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Page 1: Working - NYS Suicide Prevention Conference · 9/11/2017  · suicidal behaviors –they result in an immediate sense of relief from emotional pain, therefore increasing the likelihood
Page 2: Working - NYS Suicide Prevention Conference · 9/11/2017  · suicidal behaviors –they result in an immediate sense of relief from emotional pain, therefore increasing the likelihood

Working with individuals at risk for suicide is one of the most anxiety ‐producing aspects of mental health work.

Learning how to better understand and clinically manage suicidal behavior can: increase effectiveness in suicide prevention  reduce some of the stress related to treating at‐risk individuals. 

Page 3: Working - NYS Suicide Prevention Conference · 9/11/2017  · suicidal behaviors –they result in an immediate sense of relief from emotional pain, therefore increasing the likelihood

A step by step in‐depth examination of the triggers, events, thoughts, feelings, body sensations and behaviors that lead to self‐harm urges and behaviors

An effective clinical tool for targeting and decreasing suicidal ideation and behaviors in at‐risk clients. 

For use in ongoing outpatient treatment settings

Functional analysis increases awareness of patterns and consequences that reinforce behaviors and  provides opportunity for problem solving

Not a one time intervention – can be used whenever there is a self‐harm behavior or urge

Page 4: Working - NYS Suicide Prevention Conference · 9/11/2017  · suicidal behaviors –they result in an immediate sense of relief from emotional pain, therefore increasing the likelihood

You will learn how to use functional analysis to:

understand the function of suicidal behaviors;

identify and analyze client risk factors:environmental triggers, thoughts, feelings, body sensations and behaviors,  that lead to a suicide act;

Collaborate with clients to identify and apply problem‐ solving suicide prevention interventions.

Page 5: Working - NYS Suicide Prevention Conference · 9/11/2017  · suicidal behaviors –they result in an immediate sense of relief from emotional pain, therefore increasing the likelihood

Alice is a 29 ‐year old woman with a college degree who works as an administrative assistant. She is in a serious relationship with her boyfriend, whom she has been dating for 1 year.

On Thursday of last week, she attended her therapy session and revealed that she had taken an overdose (with intent to die) of about 12 pills of Klonopin two days earlier.  She slept it off and did not receive any medical attention at the time. 

She and her therapist agreed to do a functional analysis in order to better understand why she made the overdose, and to problem solve to avoid doing so in the future.

Page 6: Working - NYS Suicide Prevention Conference · 9/11/2017  · suicidal behaviors –they result in an immediate sense of relief from emotional pain, therefore increasing the likelihood

Understanding the function of a suicidal act can help make sense of the behavior. 

The theory of Operant Conditioning helps us understand the function of a behavior

If something positive results from a behavior, that behavior is more likely to occur again

If something negative results from a behavior, that behavior is less likely to occur again

Often there are (short‐term) “positive” consequences to suicidal behaviors

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For example, immediately following her overdose, Alice fell asleep and experienced an “escape” from intense feelings of distress.

This is an example of negative reinforcement, which is often the case with self‐injurious and suicidal behaviors – they result in an immediate sense of relief from emotional pain, therefore increasing the likelihood of these behaviors,  by removing a negative situation or experience.

Therefore, the self‐harm act serves the function of reducing distress, at least  in the short term. 

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A: Antecedents: Events that lead to

B:  Behaviors: Actions that result in

C:  Consequences: Either reinforcing or punishing, 

thus affecting future behaviors.

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The theory of Classical Conditioning helps us to identify antecedents and cognitive interpretations that lead to suicidal behaviors. Remember Pavlov’s dog?

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This model helps us understand and identify triggers (antecedents) for emotional reactions that can lead to suicidal acts 

For example, the aroma of baking bread might be paired with a traumatic childhood event, and therefore might be the antecedent to a flashback, even in the absence of the traumatic event

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We are focusing on using functional analysis to decrease undesired suicidal behaviors: Suicide attempts Non‐suicidal self‐injury Suicidal urges and ideation Suicidal communications Preparatory behaviors Other impulsive/destructive behaviors  related to suicidal behavior, such as drug abuse, promiscuity, violence

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Positive Reinforcement (increases chance of a behavior re‐occurring)A consequence that is experienced as positive following a behavior. Example: Child receiving praise after doing a chore

Negative Reinforcement (also increases chance of behavior re‐occurring)The removal of an uncomfortable feeling  or stimulus after engaging in a behavior. Example: Teen cleans room and parent stopsnagging

Punishment (decreases chance of behavior re‐occurring)A consequence that is experienced as negative following a behavior. Example: Being arrested for drunk driving

ExtinctionThe disappearance of a previously learned behavior due to lack of reinforcement of that behavior.  Example: Workers stop asking for a raise when it falls on deaf ears

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Choose a target behavior Identify antecedent/environmental trigger Identify pre‐existing vulnerability Choose a starting point  Conduct a chain analysis  Identify consequences Highlight points on the chain for problem              solving

Problem solve by offering alternative skillful       responses 

Maintain a validating stance and attending to  affect throughout the process

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Page 15: Working - NYS Suicide Prevention Conference · 9/11/2017  · suicidal behaviors –they result in an immediate sense of relief from emotional pain, therefore increasing the likelihood

What is the behavior that is being subjected to the functional analysis?

When did it occur?

Examples of behaviors to target: Overdose Self‐cutting Head banging Spike in suicidal ideation or urges to act on a plan Self‐poisoning Self‐choking Standing and contemplating jumping from a bridge or other high perch 

(roof, edge of subway platform, terrace)  Preparatory behaviors Suicidal communications Others?                                                                                  

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What the individual brings to the current moment in which the trigger occurs

Within‐self  Sleep deprivation PMS Rejection sensitivity

Environmental Deadline Stress at work

Vulnerability interacts with the trigger Trigger alone does not always lead to behavior

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Precipitants/triggers are often specific to the individual, based on their past history (classical conditioning for example). 

Obstacles to identifying trigger  ‐ feelings are experienced as coming out of the blue, clients dismiss what could be a trigger because its “too small” or the particular event doesn’t always trigger unskillfulness

Common triggers: Break up of romantic relationships Other interpersonal disappointments/real or perceived rejection  Unexpected bad news Triggers of past traumatic events

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How to decide where to start chain analysis?

First awareness that things are headed for trouble

From moment of waking up the morning of the day of the target behavior

Work backwards from the target behavior

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Method of inquiry 

Ask for first awareness – a thought, feeling, physical sensation, event, behavior?

Cognitions, feelings, events, behaviors – what did you do, think, feel, what happened, next?

As much detail as possible – do not assume you understand how one step leads to another

For example, how exactly does feeling depressed lead to suicidal thoughts or urges?

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Collaborative effort between client and clinician Attentive to affect

Balance with validation

Solution Analysis – weaving in skills

Correction/overcorrection – making repairs and managing consequences

Avoiding vulnerability in the future

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In self Positive (reinforcing)  – immediate relief Negative  (aversive) ‐ shame (often not as immediate – kicks in later)

In the environment Positive  – attention Negative – fear of losing people

Short term – often only positive

Immediate relief (very strong positive reinforcer)

Long term – often more negative

Shame Scars Loss

Identifying consequences normalizes, validates, helps with contingency management and problem solving

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Problem Behavior –Overdose of 12 pills of Klonopin, with some intent to die

Vulnerability factors –hangover headache, 4 drinks, work stressful

Trigger/precipitating event – boyfriend cancelled dinner plans

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CHAIN OF EVENTS

Clinician: When did your first notice  your feelings change? Monday feeling stressed at work (feeling) But also Looking forward to seeing boyfriend 

for dinner                  (thought)Clinician: And then? Boyfriend called to say he was too tired (event 

‐Antecedent) I started screaming at him, hung up (behavior)Clinician: What were your thoughts? Thought if he really loved me he wouldn’t be 

too tired    (thought) Felt disappointed and angry (feeling)Clinician:  What happened after that? He called back to try to apologize and said he 

wasn’t feeling well (event)

PROBLEM SOLVING

n/aNa/

n/

How to express self more skillfully?

Check the facts – is that really true?

Self‐validate – I’m allowed to feel angry and disappointed

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CHAIN OF EVENTSI yelled at him again (Behavior)Clinician: Did you not believe him?  (Inquiry into thinking) Right, I thought if he really wanted to he 

would figure out how to make it (thought)

Anyway, after I yelled he got angry and he hung up (event)

Clinician: What were you feeling? Frustration, anger. I started crying, 

feeling guilty, confused (feelings and behavior)

Clinician: What did you do then? Called my best friend for help to sort out 

feelings – she wasn’t  available (behavior)

Clinician: That was skillful, you were enlisting help to calm down.  Yeah I guess. Then I left work for home.

PROBLEM SOLVING

Take a time out

Check the facts

Allow myself to have my feelings

SKILLFUL!

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CHAIN OF EVENTS

Clinician: And how were you feeling once you got home? Felt empty, agitated, needed to calm down 

(body sensation)  Started eating a lot of cereal that was in my 

cabinet (behavior) Friend called and asked me to come out 

(event)Clinician: And what happened then? Had four drinks – got drunk (behavior)Clinician:  And then? Woke up with a hangover (body sensation) Felt miserable – kept having urges to call bf 

(feeling, actions urges)Clinician: What stopped you? Didn’t know what to say, hoped he would 

call (thoughts) Then I felt guilt, shame at my behavior 

(feelings)

PROBLEM SOLVING

hold ice/intense exercise, muscle relaxation

pros and cons of binge eating – awareness of long range consequences

Awareness of long range consequences of drinking 

Think about what you might want to say to him

Guilt can be justified and can help to form apology and relationship repair

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CHAIN OF EVENTS

Clinician: What was going through your mind? 

Fear that he would leave me (thought/feeling)

Clinician: Then what were you thinking?

I’ll never be able to keep a boyfriend (thought)Clinician And was there another thought or physical feeling connected to that first thought?

I hate myself, I’m hopeless. I can’t change (feeling, thought)

I would be better off dead(thought)

Head felt as if it would explode (body sensation)

Clinician: And then?

I  don’t want to feel this way forever, can’t stand feeling this way anymore (thought)

I can take pills so I don’t have to feel this anymore (thought/action urge)

PROBLEM SOLVINGCheck the facts 

Be in the moment – don’t project into the future ‐mindfulness

Hold ice/intense exercise, muscle relaxation

Again avoid projecting too far into the future

Pros and Cons – what are the long range consequences

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Hopeless, thinking I would be Hopeless, thinking I would be better off dead, pressure in

head, don’t want to feel this wayanymore

Miserable. Miserable. urges to callboyfriend

Monday felt stressed at work, looking forward to

seeing boyfriend, hecancelled

Argument I yelled at him

and hung up phone

Physical relief at first,Physical relief at first,then self- hate

OVERDOSEOVERDOSE

Afraid boyfriend will leave me, I will never

be able to keep aboyfriend

Friend called,went drinking

Feelings:

guilty

Feelings:disappointed,

angry, guilty

Thoughts: if he lovedme he would not cancel,

he won’t love me if I behave this way

Agitated, needed Agitated, needed to calm down

BINGE EATING

CHAIN ANALYSIS:

Called but could notreach friend, went home

Body sensations: empty

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Antecedent:  Boyfriend cancelled Classical conditioning:  In Alice’s previous relationships, cancelled plans signaled the beginning of the end of the relationship

Behavior:  Overdose

And the consequences…

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Consequences in self:

Short‐ term fell asleep – which gave me immediate relief of intense pressure in my head,  and validation of how upset I was 

Long‐ term:  shame, self‐hate, feeling like a loser, feeling hopeless about being able to get better

Consequences in environment:

Short ‐term boyfriend promised never to cancel plans in the future when he found out that I overdosed

Long‐ term having to do this analysis, guilty that boyfriend feels responsible for my overdose

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“Rejecting” behaviors by boyfriend are  triggers (antecedents) for suicidal behavior

Especially when she is already stressed (vulnerability) She makes assumptions about the intentions of others and doesn’t always check 

the facts (cognitive error) Cognitive errors around black/white, all/nothing, always/never thinking Erroneously equates feelings with behaviors – self‐invalidates her feelings when 

they lead to unskillful behaviors (cognitive errors and emotional self‐invalidation/dysregulation)

Impulsive eating and drinking behaviors to momentarily self‐soothe can contribute to suicidal risk (behaviors)

Body sensations accompany emotional dysregulation – can be warning signs  There are strong, immediate positive and negative reinforcers for her overdose 

behaviors and therefore these suicidal behaviors serve an emotion regulation function for Alice. (understanding the function)

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Emotion regulation skills self‐validation, opposite actions, mindful of current emotion, check 

the facts, avoid all/nothing, black/white thinking

Mindfulness avoid projecting into the future

Distress tolerance Self‐soothe, pros and cons, time out, reduce intensity of body 

sensations

Interpersonal effectiveness Clarify what I want to ask for Ask for what I want skillfully Learn how to accept no

How to avoid vulnerability  deal with stress at work more effectively

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Review Caitlyn’s case and discuss among yourselves to identify the following:

Target Behavior

Trigger

Vulnerability

Relevant thought patterns

Relevant behaviors

Relevant feelings

Relevant body sensations

Immediate short term consequences in herself Immediate short term consequences in the environment Longer‐term consequences in self/environment

Problem solving around means restriction, avoiding triggers/reducing vulnerabilities

Any other questions you want to ask/information you would like to know

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Caitlyn is a 21‐ year old mixed race female, lives with her mother and elder brother, just completed an Associates’ Degree and works at Payless Shoes. Caitlyn was brought into her local ER by her mother after she admitted taking an overdose of allergy medication. After being medically stabilized, Caitlyn met with an ER social worker, who administered a Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. On it, Caitlyn admitted she had overdosed on the allergy medication with intent to die, but became alarmed after she took a few pills and went to her mother for help. The social worker takes a suicide history. Caitlyn reports that her severest episode of suicidal thinking was just before taking the pills. She recalls feeling sadness and anger, noticing tightness in her throat and thoughts that she was ‘useless’ and that her ‘life was hopeless.’ She felt hopeless because she works at Payless Shoes, the only place where she can get a job despite just graduating with an Associates’ Degree. Early on the day she took the pills, she overheard a customer saying, her job was for “dumbass losers”. She had spent the rest of the day feeling angry and sad, repeating the customer’s words over and over in her mind.  Once she arrived home, her elder brother began pestering her about how little rent she paid their mother, calling her a “lazy bum”. Overwhelmed, Caitlyn slammed the door to her room, thought ‘I’m a useless waste of space’, found her allergy medication and gulped a mouthful.

Caitlyn was admitted to the hospital. While on the unit, she recognized that she had experienced trouble sleeping for weeks, spent hours browsing the Facebook pages of friends with “better” jobs, calling herself a “worthless idiot” in comparison and avoiding them. Several of her friends visited her in the hospital and express sadness over what she had done. Her expresses sadness and alarm. Her brother visits and apologizes for calling her a lazy bum. She speaks to her boss several times from the hospital and though he grudgingly gives her the time off, warns he may not be able to guarantee her shift when she returns. 

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Collaboration between client and clinician to identify the events that lead to suicidal behavior, the functions of suicidal behavior,  and problem solving strategies that may stop clients from attempting suicide in the future

Increases awareness of events, thoughts, feelings and body sensations that lead to suicidal behaviors

Increases empathy and non‐judgment regarding suicidal behaviors

Problem solving strategies identified during solution analysis can be derived from DBT skills: mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness

Can be used multiple times and on any behavior a client wishes to alter.

Analysis is comprehensive but easily organized on functional analysis worksheets.  

Teaches clients that urges and behaviors have causes and consequences,  and can be changed.

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DBT Skills Training Manual, Second Edition, Marsha Linehan

http://il.nami.org/ABCs%20of%20DBT.pdf

To see  a demonstration of these skills https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1GBvPVvOhA

For more on the coping skills referenced

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Barbara Stanley, PhD, Director Beth Brodsky, PhD, Associate Director Christa Labouliere, PhD Cory Cunningham, LCSW Yvonne Noriega, MPA