With contributions from: Jens Redemann, John Livingston, Yohei Shinozuka, Tony Clarke, Eike Bierwirth, Sebastian Schmidt, Ralph Kahn, Charles Gatebe, Alexei Lyapustin, Rich Ferrare, Chris Hostetler, Sam Hall, Ed Eloranta, Norm ONeill, Arctic Aerosols and Radiation*: Results from ARCTAS Spring and Summer 2008 POLARCAT Workshop 2-5 June 2009 Durham, NH Phil Russell NASA Ames Research Center Bruce Mcarthur, Richard Brandt, Omar Torres, Pepijn Veefkind, Ben Veihelmann, Steve Howell, Cam McNaughton, Jeff Reid, Mian Chin, Thanos Nenes, Terry Lathem *incl Surfaces & Satellites Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) A NASA contribution to IPY and the international POLARCAT initiative Conducted in spring and summer 2008 with the following foci:1. Long-range transport of pollution to the Arctic (including arctic haze, tropospheric ozone, and persistent pollutants such as mercury) tropospheric ozone, and persistent pollutants such as mercury) 2. Boreal forest fires (implications for atmospheric composition and climate) 3. Aerosol radiative forcing (from arctic haze, boreal fires, surface-deposited black carbon, and other perturbations) black carbon, and other perturbations) 4. Chemical processes (with focus on ozone, aerosols, mercury, and halogens) Partners: NASA, NOAA, DOE, NSF, Canada, France, Germany April 2008: Fairbanks and Barrow, Alaska; Thule, Greenland July 2008: Cold Lake, Alberta; Yellowknife, NW Territories NASA DC-8 NASA P-3BNASA B-200 Slide courtesy Jim Crawford, HQ Mgr TCP DC-8 P-3B B200 DC-8 (185 flight hours)P-3B (158 flight hours)B-200 (150 flight hours) Spring (1-20 April)9 sorties8 sorties27 sorties California (18-24 July)4 sorties1 sortie Summer (26 Jun-13 July)9 sorties12 Sorties21 Sorties LaRCARCGSFCJPLMSFCGISSDFRCWFFUniv/OGOV MeasurementsXXXX Satellite TeamsXXXX Model ForecastingXXX Science Leadership and Decision Support XXXX Aircraft operationsXXXX Logistics and Data Archival XX The ARCTAS science team includes over 150 scientists and support personnel representing 8 NASA installations, 12 Universities, and 3 Government Labs Chemistry and Aerosols Radiation, Aerosols, Tracers Aerosol satellite validation 21 instruments HSRL CALIPSO RSP GLORY 9 Instruments Satellite Teams: CALIPSO, MODIS, TES, OMI, AIRS, MISR, MOPITT Model Forecasting: GEOS-5, GOCART, STEM, MOZART ARC-IONS: Ozonesonde network in cooperation with Environment Canada See Ferrare Talk Aerosol and Radiation measurements on DC-8 in ARCTAS S. Hall Joint POLARCAT-ARCTAS objectives P-3B in ARCTAS Vertical layering of Arctic pollution, associated optical properties and the related physiochemistry of Arctic aerosol Direct radiative effects within pollution and smoke layers in the Arctic Size resolved properties of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and interactions of aerosols with clouds and their impact on radiative forcing Reflectance & albedo of snow, ice & other surfaces and compare to available surface-based measurements of snow albedo/reflectance Study impact of boreal forest fire emissions on the composition of the troposphere and on concentrations of soot, organics and ionic species Determine the lofting, transport and evolution of smoke aerosol physiochemistry and associated optical properties Validate aerosol, trace gas, and cloud products of space observations from polar orbiting satellites P-3B in ARCTAS Science objectives (long list) required: - Measuring -- Aerosol chemical, physical & optical properties -- Aerosol radiative effects -- Arctic surface albedo & bidirectional reflectance Testing, interpreting, & extending satellite retrievals - Testing & refining chemical transport models (CTMs) Approach Fly a balanced suite of radiometric & in situ instruments on a single platform. This enables: - All the above - Climate forcing assessment in terms of emissions and/or mitigation strategies See Clarke Talk P-3B in ARCTAS: Payload Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS- 14) Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) Broad-Band Radiometers (BBR) LW SW HiGEAR Aerosols & O 3 OPC & DMA dry size dist, volatility Tandem Volatility DMA Neph scat + PSAP abs Humidified Neph f(RH) Ultrafine & CN Time of Flight Mass Spec size resolved chemistry SP2 black carbon mass AERO3XCloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) P-3 Data System (PDS): Nav, Flight, Met (P, T, RH, ) REVEAL & RTMM AOD Ext H 2 O vapor Cavity Ringdown ext (2 ) Reciprocal Neph sca (2, RH ) Radiance, BRDF Flux , ( ), albedo( ) Flux , , albedo Nenes CCN PVM cloud drop r eff, vol TECO O 3 COBALT: CO Example Science Results - 2 Spring Flights (of 8 P-3B) - 2 Summer Flights (of 13 P-3B) (See also other talks & posters) Aerosol-Radiation Connections in ARCTAS AOD, 0Z,7/8 P3 Data Flight #9, 15 Apr 2008 Accomplishments: 1.Comparison w NOAA WP-3D under B Radiation stack with NOAA WP-3D under B-200 (with sufficient AOD & no hi/mid clouds) 3.Cascade impactor sample during 1, 2 for Raman & SEM analysis 4.Radiation leg along CALIPSO track (before overpass) 5.Albedo & BRDF measurements at Elson Lagoon over surface-based albedo & snow collection measurements 6.Zero ozone over open leads N & W of Elson Lagoon (2x) 7.Overflights of special albedo sites F1, B3, G4(x2), B4, F4, L1 (with variety of cloud conditions) 8.Extra radiation legs along return to Fairbanks 1,2, Elson Lagoon Albedo sites CALIPSO track P-3 B-200 WP-3D Fairbanks NASA P-3 Flight 9, 15 Apr 2008 SSFR SSFR, AATS Golden Day (Spring) [Bierwirth, Schmidt et al., ARCTAS] Golden Day (Spring) [Bierwirth, Schmidt et al., ARCTAS] AOD, 0Z,7/8 P3 Data Flight #9, 15 Apr 2008 Accomplishments: 1.Comparison w NOAA WP-3D under B Radiation stack with NOAA WP-3D under B-200 (with sufficient AOD & no hi/mid clouds) 3.Cascade impactor sample during 1, 2 for Raman & SEM analysis 4.Radiation leg along CALIPSO track (before overpass) 5.Albedo & BRDF measurements at Elson Lagoon over surface-based albedo & snow collection measurements 6.Zero ozone over open leads N & W of Elson Lagoon (2x) 7.Overflights of special albedo sites F1, B3, G4(x2), B4, F4, L1 (with variety of cloud conditions) 8.Extra radiation legs along return to Fairbanks 1,2, Elson Lagoon Special Albedo sites CALIPSO track P-3 B-200 WP-3D Lower Boundary Condition Lower Boundary Condition for Boreal MISR aerosol retrievals (R. Kahn) Semi-empirical surface BRDF Validate MODIS/MISR Semi-empirical surface BRDF model (C. Schaff) Ice Extent Validate MODIS Ice Extent algorithm (Dorothy Hall) First-principles surface BRDF Validate First-principles surface BRDF model (Alexei Lyapustin) Ice-albedo Feedback Contribute to Ice-albedo Feedback modeling -- Satellite-derived surface albedo absolute accuracy ~3% at best -- Need ~1% or better to be constraining for this application -- Hierarchy of Surface Aircraft Satellite measurements to extrapolate most accurate measurements to larger scales Surface Albedo Experiment Objectives GSFC, Boston University, P3 and Surface Science Teams P-3 Flight Path Barrow AERONET Site Ground Measurements ARCTAS: Barrow/Eslon Lagoon 15 April 2008 Lat 71.3 Lon ; SZA 61.1 [Terra at 22:30 UTC] CAR Spectral BRF From: Gatebe 4/15 20:00 UTC 4/15 21:00 UTC 4/15 22:30 UTC 4/15 23:00 UTC 4/16 00:00 UTC 4/16 01:00 UTC 4/15 22:00 UTC Terra Satellite/ MISR Surface Albedo Spectra (Elson Lagoon) From: Brandt, Pedersen SSFR Albedo Spectra From: Schmidt, Bierwirth P3 Aircraft Coincident Snow Albedo & BRF from Surface, Aircraft, and Satellite Best ever multi-scale observations Special Albedo sites Elson Lagoon Snow Albedo: Airborne vs Ground Wavelength (m) Gatebe, Lyapustin, Brandt et al. See Tony Clarke Wednesday talk re soot deposition to snow Aerosol retrieval over snow:CAR&AERONET AOD 0.5m: Apr 2008, P-3B Data Flight #5, Elson Lagoon Gatebe et al. AOD, 0Z,7/8 P3 Data Flight #6, 8 Apr 2008 Accomplishments: 1.Sampled Asian & N American aerosol composition for model comparison 2.DC-8 comparison in stairsteps 3.Spiral over Eureka lidar & AERONET during CALIPSO overpass 4.Surface albedo & BRDF Thule Fairbanks Eureka P-3 DC-8 1 1 4/8 17:00 UTC 4/8 18:00 UTC 4/8 16:28 UTC 4/8 17:24 UTC PEARL CIMEL Ed Eloranta's AHSRL profiles (532 nm) [m -1 sr -1 ] light cloud April 8, 2008 (500 nm) E. Eloranta N. ONeill R. Kahn Pearl 08 April 20:41 UTC MISR Path 062 Orbit Block 22; Lat 80.05 Lon ; SZA 75.2 Pearl AERONET Site P-3 Flight Path Eureka P-3 profile start time P-3 profile end time PRELIMINARY Profile over the PEARL lab AERONET site in Eureka Shinozuka, Redemann, Clarke, ONeill, See Shinozuka Talk Example Science Results - 2 Spring Flights (of 8 P-3B) - 2 Summer Flights (of 13 P-3B) (See also other talks & posters) Aerosol-Radiation Connections in ARCTAS 220 km PRELIMINARY ARCTAS P-3 Data Flight #19, 3 Jul 2008 Characterized physics, chemistry and optics of local and long-distance plume in Terra MISR & MODIS footprints AATS- AOD profile HiGEAR- in situ scattering Typical P-3 maneuvers in ARCTAS PRELIMINARY Analysis by Yohei Shinozuka ARCTAS P-3 Data Flight #19, 3 Jul way agreement of data to test satellite retrievals See Shinozuka Talk Shinozuka, Redemann, Clarke, McArthur, weak absorption layer strong absorption layer Bierwirth, Schmidt, Redemann, Livingston, 499 nm Slope is aerosol radiative forcing efficiency Aerosol Radiative Forcing Efficiency by combining SSFR Irradiance with AATS Aerosol Optical Thickness 3 Jul 2008 Aerosol Optical Thickness Net Irradiance [W m -2 nm -1 ] P-3 Science/Transit Flights in ARCTAS Summer (contd) Data Flt No. Date, 2008 TrackComments 206 JulCold Lake-Great Slave-Athabaska- Cold Lake Radiation profiles & legs under Terra. BRDF of blue & muddy water. Cloud edges under B Dense smoke spirals under B-200. Radiation stacks. CAR in cloud. PyroCu outflow. 217 JulCold Lake-British Columbia-Cold Lake Radiative forcing efficiency of Asian/Siberian plume. Aerosol effects on MODIS-Terra cloud sensing. Tests of model aerosol, CO, & O 3 predictions. Radiation stacks. CAR circles over AERONET. In situ-AATS-AERONET spiral. 229 JulCold Lake- Reindeer Lake- Athabaska-Cold Lake Spirals & radiation legs under Terra-MISR. Radiation legs + stacks in fire plumes under B CALIPSO, OMI, MODIS. Black & white smoke. Turnaround Point NRL COAMPS PREDICTED SMOKE FROM ATHABASKA FIRES (courtesy Jeff Reid) GEOS5 - Weak Siberia biomass burning plume between 1-6 km in central Canada, Courtesy Mian Chin - Similar features in some other models. 18 Z 9 Jul 2008 P-3B B200 CALIPSO Track Turnaround Point NRL COAMPS PREDICTED SMOKE FROM ATHABASKA FIRES (courtesy Jeff Reid) GEOS5 - Weak Siberia biomass burning plume between 1-6 km in central Canada, Courtesy Mian Chin - Similar features in some other models. 18 Z 9 Jul Z 9 Jul 2008 from P-3 cockpit 2024 Z 9 Jul 2008 from P-3 cockpit 9 July 2008: B200 and P-3B underfly the CALIPSO track sampling smoke plume from boreal fires in northern Saskatchewan. Turnaround Point P-3B B200 CALIPSO Track light cloud P-3 DC-8 Typical maneuvers flown by P-3 in ARCTAS To measure aerosols, CO, O3, & radiative effects HSRL/In situ Aerosol Extinction Comparison Extinction Smoke layer Comparison of aerosol extinction derived from HSRL (B200) and in situ dry scattering (neph) + absorption (PSAP) measurements while P-3 spiraled up below B200 (in situ data courtesy of Tony Clarke) Preliminary Extinction Smoke layer Optical Thickness HSRL/AATS-14 Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) Comparison Comparison of AOT derived from HSRL (B200) and derived from AATS-14 Airborne Sun Photometer (P-3B) while P-3B spiraled up below B200 (AATS14 data courtesy of Jens Redemann) Large variability in AOT associated with smoke plume Preliminary HSRL/CALIPSO/AATS/In situ Aerosol Comparison Extinction Smoke layer Good agreement in and above the smoke! CALIPSO slightly lower Ferrare, Hostetler, Winker, Redemann, Clarke et al. Preliminary MODIS OMI CALIPSO light cloud P-3 DC-8 Typical maneuvers flown by P-3 in ARCTAS To measure aerosols, CO, O3, & radiative effects Comparison of AATS, OMI, and MODIS AOD spectra Preliminary J. Redemann, J. Livingston, Torres, Veihelmann, Veefkind See Shinozuka Talk & Redemann Poster Comparison of AATS and MODIS AOD spectra Preliminary J. Redemann, J. Livingston See Shinozuka Talk? Smoke plume heights from MISR stereography, 30 Jun 2008 Arctic haze and fire plume impact on the actinic flux and photolysis frequencies (Sam Hall, NCAR) Potential Publications (Aerosol-radiation-surface-satellite connections)* *From ARCTAS Science Team Meeting, Jan (Aerosol Working Group reports) Aerosol absorption and forcing efficiency retrieval from radiation over inhomogeneous surfaces (S. Schmidt, LASP/CU) Simultaneous retrieval of aerosol and surface properties over snow (Charles Gatebe, GSFC) The influence of aerosol microphysics and chemistry on spectral optical depth in the Arctic (Shinozuka, Redemann, Clarke, Howell) Radiative Impacts of Artic Aerosol: Regional Model output constrained by in-situ Microphysics and Chemistry (McNaughton, et al.) Airborne sunphotometer (AATS-14) measurements in ARCTAS First insights into their combined use with satellite observations to study Arctic aerosol radiative effects (Jens Redemann, ARC) Potential PublicationsContd (Aerosol-radiation-surface-satellite connections)* Aerosol optical properties from SP2 (Kondo) Synchronicity of aerosol optical measurements acquired at Arctic and sub- Arctic sites during the ARCTAS spring campaign (Norm ONeill, Universit de Sherbrooke) Analysis of aerosol characteristics measured in the Arctic atmosphere during ARCTAS (Andreas Beyersdorf, LaRC) MODIS aerosol optical depth retrieval validation and improvements over ARCTAS and CARB domains (Allen Chu, GSFC) Surface albedo heterogeneities viewed from different altitudes (Eike Bierwirth, LASP/CU) Daily MODIS snow albedo and reflectance anisotropy during ARCTAS (Crystal Schaaf, GSFC) Snow anisotropy from CAR: Analysis of LSRT, MRPV, and AART BRF models (Alexei Lyapustin, GEST UMBC/NASA GSFC) *From ARCTAS Science Team Meeting, Jan (Aerosol Working Group reports) AOD, 0Z,7/8 ARCTAS Aerosols & Radiation: Summary & Future 1.ARCTAS-Spring & -Summer 2008 produced a rich data set that links air, surface, & space measurements and addresses all goals - linking variations in atmospheric radiation to microphysics and chemistry of haze & smoke aerosols + Arctic surfaces. Needed for --reliable interpretations of satellite inversions --refining model products --assessing climate forcing in terms of emissions and/or mitigation strategies. 2. See other talks & posters, esp. -Ferrare, B-200 HSRL & RSP -Shinozuka, Aerosol optics, CCN, chemistry, & type -Clarke, ARCTAS aerosol phys-chem-opt. 3.ARCTAS Special Sessions: AGU Fall 2009 Stimulus Package Preliminary Key Findings from Jan 2009 Workshop Arctic Haze/Spring Aerosol Compared to measurements at lower latitudes, much of the aerosols were located well above the surface (Ferrare, Redemann [B200, P3]). Does transport on isentropes explain this? Is there an East-West difference? Look at Barrow lidar (ARM MPL) & other Arctic lidar records (TOPSE, Eureka). Campaign averages from DC-8 lidar, HSRL. Biomass Burning aerosols were the dominant aerosol type (Ferrare) Background of sulfate-dominated haze; smoke was superimposed on this (Brock) Black carbon was generally thickly coated (probably organics, Y. Kondo) Sulfate consistent between TOPSE & ARCTAS (Eastern Arctic, Eric Scheuer) This POLARCAT workshop brings together Eastern & Western components. Above topics should be fertile ground for discussions as we piece together the complete picture of the IPY Arctic aerosol. AOD, 0Z,7/8 END OF PRESENTATION REMAINING SLIDES ARE BACKUP Preliminary Key Findings and Contributions Arctic Haze/Spring Aerosol Compared to measurements at lower latitudes, much of the aerosols were located well above the surface (Ferrare, Redemann [B200, P3]). Does transport on isentropes explain this? Is there an East-West difference? Look at Barrow lidar (ARM MPL) & other Arctic lidar records (TOPSE, Eureka). Campaign averages from DC-8 lidar, HSRL. Biomass Burning aerosols were the dominant aerosol type (Ferrare) Ice, either by itself or mixed with aerosols, was often present during ARCTAS 1 (Ferrare) Background of sulfate-dominated haze; smoke was superimposed on this (Brock) Black carbon was generally thickly coated (probably organics, Y. Kondo) Preliminary Key Findings and Contributions Arctic Haze/Spring Aerosol Accumulation mode mean diameter 0.15 to 0.2 micrometer in number distribution (lognormal) (Shaw) CCN (T. Nenes): - Spring: All particles grow fast; very hygroscopic, very uniform in hygroscopicity - Because chemistry similar, opens possibility to use space remote sensing to infer CCN concentration Sulfate consistent between TOPSE & ARCTAS (Eastern Arctic, Eric Scheuer) Discrepancy between CALIPSO & model aerosols in ARCTIC (vert profile & magnitude)needs understanding Preliminary Key Findings and Contributions Fire Plume Aerosol Limited SOA formation in BB plumes? (DC-8 first look). BC was internally mixed, heavily coated, and little size increase with age. Distinct differences between black and white plumes. Explore source, chemistry and optics of black and white plumes. Water soluble fraction of organics gives good CCN closure. Strong lambda dependence of absorption in some plumes linked to some organic fraction. Lidar optical signatures differed among plume types. Preliminary Key Findings and Contributions Fire Plume Aerosol (cont.) * RSP got GLORY prototype measurements of young and older plume * BC/CO ratio was low in relation to spring. * Spectral absorption properties of plumes differ * SSA appears somewhat higher than early eighties data. Day 105 = 14 April Day 120 = 29 April C. Schaaf