF CURRENT SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR

The results of the calibration exercise provided a number of key observations:* The related nature of the river systems in the PRD with flows reversing periodically in relation to

tidal levels would suggest that pollution control strategies should be based on thehydrogeomorphological subdivision of the region rather than municipal boundaries

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE XPil



* The pollution of the Yagang section (upstream of major water intakes for Guangzhou) isprimarily due to pollution sources upstream, rather than the reversed flows from downstream.The nature of these sources remains to be investigated.

* There are a number of distinct oxygen deficits or "sag curves" occurring within the GuangzhouSection, notably around the Liede Section, the Longgang Section and the Changzhou Section.These have all been replicated by the simulation model. The model also suggests the presenceof a marked oxygen deficit in the downstream reaches where the Dongjiang meets theGuangzhou Section. This latter deficit has not been observed nor reported upon previously.

COMPARISON OBSERVATIONS & MODEL FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE BACK SECTION OF THE GUANGZHOU SECTION

CALIBRATION PROFILE 3 DOX

10.00

9.00

8 00 .

-I 7.00 . __

6.002 5.00 . ._ -4-- C MEAN

5.00 -_______T MEASURES

Z 400z0 3.00

2.00 -- _

1.00X 3g

0.00 ....... ..

A'P S '" V 4 S * S§ S; '~ , S~ cNC b 4

S'~5N

- c g 'I, 0 C ' e .

MODEL NODE

THE PROPOSED PROJECT

The wastewater project proposed for financing as part of a World Bank loan to GuangdongProvincial Government and thereafter Guangzhou Municipal Government consists of:

i) the Liede WWTP Phase 3 and its associated network extension;

ii) the Dashadi WWTP and its associated network;

iii) network extensions in a further four contributing areas (Datansha, Xilang, Liede and Lijiao)

There are also a number of ongoing wastewater projects in the study area covering bothwastewater treatment plants (including those within the four network extension areas) andwastewater network extensions. These together with the World Bank financed subcomponentshave been considered to represent the overall project.

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE XIV



SIMULATIONS UNDERTAKEN

To test the impact of the project a number of comparative simulations were undertaken assummarised in the following table. The first simulation extends the existing (Year 2000) conditionsto the Year 2010 providing the "Without" Project scenario with which to compare the various projectoptions.

Description of Simulation Horizon Pollution(Year) Abatement

(%) for BODinGuangzhouSectionCatchments

1 Baseline 2010 2010 12%

2 With Project 2010 2010 74%

3 With Project 2010+simpler wastewater treatment 2010 74%processes

4 With Project 2010+connecting catchments from 2010 85%Foshan (Nanhai)

5 With Project 2010+connecting catchments from 2010 89%Foshan (Nanhai) and Panyu

6 With Project 2010+connecting catchments from 2010 89%Foshan (Nanhai), Panyu and treatment of Foshan

IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

To test the impact of the project a number of comparative simulations were undertaken assummarised in the following table. The first simulation extends the existing (Year 2000) conditionsto the Year 2010 providing the "Without" Project scenario with which to compare the various project

As indicated in the main report and the associated annexes, the project improves dramaticallythe overall water quality of the Guangzhou Section of the PRD thereby enabling in the futureaquatic life to return to these sections and protecting partially water resources.

For the so-called "Front Section" (largely Profile 1) of the river system both average dissolvedoxygen and BOD values are generally sufficient to attain the Class IlIl (or in the case of BOD theClass II) standards. There remains nevertheless marked section of poor water quality downstreamof the junction of this river system with the Dongjiang section.

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N' 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE XV



COMPARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN ALONG THE FRONT SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT2010

COMPARISON PROJECT TO BASELINE SCENARIOS DOX

7 00

600_

z 5.00 2(7 4 I .0 40 0B *a s ] |-Baselme2.000 210

_____________ PROJECT 2010

0° 2.00 _ t

1.00 _

~~~~~1- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ " I ' S00 , ...... .p ,,~ r, .. ,, .9 d, ,.,,, . 1 4,, .......... I

MODEL NODE

For the "Back Section" (Profiles 2 and 3), the improvement while marked do not generally enablewater quality objectives to be attained. While there are marked improvements upstream of theHuangsha monitoring point (where water quality broadly attains the Class Ill standard, apart fromammonia), the water quality in the sections between Huangsha and Huangpuyou remains largely inthe range Class IV-V. Close to Donglang there remains a marked oxygen deficit which wouldappear to be due to pollutant flows from the Beijiang Section (principally Foshan).

COMPARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN ALONG THE BACK SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT2010

COMPARISON PROJECT AND BASELINE SCENARIOS DOX

10 00 .. .. ...... - ............. ..... ....

9.00 -_ -._

8.00

2 700 _ . . _

6.00 _ ----

5.00 -BASELINE2000, 5.00 _ _ \ I t lf ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s 3--- BASELINE 2010

Z 4 0 0 __ _ --*-PROJECT 2010

1 00'2P ~ ~ ~ R0 3.00 -.. ...

1 00~~~~~~~~~~1

MODEL NODE

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE XVI



THE IMPACT OF INTER-MUNICIPAL INITIATIVES

A number of scenarios were investigated testing the impact of inter-municipal sharing ofwastewater facilities (notably between Guangzhou and Foshan).

The first scenario, involves the connection of wastewater catchments within Foshan Municipalitybordering with Guangzhou Municipality directly into the wastewater system of Guangzhou. It waspreviously indicated in the Strategic Options Report that undertaking such an approach providedsignificant economic benefits as compared to installing individual (small) treatment plants in thetowns of Foshan bordering Guangzhou.

The results of the modelling study, indicate a significant improvement of the reaches of theGuangzhou Section upstream of Huangsha on the Guangzhou Section of the PRD. Dissolvedoxygen levels rise by approximately 1 mg/l as compared to the With Project case, whereas BODand ammonia values are significantly reduced. These parameters are now all within the Class IIIwater quality standard or better. Given that these particular reaches of the Guangzhou Section area major water resource for Guangzhou (with two major potable water intakes sited here), theirprotection should be of paramount importance to Guangzhou.

RECOMMENDATIONS

* As described above this water quality modelling study has demonstrated the dramaticimprovements that the network extension and wastewater treatment programme will have onthe water quality of the Guangzhou Section of the PRD. Nevertheless, there remain a number ofreaches, which are currently water resources for Guangzhou, for which the proposed waterquality objectives are unlikely to be attained. Limited investigations included in this reportsuggest that for this to be attained, significant improvements in wastewater management in theneighbouring Beijiang Section of the PRD would be required. It is therefore recommended thatthis modelling study is extended to cover the Beijiang Section thereby considering wastewaterinvestment options in Fodhan.

* The modelling results have been supported obly by limited measurements. As and when furthermeasurements become available, it is recommended to update the modelling tool. This shouldbe undertaken as part of the modelling study integrating both the Guangzhou Section and theBeijiang Section of the PRD.

* The simulations described above take account only of dry weather flows on the water quality ofthe PRD. As evidenced in both London and Paris, once the overall health of the river has beenimproved, the impact of intermittent (especially combined sewer overflow) discharges can leadto severe short term oxygen deficits and thereby to the death of aquatic life. It is recommendedthat this present study is extended to consider the impact of wet weather discharges, therebydevelopinng design parematers for combined sewer sizing and discharge control.

* To protect the water resources of the Shimeng and Xicun intakes (the Xi Hang Dao),complementary actions would be required to manage wastewater discharges from neighbouringcommunities in Foshan (Nanhai) and additionally to control upstream sources of pollution. Thewastewater flows from certain towns in Nanhai could be treated in WWTP within Guangzhou;

* To further protect water resources of the Baihedong and Shixi intakes (on the Hou Hang Dao),management of discharges from the neighbouring Beijoiang Section would also be required inthe long term. Given that these intakes are downstream of the Datansha and Xilang WWTPoutfalls, it may prove advisable in the future to relocate the water resource for the associatedwater treatment plants.

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE XVII



1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. THE GUANGDONG PEARL RIVER DELTA URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT

The Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) is China's third longest river and is second only to the Yangtse river interms of annual average flow. The Pearl River composed of three major branches, the West River(Xi Jiang), the North River (Bei Jiang) and the East River (Dong Jiang) discharges to the SouthChina Sea via eight outlets forming the distributary channels of the Pearl River Delta (PRD). Sincethe opening up of China in 1979, the Pearl River Delta Region has witnessed phenomenaleconomic growth with average GDP rising by 14.7% on average over the period 1990-2000; thedelta has with the two Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau become the majoroutlet for manufactured goods to the rest of the world. Both the total population and theurbanisation rate have increased equally rapidly. Over the period 1990 to 2000 the population inthe PRD rose by almost 7% to almost 40 million inhabitants, largely due to inward migration ofworkers seeking employment. However, investment in environmental control has not kept pace;this is evidenced by the severe deterioration in water quality conditions during the period. Todaymany of the reaches of the Zhu Jiang, especially in the vicinity of Guangzhou are at Class V (andtherefore unfit for use as a drinking water resource).

Recognising the severity and the urgency of the water quality problems, Guangdong ProvincialEnvironmental Protection Bureau has recently launched an ambitious eight year investmentprogram totalling almost 45 Billion RMB known as the "Pearl River Clean-Up Campaign".

It is in this context that the World Bank and Guangdong Provincial Government has launched theGuangdong Pearl River Delta Urban Environmental Project (GPRDUEP). Although concentratingpredominantly in terms of infrastructure investment in the Municipality of Guangzhou, the projectaims primarily at developing cost-effective strategies and institutional models which can serve as a"blue-print" for the whole PRD Region. A major challenge of the project is to develop institutionalmodels able to traverse the traditional administrative boundaries (between counties and districtswithin municipalities, and between municipalities themselves) thus enabling the cost savingsassociated with economies of scale to be achieved.

FIGURE 1-1: THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION [REF. 1]

OI EKion,l, Hunan Prov. Jiangxi Prov. Fujian Proy.

GuangxiR _) Guangdong Provi 4Guangxi AR fS~^ 4 * 4

d r< 4 W * / * ~~~~~~~~~PRD R.g,on-l Nodet., -z 4 * ,j~, 4 1g PRD Prefecture-le.el City

V ,> . ; t*- s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PRO Counly-le,81 Ctyt = * citl~~~~~~~~~~~es oul of P RD

D E s* Citles in other provinces

0 4Guangdong r.y,n.e4, > _ " - - PRHongKong SoAR

P i otrpher p PRDKernel PRD

SOGR AHaB RPOR.

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PG



1.2. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the services provided by SOGREAH to Guangdong Provincial Government, fundedby a French Grant under the FASEP system, covers the provision of Design Review and Advisory(DRA) Services to enable GPG and participating municipalities, such as Guangzhou MunicipalGovernment, to prepare the documents necessary for World Bank approval of a potentialGuangdong Pearl River Delta Urban Environment Project.

To undertake a detailed study of the whole Pearl River Delta Region would be clearly impracticaland out of the scope and budget of this assignment. However, given the vast environmentalproblems of the region and the immense requirements for infrastructure, a major difficulty is toknow where to start.

The studies undertaken by CHREOD [Refs. 2, 3 and 22] have provided a broad framework withinwhich other more targeted consultancy assignments can operate.

Figure 1-2 presents a sub-division of the PRD Region into so-called "Urban Clusters". Sevenurban clusters have been generally recognised:* GuangFo Metropolitan Region (GMR) comprising Guangzhou Municipality, Foshan, Nanhai and

Shunde;* Dongjiang Urban Region (DUR) comprising Dongguan City and a number of towns scattered

along the Dongjiang;* East-Central Delta Urban Region (ECDUR) comprising a number of towns withing Dongguan

(Chang'an Town and Humen Town) and northern portions of Baoan District in Shenzhen;* Shenzhen Metropolitan Region (SMR), largely corresponding to Shenzhen administrative

boundaries but also including a cluster of towns in southern Dongguan;* Hong Kong Metropolitan Region (MKMAR);* Zhuihai-Macao Urban Region (ZMUR);* Zhongshan-Jiangmen Urban Region (ZJUR)

Various studies have indicated that the GMR has the highest wastewater load (see Chapter 4)discharging to the Pearl River Delta. As a result of this river reaches in this area are particularly

Further justification for commencing a long term project in this particular sub-region of the PearlRiver Delta can be obtained from consideration of political perspectives. Guangzhou being theseat of the Provincial Government, can play a significant role as a model for the development offuture projects in other sub-regions.

For these major reasons, the scope of the study area for this assignment has been limited to theurban areas falling within Guangzhou Municipality, Foshan Municipality, Nanhai and Shundeforming the so-called "Guangzhou Metropolitan Region" alternatively known as "Guang Fo"




R3V5: GUANGZHOU SECTION WATER QUALITY MODELLING REPORT

FIGURE 1-2: URBAN CLUSTERS IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION [FROM REF. 22]

A

1.3. PURPOSE & SCOPE OF THIS REPORT

This Environmental Analysis for the Guangdong Pearl River Urban Environment Project (R3) is asecond level document in a series of reports produced for the World Bank Appraisal of the projectswithin GPRDUEP. The primary aim of this report is to satisfy the requirements of the PRC and alsothe World Bank regarding environmental impact assessment and mitigation, more especiallyOperational Policies and Bank Procedures 4.01 on EIA, 4.04 on Natural Habitats, 4.1 1 on CulturalProperty, 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement and 4.10 on Indigenous People A second majorobjective is to prepare an Environmental Management Plan which should provide the operationalbasis for the implementation of mitigation measures both during construction and operation stagesof the project.

An overview of the reports to be provided as part of this assignment' is provided in Figure 1-3.Reports to be produced as part of this assignment include:* Rl: Inception Report ;* R2: Evaluation of Environmental Strategic Options;* R3: Environmental Assessment Report (Overall Version)• R4: Resettlement Action Plan (Overall Version)* R5: Guangzhou Wastewater Component Feasibility Study Report;* R6: Technical Assistance and Training Report;

The Feasibility Study Report for the proposed Solid Waste Component is not part of this Assignment

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N' 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 3



R7: Assignment Completion Report

FIGURE 1-3: OVERVIEW OF REPORTS TO BE PRODUCED FOR WORLD BANK APPRAISAL

GUANDONG PEARLRIVER DELTA URBANENVIRC.Ij ,II-- ' iTPROJECT

PROJECT OBJECTIVESPROJECT STRATEGYDESCRIPTION OFPROJECTSPROJECT ANALYSISSUSTAINABILITY & RISKSPROJECT COSTINGSIMPLEMENTATIONSTRATEGY

BACKGROUND TO ENVIRONMENTALPROJECT AREA INSTITUTIONAL ANDNEED FOR THE PROJECT LEGAL FRAMEWORKDESCRI PTION OF PROJECT DESCRIPTIONPROJECT BASELINEENVIRONMENTAL IMPAC ENVIRONMENTALSOCIAL IMPACT SITUATIONPROJECT COSTINGS IMPACT IDENTIFICATIONIMPLEMENTATION AND AND ANALYSIS,PROCUREMENT MITIGATION MEASURESECONOMIC ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTALFINANCIAL ANALYSIS MANAGEMENT ANDINSTITUTIONAL MONITORING PLANANALYSIS PUBLIC CONSULTATION




1.4. ORGANISATION & LAYOUT OF THE EA REPORT

The Environmental Analysis Report itself has been sub-divided into five separate volumes, namely:

* Volume 1: The Environmental Assessment Summary Report for the GPRDUEP;

* Volume 2: The Overall Environmental Assessment Report for the Guangzhou WastewaterComponent;

* Volume 3: The Environmental Assessment Report for the Guangzhou Hazardous WasteComponent;

* Volume 4: The Environmental Management Plan for the GPRDUEP;

* Volume 5: The Guangzhou Section Water Quality Modelling Report.* Volume 6: Framework EIA for Inter-Municipal Infrastructure

This latter volume which is the subject of this particular report provides the detailed report covingthe water quality modelling studies conducted during Project Preparation to support thedevelopment of the Guangzhou Wastewater Component and the overall environmentalassessment report for this component.

The ensuing chapters of this report deal with the following topics:Chapter 2 Description of the Pearl River Delta

Chapter 3 Previous Modelling of the Guangzhou Section of the PRD

Chapter 4 Construction and Calibration of the Hydraulic Model

Chapter 5 Construction andCalibration of the Pollution Model

Chapter 6 Pollution Model Simulations

The report is accompanied by a series of appendices covering the following topics:Appendix A Bibliography

Appendix B Set up of Model

Appendix C Model Calibration

Appendix D Model Simulations




2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PEARL RIVER DELTA

The Pearl River is China's third longest river after the Yangste River (Chang Jiang) and the YellowRiver (Huang He) with a length of 2070 km. The overall river basin has an area of 453,700 km2

which is drained by three major branches known as the West River (Xi Jiang), the East River (DongJiang) and the North River (the Bei Jiang) (see Table 2-1).

TABLE 2-1: CHARASTERISTICS OF THE MAJOR BRANCHES OF THE PEARL RIVER

Branch/Section of Length (km) Catchment Surface AveragePearl River Area (kM2) Water Gradient (%)

Resources(109 m3/year)

West River 2075 353120 225.5 0.58

North River 468 46710 49.0 0.26

East River 520 27040 28.0 0.39

Main course of 129 26820 31.3 -.05Pearl River Delta

Pearl River 453700 333.8Catchment _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

These branches of the Pearl River converge and thereafter diverge at the Pearl River Delta. Asillustrated in Figure 2-1, the Pearl River Delta is commonly divided into four distinct hydro-morphological sections known as:* The Xi Jiang;* The Bei Jiang;* The Guangzhou Section of the Pearl River;* the Dong Jiang.

SOGREAH -8YN- REPORT N° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 6



FIGURE 2-1: SUBDIVISION OF THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION

im 1 4, V, IfIT!, Ti - .I J

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~it ff7 .9)R

SOGREAH .BYN REPORT N 3 * _3 P 7

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N °355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 7



The distributary channels of these sections of the Pearl River Delta, then drain to South China Sea,via 8 exits (or gates) discharging to three major estuaries as indicated in the following table.

TABLE 2-2: RELTAIONSHIP BETWEEN ESTUARIES & OUTLETS OF THE PEARL RIVER DELTA SYSTEM

Estuary Discharge OutletPercentage (%)

Aimen 13 Aimen

Huttiamen

Modaomen 34 Modaomen

Jitimen

Pearl River 53 Humen

Jiaomen

Honggilimen

Hengmen




3. CONSTRUCTION OF THE HYDRAULIC MODEL

3.1. PREVIOUS MODELLING OF THE GUANGZHOU SECTION

Guangzhou Research Institute of Environmental Protection (GRIEP) provided access to basic dataconcerning the hydraulic modelling of the Guangzhou section and Dongjiang branch (Easternsection) constructed in 1988 with the aim of water quality studies in the Pearl River in and aroundGuangzhou.

The modelised Zhujiang branch, flowing through Guangzhou City down to Dahu or Humen exitextends over some 80 km. The Dongjiang branch (eastern branch) extends over some 65 Kmbetween Qilinaui and Boluo and the multiple confluence points with the Zhujiang branch (Seeenclose map).

The model comprises some 330 cross sections, representing some 104 channels, linked by meansof 62 nodes (see Figure 3-1). The Guangzhou River in its downstream part is a particularlymeshed river network.

Concerning boundary conditions, 10 inflow conditions were considered at the different upstreamboundaries, and the downstream condition was considered as tidal water levels evolution.

For Guangzhou section, on the north branch, 3 boundary conditions, representing upstream inflowswere represented: The main one, Yagang (section 207or boundary -7), and Shuikou gate (section218 or boundary -8), and Beicun gate (section 226 or boundary -9).

More to the west, 2 boundary conditions are represented: Wadou (section 234 or boundary -10)and Lezhu (section 238 or boundary -11)

For the Dongjiang branch (eastern branch), 4 boundary conditions were represented :Qilinzui(section 024 or boundary -2) and Boluo (section 001 or boundary -1), representing the two maininflows of this branch. Two other minor boundary conditions were added: Zhangseng (section 144or boundary -6) and in the vicinity of Mayong (section 134 or boundary -5)

Further downstream and on the Right Bank, Shundeshuidao branch inflow is imposed by means ofsection 190 (or boundary -3) at Sanshakou.

The downstream boundary condition is the tide water level imposed at Bahu (section 330).




FIGURE 3-1: GUANGZHOU SECTION MODEL

r~~~~' V s - __*

}) V),5 ~ ~~~ . 'Vr4

A

<p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r

/

q Je , /s / *-' I,l

SOGREAH -BYN REPORT N 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 10



3.2. TOPOLOGICAL DATA USED

Cross sections used for the model were extracted from 1/5000 or 1/10000 maps depending on thebranches. These maps were based on bathymetric surveys carried out between 1975 and 1983.The width of the river varies between 200 to 700 m within both the Guangzhou section and theDongjiang section (eastern branch) to 1 to 4 km and more for the downstream part of the PearlRiver delta represented in the model.

From the surveys, GRIEP defined simplified cross sections described by means of bottomelevation and width. A few typical cross sections are presented in the figures here after.

Pearl River modelisation Typical section S207 (Yagang)

4 --------41,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

24 - ____ _________ __ __ _ _ _

s~ -- - - - - Sriem00v

w) 100 150 20) 250 300 35 450I

-2

-3 J--

Width (m)




Pearl river modelisation Typical section: S326 (Downstream delta part)

2 - -- -- _ _ _ -- - -

1 I _ ___ __ _ _

E0 I 000 156.) 2C0"Z 25r,:,

E -1 Seriel00

-3 _ ___ _ _ _ _

Width (m)

Pearl River modelisation - Typical section S001 (Eastern Dongjiang branch)

14 --------------- - _

1 2- -- _ _ _ __- - _ __ _ -- -_ __- __ -_,

10 - - - _ _

E I0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Width (m)




PEARL RIVER modelisation -Typical section S170 (Dasheng)

2- _ ____ __- --_--__ _ __ __ _ _ __ _-- ___ .

1 ___-- ___ - -- ___- __--- _- _ __

O----- -- -.--- --- - --- ---a L l 200 400 eoo 8uO lOOt) 12rl : 'E S-0--s 10

-3

Width (m)

According to the cross section definition provided, it can be observed that the slope of the riverbottom is very small. From the upstream part of the Guangzhou section (Yagang) down to some60 km downstream, the average elevation of the river bottom decreases only from -2m AD to some- 3m AD. This gives at is to say an average slope of 1 to 2 cm / km. (Elevations given in meters,within Pearl River reference system).

The Dongjiang branch (Eastern), however has a steeper slope. Over some 65 km the averagebottom elevation decreases between El. +4m to - 2m, giving a slope of some 9cm / km.

3.3. HYDRAULIC INFORMATION USED

Hydraulic data, mainly water level observations during various periods (flood period, dry period,different tide conditions) were used to validate the model constructed by the GRIEP at the end ofthe eighties. These observations were carried out between 1968 and 1988 at different locations inthe basin. In the provided report it was mentioned that oldest data were provided by Pearl RiverWater Resources Commission, the later data were measured on site (Reference: HydraulicDynamic Calculations of Guangzhou section / 1991).

The following condition and observation period were considered:* From 1968/06/27th to 29th that is to say 34 h duration, flood with big tide,* From 1974/07/21st to 2 3 rd ( 31 h) tropical storm with tide,* From 1978/07/06th to 7th (33 hours) normal hydro flow with big tide,* From 1982/03/25th to 26th (35 hours), dry season with big tide,* From 1987/12/16th to 25 th (198 hours), dry season full tide,




From 19 9 8 /1 2 /25th to 31 't (168 hours), dry season full tide

To the upstream part of the Guangzhou section (Yagang sector), the river water levels areinfluenced by the downstream tide conditions. The tide is an irregular half day mixed type featuring2 tidal cycles during a lunar day.

In the Water Quality Calculation 1D Research Report Concerning the Tide - (Pearl River Waterresource Commission - 1989), it is mentioned that the average daily tide amplitude is of some1.38 m in Fubiacohang, and 1.64 m in Huangpu. These two gauging stations are in the vicinity ofGuangzhou City. Observations are carried out since 1908 in Fubiaochang and 1946 in Huangpu.

The following example provided by the GRIEP presents a sample of tidal water level evolution atDahu (downstream boundary condition)

FIGURE 3-2: DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONDITION (TIDAL LEVEL) USED IN THE MODEL

G..ngM.hou -P-, River Tildl bo.nd.ry -ndidon at DAHU (GdEP a... 1)

_ -- I_ I __ __j~~Ji: C

The representativity of the GRIEP model was checked using December 1987 and December 1988observations as concluded in the Hydraulic Dynamic Calculations of the Guangzhou section report.

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 14



FIGURE 3-3: MONITORING LOCATIONS

Wa and Hydraulic Sites

. l40

X@B

In~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p

Legaid~~~~~~~~~~bd

r ~~~~~~YuencunPut:,o PbntXE E rs

~1.:

LegenldE Wter Quality Monitoring Stations , ,

M ydrol]UicSt8tions N

0153 6 9 12EN L _ _ Kiorneters




3.4. COMPLEMENTARY INFORMATION COLLECTED

From Pearl River Estuary Pollution Project report (Hong Kong University of Science andTechnology - 2001) it can be reported than the Pearl River has the lowest sediment content ofabout 0.27 kg/m3 of the seven major rivers in China. The solids content is higher during theflooding season (April to September) varying from about 0.14 kg/m3 to 0.53 kg/m3, and it is lowerduring the dry season (October to March). Nevertheless, due to the large volume of flow in thePearl River system, the total sediment load is high. These rather low values of sediment loadsconfirm those provided in the 1989 Pearl River Water Resource Commission report, relating a solidconcentration of 0.02 to 0.25 Kg/m3 in the Guangzhou section from Yagang to Huangpu. Therelative low sediment transport rate, and the fine apparent granulometry could explain the low riverbed evolution during the period.

3.4.1. BED RIVER ROUGHNESS

Roughness of the river bed is expressed by means of Manning or Strickler coefficient. For everysection, this coefficient has to be adjusted during model calibration phase.

For the Pearl River model described above, GRIEP considered a river bed roughness withManning coefficient in the range 0.018 to 0.030 (Strickler coefficient from 33 to 55), depending onthe reaches. These values correspond to a low bed roughness, as it can be observed during lowtide period.

3.4.2. CARIMA MODEL

All these collected data were used to build a CARIMA System model, containing all topological,topographic and hydraulic data. From the created model file, a coded instruction file was thencreated. The file contains the same data as above but under coded form suitable for efficientcomputation of the subsystem

Preliminary hydraulic calculations, on both steady an unsteady flows were carried out successfullybut as described below did not reproduce the observed flow characteristics.

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 16




4. CALIBRATION OF HYDRAULIC MODEL

The event used for the calibration of the hydraulic model and in all subsequent tests is that basedupon the hydraulic observations made in December 1987 representing a typical dry season flowwith a full tide.

Initial results with the model as supplied indicated that the amplitude of the simulated tidal wavewas not being reproduced. As was discussed in Chapter 3 the sections used in the initial modelwere highly simplified. Furthermore, the sections also did not include the deeper parts of the mainchannel as illustrated in the comparison below. This leads directly to the poor representation of thetidal wave.

FIGURE 41: COMPARISON OF SECTIONS USED IN INITIAL MODEL AND ACTUAL SECTIONS AS PER MARINE SAFETY NAVIGATIONPLANS

Pearl river modelisation Typical section S326 (Downstream delta part)

E C - - __ .- 1 - .-X-- Sr

C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Width,I'

60.)~~~~~~~~~~~~,>

Width(mSOG REAH -BYN- REPORT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

SOCEA - -YN -EOR .! 3-07 -V OCOE-00 AE



4.1. ADAPTATION OF SECTIONS & HYDRUALIC MODEL

Sections for the main stream of the Guangzhou Section of the PRD from Humen to Huangsha wereabstracted from recent plans provided by the China Marine Safety Agency. Sections approximatelyevery 100 m were abstracted from the detailed plans and included in the hydraulic model.

Previous modelling of the Guangzhou Section used upstream water levels as the upstreamboundary conditions. This permits flow to both enter and exit at these upstream boundaryconditions. For hydraulic modelling purposes such an approach is acceptable, although not ideal.

However, to simulate correctly pollution modelling the upstream boundary conditions should bemoved upstream of the tidally affected zones. This would involve however representing in detailthe Beijiang Section and sections upstream of Yagang which was beyond the scope of this study.Instead the sections in these regions were artificially extended.

4.2. FINAL MODEL RESULTS

The final results of the hydraulic calibration are included in Appendix C as a series of water leveland discharge graphs over the full period of the simulation. The following figures illustrate thecomparisons for the Huang Sha monitoring site demonstrating the more than satisfactory nature ofthe final hydraulic calibration.

FIGURE 4-2: COMPARISON OF OBSERVED & SIMULATED FLOW DEPTHS AT HUANG SHA

Huangsha -Y (S232)

- 2- --.- - - - - . -- 2v -

2 110 I Osevtin

. 1 A iA

._ _._--...___.._ ._____. ................. .. __ _ _ __ ____.......

Hours


GUANGDONG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK

GUANGDONG PEARL RIVER DELTA URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECTDESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES


FIGURE 4-3: COMPARISON OF OBSERVED & SIMULATED FLOWS AT HUANG SHA

Huangsha -Q (S232)

200---

-Obs-raa-on s

A-00

Hours

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N ° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 19



5. POLLUTION MODEL

The pollution model used in the analysis is the CONDOR (CONvection Diffusion and/or Reaction)system developed by SOGREAH in the early 1980s.

CONDOR is a simulation tool to study the transport and evolution of pollutants in the unsteady flowor multi-connected river or channel networks. The simulation covers pollutant transport (byconvection), longitudinal diffusion, possible decay and reactions.

5.1. DESCRIPTION OF POLLUTION MODEL FOR THE GUANGZHOU SECTION

5.1.1. POLLUTANT LOAD CALCULATIONS

5.1.1.1. GUANGZHOU SECTION OF THE PRD

Pollutant load calculations for the Guangzhou Section of the PRD have been developed on thebasis of the population and water demand estimations developed in the Evaluation of StrategicOptions Report [Ref.124].

Wastewater loading rates for domestic sources have been developed on the basis of standardloading rates typically used in China, notably:

TABLE 5-1: WASTEWATER LOADING RATES FOR DOMESTIC POLLUTION SOURCE (GICAPIDAY)

SS 33COD 56BOD 28Tot-N 5NH3-N 4Tot-P 0.7E.coli 1 E+09

Additionally loadings for non-domestic sources have been included in the calculations.

Wastewater flows and pollution loads for "large" industries have been obtained from figuressupplied by GRIEP as included in Appendix B and have been added to the former two sources ofpollution. Pollution generation rates have been then calculated for each catchment as per Figure5-1.

The total pollution load generated per catchment is included in Appendix B for both Horizons 2000and 2010.




FIGURE 5-1: CATCHMENT DIVISION FOR THE GUANGZHOU SECTION OF THE PRD

z)

"S C'

L

- ~~~ID

~~~7- ~ ~ / -

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N°355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 21



These data represent the pollution loads generated within each catchment. The loads reaching themain river are then influenced by two major factors:* Degradation and sedimentation processes occurring in the creeks prior to discharge to the main

river. It has been assumed that 70% of the BOD and COD loads are consumed in this manner;it has been assumed that ammonia is not altered due to the undoubted low dissolved oxygenlevels occurring in the creeks.

* The collection and treatment of wastewater by the existing systems. As indicated in Table 5-2three treatment plants were functioning in the region at this horizon. A major difficulty was toestimate the area contributing to these plants at this horizon, especially for the LiedeCatchment. As indicated in terms of BOD, an overall pollution abatement of 14% wascalculated for this horizon.

TABLE 5-2: CHARACTERISTICS OF BASELINE SIMULATION USED IN CALIBRATIO N OF POLLUTION MODEL

Horizon (Year) Treatment Plants PollutionConnected/Level of Abatement (%) forTreatment BOD

1 Baseline 2000 2000 Dashadi Phases 14%1&2: A20

Liede Phase 1: AB

Industrial Zone: AS

5.1.1.2. DONGJIANG SECTION OF THE PRD

Loading rates for pollution sources were derived from the Draft Final Report of the Dongjiang WaterQuality Modelling undertaken by DHI [Ref. 57]

5.1.1.3. BEIJIANG (FOSHAN) SECTION OF THE PRD

Only very approximate values used based for the Foshan section based upon population figuresand an assumed industrial loading rate.

5.1.2. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Boundary (both upstream and downstream) water quality conditions were obtained from availablemeasurements for the following points:* Yagang

. Boluo

* Qilingzui

* Shaluowei

* Dashi




5.1.3. POLLUTANT REACTIONS

CONDOR enables the user to define his own series of pollutant interactions. For the purposes ofthis study the following interactions were taken into account.

5.1.3.1. DBO CYCLE

The DBO cycle is represented by the equation:

dDBOdD = -(K, + K3)DBO

where

* K, is the degradation constant* K3 is the loss by sedimentation

5.1.3.2. NITROGEN CYCLE

Nitrogen can be found in three forms (NH4, N02 and N03), organic nitrogen being neglected. Thekinetics of the reactions are:

dNH4 = -KNH4 NH 4 -KAIdt

dNO = +KNH4NH4 - KN02NO2dt NH 4 N0 2

dNO3 = +KNO2NO- -KN03NO 3 - KA2dt N0 2

where

* KNH4 is the constant of oxidation of ammonium to nitrites;* KNO2 is the constant of oxidation of nitrites to nitrates;* KA, is the lossin ammonium without formation of nitrites* KA2 is the loss in nitrates (consumption by plants)

5.1.3.3. OXYGEN CYCLE

The kinetics of oxygen reaction is expressed as follows:

dDOX= photosynthesis - plant _ respiration - benthic _respiration

dt

- 1. l 1KN,2 -3 .2 2 KNH4 - K DBO + reoxygenation

1.11 and 3.22 are factors giving the number of grams of oxygen consumed for oxidising one gramof nitrogen to nitrites or nitrates.




5.2. CALIBRATION OF POLLUTION MODEL

5.2.1. DATA USED IN CALIBRATION

The data used for calibration of the pollution model consisted of "spot measurement" collectedduring the dry-season in the Year 2000 at a number of sites in the Guangzhou Section of the PearlRiver Delta. A summary of this data is provided in Erreur I Source du renvoi introuvable. below.

TABLE 5-3: WATER QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS FOR YEAR 2000 (SOURCE: GUANGZHOU EPB)

Station Period pH SS DS DO CODM, BOD NH3-N NH4+-N N02--N N03--N

wetseason 7.15 41 33.8 3.7 3.61 2.87 0.021 1.500 0.311 1.360

YaGang dry season 7.16 40 43.9 1.8 4.83 3.87 0.006 0.010 0.243 2.510

average 7.04 45 33.7 3.5 3.70 2.03 0.004 0.360 0.197 2.600

wet season 7.17 50 41.1 2.5 1.07 3.52 0.037 2.100 0.296 1.440

YinJingHai dry season 7.26 46 56.9 0.7 5.66 4.81 0.034 4.010 0.203 1.300

average 7.08 57 44.7 2.5 4.21 3.69 0.014 1.210 0.282 2.260

wet season 7.35 51 48.4 2.4 5.01 4.06 0.066 3.020 0.310 1.100

HuangSha dry season 7.35 57 66.3 0.6 7.23 6.38 0.071 7.410 0.075 0.341

average 7.24 52 51.5 2.9 4.99 4.34 0.034 2.220 0.292 1.500

wetseason 7 31 48 49.2 1.4 5.11 4.27 0.063 3.250 0.300 0.995

LieDe dry season 7.33 65 68.8 0.4 9.00 7.7 0.082 9.340 0.063 0.245

average 7.29 69 54.4 2.0 5.51 4.78 0.044 2.650 0.212 0.871

wet season 7.42 51 49.0 4.4 4.31 3.32 0.039 1.720 0.171 1.220

DongLang dry season 7.34 49 66.9 1.3 7.29 5.77 0.060 6.580 0.068 0.294

average 7.26 43 52.6 2.7 4.99 4.18 0.026 1.750 0.250 1 280

wet season 7.41 46 47 8 3.7 3 59 2.73 0.041 1.730 0.198 1.100

ChangZhou dry season 7.34 54 70.2 2.0 5.53 4.35 0.049 5.420 0.236 0.779

average 7.23 55 51.2 3.2 3.84 3.11 0.022 1.350 0.207 2.030

wetseason 7 34 44 47.4 3.7 3.50 3.21 0.029 1.430 0.307 1.200

DunTouJi dry season 7.26 55 75.7 3.4 4.93 4.85 0.028 3 740 0.332 1.580

average 7.11 58 49.6 3.2 3.85 301 0.006 0.530 0 136 3.040

wetseason 7.32 44 41.0 3.5 2.79 1.93 0.021 1.080 0.288 1.170

LianHuaShan dry season 7.25 46 72.3 3.7 4.06 3.55 0.013 1.820 0.226 1.580

average 7.11 62 46.3 3.5 3.48 2.45 0.004 0.350 0.111 2.800

Station Period CN- As Hg Cr6 Pb Cd Oil EC TN TP CI_

wet season 0.002 0 0.00002 0.002 0.0053 0.00003 0.06 207 3.10 0.18 18.3

YaGang dry season 0.002 0 0.00002 0.002 0.0038 0.00003 0.07 318 4.19 0.13 39.4

average 0.002 0 0.00010 0.002 0.0027 0.00003 0.05 241 3.65 0.13 25.2

wet season 0.002 0 0.00002 0.002 0.0061 0.00003 0.10 248 4.60 0.26 49.6

YinJingHai dry season 0002 0.01 0.00003 0.002 0.0057 0.00006 0.13 412 5.74 0.31 48.6

average 0.002 0 0.00014 0.002 0.0046 0.00004 0.06 312 4.13 0.24 32.6

wet season 0.002 0 0.00003 0.002 0.0068 0.00007 0.12 265 4.82 0.23 20.8

HuangSha dry season 0.002 0.01 0.00002 0.002 0.0096 0.00009 0.18 489 8.18 0.48 55.6

average 0.002 0 0.00011 0.002 0.0081 0.00006 0.06 325 4.10 0.21 29.7




Station Period CN- As Hg Cr6 Pb Cd Oil EC TN TP CI_

wet season 0.002 0 0.00005 0.002 0 0073 0.00001 0.11 278 4.93 0.31 21.2

LieDe dry season 0.002 0.01 0.00003 0.002 0.0124 0 00012 0.23 497 10.25 0.78 55.6

average 0.002 0 0.00014 0.002 0.0064 0.00003 0.08 324 4.14 0.35 28.2

wetseason 0.002 0 0.00005 0.002 0.0075 0.00011 0.08 225 3.50 0.16 12.2DongLang dry season 0 002 0.01 0.00004 0.002 0.0091 0.00008 0.17 461 7.56 0.37 48.5

average 0.002 0 0.00016 0.002 0.0056 0.00004 0.08 306 3.77 0.16 24.5

wet season 0.002 0 0.00002 0.002 0.0064 0.00005 0.05 216 3.48 0 13 9.2

ChangZhou dry season 0.002 0.01 0.00002 0.002 0.0062 0.00011 0.11 490 6.58 0.28 61.3

average 0.002 0 0.00012 0.002 0.0072 0.00004 0.04 283 3.91 0.24 22.7

wet season 0.002 0 0.00003 0.002 0.0056 0.00003 0.05 216 3.32 0.13 12.3DunTouJi dry season 0.002 0 0.00002 0.002 0.0067 0.00009 0.09 586 5.77 0.17 141.0

average 0.002 0 0.00010 0.002 0 0120 0.00008 0.05 279 4.00 0.14 27.0

wet season 0.002 0 0.00002 0.002 0.0072 0.00007 0.05 195 2.89 0.12 13.0

Lianhuashan dry season 0.002 0 0.00002 0.002 0.0081 0.00030 0.08 640 3.74 0.16 200.0

average 0 002 0 0.00009 0.002 0.0063 0.00010 0.05 278 3.71 0.14 31.7

5.2.1.1. COMMENTARY ON MEASUREMENTS

These results confirm that organic pollution from domestic and industrial wastewater is the mainproblem in the Pearl River Delta.

Dissolved Oxygen is close to nil in Huangsha and Liede stations during the dry season, whenBOD5 and COD are at their maximum because of the very low flow in the river. However, even themost upstream station of Yagang presents a low dissolved oxygen concentration of less than2 mg/l (worse than Class 5 of water quality), which is an extreme low value to accommodateaquatic life survival. Except the two most downstream stations of Duntouji and Lianhuashan whichpresent DO values of about 3.5 mg/l in dry season (Class 4 of water quality), all the other stationsdo not exceed 2 mg/I. Refer to Figures 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 for these parameters.

Ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus follow this trend and also show theirmaximum during dry season in Huangsha and Liede (Class 5 and worse). Other stations belong toClasses 3 and 4. The low ammonia values at Yagang in the dry season would appear to beincoherent, and are most probably due to errors in measurement and/or analysis.

Oil concentration in water is significantly high in all stations, whatever the season. Regarding thisparameter, all stations classify as Class 4.

For heavy metals, water classifies generally in Class 1 quality with few exceptions: Higherconcentrations in mercury during inter-season is observed in most stations, lowering water qualityto class 3 or 4 for this parameter. Concentration in lead is slightly over the maximum limit for ClassI in Liede (dry season) and Duntouji (inter-season).

Another set of parameters was analysed, including Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solidsand Chloride Cl-, in order to assess the effect of the tide and of the reverse flow on the salinity ofthe estuary and of the river branches particularly during the dry season.




During the dry season, electrical conductivity of water increases regularly from upstream todownstream, as a result of a more significant backflow because of the very low discharge of theriver. The influence of the more salty waters of the downstream part of the estuary expands up toHuangsha or even Yinjinghai station. However, for the 2 most upstream stations, EC remainswithin normal values of 300 to 400 pSiemens, considering the effluent discharge which supply theriver with dissolved salts.

During wet and inter seasons, the values remain more stable for all the stations, at about 200 to300 pS all along the river reaches. A slight maximum is observed for the intermediary stationsduring these periods, as a result of wastewater discharge in the medium reaches. Theseobservations are confirmed by a similar evolution of the Total Dissolved Solids.

Evolution of chloride Cl- is even more typical of sea water backflow influence in the river during dryperiods. Chloride is high only in Duntouji and Lianhuashan stations. In the other stations, theconcentration remains stable around 50 mg/I. Only the station of Yinjinghai shows a slightly higherchloride concentration during wet and inter seasons, possibly because of some discharge with highchloride concentration.

Based on these few elements, it may be concluded that the influence of sea water on the estuary islimited to its downstream part and does not affect significantly the reaches located upstream ofDuntouji station, even if backflow is observed further upstream. No account has been thereforetaken of the impact of salinity on dissolved oxygen levels in the modelling study.

Three main parameters have been used to calibrate the model:

* Ammonia levels

* BOD levels

* Oxygen levels

COD was not simulated as the pollutant source information is based on measurements on COD(Potassium Bichromate) and the river sampling uses COD (Permanganate). The relationshipbetween these measurements of oxygen demand is itself variable and non-linear introducinganother level of uncertainty in the analysis.

Ideally such models with such a complicated hydraulic regime would be calibrated usinginformation obtained from both "spot sampling" and on-line measurements. At present there areonly a limited number of such automatic water quality monitoring stations on the PRD. Thefollowing figure illustrates the daily variation in temperature, dissolved oxygen and ammonia thatcan be observed at such sites. It should also be noted that these measurements are daily meanvalues and hide the often large hourly variations (as exhibited by the dynamic water quality model).




FIGURE 5-2: VARIATION OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETER AT THE CHANGZHOU AUTOMATIC WATER QUALITY MONITORINGSTATION 2003

Variation of Water Quality Parameters 2003

12 --- _ , , -,_.

6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 3-N00mg/LI

4. '

I l; 10~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

2 _.--- -- -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

RNNN N N N N N N N NN N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

i2 °I 31 °4 ° 2 °z °5 -; - 3 ;5 B &;5 ;7 --3 B O 3 st --N O N ON O0 N 0NNO N N O N N)O~ N O N 0O N O

Date

5.2.1.2. HYDRAULIC DATA

For the model calibration the "dry season" data has been used. It has been assumed that thehydrological conditions used to calibrate the hydraulic model are broadly representative of thoseprevalent at the time of the dry weather sampling.

It would be clearly advisable to utilise hydraulic and water quality information that was observedduring the same period. Although it is understood that such data available, it was not possible tocollect such data during the period of this study.

5.2.2. RESULTS OF CALIBRATION

The results of the pollutant simulations are illustrated graphically in Appendix C. The results fromthe simulations have been generally portrayed on "long profiles" illustrating the variation of theparameter along the river reach. Three parameters were analysed for each long profile (dissolvedoxygen, BOD and ammonia).

The three profiles are portrayed graphically on Figure 5-3.

* Profile 1 includes the reaches from Shamian Dao (the site of the White Swan Hotel) via the so-called East Channel joining the HuangPu Channel to the north of HuangPu Island. The profilethen follows the channel to the north of the islands in the main stream (including Daohaosha)joining the main stream forming the Xinsha Fairway. The river then flows as one main channelvia Humen and the estuary. Measurement points along this section (from upstream todownstream) are:




- Huangsha

- Liede- Duntouji

- Lianhuashan

- Humen

* Profile 2 follows the north section of the Guangzhou Section from Yagang east of DatanshaIsland to follow the South Channel passing thereafter along the Lijiao Channel (north of DawanSha) and through the Yuangangsha Channel (south of Shigangzhou). The route then rejoinsthe main channel via the Tiezhuang Channel and again the Xinsha Fairway before dischargingto the estuary. Measurement points along this section (from upstream to downstream) are:

- Yagang- YinJingHai- DongLang- Duntouji- Lianhuashan- Humen

* Profile 3 again follows the north section of the Guangzhou Section from Yagang east ofDatansha Island to follow the South Channel passing thereafter along the Daweijaio Channel(south of Dawan Sha) through the Dashi Channel before passing through the Xiaozhou Channel(between Henan island and Shigangzhou). The route then rejoins the Huangpu Channel andthereafter follows the same route the estaury as Profile 1.then to the Yuangangsha Channel(south of Shigangzhou). Measurement points along this section (from upstream to downstream)are:

- Yagang- YinJingHai- DongLang- ChangZhou- Duntouji- Lianhuashan- Humen

On the accompanying graphs illustrating the comparison between the simulated concentrationsand the observations the former are represented as a continuous line whereas the latter arerepresented as symbols at discrete points along the profile.




FIGURE 5-3: LONG PROFILES ALONG THE GUANGZHOU SECTION OF THE PRD

0

v6~Z

E. e

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N ° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 29



Of particular note with respect to the pollutant simulations is the variability of the pollutantconcentrations with respect to time at any one particular point. This is primarily due to thevariability of the hydraulic conditions in which flows move in a complex fashion in relation to thetidal regime.

As an example the variation of ammonia levels for a number of points along Profile 1 are illustratedin Figure 5-4.

FIGURE 5-4: INTRA DIURNAL VARIABILITY OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

6 00

500 - -

4.00 _ -- _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __

-Y,ngJingHaiHuangshaLiede

300 --_ _ -[l - -- _ _ _ -----Duntouji* - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lianh.ashan

Z It A: b e- D E _Donglang

All ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Changzhou

2001

48 00 72.00 96 00 120.00 144 00 168.00

Hours

Clearly the calibration of the pollution model is complicated by this variability. At present, there islittle automatic water quality data available. It is understood that the "spot measurements" arethemselves mean values of measurements taken on the ebb and the flood tide. Thesemeasurements have therefore been compared with mean pollutant values taken over a 4 dayperiod of the water quality simulation. The comparisons have then be made with respect to thethree long profiles described previously.

Appendix C includes the results for the three profiles and the three parameters compared. Ofparticular note with regard to this calibration are the following points:

* In broad terms the model replicates well the general trend of dissolved oxygen, ammonia andBOD as evidenced by the results in Appendix C.

* In certain reaches of the Guangzhou section of the PRD, the transformation of ammonia tonitrite and subsequently nitrate (Nitrification) is inhibited by the lack of available oxygen. Thishas been replicated in the model by reducing the nitirification rates pro rata in relation dissolvedoxygen levels when the latter levels are lower than 2 mg/I;

* To simulate correctly oxygen levels a benthic demand (or "Sediment Oxygen Demand") hasbeen applied. This replicates the impact of deposited organic matter on oxygen levels. Inpractice, the deposition of organic matter will tend to reduce the measured BOD levels in theriver; no attempt has been made to represent this latter phenomenon.




The parameters used in the pollution model are summarised in the following table and comparedwith "standard" values commonly found in the literature.

TABLE 5-4: MAJOR PARAMETERS USED IN POLLUTION MODEL

Description Value used in model General Range in Literature

Temperature 0C 20°C

BOD Degradation Coefficient 0.4 0.08 to 0.5 (for rivers greater than(/day) 3m in depth)

Ammonium oxidation coefficient 0.09 (0.28) (0.025 to 5.7)(/day) Value in brackets refers tooxygen consumption bytransformation of ammonia tonitrite

Reaeration Coefficient (/day) 1.0 Between 0.6 and 1.5 for rivers ofthis type

Sediment Oxygen Demand 5 to 10 dependent on river reach 2 to 15(Idaylm2 )

The following figures portray the variation of dissolved oxygen along the various reaches assimulated by the model. In regard to the pollutant behaviour itself a number of particularobservations can be made:

* The results of the modelling exercise demonstrate that the poor water quality at Yagang isprimarily due to "upstream" sources of pollution and not due to "downstream" sources. Whetherthese are point sources (domestic, industrial) or non-point sources (agricultural pollution) hasnot been investigated and is out of the scope of this study. However, the results indicate that forwater quality objectives to be attained in this section of the PRD, sources upstream or adjacentto the Guangzhou Main Urban Area should be controlled.

* The modelling results indicate a number of dissolved oxygen "sag" (or oxygen deficit) curvesdistributed along the Guangzhou Section of the PRD in direct relation to the major sources ofdomestic and industrial wastewater. Of these sag curves all but one are confirmed bymeasurements.

* The exception occurs between the measurement points of Lianhuashan and Humen in the lowerreaches of the PRD near to the estuary where a major distributary of the Dongjiang discharges.It is not surprising that there is an oxygen deficit at this point; however, whether this is aspronounced as that predicted by the model would require further investigation.





FIGURE 5-5: PROFILE 1: COMPARISON OBSERVATIONS & MODEL FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN

CALIBRATION PROFIL 1 DO

6 00

5 00

2

3 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -- C MEAN2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MEASURES

2 0

0

0 00

I~ ~~~~~~1 41O CI -91 19, 4su00ese

MODEL NODE


CALIBRATION PROFIL 2 02

1000

9.00 . . . A

8.00 -. _ _

7.00 --- -- _..

z 6 00 ------0

5 S 00 . __ _ . _ _ 4 C MEAN|, -**~- MEASURES

200j0.0

300

#9u W X \eS 9 R SA 9 "S S,ee;, Se

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6. POLLUTION SIMULATIONS

6.1. SCENARIOS TESTED

To test the impact of the proposed project on the river water quality a number of separatescenarios have been tested. In general, two broad sets of scenario can be distinguished:

* "Without Project" scenarios which serve to provide the baseline conditions against which theimpact of the project can be guaged;

* "With Project" scenarios which include specifically the assumed impact of the proposed project.

These scenarios are generally not the same as "before" the project and "after" the project as oftenother conditions (such as background conditions and other inputs) may well change during theimplementation of the project.

A major difficulty with the current project is to define the "Without the Project" case. For the LiedeIlIl and Dashadi catchments, this is clearly with and without collection and treatment for thesecatchments. However, for remaining subcatchments such as Datansha, Xilang, Lijiao and theLiede I and 11 should the "Without Project" case include or exclude the extensions to the treatmentplants (not financed by the World Bank).

In this study, it has been assumed that the "Without Project" cases the networks to be financed bythe World Bank will not have been constructed and that the capacity available at the WWTP notfinanced by the World Bank will not be utilised.

Two time horizons have been taken in the study:

* Year 2000: representing the "existing" conditions used primarily to calibrate the pollution model(see Chapter 5);

* Year 2010: the major time horizon for comparing the effectiveness of the project;

Summary descriptions of the simulations undertaken are summarised in the following table.

TABLE 6-1: DESCRIPTION OF SIMULATIONS UNDERTAKEN AS PART OF THE OVERALL IMPACT STUDY FOR THE GUANGZHOUWASTEWATER COMPONENT

Horizon Treatment Plants Pollution(Year) Connected/Level of Treatment Abatement (%) for

BOD in GuangzhouSectionCatch ments

1 Baseline 2010 2010 Dashadi Phases 1,2&3: A20 12%

Liede Phases 1&2: AB & Unitank

Industrial Zone: AS

2 With Project 2010 2010 Dashadi Phases 1,2&3: A20 74%

Liede Phases 1,2&3: AB, UnitankSOGEA -________ _ BYN- REPRTN°35573R3V5& A20 PAGE_34

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N" 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 34



Industrial Zone: AS

Xilang: A20

Lijiao: A20

Dashadi: A20

3 With Project 2010 Dashadi Phases 1,2&3: Operated 74%201 0+simpler as ASwastewatertreatment Liede Phases 1,2&3: Operated asprocesses AS

Industrial Zone: AS

Xilang: Operated as AS

Lijiao: Operated as AS

Dashadi: Operated as AS

4 With Project 2010 Dashadi Phases 1,2&3: A20 85%201 0+connectingcatchments from Liede Phases 1,2&3: AB, UnitankFoshan (Nanhai) & A20

Industrial Zone: AS

Xilang: A20

Lijiao: A20

Dashadi: A20

5 With Project 2010 As per Simulation 4 89%201 0+connectingcatchments fromFoshan (Nanhai)and Panyu

6 With Project 2010 As per Simulation 5 89%201 0+connectingcatchments fromFoshan (Nanhai),Panyu andtreatment ofFoshan

These simulations correspond broadly to the scenarios tested as part of the Evaluation of StrategicOptions Report [Ref.124].




6.2. COMPARISON OF BASELINE 2010 AND BASELINE 2000 SCENARIOS

The 2010 baseline condition assumes that the existing treatment plants (Liede and Datansha)continue to operate but that no extensions have been made either in treatment facilities norassociated networks.

Figures comparing the year 2000 and year 2010 baseline conditions are provided in Appendix D(Figures 1.1 to 1.7). The results of the simulations indicate that the ongoing Liede project leads toa slight improvement in water quality in the Front Section of the Guangzhou Section. There isnevertheless a deterioration further downstream as the city develops in this sector of themunicipality.

6.3. COMPARISON OF PROJECT 2010 AND BASELINE SCENARIOS

The figures in Appendix D (2.1 to 2.7) provide a comparison of the simulation results for thescenarios "With the Project" and those "Without the Project" for the Horizon 2010. For illustrativepurposes the dissolved oxygen long-profiles for the Front Section (Profile 1) and the Back Section(Profile 3) are included below.

It can be appreciated that the project improves dramatically the overall water quality of theGuangzhou Section of the PRD.

For the so-called "Front Section" (largely Profile 1) of the river system both average dissolvedoxygen and BOD values are generally sufficient to attain the Class IlIl (or in the case of BOD theClass II) standards. Ammonia values are nevertheless still in general in Class IV or even less thanClass V in some sections.

It can be noted that there remains a marked section of poor water quality downstream of thejunction of this river system with the Dongjiang section.





FIGURE 6-1: COMPARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN ALONG THE FRONT SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT ANDWITHOUT PROJECT 2010


7 00

6.00

5 00

Z 4.00 ___ .. n _2 - Baselie 200

I Basele 2010

-- F-PROJECT 20108 3.00 - .< < T. .Ewz0

2.00

1.00

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*~~~~~~~~ 5 S N Uft ,e,e0y2

MODEL NODE

For the "Back Section" (Profiles 2 and 3), the improvement while marked do not generally enablewater quality objectives to be attained. While there are marked improvements upstream of theHuangsha monitoring point (where water quality broadly attains the Class Ill standard, apart fromammonia), the water quality in the sections between Huangsha and Huangpuyou remains largely inthe range Class IV-V. Close to Donglang there remains a marked oxygen deficit which wouldappear to be due to pollutant flows from the Beijiang Section (principally Foshan).




FIGURE 6-2: COMPARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN ALONG THE BACK SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT ANDWITHOUT PROJECT 2010


1000

9.00

8 00 .

X.. 700 .-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ . ...

6.00 .

-BASELINE 2000Q 500 - . X E

z~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~d PROJ ECT 201 0wU 4 00 ~_ _ _ _ _ _ _

. 3 00

2.00-

1.00 -'

000L

4 ', ql � '9 1 5 4,41'1 64,4,4,4,4,

MODEL NODE

6.4. IMPACT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

A comparison of the use of different treatment technologies has been undertaken for the "WithProject" cases. Two different types of treatment were compared:

* Treatment of both BOD and NH4 (as per the project)

* Treatment of only BOD (as per a standard activated sludge process).

Although a rather artificial exercise (as many of the existing plants already treat ammonia to acertain extent), the results as included in Appendix D (Figures 3.1 to 3.7) clearly indicate that ahigher level of treatment is required given the current wastewater treatment discharge points. Thecomparison for the front and back sections on both dissolved oxygen and ammonia is providedbelow. The impact on the back section is clearly the most pronounced.





FIGURE 6-3: COMPARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN ALONG THE FRONT SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT ANDWITHOUT PROJECT 2010


7.00

6.00 __._:.

2 5.00

Z 4 00 - - Baseline 2000F ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--w-- BaseIine2o1o

--&- PROJECT 2010z 300 -I SIMPLER TREATMENTuJz08 2 00

1.00

0 00ooo GV .~I .A N.... .. .. .. . .. .b.. .... .. ..........

MODEL NODE

FIGURE 6-4: COMPARISON OF AMMONIA ALONG THE FRONT SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUTPROJECT 2010

COMPARISON PROJECT AND BASELINE SCENARIOS NH4

B o ........00 .. - .. _ _ _ ....- _---------- - .. -

800

7600 - -- _ _ _ _ _..

Z _ -.. -BASELINE 2000D 5 00 _ _ _ _ _O 500 -... BASELINE2010

--a-PROJECT 2010

4 00 -i

SR 400- R T N ° 3 R V SIMPLER TREATMENTzzuo 3.00 -

2.00 --

1 00 __.-

0 00

MODEL NODE

SOG REAH -BYN- RE PO RT N' 35 5073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 39



FIGURE 6-5: COMPARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN ALONG THE BACK SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT ANDWITHOUT PROJECT 2010


10 00 ...................----- ............ ............. __ _ .... ___ ......... __........... . ... .

9.00

8.00

-4 7 00

o 6 00 __________- - _________- .. -BASELINE20005 '- '- BASELINE 2010500

a* PROJECT 20104 300 _______ C__ _ L0 AS TREATMENT

0 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~-4,.-o 3.00- -_

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0 00 - i

'p ,;e,^, eZ;l Q°b A\ q§l eb xD9R 'j, (b IX blb cNe (:eI ,Fe

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FIGURE 6-6: COMPARISON OF AMMONIA ALONG THE BACK SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT2010


10.00

900

800 - _____ _ _ __. _ .

2 7 °° __ ._ 007 600

X 8 00. -BASELINE 2000______ _____ _____ _____ _____ ___ * BASELINE 2 0105 00 21

a PROJECT 2010

Z_ _ _ _ __4_00_AS TREAT ENT

0 30 GO@ > ;; 2 .00 _______-_____ _ i____________20

1 00

0.00 1' ' ' '' ''rDRV,<~~~~~b A\e q,e° ,%VC5S*fi9R#d;9q6e b $

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SOGREAH -8YN- REPORT N' 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 40



6.5. IMPACT OF INTER AND INTRA-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION

The simulations analysed above demonstrate that the proposed project together with ongoingassociated investments made by Guangzhou Municipality will have a marked impact on waterquality in the Guangzhou Section of the PRD. However, the results of the simulations wouldindicate that the proposed water quality objectives could not be met without improving wastewatermanagement both within other districts of Guangzhou and within other municipalities adjacent toGuangzhou (notably Foshan and Dongguan).

To assess further these assertions a number of complementary scenarios have been investigated(Simulations 4, 5 and 6 of Table 6.1). The results of these simulations are summarised below.

6.5.1. INTER-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION PROJECT I

This scenario involves the connection of wastewater catchments within Foshan Municipalitybordering with Guangzhou Municipality directly into the wastewater system of Guangzhou. It waspreviously indicated in the Strategic Options Report [Ref. 124] that undertaking such an approachprovided significant economic benefits as compared to installing individual (small) treatment plantsin the towns of Foshan bordering Guangzhou.

The scenario tested assumed the connection of the wastewater systems of the following towns intothe Guangzhou System:* Heshun* Lishui* Huangqi* Nanhai City

Pingzhou was not included as it is understood that a wastewater treatment plant is currently underconstruction2 for this town.

The results of the modelling study, indicate a significant improvement of the reaches of theGuangzhou Section upstream of Huangsha on the Guangzhou Section of the PRD. Dissolvedoxygen levels rise by approximately 1 mg/l as compared to the With Project case, whereas BODand ammonia values are significantly reduced. These parameters are now all within the Class IlIlwater quality standard or better. Given that these particular reaches of the Guangzhou Section area major water resource for Guangzhou (with two major potable water intakes sited here), theirprotection should be of paramount importance to Guangzhou.

As illustrated in the following figure (Figure 6-7) this improvement in water quality is limited to thesections upstream of Huangsha; there is only a slight impact further downstream.

2 It has been subsequently learnt that this may not be the case and that there could be justification to connect Pingzhou to the wastewater systemeof Xilang




FIGURE 6-7: IMPACT OF INTEGRATING NEIGHBOURING TOWNS IN FOSHAN (NANHAI) INTO GUANGZHOU WASTEWATER SYSTEM:COMPARISON OF AMMONIA ALONG THE BACK SECTION OF THE ZHU JIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT 2010


10 00 ...... .. ..... .................................. .. ------.-.. .-._

900 , . .

800 -. . .

7.00- _ . .. .0

O -B6.00 . _-ASELINE 2000

5.00 W , w-4- BASELINE 2010- PROJECT 2010

Z M4I* PROJECT 1w 4 00z0 300

2.00

1.00 , , ,, , k

000

pe< ep R; ;9, W\GE 41 =Si<O / W\SNf< U<,

MODEL NODE

6.5.2. INTER-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION PROJECT 2

The second scenario3 analysed consisted of testing the impact of treating wastewater fromNorthern Panyu in a centralised facility in the north west regions of Panyu. This as indicated inAppendix D (Figures 5.1 to 5.7) has only a marginal impact on water quality on the Zhu Jiang.

6.5.3. INTER-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION PROJECT 3

The final scenario involved the impact of the treatment of wastewater in the catchments upstreamof the Guangzhou Section, notably central Foshan. Although only preliminary, the results clearlyindicate that without improved wastewater management within Foshan, water quality objectives ofthe Guangzhou Section of the PRD cannot be met. This is particularly the case for the "BackSection" as illustrated below in Figure 6-8.

3Although strictly speaking this is not an Inter-Municipal issue but an Intra-Muncipal Issue, Panyu is Still considered independently when dealingwith wastewater management issues in Guangzhou in spite of the proximity of the northem areas to the old regions of Guangzhou.




FIGURE 6-8: IMPACT OF TREATING WASTEWATER IN FOSHAN: COMPARISON OF BOD ALONG THE BACK SECTION OF THE ZHUJIANG: WITH PROJECT AND WITHOUT PROJECT 2010

COMPARISON PROJECT AND BASELINE SCENARIOS BOD

20.00

18.00 . ____. _____._

16.00 _

... O 14.00 , !_ __ _

z 1200 i- t w g s _ _ -BASELINE 2000

0

200 -S MIf - 'Rt ECT--.

z0

'f.O **~~~.L,....' . %V.. .*.''''''.'.:

MODEL NODE

6.5.4. IMPACT ON POTABLE WATER INTAKES IN THE GUANGZHOU REGION

The location of potable water intakes currently used by Guangzhou Water Supply Company forpublic water supply in Guangzhou is illustrated in Figure 6-9.

As discussed above the project was proposed will reduce dramatically the pollution loadsdischarged upstream of the water intakes at Shimen, Xicun, Baihedong and Shixi. However, thewater quality objectives for the associate reaches for these intakes would not be attained by theseinvestments alone.

To protect the water resources of the Shimeng and Xicun intakes (the Xi Hang Dao),complementary actions would be required to manage wastewater discharges from neighbouringcommunities in Foshan (Nanhai) and additionally to control upstream sources of pollution.

To further protect water resources of the Baihedong and Shixi intakes (on the Hou Hang Dao),management of discharges from the neighbouring Beijoiang Section would also be required in thelong term. Given that these intakes are downstream of the Datansha and Xilang WWTP outfalls, itmay prove advisable in the future to relocate the water resource for the associated water treatmentplants.

SOGREAIH -BYN- REPORT N 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE 43



FIGURE 6-9: LOCATION OF WATER INTAKES IN AND AROUND GUANGZHOU

Water Intakes

Legend

WalerintnkesN

01t53 6 9 12:: Kiometers





APPENDIX A - BIBLIOGRAPHY

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE A

GUANGDONG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANKGUANGDONG PEARL RIVER DELTA URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT - DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES

OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR WASTEWATER COMPONENTS

N° TITLE AUTHOR DATE

1 Pearl River Delta Regional Environmental Mott MacDonald April 2000Management Project

2 Pearl River Delta Urban Environment Project CHREOD December 2001Technical Assistance on Project FrameworkDevelopment - Inception Report

3 Pearl River Delta Urban Environment Project CHREOD May 2002Technical Assistance on Project FrameworkDevelopment - Situational Analysis Report

4 Proposal for Sewage Treatment System in Guangzhou Municipal February 2002Guangzhou City (original in Chinese) Engineering Design and

Research Institute

5 Assessment of Alternative Wastewater Y.X. Tao and P. Hills 1999Treatment Approaches in Guangzhou, China inWat.L Sci. Tech Vol 39 No. 5, pp2 27 -234

6 China - Guangzhou Pearl River Delta Urban The World Bank August 2001Environment Project, Aide Memoire No. 3, Final

7 China - Guangdong Pearl River Delta Urban The World Bank April 2002Environment Project, Aide Memoire No. 2, Draft

8 China - Guangdong Pearl River Delta Urban The World Bank August 2002Environment Project, Aide Memoire No. 3, Final

9 Proposal for Sewage Treatment System of Guangzhou Municipal August 2002Guangzhou financed by the World Bank (In Engineering Design andChinese) Research Institute

10 Guangzhou City Centre Transport Projects, Guangzhou Municipal July 1995Inner Ring Road Project Feasibility Study Administration Bureau;Report Guangzhou Municipal

Engineering Design andResearch Institute

11 Environmental Assessment Report of Guangzhou Environmental June 1996Guangzhou Inner Ring Road Project (In Scientific Research InstituteChinese)

12 The Tenth Five Year Environmental ProtectionPlan of Guangzhou City ( In Chinese)

13 Guangzhou City Centre Inner Ring Road Project Guangzhou Environmental September 1997Environmental Assessment, Summary Report Scientific Research Institute

14 Transportation Plan of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou Construction June 1995Scheme of Improving the Transportation of the Committee, GuangzhouCentral Urban Area (In Chinese) Municipal Planning Bureau

15 Guangzhou City Centre Transport Projects, Guangzhou Road Expansion June 1997Resettlement Policy for Inner Ring Road Project and Engineering Office

16 Guangzhou City Centre Transport Projects, Guangzhou Road Expansion June 1997Resettlement Action Plan for Inner Ring Road and Engineering OfficeProject

SOGREAH -BYN -REPORT N° 355073 2003- NOVEMBER




17 Guangzhou Urban Transport Study, Final MVA ASIA LIMITED in March 1995Report associated with URCC,

Guangzhou

18 Pearl River Estuary Pollution Project, Summary Hong Kong University of December 2001Report Science and Technology

19 2000 Statistics Data of Shunde Planning & Census Bureau of 2000Shunde

20 Feasibility Study of a Wastewater Treatment Guangzhou Municipal N/APlant in Panyu (In Chinese) Engineering Design and

Research Institute

21 2001-2006 Cleaning and Protection Plan of Foshan Environmental November 2001Water-body in Foshan (In Chinese) Protection Bureau

22 Pearl River Delta Urban Environment Project, Chreod Ltd. September 2002Strategic Options Report

23 The Tenth Fiver Year Plan of Economics and Approved by the forth Meeting March 2001Social Development of Shunde (In Chinese) of the twelfth People

Delegation Conference ofShunde

24 Study of Sustainable Development of Geological and Environmental April 2002Infrastructure in Urban Area of Shunde (In Technology Application andChinese) Research Centre of

Zhongshan University

25 Study of Environmental Protection and Geological and Environmental April 2002Sustainable Development in Urban Area of Technology Application andShunde (In Chinese) Research Centre of

Zhongshan University

26 Combination of Strategic Plans of Guangdong Provincial Sept. 2002Environmental Protection in Guangdong Environmental ProtectionProvince (In Chinese) Bureau

27 Guangdong Province City and Town System Guangdong Province May 2002Plan - Outline of Major Report 2001-2020 (In Construction CommissionChinese)

28 China - Guangdong Pearl River Delta Urban The World Bank October 2002Environment Project, Aide Memoire No. 4, Draft

29 Proposal for New Liede Sewage System of Guangzhou Municipal Nov. 2002Guangzhou (Part A) (In Chinese) Engineering Design &

Research Institute

30 Proposal for New Dashadi Sewage System of Guangzhou Municipal Nov. 2002Guangzhou (Part A) (In Chinese) Engineering Design &

Research Institute

31 Proposal for Completing Four Sewage Guangzhou Municipal Nov. 2002Collection Systems in Guangzhou City (Part A) Engineering Design &(In Chinese) Research Institute

32 The city planning of Zengcheng Guangdong (In Zengcheng Municipal Planning 1994Chinese) Bureau & Zengcheng People's

Government

33 Investment Estimation of Taiping WWTP at N/A N/AConghua (In Chinese)




No TITLE AUTHOR DATE

34 Proposal for WWVTP Project in Conghua (In N/A N/AChinese)

35 Proposal for WvTP Extension in Conghua (In N/A N/AChinese)

36 Investment Estimation of Hot Spring W\-TP in N/A N/AConghua (In Chinese)

37 Master Plan for Urban Development of Conghua Guangzhou Urban Planning 1998(In Chinese) and Survey Research Institute

38 The Comprehensive Plan of Taiping Guangzhou Urban Planning Nov. 2000Town.Guangzhou (In Chinese) and Survey Research Institute

39 The 10 th 5 Year Plan for Economics and Social Conghua Municipal May 2001Development of Conghua and Strategic plan Governmentafter 2010 (In Chinese)

40 Environmental Protection Plan in Conghua Conghua Municipal Oct.1996(1997 - 2010) Government

41 Map for Water Discharge Network in Zengcheng N/A N/A(In Chinese)

42 Sustainable Development Study of Zengcheng Geology and Environmental Nov.2001Urban Area (in Chinese) Techn. AppI. Center,

Zhongshan Univ.

43 Environment Assessment of West Bank WWTP Guangzhou Environ. Prot. And June 2000of Zengcheng (In Chinese) Res. Ins.

44 Measuring Economic Benefits for Water R.A. Young, World Bank Tech. Sept 1996Investments and Policies Paper No. 338

45 Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard(UDC628.39:628.54/GB 8978-88)

46 Chinese Drinking Water Standards GB5749 1985

47 Clear Water Blue Skies World Bank Sept 1997

48 The State of the Environment in China 1998 SEPA (on UNDP Web site)

49 Environment Assessment Source Book The World Bank 1991

50 Solid Waste Management Sector Assessment - CPG Consultants November 2002Inception Report

51 The Pearl River Delta Megalopolis: CHREOD November 2002Development Trends and Key Priorities.Summary Final Report

52 Development of a regional transport Becky P.Y.Loo (1999)43 -63infrastructure: Some lessons from the ZhujiangDelta, Guangdong, China

53 Guide Price of synthetical cost for construction Construction Committee of GZ August, 2001engineering of year 2001 in GZ (Proposal)

54 Additional synthetical Quota of main project in Construction Committee of GZ June, 2002GZ

SOGREAH -BYN -REPORT N° 355073 2003 - NOVEMBER

GUANGDONG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANKGUANGDONG PEARL RIVER DELTA URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT. DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES



55 Price rules and List of tendering & bidding Construction Committee of GZ August, 2001engineering quantity for construction of year2001 in GZ (Proposal)

56 Technical & Economical index for construction Administrative Station of July 2001engineering in GZ construction engineering

pricing of Guangzhou

57 GuangDong / Pearl River Delta Urban Qian-ming Lu January 2003Environment Project - Water quality Modellingand Strategic Analysis of the Pearl River - Claus Bjorn PedersenInterim Report Mads Madsen

58 Circular Recommendations Commercialize SDPC, MOC, SEPA Oct. 2002Urban Wastewater and Garbage Treatment

59 Circular on Printing and Distributing City Dirty MOC, SEPA, MOST May 2000Water Treatment and Pollution Prevention andTreatment Policy

60 Sediments Monitoring Data of Pearl River Provided by GZ EPB January 2003Guangzhou Section

61 Water Law of P.R.C. Xinhua News Agency August 29, 2002

62 Overview of HuaDu / Existing Wastewater Provided by HuaDuPiping Network / Planning Design of new plant /Wastewater Treatment planning / Water quality

63 Design Report or XiLang & FanChun GD Construction Design August 2002Institute & MunicipalEngineering Design

64 Synthetical proposal of sludge treatment of GZ Municipal Engineering June 2002Guangzhou Wastewater Treatment Plant Design

65 Investment estimation & benefit analyse (3rd South west Design Institute / June 2002book) about Feasibility Study for system GZ Municipal Design Instituteengineering of LiJiao Wastewater treatmentsystem (Modified version)

66 EIA for DaTanSha /Liede/ 4 Networks GRIEP November 2002

67 Masterplan for Sewage Treatment in the Guangzhou Municipal & 1988Guangzhou Urban Area Gardens Bureau/SMEDI

68 Guidelines for Air Quality World health Organization

69 Guangzhou Urban Transport Study URCC, GZ March 1995

70 Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in Asia Jitendra J. Shah Tanvi NagpalCarter J. Brandon

71 A Survey of Public Finance in Guangdong Executive Office of GD 2001Provincial Fiscal Dept.

72 Introduction of Guangdong province Ou GuangYuan 2001

73 Guangdong Yearbook 2002 2002

74 Public report of Environment Situation of GD EPB GD 2000

75 Magazine of Guangzhou Environment Guangzhou Environment 2001Protection bureau

SOGREAH -BYN -REPORT N° 355073 2003 - NOVEMBER




76 FoShan Yearbook Guangdong People Published 2001edition

77 The Price of Dirty Water: pollution Costs in the Claudia W. Sadoff June 1996Sebou Basin

78 Handbook on economic Analysis of Investment Pedro Belli May 1996Operations

79 Model Specification for tunnelling Thomas Telford 1997

80 Private Participation in infrastructure in China IFC October 2001

81 Technical Guidance manual for Developing United State EPA March 1997Total maximum Daily Loads

82 La Seine et son basin: de la Recherche a la E. Fustec et G. De Marsily Avril 1993Gestion

83 Feasibility study of Datansha WWTP extension SMEDI, Guangdong June 2002(phase ll) Construction Design &

Research Ins., CSTengineering

84 Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Metcaff & Eddy 1991Reuse, 3rd Edition

85 Industrial Water Pollution Control, 3d Edition W.Wesley Eckenfelder, Jr. July, 2001

86 New Wastewater Treatment Technology: Sun Liping, etc. 2001samples for calculation and design (In Chinese)

87 Engineering Appraisal (in Chinese) Liu Zhongyin August 2002

88 Engineering Project Management, 2nd Edition N.J. Smith 2002

89 Water treatment handbook, sixth edition Degremont 1991

90

91 Control standards for pollutants in sludge fromagricultural use, P.R. China, GB 4284 - 84

92 Feasibility study of Lijiao sewage system, Southwest china Municipal July, 2002Guangzhou engineering design &

Research institute, etc.

93 Feasibility study of Liede sewage system phase Guangzhou Municipal Feb. 200111 engineering design & research

institute, etc.

94 2002 Colloque Franco-Chinese sur la protection Shanghai - Suzhou 06-09 Nov. 2002utilisation durable de la resources en eau

95 GD Pearl River Delta Urban Environment Sogreah Oct. 2002Project - Design Review & Advisory Services -Inception Report

96 Mathematical Problems in Environmental Alexandre Ern / Liu Weiping July 2002Science and Engineering

97 Sludge Treatment and Disposal Eric Guibelin - OTV Feb. 2003

SOGREAH -BYN -REPORT N' 355073 2003 - NOVEMBER




98 Introduction to Urban Geological Investigation In Duan Weiwu, Guangzhou 2002Coastal Area of East China Marine Geological Survey,

MGMR

99 Bridging the Water Divide SUEZ 2003

100 Country Report of the P.R.C. Chinese Ministry of Water March 2003Resources

101 Report of the World Panel on Financing Water Report written by James March 2003Infrastructure Winpenny

102 Disbursement Handbook World Bank, Washington, D.C. 2001

103 Guide to the Design of Combined sewer FR 0488 Nov.1994overflow structures

104 Situatiion du recyclage agricole des boues ADEMEd'epuration urbaines en Europe

105 Les coOts de traitement et de recycllage ADEME et CEMAGREFagricole des boues d'epuration urbaines

106 GD - Solid Waste management Sector CPG March 2003Assessment Final Report - Volume 1

107 Appendix B - Existing Conditions & Inventory CPG March 2003Report

108 GDPRD - Solid Waste Management Sector CPG March 2003Assessment Final Report - Volume 2 -Municipal Solid Waste

109 GDPRD - Solid Waste Management Sector CPG March 2003Assessment Final Report - Volume 3 -Industrial Solid Waste & Hazardous WasteTreatment Center

110 Summary Report of EIA & EAP for GD Scientific Research Institute of May, 2002Component of Inland Waterway Fourth Project the Pearl River Water

Resource Protection

111 The third period engineering of GZ LieDe GMG / GZ Municipal April 2002Wastewater Treatment System Engineering Design Institute

112 Bidding Doc - Economic bidding - Construction GD water & electricity No2 Feb. 2003of Pipeline Installation for LieDe (2 phase) Co.Ltd.WWTP

113 Private Participation in infrastructure in China The World Bank December 2002

114 Analysis of the Cost Difference of Bank-Loaned The World Bank July 2002Urban Projects in China

115 Special Plan for Master Plan of GZ City (1991 - July 19942010)

116 Air Pollution Control in Hongkong - Seminar The HK Polytechnic 28 th may 2002Proceedings University, Department of

Mechanical Engineering

117 MWH - CUEP REVIEWED BY: JOHN AUT.2002BLOCK




No TITLE AUTHOR DATE

118 EIA about GZ Dashadi / Liede Wastewater GRIEP Nov. 2002Treatment System (Phase I) & Network systemEngineering of 4 wastewater treatment sections

119 Feasibility Study Report for GZ HSWT Center in GZ IECC & GRIEP April 2002Guangzhou

120 EIA Report (Draft ) for HSWT Centre in GZ GRIEP Oct. 2002

121 EIA Report for GZ Liede WVTS (Phase I) GRIEP Nov. 2002

122 EIA Report for GZ Dashadi WVVTS (Phase I GRIEP Dec. 2002200,000 ton / day)

123 EIA report for the network system of 4 WV GRIEP Dec. 2002sections

124 Evaluation of Environmental Strategic Options SOGREAH March 2003

125 Network Completion of Guangzhou, FS Report GZ Design Institute July 2003

126 GZ LieDe WT System Phase III / FS Report GZ Design institue July 2003

127 GZ Dashadi WT System / FS Report GZ Design Institue July 2003

128 GD DRA - Institutional Reform Report SOGREAH August 2003

129 Work List for Interception of DongLang Creek GZ Municipal Engineering April 2003Group Company

130 Geotechnical Investigation Report - selection of GD Design Institute of Heavy Sept. 2003site for GZ Hazardous Solid Waste Treatment Industry & Architecture(with CD )





APPENDIX B - MODEL CONFIGURATION& POLLUTANT LOADING CALCULATIONS

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE B

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APPENDIX C - CALIBRATION OFHYDRAULIC & POLLUTION MODEL

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE C

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APPENDIX D- MODEL RESULTS FORFUTURE SCENARIOS - DRY WEATHER

SIMULATIONS

SOGREAH -BYN- REPORT N° 355073 R3 V5 OCTOBER 2003 PAGE D

COMPARISON BASELINE 2000 TO 2010 DOX

FIGURE 1.1 COMPARISON BASELINE6 00 CONDITIONS 2000 & 2010 FOR

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_OGREAH POLLUTION SIMULATION BASELINE CONDITIONS - LONG PROFILE 2SO0GREAH

COMPARISON BASELINE 2000 TO 2010 DOXFIGURE 1.7 COMPARISON BASELINE

1000 ------ - ---- -------- CONDITIONS 2000 & 2010 FOR900 - DISSOLVED OXYGEN800

7 00

6 00 . _- - -. __._

0fi S 00 - . |-BASELINE 20000 00 I-BASELINE 2010

3 40_

0 3 00

MODEL NODE

COMPARISON BASELINE 2000 TO 2010 BODFIGURE 1.8 COMPARISON BASELINE

20 00….-..... .... ... . ..................-

CONDITIONS 2000 & 2010FOR BODI18000 ~-1000

COMPARISON BASELINE 2000 TO 2010 NH4

FIGURE 1.9: COMPARISON BASELINEl ow --- - - - . .. .............. ........ .... .. - - _- -- C N I I NS 20__01O O

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"SOGREAH

.00..,...

COMPARISON PROJECT TO BASELINE SCENARIOS DOXFIGURE 2.1 COMPARISON PROJECT

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10 ---- -

2000

0 00~~~~~~~~O

MODEL NODE

COMPARISON PROPOSED PROJECT AND BASELINE SCENARIOSFIGURE 2.2 COMPARISON PROJECT

20W -. --0-------- --.. & BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR______.___ _ _ . BOD

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C- 1400 --'1 1 - _____________

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COMPARISON PROJECT AND BASELINE SCENARIOSFIGURE 2.3 COMPARISON PROJECT

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FIGURE 2.4 COMPARISON PROJECT'°°°1low~ ~~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ . ..... .--~~------ & BASELINECONDITIONS 2010 FOR9 00 qDISSOLVED OXYGEN

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low .POLLUTION SIMULATION PROJECT & BASELINE CONDITIONS- LONG

SOGREAH PROFILE 2

.... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,.E ..


FIGURE 2.7 COMPARISON BASELINEn0 00.. ..... .................. .... ............... CO D TI N 2000...........

1000 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CONDITIONS 2000 & 2010 FOR9 00 -DISSOLVED OXYGEN

800

7200

600

MODOL-ASELNE 2000500PARISON PROJECT AND BASELINED-BASELINE2010

--PROJECT 2010

18 M ._ ,|BO

3100 ,. -

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FIGURE 2.8 COMPARISON PROJECT2000 W . .. _.& BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR800 ___ .__N4BOO

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COMPARISON PROJECT AND BASELINE SCENARIOS NI-4

FIGURE 2.9: COMPARISON PROJECT

POLLUTION~~~~~~~~~~ BASELINEO CONDITION 201 BAEIEORDTON-LN

8 00

a70

2 600

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SOGR HPROJECT 2010

0 00 .

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-- ~~~~POLLUTION SIMULATION PROJECT & BASELINE CONDITIONS - LONG

SOGREAH PROFILE 3

COMPARISON PROJECT TO BASELINE SCENARIOS DOXFIGURE 3.1 COMPARISON PROJECT

7 00 & BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR

6 00 .. ___ ._.... .. DISSOLVED OXYGEN

5005

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-.-- PROJECT2010Z 3 00 - _ . .' \ SIMPLER TREATMENT

o /..Q1 2 00 - . U0

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FIGURE 3.5 COMPARISON PROJECT20 00 & BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR18 00 - BOD16 00 - __._-_____._

T 14 00

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II 0BASELINE 2010R 1000 j _, -. _ t I t- 8 t - t ^ PROJECT2010

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O 6 00 I

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FIGURE 3.6 COMPARISON PROJECTto 00~~~~~~~~~~ & BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR10 00 _H

8 00-

7 00

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4000 u + { ~~ ' P - =0 _ AS TREATMgNT'

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POLLUTION SIMULATION PROJECT, AS TREATMENT & BASELINESOGREAH CONDITIONS1- LONG PROFILE 2


FIGURE 3.7 COMPARISON PROJECT1000 & BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR9 00 . DISSOLVED OXYGEN

800

2 700

6 00 ._

F -BASELINE 20005 00 _-- _________-: 0 -*BASELINTE201O1.

400 , AS TREATMENT

C, \ ft . _,

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FIGURE 3.8 COMPARISON PROJECT& BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR

1F 00 B-'- __ _OD

1600 II - _ _- t -2 14 00 --- --

°l l j 0 < (L -BASE-LINE2

-kBASELINE 2010

° 600 ---- - - * | | ' | _ __ AETREATMENT|

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MODEL NODE


FIGURE 3.9: COMPARISON PROJECT10 0 0 .......... ............... ... ................ . .............. . ......... ..

10I-& BASELINECONDITIONS 2010 FOR900 _________ - ----! NH4

= 00 - __ . -

700

Z BOO - -- ______ -- =BASELINE 2010

uS3O00St hgt > - L AS TREATMENT

o 300 A-T.R ENT

000

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2 $ -j _

MODEL NODE


POLLUTION SIMULATION PROJECT, AS TREATMENT & BASELINE

SOGREAH CONDITIONS - LONG PROFILE 3


FIGURE 4.1 COMPARISON700 INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 1 (NANHAI

6 00 ---- ,.,-----. _, ,,, ' & GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &, ,,.,.,.!:"t"- Mi S .L BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR

500 . .- r DISSOLVED OXYGEN

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o cne 8

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MODEL NODE


FIGURE 4.2 COMPARISON20200 - ., ., ____ ___._,________________________ ..................... INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 1 (NANHAI

18 00 _ . . . ._ _ & GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &16 00 r /0 -: ', - -- - -- - - BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR

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FIGURE 4. COMPARISON900 .. -. !.. .. INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 1 (NANHAI

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700 / BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FORNH4

O S500 _ --- _, _ _ -BASELINE2000

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POLLUTION SIMULATION PROJECT, INTER-MUNICIPAL INITIATIVES PROJECT

SOGREAH I & BASELINE CONDITIONS- LONG PROFILE 1

COMPARISON PROJECT AND BASELINE SCENARIOS DOXFIGURE 4.4 COMPARISON

1000 . . INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 1 (NANHAI900 & GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &8 001 BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR7 00- DISSOLVED OXYGEN6O 0 -BASELINE 2000

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FIGURE 4.5 COMPARISON2000- INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 1 (NANHAI1300- .,~" -- -- & GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &160 oo- *_' BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR

o 14 00 BODa 2 l . -BASELINE 2000

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FIGURE 4.6 COMPARISON10 00 INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 1 (NANHAI9 O_ & GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &8 00 BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR

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a 7 001 DISSOLVED OXYGEN

-EASELINE 2000

5 00 - .~ < -N ASELINE 201

400 o o ____________________________P_ ---PROJECT 2010MI PROJECT 1

0 300.

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FIGURE 4. COMPARISON-. . m ............................ INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 1 (NANHAI

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FIGURE 4.9: COMPARISON1OO 0...... .. ..... .. .. ......... .. . ....... INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 1 (NANHAI9 00 & GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &

8 oot BASELINE CONDITIONS 201 0 FOR

2700

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FIGURE 5.1 COMPARISON700 --- INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 2 (NANHAI

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l.__ POLLUTION SIMULATION PROJECT, INTER-MUNICIPAL INITIATIVES PROJECT

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COMPARISON PROJECT AND BASELINE SCENARIOS DOXFIGURE 5.4 COMPARISON

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,- 1400 i - - & '. -- BODz 1200 - C- PROJEC -BASELINEA2000

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FIGURE 5. 8COMPARISON2000 ---------------- 7 j ~ ~~~~~~~~~INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 2 (NANHAI1800 !R - - ~ M- OE &GUANGZHOU)PROJECT&

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MODEL NODE

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FIGURE5.9 BCOMPARISONI ~~~~INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 2 (NANHAI

& GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &

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MIE 20N10E

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FIGURE 6.1 COMPARISON700 INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 3 (NANHAI

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5 00 r -- - _DISSOLVED OXYGEN

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FIGURE 6.3. COMPARISON6w0 - ___________.__INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 2 (NANHAI600 & G UANGZHOU) PROJECT &700 7 - ____ ____- BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FORz 600 ,J __ _____ _______ . ___ __ 4_ _ NH4

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MODEL NODE


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FIGURE 6.4 COMPARISON10DO ........ .... ...................... .... ... INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 2 (NANHAI

9 00 . & GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &8 00 BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR

. 700 DISSOLVED OXYGEN

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ul 4 00 IL, s _ . C j l IMI PROJECT 3

0 300

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MODEL NODE


FIGURE 6.5 COMPARISON200 -, INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 2 (NANHAI

-1 E O + - - X & GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &1600 - - -I - - -- - -- 'I BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR

o 14900 - BOD

Z - SELINE -2000MODEL NOEELINE2010

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MODEL NODE

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FIGURE 6.6 COMPARISON10 00.._--- P S PROECT INTER-MUNICIP T INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 2 (NANHAI9 00 - & GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &O00 - 3 & BASELINE CONDITIONS 201 0 FOR700 NH46 00 -ASELNE 200

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1 00- .-

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MODEL NODE

PEOPLE's REPUBLIC OF CHINA GUANGDONG PRD URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT NOVEMBER2003THE WORLD BANK OVERALL WASTEWATER EA

POLLUTION SIMULATION PROJECT, INTER-MUNICIPAL INITIATIVES PROJECT"SOGREAH 3 & BASELINE CONDITIONS - LONG PROFILE 2


FIGURE 6.7 COMPARISONl w .................. .................. ............. ....................................... INTERM UN ICIPAL INIATIVE 2 (N ANHAI9 OO . & GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &8 00 . BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR

k 700 DISSOLVED OXYGEN~~ ~~~1 ~~~~ -BASELNE 200

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FIGURE 6. 8COMPARISONINTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 2 (NANHAI& GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &

16 00 _ I lt - - |BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FOR- 14 00 4'0 St - < - - ' BOD2 800 -tt - [:: ~_ .BASEL NE 2000

I -PR OJE CT 2010

' 00 _ M PR,E-

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MODEL NODE


FIGURE 6.9: COMPARISONlOW . . - -------------- .--------------- ------------------------ --------------------.-..... INTERMUNICIPAL INIATIVE 2 (NANHAI9 OO - _ . . I & GUANGZHOU) PROJECT &

BASELINE CONDITIONS 2010 FORNH4

6 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~-ASELINE2'010 ASELINE 2010

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O W

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POLLUTION SIMULATION PROJECT, INTER-MUNICIPAL INITIATIVES PROJECTSOGREAH 3 & BASELINE CONDITIONS - LONG PROFILE 3

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