wish you a happy & prosperous new year “2018” · dr. subha ganguly dr. tim amos dr. tapas...

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www.iltaonleather.org JILTA JANUARY, 2018 3

Wish YouA

Happy & ProsperousNew Year

“2018”

Executive CommitteeOf

ILTA

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PEDELITE ADVT.

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ILTA News. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 - 14

Editorial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 - 12

News Corner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 - 30

Hony. Editor :

Dr. Goutam Mukherjee

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Phone : 91-33-2441-3429/3459

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Web site : www.iltaonleather.org

Portfolio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 - 10

C o n t en t s

Economic Corner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 - 48

STAHL Corner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 - 28

Opinions expressed by the authors of contributions published in theJournal are not necessarily those of the Association

JOURNAL OF INDIAN LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION (JILTA)

JANUARY 2018 VOL.: LXVIII NO.: 01 RNI NO.: 2839/57 REGD.NO.: ISSN 0019-5738

Balmer Lawrie Corner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 - 18

Down Memory Lane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 - 40

19 - 24Article - ‘‘Biogas Technology’ by DibyajyotiTikadar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Students Corner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 - 32

41 - 45

Article - ‘Look at the World’s RegardedEconomies’ by Dr. Goutam Mukherjee &Bibhas Ch. Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Indian Leather Technologists’ Association is a premier organisation of its kind in India was established in 1950by Late Prof. B.M.Das. It is a Member Society of International Union of Leather Technologists & ChemistsSocieties (IULTCS).

The Journal of Indian Leather Technologists’ Association (JILTA) is a monthly publication which encapsulateslatest state of the art in processing technology of leather and its products, commerce and economics, research& development, news & views of the industry etc. It reaches to the Leather / Footwear Technologists and thedecision makers all over the country and overseas.

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E-mail : [email protected] / [email protected] : www.iltaonleather.org

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INDIAN LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Member Society of International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies)

Reg iona l Commit teesCent ra l Commit tee

Southern Region :

President : Mr. N. R. Jaganathan

Vice-President : Dr. J. Raghava Rao

Secretary : Dr. R. Mohan

Treasurer : Dr. Swarna V Kanth

Committee Members:Dr. J. KanagarajDr. Subhendu ChakrabortyDr. S. V. SrinivasanMr. S. SiddharthanMr. P. Thanikaivelan

Northern / Western Region :

President : Mr. Jai Prakash Saraswat

Vice-President : Mr. Kamal Sharma

Secretary : Mr. Deepak Kr. Sharma

Treasurer : Mr. Jaswinder Singh Saini

Committee Members:Mr. Rajvir VermaMr. Sudagar LalMrs. Sunita Devi ParmerMr. Rajeev MehtaMr. Sunil Kumar

President : Mr. Arnab Kumar Jha

Vice-Presidents : Mr. Asit Baran Kanungo Dr. K. J. Sreeram Dr. P. K. Bhattacharyya

General Secretary : Mr. Susanta Mallick

Joint Secretaries : Mr. Shiladitya Deb Choudhury Mr. Bibhas Chandra Jana

Treasurer : Mr. Kaushik Bhuiyan

Committee Members :

Mr. Jiban DasguptaMr. Kanak Kr. MitraMr. Alokesh RoyMr. Subir DuttaMr. Aloke Kumar DeMr. Pradipta KonarMr. Aniruddha DeMr. Deepak Kr. Sharma

(Secretary of Northern Region) Mr. R. Mohan

(Secretary of Southern Region)

Ex-Officio Member : Dr. Goutam Mukherjee

Execut ive Commit tee (2017-19)

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Chief Patron : Dr. T. Ramasami

Advisers : Prof. Dr. A. B. MandalMrs. Antara KumarDr. Bi ShiDr. B. N. DasDr. Buddhadeb ChattopadhyayDr. Campbell PageDr. Carlo MiloneDr. Chandan RajkhowaMr. E. DevenderDr. PisiDr. Roberto VagoDr. Samir DasguptaProf. Swapan Kumar BasuMr. Suparno MoitraDr. Subha GangulyDr. Tim AmosDr. Tapas Gupta

Peer Reviewing Committee : Prof. A. K. MishraMr Abhijit DuttaMr. Animesh ChatterjeeDr. B. ChandrasekharanMr. Diganta GhoshDr. J. Raghava RaoMr. Jayanta ChaudhuriDr. N. K. ChandrababuMr. Prasanta Kumar BhattacharyyaDr. Subhendu ChakrabartiMr. Satya Narayan Maitra

Hony Editor : Dr. Goutam Mukherjee

Joint Editors : Dr. Sanjoy ChakrabortyDr. Anjan Biswas


EDITORIAL BOARD OF JILTA


Editorial

International concern has increased over the years onClimate Change. The ten hottest years on record haveall occurred since 1998. Out of the last 21 years 18 areamong the 20 warmest years since 1880. Data andfindings add weight to the common conclusion that theclear long-term trend is one of global warming. Most ofthe observed increase in global average temperaturesince the mid - 20th century is very likely due to theobserved rise in anthropogenic greenhouse gasconcentrations. Among these, particular attention is paidon CO2 (carbon dioxide). Latest estimates show thatglobal CO2 emissions increased to 30,600 million ton in2010. Industry and manufacturing contribute for 19%of all Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Interest has beendeveloped in estimating the total amount of GHGproduced during the various stages in the life cycleof products. The outcome of these calculations, arereferred to as Product Carbon Footprints (PCFs).Currently, there is no single methodology and noagreement has been reached internationally onLeather PCF calculation methods.

Cleaner production is an efficient method ofprevent ing or minimizing pol lution caused byindustrial activit ies. UNIDO continues to placean emphasis on the introduction of cleaner leatherprocessing technology in developing countries.

The primary task of all cleaner technologies is to reducethe amount pollution emissions; and where possiblechange the nature of pollution emissions to reduce thepressure and costs of end-of-pipe treatment. Theexpected results primarily include:

Lower water consumption – better preservationof rapidly diminishing water resources.

Lower total dissolved solids (TDS) content(including salinity) – lower risk of affecting theusability of the receiving water bodies forirrigation and livestock watering.

Avoidance of use in processing and/orpresence in leather of substances from theRestricted Substances Lists (RSL) promulgatedby national or regional legislation, leading(multinational) brands and/or ecolabel due totheir proven negative impact on human healthand eco-systems.

Proportionally higher volume of solid wastessuitable for processing into saleable by-products.

Cleaner Concept and our stand!!

Low level of chromium in (C)ETP sludge – thescope for land application and/or composting.

Lower hazardous and/or unpleasant air emissions. Appropriate occupational health and safety

(OSH) standards – better work conditions, feweraccidents.

Historically, for various reasons, tanneries have beengenerally found in clusters in many countries. In severalcountries that still possess a strong tanning industry, theindustry has either been able to deal collectively withthe environmental challenges by means of commonwaste treatment facilities in existing clusters or is in theprocess of relocation. Within almost all projects oftannery relocation there have been common reasonsand the main problems faced by the industry at thecurrent location are:With no infrastructure for treatment of solid or liquid wastegenerated by tanneries, a very unhygienic atmospherehas been created in the entire locality due to discharge/disposal of untreated solid and liquid wastes. Due toextreme limitations of space, even tanneries wanting tomodernize and become more efficient in terms ofproduction and environment management are unableto do so. The present location, in this manner, hasbecome a serious constraint for the growth of the industry.Downstream industries such as footwear, leather garmentand leather goods, depend on the tanning industry forsupply of quality leather. The existing limitations haveput a limit to the growth of leather products industries.Relocation of the tanneries to a more spacious locationwith appropriate infrastructure for efficient and costeffective treatment of solid and liquid wastes has thusbecome a prerequisite for survival and growth of theleather industry in such cases.

The precarious situation with water and soil pollution inthe area of tannery clusters along the Indian rivers hadprompted the state environmental authorities as well ascentral agencies to press for adherence to TDS dischargelimits as well as to impose an approach not practiced inthe tanning industry: a Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)concept. Essentially, the ZLD systems concentrate

Lower levels of BOD, COD andNitrogen; their respectivecontents in conformity withlocal and widely prevailinglegislative norms.


Editorialdissolved solids by Reverse Osmosis (RO) and some kindof Multi Effect Evaporation (MEE) until only damp solidwaste remains. Solid waste is disposed and nearly allwater is reclaimed and reused. Accordingly, some ofthe existing Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs)have been supplemented by RO and MEE, together withauxiliary steps (tertiary treatment, water softening etc.).Since the energy costs are critical for the viability of theentire concept, data about energy consumption(thermal, electrical main and Diesel) at key stages (RO,multistage evaporation) are consolidated, analysed andcorrelated. Additional energy needs and costs arecompared with those for conventional (CETP) treatmentand estimates made of the carbon footprint increasecaused by the ZLD operations.

Hydrogen sulphide gas present in tanneries and effluenttreatment plants (ETPs) has proven fatal to workersexposed to it many times. It is therefore necessary thatthe owners and managers of tanneries and effluenttreatment plants are fully aware of the dangers posedby this poisonous gas and take all preventive andprecautionary measures to protect the workforce from

exposure to this gas. In the event of accidental exposureof a worker, they should know how to deal with thesituation. Activities of the environmentalists in the leatherprocessing have as one of its important objectives,improvement of occupational safety and healthpractices in tanneries and effluent treatment plants.Under this objective, the project has been seeking todemonstrate in selected tanneries improvement practicesfor better occupational health and safety of the workers.

It is hoped that the industry representatives and otherconcerned with the occupational health and safety ofworkers in tanneries and effluent treatment plants willfind this publication useful.

Dr. Goutam Mukherjee Hony. Editor, JILTA

ILTA News


From the Desk of General Secretary

59 th Annual General Meeting

As advised vide Notice posted by registered post on07/11/2017, the 59th AGM was held at the Auditoriumof Indian Science Congress Association, 14, Dr. BireshGuha Street, Kolkata – 700 017 at 03.00 PM on Saturday30th November, 2017 and business as per Agenda wascarried out.

As per agenda item no.4, Mr. Dhiman Chakraborty,Controller of Finance, The Asiatic Society, 1, ParkStreet, Kolkata – 700 016 who acted as the ReturningOfficer formally announced the Executive Committeeof ILTA at headqtrs. and also the Regional Committeesas quoted below :-

Southern Regional Committee :-

1. President : Mr. N. R. Jagannathan

2. Vice-President : Dr. J. Raghava Rao

3. Secretary : Mr. R. Mohan

4. Treasurer : Mr. Jaswinder Singh Saini

5. Executive Members:(1) Mr. Rajvir Verma(2) Mr. Sudagar Lal(3) Mrs. Sunita Devi Parmar(4) Mr. Rajeev Mehta(5) Mr. Sunil Kumar

16 th Sanjoy Sen Memorial Lecture

This will be organized at Freya Design Studio, ILPA LeatherGoods Park, Kolkata Leather Complex, Bantala at 11.00Hrs (Registration from 10.30 Hrs) on Saturday the 13th

January, 2018. Lunch will be served at the conclusion ofthe programme.

Prof. Amlan Chakraborty, Dean of Technology, Universityof Calcutta, has kindly consented to deliver the SanjoySen Memorial Lecture titled “Synergistic Approach inTechnology Research”.

Individual invitation cards with further detail of theprogramme have been posted on 30.12.2017.

Siliguri LEXPO – XXIV

Formal communication in respect of allocatingKanchanjungha Krirangan adjacent ground at Siliguri tous for organizing LEXPO from 23rd December, 2017 to

Executive Committee at Headquarters :-

1. President : Mr. Arnab Jha

2. Vice-President (HQ) : Mr. Asit Baran Kanungo

3. Vice-President (NR) : Dr. P. K. Bhattacharyya

4. Vice President (SR) : Dr. K. J. Sreeram

5. General Secretary : Mr. Susanta Mallick

6. Joint Secretaries : Mr. Shiladitya Debchoudhury Mr. Bibhas Chandra Jana

7. Treasurer : Mr. Kaushik Bhuiyan

8. Executive Members :(1) Mr. Jiban Dasgupta (2) Mr. Aloke Kumar Dey (3) Mr. Subir Dutta (4) Mr. Pradipta Konar (5) Mr. Aniruddha De (6) Mr. Kanak Kumar Mitra (7) Mr. Alokesh Roy

4. Treasurer : Dr. Swarna V. Kanth

5. Executive Members :(1) Dr. J. Kanagaraj(2) Dr. Subhendu Chakraborty(3) Dr. S. V. Srinivasan(4) Mr. S. Siddharthan(5) Mr. P. Thanikaivelan

Northern / Western Regional Committee :-

1. President : Mr. Jai Prakash Saraswat

2. Vice-President : Mr. Kamal Sharma

3. Secretary : Mr. Deepak Kr. Sharma

ILTA News


7 th January, 2018 was received by us only on8th December, 2017. Organizing LEXPO at Siliguri with onlytwo weeks’ notice was a difficult task. Nevertheless withall out efforts from all concerned, it has been possibleto organize the Inaugural Ceremony at 05.00 PM onFriday the 22nd December, 2017.

Details in respect of the inaugural ceremony will bepublished in the next issue of JILTA.

Seminar at IILF – 2018, Chennai

We have already booked Seminar Hall “A” at IILF 2018from 10.00 hrs. on 2nd February,2018 for the Seminar.We have already received confirmation from Dr. B.Chandrasekaran, Director, CSIR, CLRI, Chennai in respect

of his delivering a lecture at the seminar titled ”R&DProgress for the Global Sector”. Dr. Ivan Kral, IndustrilDevelopment Officer, UNIDO has been approached tobe the second speaker.

Padmashri & Padmabhushan Dr. T. Ramasami has beenapproached to be the Chief Guest on the occasion. Thisresponse is awaited.

Dr. T. Sathi Selvam Director (Manufacturing Business)Balmer Lawrie & Co. & Mr. N. Shafeek Ahmed, Chairman,Indian Leather Manufacturers & Exporters Associationhave been approached to grace the occasion as theGuests of Honour. Their consent is awaited.

BEREAVEMENTWith profound grief and a heavy heart we announce the sad demise of Ramendra Nath Biswas a fewweeks back and Sudhir Kr.Das on 14th December,2017. Both were Life Members of ILTA.

May their sould rest in peace and may God give strength to the members of the bereaved families tobear the irreparable loss.

You are requested to :-

a) Kindly inform us your ‘E-Mail ID’, ‘Mobile No’, ‘Land Line No’, through E-Mail ID: [email protected] or over Telephone Nos. : 24413429 / 3459 / 7320. This will help us to

communicate you directly without help of any outsiders like Postal Department / Courier etc.

b) Kindly mention your Membership No. ( I f any) against your each and every communication, so that we can locate you easily in our record.

Execut i ve Commi t tee Members meet ever y Thursday at 18-30 hrs. at ILTA Off ice.

Members wi l l i ng to part icipate are most welcome.

( Susanta Mal l ick ) General Secretary


Balmer Lawrie Corner


Article

Biogas Technology

Corresponding Author’s E-mail ID : [email protected] / [email protected]

Dibyajyoti TikadarGovt. College of Engg. & Leather Technology, Kolkata

Abstract

The utilization of microbial activity to treat agricultural,industrial, and domestic wastes has been commonpractice for a half century. In recent years, biogassystems have attracted considerable attention as apromising approach to decentralized rural development.Developed and developing countries and severalinternational organizations have shown interest in biogassystems with respect to various objectives: a renewablesource of energy, bio-fertilizer, waste recycling, ruraldevelopment, public health and hygiene, pollutioncontrol, environmental management, appropriatetechnology, and technical cooperation. This paperprovides an overview of biogas technology andopportunities to use this technology in livestock facilitiesacross the ruler area. First, a brief description of biogastechnology is provided. Then the benefits of biogastechnology are discussed. Finally, the experience andstatus of biogas technology development in the Indiaare described.

Keywords - Biogas, Fermentation, Methane, Rural Energy,Renewable Energy, Environmental greenhouse gases,Electricity, Anaerobic digestion, Manure, organic waste,Pollution

Introduction

Developing-country rural areas have a variety ofavailable biomass materials, including fuel wood,agricultural wastes, and animal wastes. In particular,many countries have large cattle and buffalo herds,whose considerable wastes have much energy potential.Traditionally, these wastes are carefully collected in Indiaand used as fertilizer, except in places where villagersare forced by the scarcity of fuel wood to burn dung-cakes as cooking fuel. Since biogas plants yield sludgefertilizer, the biogas fuel and/or electricity generated is

a valuable additional bonus. It is this bonus output thathas motivated the large biogas programmes in a numberof developing countries, particularly India

Rural energy planning requires choices among energytechnologies. Up to the day, the choices have beenconfined to centralized energy supply technologies -power plants based on hydroelectricity, coal, oil, ornatural gas. The problem is local and globalenvironmental degradation. It has, therefore, becomeessential to extend the list of technological alternativesfor energy decision-making to include decentralizedsources of supply.

Biogas

Biogas is actually a mixture of gases, usually carbondioxide and methane. It is produced by a few kinds ofmicroorganisms, usually when air or oxygen is absent.(The absence of oxygen is called “anaerobicconditions.”) Animals that eat a lot of plant material,particularly grazing animals such as cattle, produce largeamounts of biogas. The biogas is produced not by thecows themselves, but by billions of microorganisms livingin their digestive systems. Biogas also develops in bogsand at the bottom of lakes, where decaying organicmatter builds up under wet and anaerobic conditions.

Besides being able to live without oxygen, methane-producing microorganisms have another special feature:They are among the very few creatures that can digestcellulose, the main ingredient of plant fibres. Anotherspecial feature of these organisms is that they are verysensitive to conditions in their environment, such astemperature, acidity, the amount of water, etc.

Composition of biogas :-

Methane (50-65%)


ArticleCarbon dioxide (30-40%)

Nitrogen (2-3%)

Water vapour (0.5%)

Methane, which is the main constituent a colourless,odourless, inflammable gas, it has been referred to assewerage gas, klar gas, marsh gas, refuse-derived fuel(RDF), sludge gas, will-o’-the-wisp of marsh lands, fool’sfire, gobar gas (cow dung gas), bioenergy, and “fuel ofthe future.” The gas mixture produced is composedroughly of 65 percent CH4, 30 percent CO2, and 1 percent H2S. A thousand cubic feet of processed biogas isequivalent to 600 cubic feet of natural gas, 6.4 gallonsof butane, 5.2 gallons of gasoline, or 4.6 gallons of dieseloil. For cooking and lighting, a family of four wouldconsume 150 cubic feet of biogas per day, an amountthat is easily generated from the family’s night soil andthe dung of three cows. In addition, rural housewivesusing the biofuel are spared the irritating smoke resultingfrom the combustion of firewood; cattle dung cakes,and the detritus of raw vegetables.

Raw material

Forms of biomass listed below may be used alongwith water.Animal dungPoultry wastesPlant wastes(husk,grass,weeds etc.)Human excretaDomestic wastes(vegetable peels,waste food materials)And some by product of industry.

History of Biogas

People have been using biogas for over 200 years. Inthe days before electricity, biogas was drawn from theunderground sewer pipes in London and burned in streetlamps, which were known as “gaslights.” In many partsof the world, biogas is used to heat and light homes, tocook, and even to fuel buses. It is collected from large-scale sources such as landfills and pig barns, and throughsmall domestic or community systems in many villages.

The decomposition breaks down the organic matter,releasing various gases. The main gases released aremethane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogensulphide. Bacteria carry out the decomposition orfermentation. The conditions for creating biogas haveto be anaerobic that is without any air and in thepresence of water. The organic waste matter is generallyanimal or cattle dung, plant wastes, etc. These wasteproducts contain carbohydrates, proteins and fatmaterial that are broken down by bacteria. The wastematter is soaked in water to give the bacteria a propermedium to grow. Absence of air or oxygen is importantfor decomposition because bacteria then take oxygenfrom the waste material itself and in the process breakthem down.

Biogas is a Form of Renewable Energy

Flammable biogas can be collected using a simple tank, as shown here. Animal manure is stored in a closed tankwhere the gas accumulates. It makes an excellent fuelfor cook stoves and furnaces, and can be used in placeof regular natural gas, which is a fossil fuel. Biogas isconsidered to be a source of renewable energy. This isbecause the production of biogas depends on the supplyof grass, which usually grows back each year. Bycomparison, the natural gas used in most of our homesis not considered a form of renewable energy. Naturalgas formed from the fossilized remains of plants andanimals-a process that took millions of years. Theseresources do not “grow back” in a time scale that ismeaningful for humans

Biogas generation cycle

There are two types of bio gas plants that are used inIndia. These plants mainly use cattle dung called “gobar”i.e. cow dung and are hence called gobar gas plant’.Generally a slurry is made from cattle dung and water,which forms the starting material for these plants.

The two types of bio gas plants are :

1. Floating gas-holder type

2. Fixed dome type


ArticleFloating gasholder type of plant: The diagram below showsthe details of a floating gasholder type of bio gas plant. Awell is made out of concrete. This is called the digestertank T. It is divided into two parts. One side has the inlet,from where slurry is fed to the tank. The tank has a cylindricaldome H made of stainless steel that floats on the slurry andcollects the gas generated. Hence the name given to thistype of plant is floating gas holder type of bio gas plant.The slurry is made to ferment for about 50 days. As moregas is made by the bacterial fermentation, the pressureinside H increases. The gas can be taken out through outletpipe V. The decomposed matter expands and overflowsinto the next chamber in tank T. This is then removed by theoutlet pipe to the overflow tank and is used as manure forcultivation purposes.

Advantage of biogas

High caloric value

Clean fuel

No residue produced

No smoke produced

Non polluting

Economical

Can be supplied through pipe

Burns readily-has a convenient ignition temperature

Energy in Biogas

The main problem in the economic evaluation is toallocate a suitable monetary value to the non-commercial fuels, which have so far no market prices.For the majority of rural households biogas is primarily ameans of supplying energy for daily cooking and forlighting. They use mainly firewood, dried cow dung andharvest residues as fuel. But even if the particularhousehold does not purchase the required traditionalfuel, it’s value can be calculated with the help of fuelprices on the local market. Theoretically, the firewoodcollector of the family could sell the amount that is nolonger needed in the household.

As an example, the rural households in India use thefollowing quantities of non-commercial fuel per capitadaily:

firewood: 0.62 kg

dried cow dung: 0.34 kg

harvest residues: 0.20 kg

For rural households in the People’s Republic of Chinathe daily consumption of firewood is similar: between0.55 - 0.83 kg per person.

Which sources of energy have been used so far and towhat extent they can be replaced must be determinedfor the economic evaluation of biogas by means ofcalorific value relations. The monetary benefits of biogasdepend mainly on how far commercial fuels can bereplaced and their respective price on the market.

1m3 Biogas (approx. 6 kWh/m3) is equivalent to: Diesel,Kerosene (approx. 12 kWh/kg) 0.5 kg Wood (approx. 4.5kWh/kg) 1.3 kg

Cow dung (approx. 5 kWh/kg dry matter) 1.2 kg Plantresidues (approx. 4.5 kWh/kg d.m.) 1.3 kg Hard coal(approx. 8.5 kWh/kg) 0.7 kg

City gas (approx. 5.3 kWh/m3) 1.1 m3 Propane (approx.25 kWh/m3) 0.24 m3


ArticleThe Benefits for Biogas

Individual households judge the profitability of biogasplants primarily from the monetary surplus gained fromutilizing biogas and bio-fertilizer in relation to the cost ofthe plants. The following effects, to be documented andprovided with a monetary value, should be listed asbenefits: expenditure saved by the substitution of otherenergy sources with biogas.

If applicable, income from the sale of biogas;expenditure saved by the substitution of mineral fertilizerswith bio-fertilizer. Increased yield by using bio-fertilizer.If applicable, income from the sale of bio-fertilizer;savings in the cost of disposal and treatment of substrates(mainly for waste-water treatment); time saved forcollecting and preparing previously used fuel materials(if applicable), time saved for work in the stable and forspreading manure (if this time can be used to generateincome). Monetarizing individual benefits The economicevaluation of the individual benefits of biogas plants isrelatively simple if the users cover their energy andfertilizer demands commercially. In general, themonetary benefits from biogas plants for enterprises andinstitutions as well as from plants for well-to-do householdsshould be quite reliably calculable. These groupsnormally purchase commercial fuels e.g. oil, gas andcoal as well as mineral fertilizers. In industrializedcountries, it is common practice to feed surplus electricenergy, produced by biogas-driven generators, in thegrid. Biogas slurry is a marketable product and theinfrastructure allows it’s transport at reasonable cost.Furthermore, treatment of waste and waste water isstrictly regulated by law, causing communes, companiesand farmers expenses which, if reduced with the help ofbiogas technology, are directly calculable benefits. Incontrast, small farmers in developing countries collectand use mostly traditional fuels and fertilizers like wood,harvest residues and cow dung. No direct monetarysavings can be attributed to the use of biogas and bio-fertilizer. The monetary value of biogas has to becalculated through the time saved for collecting fuel,the monetary value for bio-fertilizer through the expectedincrease in crop yields. Both in theory and in practice,this is problematic. In practice, a farmer would not value

time for fuel collection very highly as it is often done bychildren or by somebody with low or no opportunity costsfor his/her labor. In theory, it is difficult to define the valueof unskilled labor. Similarly, the improved fertilizing valueof biogas slurry will not be accepted by most farmers asa basis for cost-benefit analysis. They tend to judge thequality of slurry when counting the bags after harvest.Because a monetary calculation is not the only factorfeaturing in the decision to construct and operate abiogas plant, other factors come in which are lesstangible: convenience, comfort, status, security of supplyand others that could be subsumed under ‘life quality’.Acceptance by the target group Besides the willingnessand ability to invest considerable funds in biogastechnology, there is a complex process of decisionmaking involved when moving from traditional practicesto a ‘modern’ way of producing fertilizer and acquiringenergy. Hopes and fears, expected reactions from thesociety, previous experiences with modern technology,all these feature in a decision. For a biogas program, itis important to realize that economic considerations areonly part of the deciding factors in favor or against biogastechnology. All these factors can be subsumed underacceptance. Acceptance is not a collection ofirrational, economically unjustifiable pros and cons thata biogas extension project is called upon to dissolve.Rural households, as a rule, take rational decisions. Butrural households and biogas programs often haveinformation deficits that lead to non-acceptance ofbiogas technology by the target groups.

Bridging this information gap from the farmer to theproject and vice versa is a precondition fordemonstrating the economic viability in a way that isunderstandable, relevant and acceptable to the farmer.

Biogas programs

Biogas programs, however, should not neglect theargument of improved yields.

Increases in agricultural production as a result of theuse of bio-fertilizer of 6 - 10 % and in some cases of upto 20 % have been reported. Although improved yieldsthrough biogas slurry are difficult to capture in a stringent


Articleeconomic calculation, for demonstration and farmer-to-farmer extension they are very effective. Farmersshould be encouraged to record harvests on their plots,before and after the introduction of biogas. Statementsof farmers like: “Since I use biogas slurry, I can harvesttwo bags of maize more on this plot” may not convinceeconomists, but they are well understood by farmers.

As mentioned earlier, to tap the potential of variousrenewable resources of energy, a variety of technologydissemination programmes are being implemented bythe government in active collaboration with NGOs (non-governmental organizations), like TERI. In the last twodecades, complexities in rural energy planning havebeen seriously considered and linked with overalldevelopment planning by way of decentralized planning.Programmes are being implemented at block level, suchas the IREP (Integrated Rural Energy Programme), whichwas coordinated by the Energy Cell of the PlanningCommission. The MNES earlier started with village-levelplanning and implementation of projects. Later, itattempted to develop a methodology for district-levelenergy planning in select districts of the country. In orderto be more effective in implementation as well asadministration of energy activities, the MNES has nowchosen to devise energy plans at the block level. Thestudies are being undertaken in select 100 blocks indifferent states.

Biogas application

Biogas can be used for electricity production on sewageworks, in CHP gas engine, where the waste heat fromthe engine is conveniently used for heating the digester;cooking; space heating; and process heating. Ifcompresses, it can replace compressed natural gas foruse in vehicles, where it can fuel an internal combustionengine or fuel cells and is a much more effectivedisplacer of carbon dioxide than the normal use in on-site CHP plants

Disadvantages of Biogas

The process is not very attractive economically on a largeindustrial scale. It is very difficult to enhance the efficiencyof biogas systems.

Biogas contains some gases as impurities, which arecorrosive to the mental parts of internal combustionengines.Not feasible to set up at all the location.

Recent developments

With the many benefits of biogas, it is starting to becomea popular source of energy and is starting to be used inthe US more.

On 5 Oct., 2010, biogas was injected into UK gas grid forthe first time. Germany is Europe’s biggest biogasproducer and the market leader in biogas technology.To create awareness and associate the people interestedin biogas, the Indian Biogas Association was formed.lndia’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy offerssome subsidy per model constructed.

Limitation

The construction costs of biogas plants vary betweendifferent countries, they are often high relative to theincome of the farmers and other potential users.

Poor farmers are still lacking behind for adopting thistechnology because :

Initial cost of installation of the plant is high number ofcattle owned by an average family farmers is inadequateto feed a biogas plant

Conclusions

Biomass is available all round the year. It is cheap, widelyavailable, easy to transport, store, and has noenvironmental hazards.

It can be obtained from plantation of land having nocompetitive use.

Biomass-based power generation systems, linked toplantations on wasteland, simultaneously address the vitalissues of wastelands development, environmentalrestoration, rural employment generation, andgeneration of power with no distribution losses.


ArticleIt can be combined with production of other usefulproducts, making it an attractive byproduct.

Biogas, although typically used for heating andcooking, can also be used to fuel a genset to produceelectricity. 3.4 million biogas digesters are in dailyuse in India, and smaller.

References

a) Wikipedia

b) Biogas & Engines

c) National non-food crops centre. (“NNFCC RenewableFuels and Energy Factsheet”)

d) Biomethane fueled vehicles the carbon neutral option

e) Biomass Energy : manure for fuel

f) Biogas problems

g) LFG energy projects


STAHL Corner


News CornerINDOFIL’S RETAIL COUNTER AT CTC

Indofil’s vision is to become an “Innovative SolutionProvider” to the Leather Industry.

Indofil Industries Limited is constantly upgrading it’scustomer Service through New Products, Enhanced SupplyChain, Upgraded Technical Service Laboratory, StrongTechnical Team and Nationwide Enhanced DistributionNetwork.

The retail selling outlet is another step towards Indofil’scontinuous endeavor to offer innovative and superiorsolutions to the customers with velocity.

Their authorized retail outlet is opened at Plot No. – 258,Zone – 3, Kolkata Leather Complex, in collaboration withM/s SAI Exim.

(Courtesy information source Indofil Ltd.)

KANPUR TANNERIES TO SIGN MoU WITH STATE ATBUSINESS MEET IN WEST BENGAL

About 85 tanneries of Kanpur the leather capital of the countryare set to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) withthe West Bengal Government during the two day Bengal GlobalBusiness Meet 2018 in January next year.

Talking to the Statesman, Mr. Ramesh Juneja, RegionalChairman (East), Council of Leather Export, informed thatabout 200 companies from Kanpur, Chennai, Kolkata andeven from abroad will set up tanneries in Kolkata LeatherComplex and about Rs. 5000 crore will be pumped in.

It will generate a direct employment opportunity forabout 10 thousand people”, he added. “State ChiefMinister Ms. Mamata Banerjee and Finance, Industry &Commerce Minister Mr. Amit Mitra have already invitedMr. Mukhtarul Amin, Chairman of the Council of LeatherExports in India to attend the two days BGBS’ 2018 atKolkata, Amin’s company – M/s Super House Tanneries ofKanpur, will invest around 50 crore”, added Mr, Juneja.

(The Statesman – 02/12/2017)

BATA PROFIT RISES ON LOWER COSTS

Bata India has reported a 24 percent growth in net profitfor the July-September quarter of 2017-18 on the backof falling expenses. The increase in the bottom line is

because of a focus on value added products andimproving efficiencies in cost structure, the footwearmajor said on Tuesday.

Net Profit at the end of the reporting quarter was Rs.42.9 crore compared with Rs. 34.6 crore in thecorresponding period of the previous year. Net salesduring the quarter stood at Rs. 586.9 crore as against Rs.583.7 crore in the year-ago period.

Total expenses during the quarter was Rs. 537.6 crorecompared with Rs. 543.7 crore in the year-ago period,aided by a 13.34 percent decrease in raw material cost.

(Indian News Agency – 20/11/2017)

LEATHER, BONE, HORN, MoP SHIPMENTS TO BECLEARED IN TIME

EPCH in its endeavor to facilitate exports of handicraftsfrom the country have been regularly representing issueswith the Customs, Wildlife, Archaeological Survey of Indiaand various other departments. One such issue whichrequired intervention of the highest authorities in theGovernment of India was clearance of items made ofhorn, bone, mother of pearl, leather handicrafts andtraditional art ware at various ports across the country.

Rakesh Kumar, ED – EPCH, informed that in order toaddress the concerns raised by EPCH, Commissioner,Single Window Project, CBEC convened and chaired ameeting on November 14, 2017 at New Delhi whereinOfficials from Archaeological Survey of India, Wild LifeDepartment and Customs were present.


GOOD PERFORMANCE FOR LEATHER FOOTWEAR INBANGLADESH

According to the Leather goods & FootwearManufacturers & Exports Association of Bangladesh, theleather industry in Bangladesh closed its first quarter ofthe new fiscal year (July-September), with exportsearnings just slightly below the strategic target for theperiod (99%). It had been set a 328.11 million US dollarsearnings goal for the first quarter, but the industryachieved an export earnings of 324.62 million US dollars.

Total earnings from exports of the leather segmentreached 47 million US dollars in the period, which


News Cornercompares to 57 million US dollars established as targetfor the first quarter. A decline was also registeredcompared to similar period in the previous year.

Exports of leather goods also missed the target, as earningsfrom sales abroad within this segment of products reached111 million US dollars, below the 128 set for the period.


EIGHT TANNERIES FACE CLOSURE

The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) hasordered the closure of eight of the 11 tanneriesfunctioning at Sembattu and Gundur in the city for failingto rectify defects in their pre-treatment system even aftergiving them enough time to comply with norms.

Tangedco is connected power supply to eight tanneriesafter the TNPCB Chairman issued the order, a boardofficial said. The tanneries were required to operatetreatment systems on their premises to treat the effluentbefore it was discharged to the common effluenttreatment plant (CETP), which had to achieve zero liquiddischarge (ZLD) status.

The TBPCB said action was taken following a long anddue process after defects were noticed in the pre-treatment systems at the individual tanneries inNovember’ last year. “Show cause notice were issuedand personal hearing was conducted duringJanuary’2017 and as requested by them three monthswas given by the board. But the tanneries have notrectified the defects”, said A. Rangaswamy, DistrictEnvironmental Engineer, TNPCB, Tiruchi.

(The Hindu – 10/12/2017)

TRADE POLICY REVIEW OFFERS INCENTIVS TO PUSHEXPORTS

Commerce and Industry Minister Suresh Prabhu todaylet out more incentives while unveiling the the mid-termreview of the foreign Trade Policy 2015-20 with a view toboosting exports.

The minister said the Merchandise Exports from IndiaScheme (MEIS) incentive rate will be raised by 2 percent

across the board for labour intensive/MSME sectors. Theincrease in annual incentive by 34 percent to Rs. 8450crore will benefit leather, handicraft, carpets, sportsgoods, agriculture, marine, electronic components andproject exports, the minister said in a tweet.

The mid-term review, Prabhu said, “aims to promoteexports by simplification of processes enhancing supportto high employment sectors, leveraging benefits of GST,promoting services exports, monitoring exportsperformance trough state of the art analytics”.

The focus of the FTP, he said, will be on exploring newmarkets and products as well as increasing India’s sharein traditional markets and products. Emphasis will be onenhancing participation of Indian industry in global andregional value chains, he minister added.

The FTP will provide “additional annual incentive of Rs.749 crore for the lether sector”, the ministry said in atweet.


CENTER CONSIDERING MAKING RULES BANNINGSALE OF CATTLE AT MARKET ‘MORE ACCEPTABLE’

The center is “considering making certain changes to anotification which bans the sale and purchase of cattleat animal markets for slaughter, to make it more‘acceptable’, a top official said, prompting animal rightsbody PETA to term it a “Dark Day” for animal.

The Environment Ministry, in May’2017 had notified thestringent Prevention of Cruelty to animals (Regulation ofLive stock Markets) rules, 2017 under the Prevention ofCruelty to Animal Act. Under the rules, there was a banon the sale and purchase of cattle at animlmarkets forslaughter, a move that was expected to hit the tradeand export of meat and Leather.

The rules had also prohibited practices cruel to animal,including painting of horns and putting ornaments ofdecorative materials on them.

(Political & Business Daily – 01/12/2017)


Students Corner

LESSON ON LEATHER GOODS – Part IShome Nath Ganguly

Former Principal of Karnataka Institute of Leather Technology

(The purpose of this article is to advise the students as well as artisans engaged in leather goods industry.Shri Puranjan Mazumder of FREYA helped me to prepare this article)

Clutch Bag

A Clutch bag is a small but long one without a handle.Usually it is carried to evening parties, hence it is alsocalled Evening bag. Jewels, crystals, embroideries, andother types of decorations are used on clutch bags tomake them more attractive. A clutch purse is a women’saccessory designed to hold a few necessities like adriver’s license, a cell phone, and a credit card. Clutchpurses are designed to be carried by hand, but somehave a detachable chain or leather strap, so they canalso be worn hanging from the shoulder. Clutches comein a huge variety of shapes and styles. These vary withbrands and the latest taste of fashion. The clutch pursehad gone out of fashion in the early 19th century, but itregained its popularity and remains well liked today asan evening bag.

WALLET OR MONEY PURSE

The history of purses in general date back to theBabylonian era. In those days purses were generally usedin religious ceremonies, but later were more commonlyused for carrying money and valuables. Both men andwomen in ancient times wore small purses on a belt.

The term purse, originally, was referred to a small bagfor holding coins. Purses were made of soft fabric orleather. A handbag on the other hand is a largeraccessory that can hold objects beyond currency, suchas personal items. The term handbag began to appearin the early 1900s. Today people use the terms purseand handbag interchangeably.

The Wallet or money purse is a flat, folding pocketbook,large enough to hold paper money, identity cards, creditcards, driver’s license, etc. and sometimes having acompartment for coins. Wallets are usually pocket-sized.Men’s wallets & Ladies purses both are usually designedrectangular.

Both men & women use wallets regularly nowadays. Thesetypes of bags have huge demand in our domestic aswell as export market. As digital money transaction isgaining popularity, Card Holders has emerged in themarket. These Card Holders are designed to only carryfew cards, they are thus smaller and more compact.


Students Corner

Kolkata is a major hub for making all these types of small leather bags in for the export market. Cow, goat & sheepleathers are used as the basic raw material for making these types of small bags.


Down Memory Lane


Article

LOOK AT THE WORLD’S REGARDED ECONOMICS(Part - I)

Goutam Mukherjee1 & Bibhash Chandra Paul2

Govt. Coollege of Leather Technology1 & OSD, Indian Leather Technologists’ Association2

Introduction:

As and when the discussion comes to the context of topnational economies globally, although the order mayshift around slightly from one year to the next, the keyplayers are usually the same. At the top of the list is theUnited States of America, which according toInvestopedia, has been at the head of the table goingall the way back to 1871. However, as has been the casefor a good few years now, China is gaining on the U.S.,with some even claiming that China has alreadyovertaken the U.S. as the world’s Number 1 economy.Nonetheless, going by nominal GDP measured in U.S.dollars alone, the U.S. maintains its spot followed by Chinaand Japan. In this post we take a look at the world’s topeconomies according to our Consensus Forecasts for2018 nominal GDP. We also discuss how the topeconomies change when looking at GDP per capitaalong with a highlight on emerging markets and theirpotential to catch up to the big players in the not toodistant future.

Discussion:

1. United States

Despite facing challenges at the domestic level alongwith a rapidly transforming global landscape, the U.S.economy is still the largest in the world with a nominalGDP forecast to exceed USD 20 trillion in 2018. The U.S.economy represents about 20% of total global output,and is still larger than that of China. The U.S. economyfeatures a highly-developed and technologically-

advanced services sector, which accounts for about 80%of its output. The U.S. economy is dominated by services-oriented companies in areas such as technology,financial services, healthcare and retail. Large U.S.corporations also play a major role on the global stage,with more than a fifth of companies on the Fortune Global500 coming from the United States. The U.S. economy isprojected to grow 2.4% in 2018 and 2.0% in 2019.

2. China

The Chinese economy experienced astonishing growthin the last few decades that catapulted the country tobecome the world’s second largest economy. In 1978—when China started the program of economic reforms—the country ranked ninth in nominal gross domesticproduct (GDP) with USD 214 billion; 35 years later it jumpedup to second place with a nominal GDP of USD 9.2trillion. Since the introduction of the economic reformsin 1978, China has become the world’s manufacturinghub, where the secondary sector (comprising industryand construction) represented the largest share of GDP.However, in recent years, China’s modernizationpropelled the tertiary sector, and in 2013, it becamethe largest category of GDP with a share of 46.1%, whilethe secondary sector still accounted for a sizeable 45.0%of the country’s total output. Meanwhile, the primarysector’s weight in GDP has shrunk dramatically since thecountry opened to the world.

Today the Chinese economy is the second largest in theworld and although it experienced massive growth in that35-year span, authorities have taken a new approach tothe economy called the “new normal.” To avoidoverheating the economy, authorities are conducting amanaged slowdown, which has seen growth graduallyslow year after year since 2010. The economy isprojected to grow 6.4% in 2018, which is nothing to sniffat, but is a far cry from the over 10% annual growth seenno too long ago.

3. Japan

The Japanese economy currently ranks third in termsof nominal GDP forecast to come in at USD 5.0 trillion in


Article2018. Before the 1990s, Japan was the equivalent oftoday’s China, growing rapidly during the 1960s,70s and 80s. However, since then, Japan’s economy hasnot been quite as impressive.

During the 1990s, also termed the Lost Decade, growthslowed significantly, largely due to the burst of theJapanese asset price bubble. In response, authoritiesran massive budget deficits to finance large public worksprojects, however, this did not seem to get the economyout of its rut. A number of structural reforms were thenenacted by the Japanese government designed toreduce speculative excesses from financial markets,however, this led the economy into deflation on numerousoccasions between 1999 and 2004.

The next measure taken was Quantitative Easing, whichsaw interest rates go zero and an expansion of the moneysupply to raise inflation expectations. After a period ofnot-so-positive results from QE, the economy finallyappeared to respond. In late 2005, it outperformed boththe U.S. economy and the European Union in terms ofeconomic growth.

Despite what appeared to be a comeback, theeconomy has largely fallen on hard times since 2008,when it began to show signs of recession for the firsttime during the financial crisis. Japan’s issues stem largelyfrom unconventional stimulus packages along withsubzero bond yie lds and a fair ly weakcurrency. Economic growth will once again be positivein 2018, however, it is forecasted to stay at or below 1%from 2019-2022. For 2018 we project 1.2% percent growthand 1.0% for 2019.

4. Germany

In the ten years before the great recession, from 1999to 2008, Germany’s GDP grew 1.6% on average per year.Owing to Germany’s dependence on capital goodsexports, the German economy plummeted 5.2% in 2009,as companies around the world scaled back theirinvestment projects in the wake of the financial crisis.The following year, Germany’s economy bounced backwith a strong 4.0% expansion. The next years wereovershadowed by the persistent Eurozone crisis, whichdented demand in Europe’s southern countries. As a result,Germany’s economy grew at a lackluster pace annuallybetween 2011 and 2013. The economy has sincebounced back, as has the Eurozone economy, and it’ll

keep its spot at 4th on the list of largest economies witha nominal GDP of USD 4.0 trillion according to ourforecasts for 2018. Analysts see Germany growing 2.0%in 2018, coming in just below 2017’s forecast of 2.1%.

5. India

India is projected to overtake both the UK and Frencheconomies in 2018 to become the fifth largest economyin the world with a nominal GDP of USD 2.9 trillion.

From 2003 to 2007, India experienced high growth ratesof around 9% annually before moderating in 2008 as aresult of the global financial crisis. In the following years,India began to see growth slow due to a plunging rupee,a persistently high current account balance and slowindustry growth. This was exacerbated by the decisionof US to cut back on quantitative easing, as investorsbegan to rapidly pull money out of India. However, theeconomy has since bounced back as the stock markethas boomed and the current account deficit hasdecreased. India’s economy recently surpassed China’sto become the world’s fastest growing large economy.We forecast India’s growth at 7.4% FY 2018.

6. United Kingdom

In the 10 years before the Great Recession, from 1999to 2008, the UK’s gross domestic product grew 2.8% onaverage per year. As a consequence of overinvestmentin the housing market and consumer ’s strongdependence on credit, the economy was hit very hardby the financial crisis and the credit crunch. In 2009,GDP fell 5.2%, mainly due to plummeting private fixedinvestment. However, GDP rebounded in 2010 to a 1.7%expansion. In the three subsequent years, however,growth did not post figures as strong as those before thecrisis; average GDP growth was 1.0% in the 2011–2013period. Since then growth has largely bounced back,however, Brexit is threatening the economy. Before thereferendum many economists and financial institutionsprojected that the economy would take a hit if the UKvoted to leave the EU. Since the Brexit referendum inJune 2016, prospects for the UK economy have becomehighly uncertain, however, the economic Armageddonthat was predicted by some has yet to come to fruition.Nevertheless, growth has stuttered and laggedsignificantly behind the EU average since the start of 2017.Brexit negotiations between the UK and the EU are yet tobe finalized and there is precious little time left to get it


Articledone. Growth is likely to slow next year, as privateconsumption growth dips and fixed investment isdampened by pervasive uncertainty generated by Brexit.However, a stronger external sector and resilient globaldemand should cushion the slowdown.

The UK will fall out of the top 5 on the list of largesteconomies in 2018, with a nominal GDP of USD 2.8 trillion.Our panelists estimate GDP growth of 1.3% in 2018 and1.4% in 2019.

7. France

France’s economy will be the seventh largest in the worldin 2018, representing around one-fifth of the Euro areagross domestic product (GDP) at USD 2.8 trillion. Currently,services are the main contributor to the country’seconomy, with over 70% of GDP stemming from this sector.In manufacturing, France is one of the global leaders inthe automotive, aerospace and railway sectors as well asin cosmetics and luxury goods. Furthermore, France has ahighly educated labor force and the highest number ofscience graduates per thousand workers in Europe.

Compared to its peers, the French economy enduredthe economic crisis relatively well. Protected, in part,by low reliance on external trade and stable privateconsumption rates, France’s GDP only contracted in2009. However, recovery has been rather slow and highunemployment rates, especially among youth, remaina growing concern for policymakers.

After a period of volatile growth readings in recent years,growth appears to be finally on a steady track,having expanded 0.5% on a quarter-on-quarter basis inQ3 2017. That marks the fourth consecutive quarter wherequarter-on-quarter growth came in at or exceeded 0.5%. FocusEconomics Consensus Forecast expect GDP to grow1.8% in 2018 and 1.6% in 2019.

8. Brazil

In the 10 years before the global economic crisis, from1999 to 2008, Brazil’s GDP grew 3.4% on average peryear. This growth was driven, in part, by global demandfor Brazilian commodities. After experiencing formidablegrowth in 2007 and 2008, Brazil’s economy shrank 0.3%in 2009 as demand for Brazil’s commodity-based exportsfell and foreign credit waned. However, Brazil reboundedstrongly the following year, growing 7.5%-the highestgrowth rate Brazil had experienced in 25 years. Since

then, growth has slowed-partially due to rising inflation-and Brazil’s economy grew an average of 2.1% annuallyfrom 2011 to 2013.

Since then a combination of the ending of thecommodities super cycle, tight credit conditions andpolitical turmoil due to various corruption scandals havekept Brazil’s economy down. However, Brazil keeps itsspot in the top 10 with the economy having turned acorner early in 2017 and is expected to grow 2.4% in2018 after contracting by over 3.0% in both 2015 and2016. Brazil is forecast to have a nominal GDP of USD 2.1trillion in 2018.

9. Italy

Italy is the world’s ninth-largest economy, however, thecountry suffers from political instability, economicstagnation and lack of structural reforms, which areholding it back. Prior to the 2008 financial crisis, thecountry was already idling in low gear. In fact, Italy grewan average of 1.2% between 2001 and 2007. The globalcrisis had a deteriorating effect on the alreadyfragile Italian economy. In 2009, the economy suffereda hefty 5.5% contraction—the strongest GDP drop indecades. In 2012 and 2013 the economy recordedcontractions of 2.4% and 1.8% respectively, however,the economy has gradually improved in recent years.Nonetheless, it continues to be burdened by numerouslong-standing structural problems, including a rigid labormarket; stagnant productivity; high tax rates; a large,albeit declining, volume of non-performing loans in thebanking sector; and high public debt. These weaknessesrestrain the country’s growth potential, keeping its growthoutlook below that of its European peers.

Economic panelists see nominal GDP coming in at USD2.1 trillion in 2018, increasing 1.3% annually.

10. Canada

Last but not least we have Canada, the 10th largesteconomy in the world, just ahead of Russia. From 1999to 2008, Canada posted strong economic growth andGDP expanded 2.9% annually on average. Due to itsclose economic ties to the United States, in the crisis-year 2009 Canada’s economy contracted 2.7% overthe previous year. Canada did manage to recoverquickly from the impact of the crisis, however, thanks tosound pre-crisis fiscal policy, a solid financial system, arelatively robust external sector and the economic


Article

Expectation in 5 years from now in 2022 andbeyond

Regarding the largest economies, as you might expectit’ll still be the same players in 2022, however, afterovertaking the UK and France by 2018, India will alsobe gaining on Germany by 2022 to take that fourth spotbehind Japan.

Apart from the top economies, everyone’s favoritetopic, the emerging markets, will become vitallyimportant to the global economy in the next five years.Although you can expect per capita GDP to still be thehighest in the developed world by 2022, the fastest growthin GDP per capita will indeed come from the emergingmarkets. According to our forecasts, the highest percapita growth from 2016–2022 will be in Myanmar withan 80% increase in that time span, followed by Azerbaijan,Bangladesh, Ukraine and the Democratic Republic ofCongo with 78%, 73%, 68%, and 64% growth in per capitaGDP, respectively.

Emerging markets are certainly catching up with theprogress of the developed economies and accordingto many analysts they will catch up to many developedeconomies by 2020. This of course will cause a significantshift in the balance of power across the global economyand will represent vast new opportunities for domesticand international businesses.

With higher GDP growth in emerging markets will comehigher household incomes and with generally younger

strength of its resource-rich western provinces. Since 2010,growth has picked up again and between 2010 and 2013Canada’s economy expanded 1.4% per year onaverage. After the end of the commodities super cycle,the Canadian economy took a hit, but it has slowlyrecovered in recent years, growing faster then all of theG7 countries in Q2 2017. Economic panelists expect GDPto come in at USD 1.8 trillion with am annual growth rateof 2.2% in 2018.

The Trillion Dollar Club

Going forward what other countries could join what is calledthe Trillion Dollar Club and possibly crack the top 10?The Trillion Dollar Club is an unofficial classification ofthe largest economies in the world with nominal GDP ofmore than, yup, you guessed it, one trillion U.S. dollars.Currently there are 15 economies that make up theTrillion Dollar Club with a 16th projected to join the clubonce 2017 growth figures are released in early 2018,that being Indonesia. Turkey and the Netherlands arethe 17th and 18th largest economies in the world andare projected to join the Trillion Dollar Club in 2020 and2021 respectively. After that it’ll be some time before anew economy joins the club.

In terms of other countries that could crack the top 10,Russia and Korea are right behind Canada in 11th and12 th place respectively, while Australia, Spainand Mexico aren’t too far behind, rounding out the top 15.

What about GDP per capita ?

The top 10 economies in the world account for about70% of the world’s GDP, which is pretty staggering. Butdoes a large economy necessarily mean that theaverage person is having a good time? Well, notnecessarily. If we look at GDP per capita, which generallygives us an idea of the living standards and quality of life ofa country’s residents, the list changes up quite a bit.

The U.S. moves down to sixth on the list, while the rest ofthe top 10 largest economies fall substantially. Canadais next on the list of top GDP per capita economies atnumber 17 directly followed by Germany while Chinamoves all the way down to number 62.

Here are the top 10 projected economies in terms ofGDP per capita in 2018 according to the FocusEconomics Consensus Forecast:

Luxembourg USD 107,500

Switzerland USD 80,922

Norway USD 73,334

Iceland USD 70,228

Ireland USD 67,342

United States USD 59,578

Qatar USD 58,820

Denmark USD 55,939

Australia USD 54,888

Singapore USD 53,847


Articlepopulations, these economies will begin to play an evermore important role in the global economy. Services andconsumer goods companies will have a tremendousopportunity to expand into these markets, and luxurygoods will finally become available as more peoplebecome part of the middle class. Emerging markets arealso likely to become more important foreign investors,rather than just being invested in. Investments into thesenations will increase, furthering their economic growth;however, their own investments will only serve to enhancetheir position in the global economy.

As mentioned previously, by some calculations China isalready the largest economy in the world, however, itappears that the new golden child is India. It is thoughtto be closer to usurping third placed Japan than Chinais likely to overtake the U.S. in the near future. It isbelieved by some that India and China may actuallypush the U.S. down to third place during the next decadeciting in India’s case that its young and faster-growingpopulation will be the likely key drivers of growth. Thiswould be quite the feat considering, as mentionedpreviously, the U.S. economy has held the number 1 spotsince 1871.

With commodities prices coming back and expected toincrease in 2018, countries like Brazil and Russia, rich innatural resources, are also tipped to come up in theworld rankings of top economies. Mexico, on the otherhand, which is last in the 1 trillion club, is in a bit of anuncertain situation with Donald J. Trump in the White Houseand the future of NAFTA up in the air.

Conclusion:

A variety of different scenarios could play out by 2022,but for next year the global economy is likely to continueto benefit from loose financial conditions and supportivefiscal policies. The strengthening is expected to bebroad-based and extend to both developed andemerging economies. That said, while the economicrecovery will gather steam in Brazil and Russia, and Indiashould continue its positive growth trend, China’seconomy will continue its managed slowdown. Analystsexpect the global economy to grow 3.2% in 2018, whilein 2019, the global economy is seen decelerating slightly,to 3.1% growth, as tailwinds start to wane. Among thosefamous emerging markets, an improved economicoutlook for India and resilient growth projections for Chinacontinue to shore up panelists’ view on the Asia (ex-Japan)

region. Eastern Europe is in a sweet spot as Russia’seconomy recovers, while the Euro area is firing on allcylinders. Although higher commodities prices aresupporting the outlook for the Middle East and NorthAfrica economies, ongoing political unrest is putting adent in any sharp economic improvement. Sub-SaharanAfrica’s economic outlook remains jeopardized bysecurity threats and domestic imbalances. In LatinAmerica, political uncertainties are plaguing the outlookas elections are set to take place in Brazil, Colombia,Mexico and Paraguay.

References :

01. ”MSCI Market Classification Framework” (PDF).02. ”Greece First Developed Market Cut to Emerging at MSCI - Bloomberg”.03. MSCI will downgrade Argentina to frontier market - MarketWatch MarketWatch04. Russia Faces Specter of Index Demotion…Again - Yahoo Finance05. ”Emerging Economies and the Transformation of International Business” By Subhash Chandra Jain. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006 p. 384.06. ”Acronyms BRIC out all over”. The Economist. The Economist. September 18, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2011.07. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/brics- is-passe-time-now-for-%5C3g%5C-citi/126725/on08. FT.com / Columnists / John Authers - The Long View: How adventurous are emerging markets?09. Simon Cox (5 October 2017). ”Defining emerging markets”. The Economist.10. Emerging Economy Report11. Kvint, Vladimir (2009). The Global Emerging Market: Strategic Management and Economics. New York, London: Routledge.12. Marois, Thomas (2012). States, Banks and Crisis: Emerging Finance Capitalism in Mexico and Turkey. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK: Edward Elgar.13. Vercueil, Julien: “Les pays émergents. Brésil - Russie - Inde - Chine... Mutations économiques et nouveaux défis “ (Emerging Countries. Brazil - Russia - India - China. Economic change and new challenges”, in French). Paris: Bréal, 3rd Edition, 2012, 232 p.14. Five Years of China’s WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives on China’s Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism, Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Kluwer Law International, Volume 33, Number 3, pp. 263-304, 2006. by Paolo Farah


Economic Corner

SIX MONTHS OF GST : HERE’S WHERE INDIA IS UNDERNEW TAX REGIME

It has been six months since the implementation of theGoods and Services Tax (GST) and the country is still workingon to adapt to the new indirect tax regime, whichsubsumed over a dozen indirect tax. The government onFriday extended the deadline for filing first of the threecomprehensive GST returns — GSTR-1 which is populatedwith sales details — to January 10 from December 31.

The GST Council has taken decisions on several fronts tomake the process easier and increase compliance byreducing rates. On November 10, after its 23rd meeting,the GST Council announced rate cuts on as many as 178items, following which the revenue fell significantly.However, to curb tax evasion, approved an early roll-outof the e-way bill for the interstate movement.

Earlier, tax evasion was rampant as some preferred not topay tax by resorting to cash dealing. Once the e-way billsystem is implemented, tax avoidance will becomeextremely difficult as the government will have details ofall goods above the value of Rs 50,000 moved and canspot the mismatch if either the supplier or the purchaserdoes not file tax returns, a government official told PTI.

GST collections slipped for the second straight month toRs 80,808 crore in November, down from over Rs 83,000crore in the previous month. The total collection of GST tillDecember 25 stood at Rs 80,808 crore for Novemberand 53.06 lakh returns have been filed for the month. Asper the data available, GST collections in July was over Rs95,000 crore, while in August the figure was over Rs 91,000crore. In September, it was over Rs 92,150 crore.

With government revenue falling, further rate cuts areunlikely as Finance Minister Arun Jaitley had been pressingfor lower rates but only when there is revenue buoyancy.Aiming to protect consumers’ interest, the governmentestablished National Anti-profiteering Authority under theGST. The GST Anti-profiteering body has the authority toact and tell the concerned business or supplier to reduceprices or undue benefit availed by it along with interest tothe recipient of the goods or services.

It is likely that natural gas will get under the ambit of GST innext couple of months. Revenue authorities may nowtighten the enforcement grip on industries, who had beentaking it slow for the first six months allowing them to settlein the new tax regime.

(Financial Express – 01/01/2018)

INDIA’ S APRIL – NOBEMBER’ 2017 FISCAL DEFICITHITS 112% OF FULL-YEAR TARGET

India reported a fiscal deficit of 6.12 trillion rupees ($95.77billion) for April-November, or 112 percent of the budgetedtarget for the current fiscal year that ends in March. Nettax receipts in the first eight months of 2017/18 fiscal yearwere 6.99 trillion rupees ($109.39 billion), government datashowed on Friday. On Wednesday, the finance ministrysaid it would borrow an additional 500 billion rupees ($7.82billion) this fiscal year that could lead to it breaching itsfiscal deficit target of 3.2 percent of gross domesticproduct.

(Financial Express – 29/12/2017)

E-WAYBILL SYSTEM UNDDER GST TO BE IMPLEMENTEDFROM FEBRUARY 1ST

Tax avoidance will become difficult as the governmentwill have details of all goods above the value of Rs50,000 moved and can spot the mismatch if either thesupplier or the purchaser does not file tax returns.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) provision requiringtransporters to carry an electronic waybill or e-way bill whenmoving goods between states will be implemented fromFebruary 1 to check rampant tax evasion and boostrevenues by up to 20%.

After implementation of the GST from July 1, therequirement of carrying e-way bill was postponedpending IT network readiness. This was done even inthe 17 states which in the pre-GST era had a wellestablished electronic challan or e-way bill system, atop government official said.

Earlier, tax evasion was rampant as some preferred not topay tax by resorting to cash dealing. Once the e-way billsystem is implemented, tax avoidance will becomeextremely difficult as the government will have details ofall goods above the value of Rs 50,000 moved and canspot the mismatch if either the supplier or the purchaserdoes not file tax returns, he said.

The all-powerful GST Council had on December 16decided to implement the e-way bill mechanismthroughout the country by June 1.

The official said e-way bill for inter-state movements willbe implemented from February 1 and for intra-state

Economic Corner


movement from June 1. The official said states have beengiven the option of choosing when they want to implementthe intra-state e-way bill between February 1 and June 1.

They have also been given the option to exemptmovement of goods within 10-km radius, he said, addingall essential goods have been exempted from therequirement of carrying e- way bill.

Besides plugging tax evasion, the e-way bill will boostrevenues by 15-20%, he said. “The experience of stateswhich had e-way bill system in pre-GST era showed a 15-20% rise in revenue,” he said.

The official said a pilot of e-way bill has been successfullyrun in Karnataka and the IT system is fully geared to meetany requirement. E-way bill is an electronic way bill formovement of goods which can be generated on theGSTN (common portal). Movement of goods of more thanRs 50,000 in value cannot be made by a registered personwithout an e-way bill.

The e-way bill can also be generated or cancelled throughSMS, he said. When an e-way bill is generated, a uniquee-way bill number (EBN) is allocated and is available tothe supplier, recipient, and the transporter, he added.

Trade and transporters can start using this system on avoluntar y basis from January 16. The rules forimplementation of nationwide e-way bill system for inter-state movement of goods on a compulsory basis will benotified with effect from February 1, 2018.

This will bring uniformity across the states for seamless inter-state movement of goods.

(The Hindustan Times – 31/12/2017)

HOW WILL MARKETS PERFORM IN 2018?

In 2016, a large section of the investment fraternityworldwide expected the tide to turn against globalequities. Markets had been on a roll for eightconsecutive years since 2009 and it was time for theonset of the historical eight-year bear cycle.

It’s been two years since and the bears are yet to emergeout of the woods. While the doomsayers are makingthemselves heard, the bulls seem to be very much incontrol as we enter 2018.

Just like many of its peers worldwide, Indian equities arelikely to surge for a third consecutive year in 2018. The

end of easy money globally, however, could mean thegains do not match the outsized returns clocked in 2017,and the busy election calendar back home may createmore than an occasional wobble.

Be that as it may, there are several positives to count on.

For one, an earnings revival and a bump-up in privatecapex may be on the cards, factors which could justifythe ‘rich’ valuations somewhat.

“After spending nearly seven years mostly in negativeterritory, earnings revisions breadth is finally almost inthe positive zone. Corporate India’s earnings and balancesheet recession are ending and free cash flow is verystrong, setting the stage for private capex,” says RidhamDesai, managing director at Morgan Stanley India. Anand Radhakrishnan, chief investment officer, FranklinEquity, Franklin Templeton Investments, India, adds: “Thecase for revival in private capex stems from improvingcorporate earnings, better lending capability of publicsector banks post-recapitalization, and favourablemarket for equity issuances.”

The Sensex currently trades at 25 times its 12-monthtrailing earnings, compared with the past five years’average of 19x.

In the past few years, sectors such as industrials, metals,public sector banks, telecom, and informationtechnology (IT) have underperformed and pulled downthe earnings to a large extent, which is why valuationslook optically elevated, according to experts. “Even amarginal improvement in the numbers for some of thesesectors could boost earnings figures in the next 12-18months and make valuations look more reasonable,” saysRavi Gopalakrishnan, head–equities, Canara RobecoAsset Management.

The deluge of domestic money through mutual funds islikely to continue as investors shift to financial assets fromtraditional products such as gold, real estate, and fixeddeposits, which have given muted returns in the past fewyears. “India remains in the midst of a domestic liquiditysupercycle. The $420-525 bi ll ion indomestic equity inflows forecast over the next 10 yearscould have the power to keep India’s relative multipleshigher for longer,” says a note by Morgan Stanley.


Economic Corner

The interest from foreign portfolio investors, or FPIs, maybe harder to gauge. The US Federal Reserve is likely toopt for three rate increases next year, effectively chokingthe supply of easy money flowing into risky assets,somewhat. The impact will magnify if other central bankssuch as European Central Bank follow suit. Accordingto Bank of America Merrill Lynch’s India equity strategistSanjay Mookim, the US Federal Reserve’s liquidity infusionis likely to peak in Q2, which could impact global assetinflation, hurting Indian equities. “India is joined at thehip to the global tide, irrespective of its differentiatedlong-term potential. Foreign investments (into India) havebeen pretty volatile and increasing return on equity inUS, if and when the Fed hikes rates, may shift the flow offunds,” Mookim says.

Until now, global markets have been sanguine about thesurge in crude oil prices, the Fed’s easing of itsquantitative easing programme, the threat from NorthKorea, the slowdown in China, and the impact of Brexit.“No one quite knows how these factors will play out in2018,” warns U R Bhat, managing director, Dalton CapitalAdvisors (India).

Brent crude oil prices have surged about 20 per centto $66 per barrel in 2017 and a sustained upmove to$75-85 per barrel could roil Indian equities, feel experts.Back home, a disappointing earnings show could putthe brakes on the market’s upward trajectory. “If earnings

disappointments continue, the premium valuations mayprove difficult to sustain,” says BNP Paribas’ AsiaPacific equity strategist Manishi Raychaudhuri.

The progress on banks’ asset quality resolution, the extentof execution of government’s infrastructure projects andthe revival in private capex will be closely watched. Aspending spree by the government in the run-up to the2019 national elections could throw the fiscal math offcourse, and may be viewed negatively by investors.

“We may see some volatility going ahead,” adds Bhat.Considering that the market is entering unchartedterritory, experts believe that investors should prefer stockswith earnings visibility, structural positive triggers, andreasonable valuations. “We suggest staggeredinvestments to benefit from intermittent volatility,” saysRadhakrishnan. His advice:opt for diversified equity fundswith core exposure to large caps.

Canara Robeco’s Gopalakrishnan is betting on infra andrural themes, considering the government’s push for jobcreation and possible sops for the rural economy in themonths ahead: “A rise in rural income will benefit FMCGas well as consumer discretionary companies in theautomobiles, entertainment, and durables goods space.”

(Business Standard - 29/12/2018)

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