with mrs. unterholzner anatomy and physiology room d104
TRANSCRIPT
WITH MRS. UNTERHOLZNER
Anatomy and PhysiologyRoom D104
Introductions
Notecards Name Career goal Current job and hobbies Any relevant experience you’ve had Scar introduction
Syllabus
Semester 1 Unit 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and
Physiology 3 weeks Unit 2 Chapters 2,3 Biochemistry and Cells 3 weeks Unit 3 Chapter 5 Tissues 3 weeks Unit 4 Chapter 7 Skeletal System: Structure and Anatomy 6
weeks Unit 5 Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System 2 weeks Semester 2 Unit 6 Chapter 9 Muscular System: Structure and Dissection
4 weeks Unit 7 Chapter 15 Cardiovascular System 3 weeks Unit 8 Chapter 17 Digestive System 3 weeks Unit 9 Chapter 19 Respiratory System 3 weeks Unit 10 Chapter 20 Urinary System 2 weeks Unit 11 Chapter 10 Nervous System 3 weeks
Contact info
Office H219 Hours 2,4
Study Hall F261 Hour 5
Anatomy/Phys Room D104: Hours 1,3,6,7,8
Email: [email protected]
Course Text
Questions?
WITH MRS. UNTERHOLZNER
Unit 1Introduction to the Human
Body
1. Anatomy
“tome” means to cut in GreekDescribes the structures of the body:what they are made ofwhere they are locatedassociated structures
2. Physiology
Is the study of:functions of anatomical structuresindividual and cooperative functions
(how they work)
Anatomy and Physiology are:
RelatedAll physiological functions are performed byspecific anatomical structures
a. Examples:
The left side of the heart is larger than the right.
Why is that?
Structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) are intimately related.
Levels of Organization
1. Atoms2. Molecules3. Macromolecules (protein, lipid,
carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
Levels of Organization
4. Organelles
5. Cells - All living things are composed of Cells are organized into groups called
6. TissuesThere are 4 tissues in the body:EpithelialConnective Muscular Nervous
Levels of Organization
7. Organs8. Organ SystemsThere are 11 main organ systems:
Integumentary – skin, hair, hair, nails Nervous – brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Skeletal – bones, ligaments, cartilages Endocrine – glands that secrete hormones etc. Muscular - muscles Cardiovascular – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins Lymphatic – lymphatic vessels and nodes, thymus, spleen Urinary – kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Respiratory – nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi Reproductive – ovaries, testes, sex organs and parts Digestive – mouth, teeth, stomach, liver, intestines
Integumentary – skin, hair, nails
Nervous – brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Skeletal – bones, ligaments, cartilages
Endocrine – glands that secrete hormones etc
Muscular - muscles
Cardiovascular – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
Lymphatic – lymphatic vessels and nodes, thymus, spleen
Urinary – kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Respiratory – nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi
Reproductive – ovaries, testes, sex organs and parts
Digestive – mouth, teeth, stomach, liver, intestines
Levels of Organization
9. Organism
C. Characteristics of Life
1. Ten Processes of the body are
a. Movementb. Responsec. Growthd. Reproductione. Respiration
f. digestion (breaking down food)g. absorption (getting nutrients into body)h. circulation (movement of substances)i. assimilation (smaller parts larger
chemicals)j. excretion (removal of wastes)
Characteristics of life
2. Chemical changes that take place within the body are called:
Metabolism
D. Requirements of Organisms1. Water
D. Requirements of Organisms
2. Food
D. Requirements of Organisms
3. Oxygen - needed for combustion
D. Requirements of Organisms
4. Heat - produced as a byproduct of metabolism
-if temperature increases rate of metabolism increasesor conversely
-if temperature decreases rate of metabolism decreases
D. Requirements of Organisms
Mammalian diving reflex is an example of this.
D. Requirements of Organisms
B. also known as cold water drowning
E. Homeostasis
That which your body does to: automatically maintain balance
E. Homeostasis
1. Body temperature is normally:
98.6 degrees F
A. When above you: sweat
B. When below you: shiver and get goose bumps
E. Homeostasis
2. Blood pressure normally is:120/80
A. If it increases, the brain signals the heart to slow down, thus decreasing the amount of blood and lowering BP.
B. If it decreases, the brain signals the heart to speed up.
E. Homeostasis
3. Sugar in blood
A. Normally increases following a meal- the pancreas releases insulin causing sugar to leave the blood and go into the tissues
E. Homeostasis
B. When sugar decreases in the blood, pancreas releases glucagons which causes sugars to be released from the tissues.
F. Negative Feedback -
In all these, homeostasis is maintained by: self-regulating control mechanisms
F. Negative Feedback -
1. Body senses change away from a –set point and causes return by reactions
If thermostat set at 72 degrees causes the furnace to go on or off.
F. Negative Feedback -
2. Because changes away from set-point or normal stimulates changes in the opposite direction,-responses are said to be negative
F. Negative Feedback -
3. Whole homeostatic mechanism –maintain a relatively constant environment, but vary from person to person.
Therefore- there is a range of what is “normal” = normal range
G. Body Cavities/Membranes
1. Axial Portion of the body (head, neck, trunk) contains the cavities.
G. Body Cavities/ Membranes
2. Cavities of the body are:
A. Dorsal Cavity which consists of 1. Cranial Cavity which contains the brain, skull 2. Spinal Cavity which contains the spinal cord and the vertebrae.
G. Body Cavities/ Membranes
B. Ventral Cavity which consists of:1. Thoracic Cavity (chest)
a. Lower boundary is the diaphragmb. Separated in middle by mediastium which divides the left and right sidesc. Organs in the thoracic cavity are the lungs and heart (also called essential organs)
G. Body Cavities/ Membranes
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity consisting of:a. Abdominal Cavity which contains the following:
stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, gall bladder, kidneys, small intestine, appendix
b. Pelvic Cavity – which contains the:large intestine, reproductive organs,
bladder
H. Anatomical Terms
1. Body positions:A. Anatomical Position – hands at sides, palms
forward – this position allows all bones to be exposed.
H. Anatomical Terms
B. Supine – face up, body horizontal
H. Anatomical Terms
C. Prone – face down, body horizontal
H. Anatomical Terms
2. Directional Terms – pairedA.
1. Superior (cranial) – above, towards the head
2. Inferior (caudal)– below, away from the head
H. Anatomical Terms
2. Directional Termsa
1. Anterior (ventral)– towards the front2. Posterior (dorsal) – towards the back
H. Anatomical Terms
2. Directional Termsc.
A. Medial – toward the center B. Lateral – toward the sides or periphery
H. Anatomical Terms
2. Directional termsd. 1. Proximal - closest to the point of attachment 2. Distal - furthest from the point of attachment
H. Anatomical Terms
2. Directional termsE. 1. superficial – toward the surface2. deep – toward the inside
H. Anatomical Terms
F. Alternate Terms Ventral - anterior Dorsal - posterior Cranial - superior Caudal - inferior
H. Anatomical Terms
3. Body Sections – body divided into sections by imaginary lines (planes)
A. Sagittal section – lenthwise cut that divides the body into right and left sides
H. Anatomical Terms
B. Transverse section – body divided into superior and inferior sections
H. Anatomical Terms
C. Frontal section (coronal)– body divided into anterior and posterior section
4. Body Regions
A. Cervial – neckB. Thoracic – chest between neck and thoraxC. Lumbar – between thorax and pelvisD. Sacral – lower back area above buttocks
(tailbone area)
4. Body Regions
E. Groin – junction of thigh and abdomenF. Arm – between shoulder to wristG. Forearm – between elbow and wristH. Thigh – between hip and kneeI. Leg- between knee and ankle
J. Abdominal Region
1. Umbilicus – surrounds the umbilical cord (naval)
2. epigastric – above the stomach A. Epi – means above B. Gastric – refers to the stomach
3. Hypogastrica. Hypo – belowb. Gastric - stomach
4. Hypochondria A. Hypo means beneath B. chondria means “cartilage” C. Beneath ribs
5. Lumbar Refers to the lower back region
6. iliacRefers to the ilium of the pelvis (the top of
the hip)
I. Non-invasive tools
1. Ultrasound A. Uses high frequency sound waves B. Advantage – simplicity and harmlessness C. Uses- medium density organs like heart, cysts,
gallstones, fetus.
More ultrasound images:
2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) A. Uses magnets and a radio antenna B. Atoms in the body release: radio waves which are
amplified and fed into a computer C. Advantage- pictures can be viewed in any plane of
any region D. Used for soft tissues like the brain, spinal cord,
tumors, heart damage, back.
3. Computerized Tomography (CT)
A. Uses – ultrathin x-raysB. X-ray passes through the body tissues and
appears different shades of grey on a computer screen
C. Used for brain disorders, sometimes can distinguish between benign and malignant tumors
PET scan
A. uses a “tagged” glucose molecule to find out where the body is using the most energy
B. used for – whole body scansC. Used to find - cancers
PET scan
5. X-ray
A. Uses radiationB. Applications: teeth, broken bones, dense
tissues
